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Our aim is to investigate the effects of the submucoperichondrial application of Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) on nasal mucosal healing after septoplasty surgery. This prospective randomized observational study was conducted between July 2019 and February 2021, with 40 patients aged 18–60 years who underwent closed the only septoplasty operation for similar septal deviations. Patient divided into two group; 21 patients were placed in PRP group to which PRP was applied on all mucosal surface and submucoperichondrial area of septum and 19 patients were placed in control group to which saline solution was applied on same regions. Nasal obstruction score, mucociliary clearance time, presence of nasal crusting, and bleeding time were evaluated on 5th, 10th, 15th day after surgery and compared between groups. Intranasal crusting on day 10 was found to be lower in the PRP group (n :13 68.4 %) than control group (n :7 33.3 %) with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.028). The nasal obstruction score on day 10 and 15 were found to be lower in the PRP group (3,33 ± 2,75, 2,07 ± 2,20) (than the control group (5,44 ± 2,26, 3,37 ± 1,92) with a statistically significant difference (p = 0,003, p = 0,009). The mucociliary clearance rate was found to be higher and the bleeding time was found to be lower in the PRP group, but a statistically significant difference was not observed. Application of submucoperichondrial PRP could have beneficial effects on nasal mucosal repair, nasal crusting, and congestion after septoplasty surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain death (BD) compromises the viability of the lung for donation. Hypertonic saline solution (HSS) induces rapid intravascular volume expansion and immunomodulatory action. We investigated its role in ventilatory mechanics (VMs) and in the inflammatory activity of the lungs of rats subjected to BD. Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control, n = 10: intact rats subjected to extraction of the heart–lung block; BD, n = 8 (BD): rats treated with isotonic saline solution (4 mL/kg) immediately after BD; hypertonic saline 0 h, n = 9 (Hip.0′): rats treated with HSS (4 mL/kg) immediately after BD; and hypertonic saline 1 h, n = 9 (Hip.60′), rats treated with HSS (4 mL/kg) 60 min after BD. The hemodynamic characteristics, gas exchange, VMs, inflammatory mediators, and histopathological evaluation of the lung were evaluated over 240 min of BD. In VMs, we observed increased airway resistance, tissue resistance, tissue elastance, and respiratory system compliance in the BD group (P < 0.037), while the treated groups showed no impairment over time (P > 0.05). In the histological analysis, the BD group showed a greater area of perivascular edema and a higher neutrophil count than the control group and the Hip.60′ group (P < 0.05). Treatment with HSS was effective in preventing changes in the elastic and resistive pulmonary components, keeping them at baseline levels. Late treatment reduced perivascular and neutrophilic edema in lung tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Negative pressure wound therapy with instillation and dwell time (NPWTi-d) is increasingly used for a diverse range of wounds. Meanwhile, the topical wound irrigation solution consisting of polyhexamethylene biguanide and betaine (PHMB-B) has shown efficacy in managing wound infections. However, the effectiveness of this solution as a topical instillation solution for NPWTi-d in patients with diabetic foot infections (DFIs) has not been thoroughly studied. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the impact of using PHMB-B as the instillation solution during NPWTi-d on reducing bioburden and improving clinical outcomes in patients with DFIs. Between January 2017 and December 2022, a series of patients with DFIs received treatment with NPWTi-d, using either PHMB-B or normal saline as the instillation solution. Data collected retrospectively included demographic information, baseline wound characteristics, and treatment outcomes. The study included 61 patients in the PHMB-B group and 73 patients in the normal saline group, all diagnosed with DFIs. In comparison to patients treated with normal saline, patients with PHMB-B exhibited no significant differences in terms of wound bed preparation time (P = 0.5034), length of hospital stay (P = 0.6783), NPWTi-d application times (P = 0.1458), duration of systematic antimicrobial administration (P = 0.3567), or overall cost of hospitalization (P = 0.6713). The findings of the study suggest that the use of either PHMB-B or normal saline as an instillation solution in NPWTi-d for DFIs shows promise and effectiveness, yet no clinical distinction was observed between the two solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surgical ASTM F139 stainless steel is used for temporary fixtures in the biomedical field. Tribocorrosion is a major concern in this application. The aim of the present work was to study the interplay between tribocorrosion behavior and the surface chemistry of the ASTM F139 stainless steel in phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS). Sliding wear tests were conducted against alumina balls at different electrochemical potentials: open circuit potential (OCP), cathodic potential (−100 mV versus the OCP), and anodic potentials (+200 mVAg/AgCl and +700 mVAg/AgCl). The normal load was 20 N. The wear volume was estimated based on micrographs obtained from the wear tracks