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It is well-accepted that knowledge of a small molecules target can accelerate optimization. Although chemogenomic databases are helpful resources for predicting or finding compound interaction partners, they tend to be limited and poorly annotated. Furthermore, unlike genes, compound identifiers are often not standardized, and many synonyms may exist, especially in the biological literature, making batch analysis of compounds difficult. Here, we constructed an open-source annotation and target hypothesis prediction tool that explores some of the largest chemical and biological databases, mining these for both common name, synonyms, and structurally similar molecules. We used this Chemical Analysis and Clustering for Target Identification (CACTI) tool to analyze the Pathogen Box collection, an open-source set of 400 drug-like compounds active against a variety of microbial pathogens. Our analysis resulted in 4,315 new synonyms, 35,963 pieces of new information and target prediction hints for 58 members.Scientific contributionsWith the employment of this tool, a comprehensive report with known evidence, close analogs and drug-target prediction can be obtained for large-scale chemical libraries that will facilitate their evaluation and future target validation and optimization efforts.

Major dengue epidemics throughout Nicaraguas history have been dominated by 1 of 4 dengue virus serotypes (DENV-1-4). To examine serotypes during the dengue epidemic in Nicaragua in 2022, we performed real-time genomic surveillance in-country and documented cocirculation of all 4 serotypes. We observed a shift toward co-dominance of DENV-1 and DENV-4 over previously dominant DENV-2. By analyzing 135 new full-length DENV sequences, we found that introductions underlay the resurgence: DENV-1 clustered with viruses from Ecuador in 2014 rather than those previously seen in Nicaragua; DENV-3, which last circulated locally in 2014, grouped instead with Southeast Asia strains expanding into Florida and Cuba in 2022; and new DENV-4 strains clustered within a South America lineage spreading to Florida in 2022. In contrast, DENV-2 persisted from the formerly dominant Nicaragua clade. We posit that the resurgence emerged from travel after the COVID-19 pandemic and that the resultant intensifying hyperendemicity could affect future dengue immunity and severity.

Background: Accidents caused by snakes constitute a serious public health problem in Latin America and worldwide. The situation in the Brazilian Amazon region is neglected, resulting in the highest incidence of cases per capita in the country. Furthermore, the distance from urban areas makes it difficult for the population to access timely and effective medical care, including antivenom treatment. The Brazilian Amazon is characterised by high ethnic and cultural diversity, yet it lacks robust epidemiological information that would allow for the development of surveillance and prevention policies. This study aimed to assess the epidemiological profile of individuals affected by snakebite accidents from 2007 to 2021 in a poorly studied region of the Brazilian Amazon. Methods: To assess the relationship between snakebite accidents, rainfall and river flood levels, cross‐correlation functions were employed. Data from the public healthcare system database was used for this analysis. Results: The results indicate that the study area experiences a snakebite rate 10 times greater than the Brazilian average and double that of other Amazonian regions. The most affected victims consist of adult males residing in rural areas, with snakebite accidents being more common during the rainy season. Viperid snakes were responsible for most bites, with the lower limbs being the most common location of injury. The data revealed a positive correlation between the number of snakebite accidents both rainfall and fluvial data. Conclusions: The accident peak coincides with the Brazil nut harvest season, a highly significant forest product for the economy of rural communities. Our data reinforces the need for public policies focused on environmental education and prevention, such as the use of boots and leg guards. These preventive measures have the potential to reduce the number of snakebites accidents by approximately 85%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Double J (DJ) stenting is a widely performed urological procedure used to maintain urinary drainage. Complications such as stent encrustation, fragmentation, stone formation, and urinary tract infections are common, particularly when DJ stents are neglected. Limited data are available on neglected DJ stent outcomes, emphasizing the need to investigate factors contributing to encrustation within this population. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital using medical records. Data were collected for 120 patients who had undergone DJ stenting. The information gathered included demographic details, indications for DJ stenting, and the incidence of encrustation. Chi-square tests were used to evaluate the relationships between stent encrustation incidence and other variables. In addition, a binary logistic regression was performed to identify independent risk factors for DJ stent encrustation. Results: Of the 120 participants, 53.3% were female, and 71.7% were aged 18–65. The most common educational level was junior high (41.7%). Encrustation was absent in 57.5% of cases. Statistical analysis revealed that gender (P = 0.042) and education level (P = 0.014) significantly influenced encrustation rates. Male patients had a 2.136-fold increased risk of encrustation, whereas those with elementary education had a 10.804 times higher risk. Conclusions: This study identifies gender and education level as key factors in DJ stent encrustation risk. Males and patients with lower education levels are at higher risk. Targeted education and follow-up initiatives for high-risk groups are essential to mitigate these complications.

The Orthobunyavirus oropoucheense species encompasses a group of arthropod‐borne zoonotic viruses transmitted by biting midges to animals including humans. Several large‐scale human outbreaks caused by the prototype member of this species, Oropouche virus (OROV) have been documented since the 1970s and were primarily confined to the Amazon basin. However, since 2022, more widespread OROV outbreaks have been unfolding in Brazil and across South America, with cases exported to Cuba, Italy, Spain, USA and Germany. In Brazil, the virus has reached and established communitary transmission in all geographic areas of the country. We isolated, characterized the cytopathic effect and recovered the full genome of two OROV isolates from the 2022–24 outbreak detected in patients from the Pernambuco state. Phylogenetic data supports a direct introduction from the Amazonas state, the epicenter of the epidemics in the country. As case counts accumulate in the state mounting evidence is supporting the establishiment of sustained transmission chains. Continued studies are critical to understand the transmission cycle in this region, including the most important vectors and reservoirs, to appropriately deploy control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The highly decentralized nature of global health governance presents significant challenges to conceptualizing and systematically measuring the agenda status of diseases, injuries, risks and other conditions contributing to the collective disease burden. An arenas model for global health agenda setting was recently proposed to help address these challenges. Further developing the model, this study aims to advance more robust inquiry into how and why priority levels may vary among the array of stakeholder arenas in which global health agenda setting occurs. We analyse order and the magnitude of changes in priority for eight infectious diseases in four arenas (international aid, scientific research, pharmaceutical industry and news media) over a period of more than two decades in relation to five propositions from scholarship. The diseases vary on burden and prominence in United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3 for health and well-being, including four with specific indicators for monitoring and evaluation (HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, hepatitis) and four without (dengue, diarrhoeal diseases, measles, meningitis). The order of priority did not consistently align with the disease burden or international development goals in any arena. Additionally, using new methods to measure the scale of annual change in resource allocations that are indicative of priority reveals volatility at the disease level in all arenas amidst broader patterns of stability. Insights around long-term patterns of priority within and among arenas are integral to strengthening analyses that aim to identify pivotal causal mechanisms, to clarify how arenas interact, and to measure the effects they produce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT Background: Malaria is an acute febrile parasitic disease that significantly impacts global public health. In Brazil, the most studied endemic area for the disease is the Amazon region. This study aims to analyze temporal, spatial, and spatiotemporal patterns of malaria in the extra-Amazon region of Brazil over a 22-year period. Methods: We conducted a time-series study from 2001 to 2022, encompassing both autochthonous and imported cases. Time trend analysis was employed to assess fluctuations in incidence rates over the years. Spatial clusters of infection risk were identified using the Local Moran Index and Kulldorff's scan. Results: A total of 18,633 malaria cases were identified in the extra-Amazon region, including 1,980 autochthonous, 13,836 imported, and 2,817 of unknown origin. During the first period (2001-2011), 1,348 autochthonous and 9,124 imported cases were reported. In the second period (2012-2022), there were 632 autochthonous and 4,712 imported cases. The state of Espírito Santo exhibited a decreasing trend but maintained the highest incidence rates throughout the study. The number of municipalities at high risk for autochthonous cases declined, with Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, and Piauí having the most municipalities with high rates. For imported cases, the federative units with the highest numbers in both periods were Ceará, Distrito Federal, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Piauí, and Paraná. Conclusions: The data reveal the areas most affected by malaria and thus of highest priority for implementing control strategies.

The article discusses the utility of cutaneous thermography in assessing nerve function impairment in leprosy. Leprosy, caused by Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis, remains a global health concern with a significant number of new cases reported annually. The study conducted on five leprosy patients found that cutaneous temperature changes correlated with areas of sensory loss, indicating the potential of thermography as a screening tool for early neural involvement in leprosy. Further research is needed to validate these findings and explore the application of thermography in detecting leprosy and assessing nerve function impairment in field settings. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses a case of an 18-year-old male with lepromatous leprosy presenting with facial ulceration, anesthesia in the hands and feet, and other symptoms. The patient had characteristic physical findings, nerve thickening, and sensory/motor deficits. Treatment with multibacillary therapy led to improvement in the facial ulcers. The article highlights the persistence of leprosy as a public health issue, especially in developing countries like India, and discusses different causes of ulceration in leprosy, ruling out the Lucio phenomenon in this case. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract It is well-accepted that knowledge of a small molecule’s target can accelerate optimization. Although chemogenomic databases are helpful resources for predicting or finding compound interaction partners, they tend to be limited and poorly annotated. Furthermore, unlike genes, compound identifiers are often not standardized, and many synonyms may exist, especially in the biological literature, making batch analysis of compounds difficult. Here, we constructed an open-source annotation and target hypothesis prediction tool that explores some of the largest chemical and biological databases, mining these for both common name, synonyms, and structurally similar molecules. We used this Chemical Analysis and Clustering for Target Identification (CACTI) tool to analyze the Pathogen Box collection, an open-source set of 400 drug-like compounds active against a variety of microbial pathogens. Our analysis resulted in 4,315 new synonyms, 35,963 pieces of new information and target prediction hints for 58 members. Scientific contributions With the employment of this tool, a comprehensive report with known evidence, close analogs and drug-target prediction can be obtained for large-scale chemical libraries that will facilitate their evaluation and future target validation and optimization efforts.

Major dengue epidemics throughout Nicaragua’s history have been dominated by 1 of 4 dengue virus serotypes (DENV-1–4). To examine serotypes during the dengue epidemic in Nicaragua in 2022, we performed real-time genomic surveillance in-country and documented cocirculation of all 4 serotypes. We observed a shift toward co-dominance of DENV-1 and DENV-4 over previously dominant DENV-2. By analyzing 135 new full-length DENV sequences, we found that introductions underlay the resurgence: DENV-1 clustered with viruses from Ecuador in 2014 rather than those previously seen in Nicaragua; DENV-3, which last circulated locally in 2014, grouped instead with Southeast Asia strains expanding into Florida and Cuba in 2022; and new DENV-4 strains clustered within a South America lineage spreading to Florida in 2022. In contrast, DENV-2 persisted from the formerly dominant Nicaragua clade. We posit that the resurgence emerged from travel after the COVID-19 pandemic and that the resultant intensifying hyperendemicity could affect future dengue immunity and severity.