using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Moreover, the wear tracks were also examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface chemistry of the ASTM F139 specimens was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The wear volume was dependent on the electrochemical potential, being maximized at +700 mVAg/AgCl. Delamination areas and grooves were observed in the wear tracks. Detailed assessment of the surface chemistry inside the wear tracks allowed identification of the main chemical species and their relative quantities, thus enabling correlation of the passive film composition with the observed tribocorrosion behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly pathogenic and rapidly disseminated virus with strong viability in the environment, suggesting the importance of environmental detection for prevention and control in all the pig industry. However, the detection results of environmental swabs cannot always reflect the accurate status of viral pollution, leading to persistent ASFV environmental contamination. In this study, we developed an ASFV eluant with higher environmental ASFV detection efficiency relative to 0.85% saline solution, which obtains the patent certificate issued by the China Intellectual Property Office (patent number:202010976050.9). qPCR analysis showed that in the environmental swab samples, the number of viral copies was 100 times higher for the ASFV eluant treatment than the traditional eluant treatment (0.85% saline solution). And besides, the high sensitivity of the ASFV eluant had be verified in a slaughterhouse environmental sampling detection. In soil samples, the ASFV eluent showed the same extraction effect as the TIANamp Soil DNA Kit, in contrast to no extraction effect for 0.85% saline solution. Simultaneously, this eluent could protect ASFV from degradation and allow the transportation of samples at ambient temperature without refrigeration. In clinical practice, we monitored the environmental contamination condition of the ASFV in a large-scale pig farm. The results shown that the ASFV load decreased after every disinfection in environment. This study provides an effective solution for surveilling the potential threat of ASFV in environment. Key points: The ASFV eluant can significantly improve the positive detection rate in environmental samples in clinical practice. The ASFV eluant is economical and convenient compared to commercial kit.. The ASFV eluant can provide a caution for the environmental safety for China's pig industries, slaughter houses, and transportations and facilitate ASFV eradication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biocompatibility, biodegradability and bioreabsorbability properties of PLA make it an attractive material for biomedical applications, especially in implantable devices. Nevertheless, the degradation of this material in biological media under mechanical stress has not yet been fully explored and needs further understanding. Thus, the motivation of this research is to evaluate changes in the properties of 3D-printed PLA when exposed to a simulated biological media, for possible applications in implantable devices. This work aimed to evaluate changes in properties of PLA parts manufactured through 3D printing when immersed in saline phosphate solution for periods of (7, 14 and 30) days. The material was evaluated for mass change, chemical changes (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy–FTIR), glass transition temperature (dynamic mechanical analysis), flexural properties (3-point bending tests) and fatigue behaviour. Results showed an increase in mass after immersion for 7 days followed by a decrease in mass for samples immersed for 14 days and 30 days. It was found that immersion in saline phosphate solution produced chemical alterations and increase in glass transition temperature. Although no significant changes were observed in flexural strength after immersion, an average reduction in fatigue life of 57% for 0.25% strain amplitude and 77% for 1% strain amplitude was observed for immersed samples. The results presented suggest that printed PLA can be a promising alternative for applications such as drug delivery and tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new automated method was developed combining the features of the salting-out effect, single-phase liquid–liquid extraction (SPLLE), and flow-batch analysis to determine Cr(VI) in river water samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. A water–ethanol–amyl alcohol mixture containing sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (NaDDTC) as the chelating agent was also employed. Before spectrometric measurements, the salting-out effect allowed fast single-phase separation and preconcentration of the complex Cr(VI)-DDTC. The extraction procedure was performed inside the mixing chamber of the flow-batch analyzer, simplifying the overall design. Less sample dilution and reduced volume of the organic phase were achieved by studying the phase diagram of the ternary system. Spectrometric operational parameters, the composition of the water–ethanol–amyl alcohol mixture, the concentration of the chelating agent, the concentration of the saline solution, and the parameters of the flow-batch system were optimized. Characteristic mass, sample throughput, limit of detection, limit of quantification, and enrichment factor were 0.33 pg, 129 samples h−1, 0.05 μg L−1, 0.17 μg L−1, and 7.3, respectively. The proposed method's accuracy was evaluated by analysis of a certified reference material and recovery tests, which resulted in a relative error of 2.94% and recovery rates ranging from 96 to 102%. The proposed method proved to be simple and effective for determining Cr(VI) in river water samples and could be used in further investigations regarding the determination/speciation of other chemical elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There are several oral diseases caused by various microorganisms. In this work, we discuss periodontal pathogens, which cause chronic degenerative damage in the supporting tissues of teeth. This is why several treatments have been developed for their eradication, including phytocomponents and essential oils as an option in antimicrobial therapy. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the inhibitory effect of the essential oil of the plant species Schinus molle L. native to Ecuador on strain of Porphyromonas gingivalis at different concentrations. Methodology: This was a laboratory and longitudinal study in which the Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 strain was cultured in 20 Petri dishes, working with several exposure subgroups, including Group 1 - 50% essential oil of Schinus molle leaves; Group 2 - 100% essential oil of Schinus molle L.; Group 3 - 0.12% chlorhexidine (positive control); Group 4 - saline solution (negative control) with different incubation periods of 24 and 72 hours. Results: The Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 sample exposed to 100% plant species Schinus molle L. for 24 hours had an inhibition zone of 15 mm, demonstrating high sensitivity, and exposure for 72 hours produced a zone of 14 mm, also suggesting sensitivity. Exposure to S. molle L. at 50% for 24 hours produced a zone of inhibition of 9.65 mm, showing sensitivity; however, it is worthwhile to continue developing and evaluating this area of study. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that phytotherapy using the essential oil of the plant species Schinus molle L. represents a therapeutic option in cases of infections caused by Porphyromonas gingivalis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has shown benefits as an alternative treatment of feline chronic gingivostomatitis by reducing pain and inflammation within the oral cavity. Extraoral application technique in cats provides more comfort compared to intraoral application. However, the efficacy of LLLT through buccal tissue is still controversial. This study aimed to investigate the penetration efficacy of LLLT using 830 nm continuous waves with various settings and different application techniques. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four healthy cats were included in this study. The wavelength of LLLT was 830 nm with an output power of 200 mW through extraoral application, using fluences of 2 and 6 J/cm² in continuous-wave mode. This study compared different distances (contact and non-contact) and three different transmission media (absent media, alcohol, and normal saline solution). Measurement of the laser power within the oral cavity is represented as the mean output power (MOP). Results: Penetration efficacy was detectable for all fluences, distances, and transmission media, with an average buccal thickness of 2.68 mm. MOP did not differ between fluences of 2 and 6 J/cm² (p = 0.19). In the absence of media, MOP was significantly higher compared with alcohol (p < 0.05) but was not significantly different from normal saline solution (p = 0.26). Conclusion: Extraoral application of LLLT demonstrated penetration efficacy through the buccal tissue with both contact and non-contact skin (<10 mm). This is a potential alternative treatment for oral diseases in clinical practice. However, there is a need for further study on the efficacy of treatment in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compounded insulin eye drops were prepared at 1 IU/mL from commercially available subcutaneous insulin by dilution in saline solution or artificial tears. Physicochemical characterization and in vitro tolerance testing in human and conjunctival cells were followed by a 28-day short-term stability study under various conditions. The formulations were isotonic (280–300 mOsm/L), had a pH close to neutral (7–8), medium surface-tension values (<56 MN/m−1), and low (≈1 mPa·s) and medium (≈5 mPa·s) viscosities (compounded normal saline solution and artificial tear-based preparation, respectively). These values remained stable for 28 days under refrigeration. Microbiological stability was also excellent. Insulin potency remained in the 90–110% range in the compounded formulations containing normal saline solution when stored at 2–8 °C for 28 days, while it decreased in those based on artificial tears. Although both formulations were well tolerated in vitro, the compounded insulin diluted in a normal saline solution exhibited better cell tolerance. Preliminary data in humans showed that insulin in saline solution was an effective and safe treatment for persistent corneal epithelial defects. Compounded insulin eye drops diluted in normal saline solution could, therefore, constitute an emergent therapy for the treatment of persistent corneal epithelial defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the refractive power profile, subjective depth-of-field and objective optical quality of two advanced monofocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) designed to improve intermediate vision. Methods: This prospective study evaluated forty-six eyes of twenty-three patients, aged 54–68 years, binocularly implanted with two monofocal