Introduction: Double J (DJ) stenting is a widely performed urological procedure used to maintain urinary drainage. Complications such as stent encrustation, fragmentation, stone formation, and urinary tract infections are common, particularly when DJ stents are neglected. Limited data are available on neglected DJ stent outcomes, emphasizing the need to investigate factors contributing to encrustation within this population. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital using medical records. Data were collected for 120 patients who had undergone DJ stenting. The information gathered included demographic details, indications for DJ stenting, and the incidence of encrustation. Chi-square tests were used to evaluate the relationships between stent encrustation incidence and other variables. In addition, a binary logistic regression was performed to identify independent risk factors for DJ stent encrustation. Results: Of the 120 participants, 53.3% were female, and 71.7% were aged 18–65. The most common educational level was junior high (41.7%). Encrustation was absent in 57.5% of cases. Statistical analysis revealed that gender (P = 0.042) and education level (P = 0.014) significantly influenced encrustation rates. Male patients had a 2.136-fold increased risk of encrustation, whereas those with elementary education had a 10.804 times higher risk. Conclusions: This study identifies gender and education level as key factors in DJ stent encrustation risk. Males and patients with lower education levels are at higher risk. Targeted education and follow-up initiatives for high-risk groups are essential to mitigate these complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fleas are ectoparasitic insects with holometabolous development. It has a hematophagous habit with mouthparts adapted to sting and suck its hosts. There are about 3000 species in the world, ∼61 in Brazil, and 19 in Rio Grande do Sul state. The objective of the research is to catalog the diversity of fleas recorded in the state, their respective hosts, and endosymbionts. Materials and Methods: To this end, a search was carried out in the scientific literature, from articles, books, to abstracts submitted to congresses. Results: The 19 species of fleas occurring in Rio Grande do Sul are divided into 7 families and 10 genera. These ectoparasites, in addition to being found in the environment, were associated with 10 different families of hosts in Rio Grande do Sul, and on the endosymbiont, agents found associated with fleas, there were 7 different species. The main agents researched in the state are Rickettsia spp. and Bartonella spp. The relationships between parasites, hosts, environment, and etiological agents present different scenarios, whether anthropized or conserved, but unknown. Sometimes, this overlap, a factor that aggravates the possibility of spillovers, either from cosmopolitan fleas in these conserved areas, or from their endosymbionts. Conclusion: Thus, it is important to characterize the environment so that the complexities of each location are known for the adoption of environmental and public health policies in each case. The challenges are extensive, but necessary in view of the One Health perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Histoplasmosis is caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum and is often fatal for individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Delayed diagnosis is a major factor in worsening coinfection, as it can be mistaken for other diseases. Thus, rapid identification of Histoplasma in immunocompromised patients is essential. Molecular techniques, particularly polymerase chain reaction (PCR), were used in this study to identify H. capsulatum in patients coinfected with histoplasmosis and AIDS. Blood samples from 14 individuals with AIDS and disseminated histoplasmosis were collected and analyzed. The PCR method successfully amplified the fungal region in whole blood samples, while PCR-RFLP analysis confirmed a consistent profile in the samples. Genetic sequencing further confirmed the fungal species. Compared to clinical tests such as fungal culture and urinary antigen detection, molecular analysis proved faster, more sensitive, and cost-effective. These molecular markers can potentially be incorporated into routine diagnostics in the future. Further studies are needed to expand and enhance this diagnostic approach, particularly in patients with nonprogressive clinical forms of histoplasmosis.

The javanese keelback water snake (Fowlea melanzostus) is a semi-aquatic reptile that often found in Indonesia and endemic to Java island. Water tiger snakes are usually kept as exotic pets. Wild caught javanese keelback water snakes have risks of spreading several disease agents that can be zoonotic, which is nematodiasis caused by Ophidascaris spp. This study aims to determine the prevalence level of Ophidascaris spp. infections in javanese keelback water snakes from Banyuwangi district. This study used a descriptive method with accidental sampling. The total sample in this study was 33 wild-caught javanese keelback water snakes. The identification method used is snake samples that have been collected are then euthanized and necropsied to check for nematode infections in the subcutan, muscular, and visceral part. The result showed that 28 samples were positive for nematode infection and 5 samples were negative with a prevalence rate of 84.84%. The nematodes that have been identified come from the genus Ophidascaris spp. Therefore, further research is needed to determine the incidence of nematode transmission in other wild caught snakes in Indonesia.

Background: Snake bite is one of the most common animal bites in Nepal. Different species of snake cause different clinical presentations. The incidence of snakebite is very high in rural Nepal. The objectives were to assess the presenting pattern, demographic profile, outcome, and treatment profiles of snakebite victims admitted to the emergency ward. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among the patients who presented in emergency department with alleged history of snake bites from 2015 to 2016. The patient's record files were reviewed and the relevant data were recorded on a self-designed proforma. Descriptive statistics were calculated using SPSS version 11.5. Results: Out of 137 snakebite victims, 73 (53.3%) were female. The mean age was 35.17 ± 18.27 years. The upper limb (59%) was the most common site for snake bites followed by the lower limb (35.1%). Fifty patients (36.2%) were bitten by snakes during night (20.00-2.59 AM). Twenty-eight (20.4%) patients presented with ptosis as the most common sign and symptom followed by diplopia (15.3%). Out of 137 patients, 39 (28.5%) were admitted, 65 (47.4%) discharged, and 12 (8.8%) patients expired. Antisnake venom was given to 30 patients among which 23 patients (76.7%) were improved. Conclusions: Snake bite is one of the major problems in rural Nepal. It can be easily managed if treatment is given properly and in a timely manner. The importance of effective first aid management and effective treatment have to be disseminated among the peoples in rural areas via social media and radio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The javanese keelback water snake (Fowlea melanzostus) is a semiaquatic reptile that often found in Indonesia and endemic to Java island. Water tiger snakes are usually kept as exotic pets. Wild caught javanese keelback water snakes have risks of spreading several disease agents that can be zoonotic, which is nematodiasis caused by Ophidascaris spp. This study aims to determine the prevalence level of Ophidascaris spp. infections in javanese keelback water snakes from Banyuwangi district. This study used a descriptive method with accidental sampling. The total sample in this study was 33 wild-caught javanese keelback water snakes. The identification method used is snake samples that have been collected are then euthanized and necropsied to check for nematode infections in the subcutan, muscular, and visceral part. The result showed that 28 samples were positive for nematode infection and 5 samples were negative with a prevalence rate of 84.84%. The nematodes that have been identified come from the genus Ophidascaris spp. Therefore, further research is needed to determine the incidence of nematode transmission in other wild caught snakes in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a parasitic zoonosis caused by Leishmania spp. that usually manifests itself in immunocompromised subjects. It is a rare and neglected disease, and it is not endemic in the province of Brescia (Italy). Three cases of human VL occurred in Brescia from October to December 2021 in immunocompetent patients. We evaluated the patients looking for signs of underlying immunodeficiencies and conducted further epidemiological evaluations in the province of Brescia without success. An analysis of the sera levels of the main cytokines involved in the immune response to VL was performed. All patients presented a significant augmentation of CXCL-10, CCL-4, and IL-6. The patients tested during the acute phase showed an elevation of IL-1α, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-12, while in the recovery phase, higher levels of TNF-α and IL-7 were detected. Altogether, a predominant activation of the T-helper-2 pathway emerged during the acute phase of the parasite infection, while the cytokines associated with the T-helper-1 pathway were less represented. This imbalanced immune response to the parasite infection might play a crucial role in the development of VL in immunocompetent patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Globally, snakebites have a significant impact on public health and represent substantial costs for health services. Their severity is particularly relevant in developing countries due to the lack of resources and accessibility to health facilities. Additionally, the number of cases may be underestimated, highlighting the urgent need for improved prevention measures. Methods An observational ecological study was undertaken using the records identified with X200–X209 codes registered in the Ministry of Health injuries database during 2010–2022. Variables included information related to the patient, the snakebite and the healthcare provided. Statistical analysis was carried out with STATA 16 and Microsoft Excel 2020. Results A total of 10 420 snakebites were registered. The average number of cases per year was 788 (IQR 615, 875) and 82.74% occurred during the rainy season. The median age was 35 (IQR 19, 52) y and early adulthood was the most affected age group; bites were most common on the hand and in the living place. The Eastern region of Mexico registered the highest number of cases, with 3496 (33.71%) of snakebites. The lethality rate was 18.23 per 10 000. Conclusions Snakebites are a significant health problem in Mexico. Most injuries occur among men in early adulthood, in households and in the upper extremities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To characterize the epidemiological profile of leprosy cases and deaths in Mato Grosso - Brazil, from 2011 to 2020. Method: A population-based observational study of all leprosy cases and deaths reported between 2011 and 2020. Subsequently, the reported individuals were matched, and the trend was estimated using the Prais-Winsten regression. Results: 37,623 new cases were registered in the study years, with an average rate of 114.7/100,000 inhabitants, with higher incidence rates in multibacillary cases and males, and in the proportion of deaths (58%; 88.2%), respectively. As for the trend, it has increased over the years and among women. Conclusion: The results suggest a profile of more incident cases, possible areas with the spread of the disease, and delayed diagnosis, highlighting the need to use indicators to monitor the endemic and strengthen comprehensive care and surveillance of leprosy.

Introduction: Lymphatic filariasis, a neglected tropical disease (NTD), is a parasitic disease caused by microscopic worms that live only in the human lymphatic system. Mosquitoes, as vectors of lymphatic filariasis, play an important role in the prevention of this disease. The aim of this study was to identify agent, vector, and physical environment risk factors for filariasis in developing countries through a literature review. Discussion: This study was conducted using the narrative literature review method. The main sources for this study were articles from Google Scholar, Research Gate, PubMed, Springer, Scopus, and DOAJ databases. The criteria for articles were published between 2012 and 2022, observational studies including cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort designs, open access, and articles were organized according to STROBE guidelines. This study showed that from a total of 100 articles found, 14 articles met the predetermined criteria. Wuchereria bancrofti is the most common agent of filariasis. Culex and Anopheles are the vectors. The presence of bed nets and sewerage conditions were physical environment risk factors for filariasis in developing countries. Conclusion: Prevention of filariasis can be achieved by using mosquito nets or insect repellent when sleeping at night. In addition, open drains should be cleaned regularly to prevent them from becoming breeding sites for mosquitoes as vectors.