enhanced intraocular lenses (IOLs), the Tecnis Eyhance and the Physiol Isopure. Subjective through-focus visual acuity curves were obtained by placing trial lenses in front of the eye while wearing its best spherical-cylindrical correction for distance. Objective optical quality was defined as the area under the modulation transfer function, calculated from the wavefront maps measured with a high-resolution aberrometer. The optical design of both lenses was compared based on their refractive power profiles measured with the lenses immersed in saline solution. Results: Both lenses have progressive aspherical geometries, in which the sagittal power decreases rapidly from the center to the edge of the optical zone. Mean monocular through-focus curves show a best corrected distance visual acuity of − 0.02 logMAR with both lenses. Through-focus visual acuity was marginally higher for the Eyhance, with a difference of 1 letter at the defocus position of − 0.5D and 3 letters between − 1.0D and − 2.0D. Objective assessment of optical quality revealed only a difference of about 2 points in MTF area at distance. Conclusion: Both IOLs use a similar approach to improve intermediate vision. The Eyhance showed marginally better subjective performance than the Isopure at the target vergences between − 1.00D and − 2.00D, although these results did not reach statistical significance and were not replicated by the objective findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Selenium is an essential mineral for poultry. The conflicting reports about its in ovo injection are the justification for the more detailed investigation. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of in ovo injection of organic selenium on the hatching traits of broiler chickens and their performance. Methods: Three hundred and twenty eggs of Ross 308 strain with an average weight of 65 g and 160 chicks were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups (each with 8 replicates of 10 eggs each for hatching parameters and 4 replicates of 10 chicks for broiler farming parameters): negative control (no injection), positive control (in ovo injection of 0.272 mL of normal saline solution) and 2 selenium treatments (in ovo injection of 2.72 or 5.44 μg of organic selenium). Injection was into the amniotic sac on the 10th day of incubation. Effects of in ovo injection on hatching and performance traits, blood parameters, immune responses, carcass characteristics, meat fatty acid profile, cecal microbial population and selenium consternation in the tibia were measured. Results: Fewer chicks from the injected treatments hatched than from the negative control group (p < 0.01). However, the injection of selenium increased feed intake and the final weight of the birds (p < 0.01). Blood parameters were also affected. Glucose and cholesterol in experimental treatment chicks was lower than those of the controls (p < 0.01), whereas blood lipoproteins (VLDL, LDL and HDL) and the ratio of cholesterol to HDL was significantly increased in the treatments injected with selenium (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the immune response or microbial population between the experimental groups, but carcass components, such as thigh, breast, wing and abdominal fat weight, were significantly greater in the selenium treatments. Conclusions: Intra‐egg injection of organic selenium produced favourable effects on performance of broiler chickens, although it had no effect on immune response or microbial population. However, the negative effect on hatching of chickens needs to be prevented to result in an acceptable economic return for the producer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penstemon, with more than 250 species native to North America, holds significant aesthetic and ecological value in Utah, supporting diverse pollinators. Despite their significance, the survival of penstemon is threatened by challenges such as habitat loss, climate change, and Utah’s naturally high soil salinity. To address these challenges and understand their adaptability, this study evaluated the salt tolerance of two penstemon species [Penstemon davidsonii (Davidson’s penstemon) and Penstemon heterophyllus (foothill penstemon)] under controlled greenhouse conditions. The aim was to develop baseline information for nursery production and landscape use that utilize reclaimed water for irrigation. Plants were irrigated weekly with a nutrient solution at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.0 dS·m-1 as control or a saline solution at an EC of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, or 10.0 dS·m-1 for 8 weeks. Half of the plants were harvested after four irrigation events, and the remaining plants were harvested after eight irrigation events. At harvest, visual rating (0 = dead and 5 = excellent without foliage salt damage), plant width, number of shoots, leaf area, shoot dry weight, leaf greenness [Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD)], stomatal conductance, and canopy temperature were collected to assess the impact of salinity stress. In both species, salt damage was dependent on the salinity levels and length of exposure. After four irrigation events, both species exhibited foliage damage that increased in severity with rising EC. The most severe damage was observed in plants receiving saline solution at an EC of 10.0 dS·m-1. After eight irrigation events, P. davidsonii exposed to a saline solution with an EC of 10.0 dS·m-1 received a visual rating of 0, whereas P. heterophyllus had a visual