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cogitare Enfermagem is the property of Cogitare Enfermagem and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bone cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most complex and dangerous of all echinococcoses. The lack of typical imaging features and clinical manifestations makes diagnosis and treatment of this disease difficult. X-ray and computed tomography (CT) images of bone CE are similar to those of bone cysts, giantcell bone tumors, and bone metastases, but magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows good diagnostic value due to excellent soft-tissue imaging features. Serological tests cannot be used as a definitive diagnostic method for bone CE due to cross-reactivity, which can lead to false-positive or false-negative results. The development of novel antigens can open new frontiers in the diagnosis of the disease. Currently, views conflict on how to diagnose and treat bone CE. Both surgical and pharmacological treatments can be used, but determining which is appropriate is difficult due to the different sites and clinical manifestations of bone CE. Radical resection is not indicated for large-bone injuries, and Pharmacotherapy becomes important. This article reviews the progress of research into the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of, and diagnostic strategies and treatment options for, bone CE. We aimed to provide a reference for clinical diagnosis and -treatment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The phenotypic screening of drugs against Balamuthia mandrillaris, a neuropathogenic amoeba, involves two simultaneous phases: an initial step to test amoebicidal activity followed by an assay for cytotoxicity to host cells. The emergence of three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures has provided a more physiologically relevant model than traditional 2D cell culture for studying the pathogenicity of B. mandrillaris. However, the measurement of ATP, a critical indicator of cell viability, is complicated by the overgrowth of B. mandrillaris in coculture with host cells during drug screening, making it challenging to differentiate between amoebicidal activity and drug toxicity to human cells. Methods: To address this limitation, we introduce a novel assay that utilizes three-dimensional hanging spheroid plates (3DHSPs) to evaluate both activities simultaneously on a single platform. Results and discussion: Our study showed that the incubation of neurospheroids with clinically isolated B. mandrillaris trophozoites resulted in a loss of neurospheroid integrity, while the ATP levels in the neurospheroids decreased over time, indicating decreased host cell viability. Conversely, ATP levels in isolated trophozoites increased, indicating active parasite metabolism. Our findings suggest that the 3DHSP-based assay can serve as an endpoint for the phenotypic screening of drugs against B. mandrillaris, providing a more efficient and accurate approach for evaluating both parasite cytotoxicity and viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Bone fracture is the main consequence of osteoporosis, which may become a neglected disease. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to fabricate bovine hydroxyapatite-gelatine (BHA-GEL) based bone-implant with alendronate (ALE) in vivo. METHODS: Wistar rats were used for an osteoporotic animal model induced by ovariectomy. There were three groups: negative control, BHA-GEL implant, and BHA-GEL-ALE implant. Each group performed a defect by drilling the femur (diameter of 2.2 mm and depth of 2 mm). Observations on the closure of bone defects were performed by X-ray radiography at the second and sixth week after surgery. The mechanism of bone healing was observed by using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemical technique with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and anti-alkaline phosphatase (ALP) antibodies. RESULTS: The radiograph examination showed the implanted group had accelerated bone growth. In addition, the osteoblast, osteoclast and osteocyte had accelerated migration to the defect area. Moreover, the immunoreactive score (IRS) of VEGF at the sixth week in the BHA-GEL-ALE group was lower than the other groups. Meanwhile, the IRS of ALP in BHA-GEL-ALE was higher compared to other groups. CONCLUSION: The BHA-GEL-ALE implant accelerates the healing of bone defect in the osteoporotic rat by increasing the ALP expression and the total number of cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Severe macrocephaly can still be found in developing countries. This condition is usually caused by neglected hydrocephalus and can cause a lot of morbidities. Cranial vault reconstruction cranioplasty is the main treatment option for severe macrocephaly. Holoprosencephaly is often seen with features of microcephaly. Hydrocephalus should be considered as the main cause in HPE patients with features of macrocephaly. In this report, we present a rare case of cranial vault reduction cranioplasty procedure in patient with severe macrocephaly due to holoprosencephaly and subdural hygroma. Case description: A 4-year-10-month-old Indonesian boy was admitted with head enlargement since birth. He had a history of VP shunt placement when he was 3 months old. But the condition was neglected. Preoperative head CT showed massive bilateral subdural hygroma that compressed brain parenchyma caudally. From the craniometric calculation, the occipital frontal circumference was 70.5 cm with prominent vertex expansion, the distance between nasion to inion was 11.91 cm and the vertical height was 25.59 cm. The preoperative cranial volume was 24.611 cc. The patient underwent subdural hygroma evacuation and cranial vault reduction cranioplasty. The postoperative cranial volume was 10.468 cc. Conclusion: Subdural hygroma can be a rare cause of severe macrocephaly in holoprosencephaly patients. Cranial vault reduction cranioplasty and subdural hygroma evacuation is still the main treatment option. Our procedure successfully reduces significant cranial volume (57.46% volume reduction). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Exotic pet snakes are more susceptible to infection, especially parasitic helminths than wild-caught. There is no comprehensive report on the prevalence of acanthocephalan parasite infection in Indonesian snakes. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence rate and to identify the acanthocephalan infection in wild-caught Asian vine snake (Ahaetulla prasina) from the Mojokerto District, East Java, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 snakes were collected from the local sellers in the Mojokerto District, East Java, Indonesia. Then, snakes were euthanized and necropsied to observe various predilections of acanthocephalan larval stage (cystacanth). Morphological identification of the cystacanth was conducted using the carmine staining method and microscopic examination. Results: Acanthocephalan infection was recorded with a high prevalence rate of 80.06%. A total of 696 cystacanths were examined from the muscle, subcutaneous tissues, and visceral with 32.90, 16.37, and 50.71% intensity rates, respectively. Conclusion: Acanthocephalan prevalence rate was recorded at 80.06% in this study. Constant disease monitoring is necessary, considering wild-caught Asian vine snakes were susceptible host and lack of data regarding parasitological surveys. Therefore, further studies are needed in new areas and various species of wild-caught snakes in Indonesia, because of the potential of parasitic helminth transmission between snake and other reptiles.

Background: Snakebite envenoming is a global health problem, mostly in tropical and subtropical countries. Bangladesh is a subtropical country facing thousands of snakebite envenoming death every year. Knowledge of the distribution of venomous snakes is necessary to identify snakebite-prone areas, develop strategies for prevention and management, and reduce venom-induced mortalities and morbidities. Methods: An integrated effort of direct observations of snakes, qualitative analysis of museum specimen records, clinical records of snakebites, and scholarly literature records were used to understand the pattern of distribution of venomous snakes in Bangladesh. Results: We enlist 65 venomous snake species from Bangladesh and present detailed documentation on their distribution pattern. However, only nine species were considered medically relevant species because of their venom potentiality to kill humans and available clinical records of envenomation. The distribution pattern of those species divides the country into two major portions. A portion consists of northern, northwestern, and western parts of the country, which are habitats of Naja naja, Bungarus caeruleus, and B. lividus. Another portion comprised of the northeastern, southeastern, and southern parts of the country provides habitats for N. kaouthia, B. niger, and Trimeresurus erythrurus. However, Daboia. russelii had a different distribution pattern along the bank of the Padma and Meghna, and some coastal districts. Moreover, B. walli had a scattered distribution over the country. The knowledge of this ecological distribution of venomous snakes across the country bears a significant practical effect on clinical management of snakebite. Treating physicians can have a better understanding of possible offending snake species using this knowledge and the clinical syndromes produced by venoms. Conclusion: Pattern of distribution of medically relevant venomous snakes in Bangladesh approaches to initiate concise and specific bite management strategies for two distinct distributional regions of the country. Moreover, the distribution of D. russelii and B. walli demands specific strategies for bite management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal infections represent a serious global health problem, causing damage to health and the economy on the scale of millions. Although vaccines are the most effective therapeutic approach used to combat infectious agents, at the moment, no fungal vaccine has been approved for use in humans. However, the scientific community has been working hard to overcome this challenge. In this sense, we aim to describe here an update on the development of fungal vaccines and the progress of methodological and experimental immunotherapies against fungal infections. In addition, advances in immunoinformatic tools are described as an important aid by which to overcome the difficulty of achieving success in fungal vaccine development. In silico approaches are great options for the most important and difficult questions regarding the attainment of an efficient fungal vaccine. Here, we suggest how bioinformatic tools could contribute, considering the main challenges, to an effective fungal vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionThe phenotypic screening of drugs against Balamuthia mandrillaris, a neuropathogenic amoeba, involves two simultaneous phases: an initial step to test amoebicidal activity followed by an assay for cytotoxicity to host cells. The emergence of three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures has provided a more physiologically relevant model than traditional 2D cell culture for studying the pathogenicity of B. mandrillaris. However, the measurement of ATP, a critical indicator of cell viability, is complicated by the overgrowth of B. mandrillaris in coculture with host cells during drug screening, making it challenging to differentiate between amoebicidal activity and drug toxicity to human cells.MethodsTo address this limitation, we introduce a novel assay that utilizes three-dimensional hanging spheroid plates (3DHSPs) to evaluate both activities simultaneously on a single platform.Results and discussionOur study showed that the incubation of neurospheroids with clinically isolated B. mandrillaris trophozoites resulted in a loss of neurospheroid integrity, while the ATP levels in the neurospheroids decreased over time, indicating decreased host cell viability. Conversely, ATP levels in isolated trophozoites increased, indicating active parasite metabolism. Our findings suggest that the 3DHSP-based assay can serve as an endpoint for the phenotypic screening of drugs against B. mandrillaris, providing a more efficient and accurate approach for evaluating both parasite cytotoxicity and viability.

Background and Aim: Perennial allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic upper respiratory disease, with inflammation mediated by immunoglobulin E in the nasal mucosa caused by house dust mites. Recently, allergen immunotherapy showed promising allergic healing in patients with a definite history of sensitization. Based on this finding, a product was developed using Indonesian house dust mite (IHDM). This study aimed to optimize the allergenic rhinitis mouse model that was generated using IHDM to test the in vivo sensitivity and safety of this product. Materials and Methods: Seven groups of mice were used for effectiveness testing – normal, negative control with IHDM challenge, positive control with 0.1% histamine challenge, and AR group by both IHDM-induced sensitization at 12.5, 50, 250, or 500 μg and IHDM challenge. Mice were sensitized by intraperitoneal administration of IHDM once a week for 3 consecutive weeks. Thereafter, the challenge was given intranasally 5 times on alternate days. The number of nose rubbing and sneezing was noted. Eosinophil infiltration was assessed histologically using hematoxylin and eosin staining. The expression of interleukin-5 (IL-5) mRNA in the nasal mucosa was determined using semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results: The induction of AR with IHDM significantly increased the number of nose rubbing and sneezing in the mouse model. Eosinophil infiltration was observed in the nasal mucosa; however, no significant change occurred in the expression of IL-5 mRNA. Conclusion: Overall, these data indicate that IHDM allergenic extract could be an effective sensitizing agent in a mouse model of AR. Although the use of IHDM is a limitation of this study because other sources of house dust mites might have different effects, this study provides a proper model for immunotherapy effectivity testing for in vivo pre-clinical studies.