rating of 0.4. Both species exhibited salinity-induced effects, with variations observed in the specific parameters and the degree of response. Penstemon davidsonii exhibited significant salinity stress, as indicated by reduced leaf area, shoot dry weight, SPAD reading, and stomatal conductance with increasing EC of the saline solution. In addition, in both species, at both harvests, canopy temperatures increased either linearly or quadratically by 8% to 36% as the EC levels of the saline solution increased. These results indicate that P. davidsonii was more sensitive to salinity stress than P. heterophyllus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent literature suggests that the withdrawal of remifentanil (RF) infusion can be associated with hyperalgesia in clinical and nonclinical settings. We performed a systematic review and a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with cross-over design, to assess the effect of discontinuing RF infusion on pain intensity and areas of hyperalgesia and allodynia in healthy volunteers. Nine studies were included. The intervention treatment consisted in RF infusion that was compared with placebo (saline solution). The primary outcome was pain intensity assessment at 30 ± 15 minutes after RF or placebo discontinuation, assessed by any pain scale and using any quantitative sensory testing. Moreover, postwithdrawal pain scores were compared with baseline scores in each treatment. Secondary outcomes included the areas (% of basal values) of hyperalgesia and allodynia. Subjects during RF treatment reported higher pain scores after discontinuation than during treatment with placebo [standardized mean difference (SMD): 0.50, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.03-0.97; P = 0.04, I² = 71%]. A significant decrease in pain scores, compared with baseline values, was found in the placebo treatment (SMD: -0.87, 95% CI: -1.61 to -0.13; P = 0.02, I² = 87%), but not in the RF treatment (SMD: -0.28, 95% CI: -1.18 to 0.62; P = 0.54, I² = 91%). The area of hyperalgesia was larger after RF withdrawal (SMD: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.27-0.84; P = 0.001; I² = 0%). The area of allodynia did not vary between treatments. These findings suggest that the withdrawal of RF induces a mild but nonclinically relevant degree of hyperalgesia in HVs, likely linked to a reduced pain threshold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underwater adhesives with injectable, organic solvent‐free, strong, fast adhesion, and hemostatic properties have become an urgent need in biomedical field. Herein, a novel polyurethane underwater adhesive (PUWA) inspired by mussels is developed utilizing the rapid post‐cure reaction of isocyanate esterification without organic solvents. The PUWA is created through the injectable two component curing process of component A (biocompatible polyurethane prepolymer) and component B (dopamine modified lysine derivatives: chain extender‐LDA and crosslinker‐L3DA). The two‐component adhesive cures quickly and firmly underwater, with an impressive bonding strength of 40 kPa on pork skin and excellent burst pressure of 394 mmHg. Moreover, the PUWA exhibits robust adhesion strength in hostile environments with acid, alkali and saline solutions. Combined with excellent biocompatibility and hemostatic performance, the PUWA demonstrates effectively sealing wounds and promoting healing. With the ability to bond diverse substrates rapidly and strongly, the PUWA holds significant potential for application in both biomedical and industrial fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fear and anxiety are considered concerns for animal welfare as they are associated with negative affective states. This study aimed to pharmacologically validate an attention bias test (ABT) for broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) as a cognitive bias test to determine anxiety. Two-hundred-and-four male Ross 708 broiler chickens were arbitrarily allocated to either the anxiogenic or control treatment at 25 days of age (n = 102/treatment). Birds from the anxiogenic group were administered with 2.5 mg of β-CCM (β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid-N-methylamide [FG 7142]) per kg of body weight through an intraperitoneal injection (0.1 ml/100 g of body weight). Birds from the control group were administered with 9 mg of a saline solution per kg of body weight. During ABT, birds were tested in groups of three (n = 34 groups of three birds/treatment) with commercial feed and mealworms as positive stimuli and a conspecific alarm call as a negative stimulus. Control birds were 45 s faster to begin feeding than anxiogenic birds. Birds from the control group vocalized 40 s later and stepped 57 s later than birds from the anxiogenic group. The occurrence of vigilance behaviors did not differ between treatments. This study was successful in pharmacologically validating an attention bias test for fast-growing broiler chickens, testing three birds simultaneously. Our findings showed that latencies to begin feeding, first vocalization, and first step were valid measures to quantify anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly miniaturized miniaturised meander-shaped implantable antenna is proposed for biomedical applications. The antenna has a volume of 12.29 mm3 and is designed with slots only. Using only slots on patch and ground surface, the fabrication of proposed implantable antenna is quite effortless unlike using techniques of sorting pin, metamaterial, and multiple patch stacking. The analysis shows that the proposed antenna has excellent impedance bandwidth of 140 MHz (2.39 GHz to 2.53 GHz) with resonating frequency of 2.41 GHz, circular polarisation with an axial ratio bandwidth of 80 MHz (2.45 GHz to 2.53 GHz), gain of −23.45 dB, acceptable SAR 901 W/KG in industrial, science and medical band (ISM). The detail parametric study of the designed antenna with substrate/superstrate materials, different human body tissues, different depth of penetration in human tissues, and thickness of substrate/superstrate have been analysed successfully. For the authenticity purpose, the results are correlated with the prepared skin mimicking gel (saline solution) in vitro model. The fabricated antenna indicates similar performance as provided by the proposed simulated antenna design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

STUDY QUESTION What are the complications of transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy for the treatment of endometriomas? SUMMARY ANSWER Sclerotherapy is a reliable, minimally invasive method applicable in outpatient procedures but with specific and potential life-threatening complications that need to be identified and prevented. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY There are currently few data on the use of transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy, and we mainly note septic complications. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A retrospective observational cohort study was carried out. The study was conducted at an academic hospital and included 126 women aged 31.9 ± 5.5 years (mean ± SD), between November 2013 and June 2021. We analyzed a total of 157 ethanol sclerotherapy treatment (EST), treated by 131 EST procedures, in 126 women. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The study included women with an indication for transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy. Indications were women with at least one endometrioma over 10 mm, isolated or associated with other endometriosis locations, requiring treatment for pain or infertility before assisted reproductive treatment. We followed a standardized transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy procedure consisting of an ultrasound-guided transvaginal puncture of one or more endometriomas under general anesthesia. The cyst content was completely removed and flushed with saline solution. Ethanol (96%) was injected at 60% of the initial volume of the endometrioma, remained in the cyst for 10 min and was then completely removed. Ethanol loss was defined as a loss of 5 ml or more than 10% of the initial volume of the injected ethanol. Failure was defined by the contraindication of endometrioma puncture because of interposition of the digestive tract, ethanol loss in the previous endometrioma treated (in case of multiple ESTs), failure to aspirate the endometriotic fluid, contraindication to start ethanol injection owing to saline solution leakage, or contraindication to continue ethanol injection owing to suspicions of ethanol leakage at sonography. Intraoperative complications were defined by ethanol loss, positive blood alcohol level, and ethanol intoxication. Postoperative complications were defined by fever, biological inflammatory syndrome, and ovarian abscess. Complications were classified according to the Clavien and Dindo surgical classification, which is a system for classifying postoperative complications in five grades of increasing severity. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE We reported a total of 17/157 (10.8%) transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy failures during 14/131 (10.7%) transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy procedures in 13/126 (10.3%) women. In the same sets of data, complication was reported for 15/157 (9.5%) transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy in 13/131 (9.9%) transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy procedures in 13/126 (10.3%) women. Nine of 126 women (7.1%) had a grade I complication, one (0.8%) had a grade II complication (medical treatment for suspicion of pelvic infection), two (1.6%) had a grade III complication (ovarian abscess) and one (0.8%) had a grade IV complication (ethanol intoxication). We did not observe any grade V complications. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This was a retrospective study and pain assessment not considered. The benefit-risk balance of endometrioma transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy was not evaluated. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our study is the first to evaluate the complications of transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy with such a large cohort of women in a standardized protocol. Transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy seems to be an effective alternative to laparoscopic surgery in the management of endometriomas and limits the alteration of ovarian reserve. Transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy is a reliable, minimally invasive method applicable on an outpatient basis. The majority of complications are Clavien–Dindo ≤IV, for which preventative measures, or at least early diagnosis and treatment, can be easily performed. The risk of ethanol intoxication is rare, but it is a life-threatening risk that must be avoided by appropriate implementation and promotion of the sclerotherapy procedures. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) None. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Aix Marseille University's ethics committee registration number 2021-06-03-01. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To provide a summary of our initial experience and assess the impact of the Saline‐Assisted Fascial Exposure (SAFE) technique on erectile function (EF), urinary continence, and oncological outcomes after Robot‐Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy (RALP). Patients and Methods: From January 2021 to July 2022, we included patients with a baseline Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM) score of ≥17 and a high probability of extracapsular extension (ECE), ranging from 21% to 73%, as per the Martini et al. nomogram. A propensity score matching was carried out at a ratio of 1:2 between patients who underwent RALP + SAFE (33) and RALP alone (66). The descriptive statistical analysis is presented. The SAFE technique was performed using two approaches, transrectal guided by micro‐ultrasound or transperitoneal. Its principle entails a low‐pressure injection of saline solution in the periprostatic fascia to achieve an atraumatic dissection of the neural hammock. Potency was defined as a SHIM score of ≥17 and continence as no pads per day. Results: At follow‐up intervals of 6, 13, 26, and 52 weeks, the SHIM score differed significantly between the two groups, favouring the RALP + SAFE (P = 0.01, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P = 0.01, respectively). These results remained significant when the mean SHIM score was assessed. As shown by the cumulative incidence curve, EF rates were higher in the RALP + SAFE compared to the RALP alone group (log‐rank P < 0.001). The baseline SHIM and use of the SAFE technique were independent predictors of EF recovery. Conclusions: The use of the SAFE technique led to better SHIM scores at 6, 13, 26, and 52 weeks after RALP in patients at high risk of ECE who underwent a partial NS procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the synthetic analogue of leu-enkephalin (dalargin) on the level of corticosterone in the blood and the mass of the adrenal glands in rats with various typological features of behavior in the model of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was studied. Groups were formed: active low-anxiety (ALA) and high-anxiety (AHA), as well as passive low-anxiety (PLA) and high-anxiety (PHA) rats. Each of the four groups of rats was divided into three subgroups, where subgroup 1 is an intact control. Twenty days after the first stressful exposure, rats from subgroup 3 were injected intramuscularly with dalargin for seven days, and rats from subgroup 2 were injected with saline solution. It was found that the course of injections of dalargin into rats in the PTSD model had a positive effect on the studied indicators only in the group of active high-anxiety animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of ultrasound intensity and saline solution concentration (NH 4 Cl and CaCl 2) on phycocyanin extraction from Arthrospira platensis was evaluated. The intensity had a significant effect on phycocyanin content and purity, while the saline solution concentration only had an effect on purity. The optimum extraction condition was obtained at 41% of intensity and 8.5 g.L−1 of CaCl 2 solution. In this condition, ultrasound promoted cell disruption efficiently, increasing the extraction yield. The combination of ultrasound with CaCl 2 solution reduced the co-extraction of chlorophylls and other proteins, providing more purified extracts. The freezing and thawing method was compared to the best condition obtained, and it showed no significant difference for phycocyanin content but better results for purity. Overall, ultrasound treatment may be considered a promising technology to obtain phycocyanin by the food industry without additional purification techniques due to the reduced extraction time, less use of energy, and easy scale-up. • Ultrasound and saline solutions were evaluated for phycocyanin extraction. • The optimum condition was 41% of ultrasound intensity and 8.5 g L−1 of CaCl 2 solution. • The optimum condition reduced the co-extraction of chlorophylls and other proteins. • Ultrasound combined with CaCl 2 solution provided food grade phycocyanin extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-humped camels are livestock of physical, physiological, and biochemical adaptations to hot desert environments and to water scarcity. The tolerance of camels to water deprivation and their exceptional capacity for rapid rehydration requires blood cells with membranes of specialized organization and chemical composition. The objectives of this study are to examine the changes in the area (a proxy for volume) of camel blood cells in solutions with decreasing concentrations of NaCl and consequently identify the conditions under which blood cells can be phenotyped in a large population. Whole-blood samples from three healthy adult female camels were treated with four different concentrations of NaCl and examined at six incubation-periods. Observationally, red blood cells in all treatments remained intact and maintained their elliptical shape while white blood cells experienced some damage, lysing at concentrations below 0.90%. Average basal (in 0.90% NaCl) RBC area was ~15 μm² and swelled in the various treatments, in some cases reaching twice its original size. Excluding the damaged cells, the average area of combined WBCs, ~32.7 μm², expanded approximately three times its original size. We find that camel WBCs, like their RBCs, are adapted to hypotonic environments, and are