Abstract Background More than one million people each year become infected by parasites that cause the disease cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). This disease manifests as one or more skin lesions or ulcers that are slow to heal with variable response rates to drug treatments. Thus far, little attention has been paid to how the cultural effects of gender shape perceptions and experiences of CL. This review aims to bring together and analyse existing studies which use qualitative data to explore these differences. These studies offered insights into our specific research questions. Methods We conducted a systematic review of the literature pertaining to either CL or muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) through EBSCO, EMBASE, Medline, Scopus and Web of Science databases. To meet inclusion criteria, articles had to be either qualitative or mixed-method with a qualitative component. They also had to include a reflection on how the gender of participants impacted the findings and addressed the lived experiences of CL. We did not exclude articles based on the language they were published in or in which country the study took place. Results From a total of 1589 potential articles, we found that thirteen met the inclusion criteria. These articles were published in English, Spanish or Portuguese and reported on studies carried out in various countries in Africa, Asia and South America. After using the principles of a meta-ethnography to analyse these studies, we generated several key themes. We found that health-seeking behaviours, treatment choices, stigma and the impact of scarring are shaped by gender in a variety of contexts. Conclusions Gender impacts on an individual’s experience of CL. In particular, women are more constricted in their health-seeking behaviours and experience more stigma both from the active lesions and from scarring than men. In many contexts, however, men are more at risk of becoming infected by the parasite that causes CL and may turn to more harmful or aggressive self-treatments. We recommend that future research on CL should consider the impact of gender as this can create very different experiences for individuals.

Schistosomiasis is a neglected disease caused by parasites of the genus Schistosoma and transmitted by snails of the genus Biomphalaria. At least five species have the potential to infect humans living in or visiting tropical areas worldwide. In Latin America, Schistosoma mansoni is particularly common; however, it has not been reported in Ecuador. In this study, we assess the available official data on schistosomiasis in Ecuador to describe the prevalence of this neglected disease. We conducted a nationwide study to determine the demographic and spatial distribution patterns of schistosomiasis infection in Ecuador, using hospital discharge official data as a proxy for infection incidence from 2011 to 2021. We calculated crude and age-sex-adjusted morbidity and hospital admission rates by region, province, canton, and elevation. In the last decade of available data, schistosomiasis accounted for at least 551 hospital admissions in Ecuador. Women represented 53.7% (n = 296) of cases, equivalent to 3.2 cases per 1,000,000 inhabits. The highest number of cases (61.2%, n = 337) was found in the Coastal region. However, the highest incidence rates were observed in the Amazon region's provinces of Pastaza (173.44 cases/1,000,000).

Introduction: Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei, and Leishmania spp., commonly referred to as TriTryps, are a group of protozoan parasites that cause important human diseases affecting millions of people belonging to the most vulnerable populations worldwide. Current treatments have limited efficiencies and can cause serious side effects, so there is an urgent need to develop new control strategies. Presently, the identification and prioritization of appropriate targets can be aided by integrative genomic and computational approaches. Methods: In this work, we conducted a genome-wide multidimensional data integration strategy to prioritize drug targets. We included genomic, transcriptomic, metabolic, and protein structural data sources, to delineate candidate proteins with relevant features for target selection in drug development. Results and Discussion: Our final ranked list includes proteins shared by TriTryps and covers a range of biological functions including essential proteins for parasite survival or growth, oxidative stress-related enzymes, virulence factors, and proteins that are exclusive to these parasites. Our strategy found previously described candidates, which validates our approach as well as new proteins that can be attractive targets to consider during the initial steps of drug discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) disproportionately affect populations living in resource-limited settings. In the Amazon basin, substantial numbers of NTDs are zoonotic, transmitted by vertebrate (dogs, bats, snakes) and invertebrate species (sand flies and triatomine insects). However, no dedicated consortia exist to find commonalities in the risk factors for or mitigations against bite-associated NTDs such as rabies, snake envenoming, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis in the region. The rapid expansion of COVID-19 has further reduced resources for NTDs, exacerbated health inequality and reiterated the need to raise awareness of NTDs related to bites. Methods The nine countries that make up the Amazon basin have been considered (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Surinam and Venezuela) in the formation of a new network. Results The Amazonian Tropical Bites Research Initiative (ATBRI) has been created, with the aim of creating transdisciplinary solutions to the problem of animal bites leading to disease in Amazonian communities. The ATBRI seeks to unify the currently disjointed approach to the control of bite-related neglected zoonoses across Latin America. Conclusions The coordination of different sectors and inclusion of all stakeholders will advance this field and generate evidence for policy-making, promoting governance and linkage across a One Health arena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leishmaniasis is a widespread group of neglected vector-borne tropical diseases that possess serious therapeutic limitations. Propolis has been extensively used in traditional medical applications due to its range of biological effects, including activity against infectious agents. Here we evaluated the leishmanicidal and immunomodulatory properties of Brazilian green propolis extract (EPP-AF®) and a gel formulation incorporating EPP-AF®, in both in vitro and in vivo models of Leishmania amazonensis infection. Propolis extract, obtained from a standardized blend following hydroalcoholic extraction, showed the characteristic fingerprint of Brazilian green propolis as confirmed by HPLC/DAD. A carbopol 940 gel formulation was obtained containing propolis glycolic extract at 3.6% w/w. The release profile, assessed using the Franz diffusion cell protocol, demonstrated a gradual and prolonged release of p-coumaric acid and artepillin C from the carbomer gel matrix. Quantification of p-coumaric acid and artepillin C in the gel formulation over time revealed that p-coumaric acid followed the Higuchi model, dependent on the disintegration of the pharmaceutical preparation, while artepillin C followed a zero-order profile with sustained release. In vitro analysis revealed the ability of EPPAF ® to reduce the infection index of infected macrophages (p < 0.05), while also modulating the production of inflammatory biomarkers. Decreases in nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 levels were observed (p < 0.01), suggesting low iNOS and COX- 2 activity. Furthermore, EPP-AF® treatment was found to induce heme oxygenase-1 antioxidant enzyme expression in both uninfected and L. amazonensis-infected cells, as well as inhibit IL-1β production in infected cells (p < 0.01). ERK-1/ 2 phosphorylation was positively correlated with TNF-α production (p < 0.05), yet no impact on parasite load was detected. In vivo analysis indicated the effectiveness of topical treatment with EPP-AF® gel alone (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01), or in combination with pentavalent antimony (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001), in the reduction of lesion size in the ears of L. amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice after seven or 3 weeks of treatment, respectively. Taken together, the present results reinforce the leishmanicidal and immunomodulatory effects of Brazilian green propolis, and demonstrate promising potential for the EPP-AF® propolis gel formulation as a candidate for adjuvant therapy in the treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Helminthiasis becomes one of the infectious diseases included in neglected diseases that receive less attention and mostly occurred in tropical countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) in 2020 stated that helminthiasis spread throughout sub-Saharan Africa, America, China, and East Asia where 60% suffered by children. STH infections may result from poor hygiene in many school aged-children, especially in primary school. This article was written to analyze the personal hygiene of primary school children that may affect the incidence of helminthiasis. Discussion: An integrative literature review was conducted using databases, from Google Scholar, Pubmed, Research Gate, and Science Direct databases. It was 24 articles consisting of 20 articles published by international journals and 4 articles in Indonesian journals. Most of the infectious agents in Asia were Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura, while Ascaris lumbricoides, Hookworms, and Trichuris trichiura dominate in Africa. Poor personal hygiene may a risk of infection. For example, children in Asia do not cut their nails or wash their hands. While children in Africa do not wash their hands, walked barefoot, and conducted open defecation. Conclusion: Personal hygiene of primary school children has a positive effect on the incidence of helminthiasis in Asia and Africa with different prevalences. To prevent and control helminthiasis in school children, schools should provide education about personal hygiene, improve sanitary facilities, and routinely give anthelmintics every six months.

Background: Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that affects peripheral nerves and skin. The interaction between M. leprae and Schwann cells causes irreversible damage to peripheral nervous tissue afterward disability occurs. Involvement of the major nervous trunks of the extremities can produce sensory-motor deficits. The risk factors are delay in diagnosis, gender, age, type of leprosy, duration of disease, number of affected nerves, leprosy reaction, type of treatment, socioeconomic factors, education, ethnicity, and occupation. Purpose: The aim was to study the profile of leprosy patients with disability who seek treatment in Leprosy Division Dermatovenerology Outpatient Clinic RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya. Methods: This was a descriptive retrospective study of leprosy patients with disability from January 2017 to December 2019. Result: The results of this study obtained a total of 275 leprosy patients with disabilities, which consisted of 76 patients (27.6%) with grade-1 disability and 199 patients (72.4%) with grade-2 disability. The majority were male (73.4%) and aged 25-44 years old (42.2%). Other dominant risk factors were MB type leprosy (92%), duration of disease more than 12 months (52.3%), no leprosy reaction (68%), and had received multidrug therapy (45.5%). Conclusion: Knowledge of disability risk factors can assist in improving management and education to prevent disability in leprosy patients.

Highlights: • Patients with IRSS I stage have the longest lag time than IVB stage. • Lag time is no significant with stage retinoblastoma. Abstract: Retinoblastoma is a rare neoplasm disease that occurs in children, generally under the age of two. Retinoblastoma is more prevalent in developing countries and is often associated with a late diagnosis. Such delays can lead to a poor prognosis. The time from the appearance of symptoms of retinoblastoma (onset) to the time of diagnosis is called lag time. Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma by paying attention to factors such as age, clinical symptoms, and laterality can help improve retinoblastoma survival rates, especially in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between the lag time to the stage of retinoblastoma patients at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. This study was a retrospective analytical observational study using secondary data from retinoblastoma patients at the Ophthalmology Outpatient Unit at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, from January 2014 to December 2018. The data were analyzed using Kendall's tau-C test. No significant correlation was found between lag time and stage (p = 0.339). Patients with International Retinoblastoma Staging System (IRSS) I stage had the longest lag time (on average 28 months), and patients with stage IVB had the shortest lag time (on average four months). There was no correlation between lag time and retinoblastoma stage. However, there was a trend of patients with early stages delaying hospital visits, while patients with advanced stages in earlier to the hospital.