capable of expanding while maintaining their structural integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfolane is a groundwater pollutant. While sulfolane is miscible in pure water, its miscibility in the presence of ions has not been widely investigated. This aspect is relevant to predict sulfolane migration in groundwater. Na2SO4 separates sulfolane from water, yielding bulk separation, emulsions seen by optical microscopy or molecular sulfolane clusters. We study these clusters with fluorescence spectroscopy, small-angle x ray (SAXS) and neutron (SANS) scattering, and x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS). Fluorescence spectroscopy reveals non-monotonic changes in the local viscosity of the water phase with 10% sulfolane and 0.25-1M Na2SO4, likely resulting from the interplay between sulfolane clustering and enhanced interactions between water molecules. NaCl affects the micro-viscosity of water similarly to Na2SO4, but at higher concentrations. At low sulfolane percentages, Cl− decreases the activity coefficients of water and sulfolane, suggesting stronger sulfolane–sulfolane and water–water interactions. SAXS confirms that Na2SO4 induces sulfolane clustering. SAXS data modeled with a power law and a Gaussian reveal a correlation length ξ = 16.3 Å, which we view as the radius of a sulfolane cluster surrounded by water and Na+ ions. SANS also shows that 2 mol. % of sulfate and chloride salts induce sulfolane clustering, with sulfates having a more marked effect. Furthermore, XAFS reveals that sulfates affect sulfolane sorption onto Si3N4 surfaces. Without Na2SO4, sulfolane directly sorbs onto Si3N4 surfaces. Conversely, with Na2SO4, water is directly sorbed onto Si3N4, likely because it surrounds sulfolane clusters. Also, hydrated Na+ ions are in Si3N4 surface proximity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The number of seven required throws per knot was previously reported as providing sufficient security against slippage. A novel high-strength suture featuring dynamic tightening may allow for throw number reduction without compromising stability. The aims of this study were to (1) investigate the influence of the throw number and the effect of different ambient conditions on the knot security of two different high-strength sutures, and (2) compare their biomechanical competence. Methods: Two sutures (FiberWire (FW) and DynaCord (DC)) were considered for preparing alternating surgical knots. The specimens were stratified for exposure to different media during biomechanical testing—namely air (dry), saline solution (wet), and fat (fatty-wet). A monotonic tensile ramp loading to failure was applied in each test run. For each suture and ambient condition, seven specimens with three to seven throws each were tested (n = 7), evaluating their slippage and ultimate force to failure. The minimum number of throws preventing suture unraveling was determined for each suture type and condition. Results: For each suture type and condition, failure occurred via rupture in all specimens for the following minimum number of throws: FW—dry–7, wet–7, fatty-wet–7; DC—dry–6, wet–4, fatty-wet–5. When applying seven throws, FW demonstrated significantly larger slippage (6.5 ± 2.2 mm) versus DC (3.5 ± 0.4 mm) in wet (p = 0.004) but not in dry and fatty-wet conditions (p ≥ 0.313). Conclusions: The lower number of throws providing knot security of DC versus FW in the more realistic wet and fatty-wet conditions indicates that the novel DC suture may allow to decrease the foreign body volume and save surgical time without compromising the biomechanical competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of saline on the shear strength of compacted bentonite is important to investigate the safety assessment of engineering barriers of deep geological repositories. Different methods used for saturating compacted specimens yield inconsistent relationships between shear strength and salt solution concentration. In this study, we performed direct shear tests on compacted Na–bentonite saturated with distilled water and Na solutions using the constant-vertical stress (CP) method and the constant-volume (CV) method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements were conducted to investigate the microstructural characteristics of compacted bentonite. The results show that the measured shear strength increases with increasing vertical stress or solution concentration. Furthermore, the shear strength of specimens prepared through the CV method is larger when distilled water is used for saturation; at the same time, when salt solutions are used for saturation, CP samples show greater shear strength. On the microscale, both SEM images and NMR results show that specimens become increasingly aggregated with increasing pore-water salinity and that saline solution has a greater effect on the microstructure of the compacted bentonite when using the CP method for saturation because of the change in volume during saturation. The intergranular stress equation, which considers physicochemical effects, is introduced to theoretically characterize the mechanical behavior of compacted bentonite. It is found that the relationship between intergranular stress and shear strength is unique, independent of the saturation method. In other words, the salt solution concentration affects the microstructure, thereby affecting the interparticle stress of compacted bentonite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of i) pre-incubation storage time of Pekin duck eggs on incubation parameters and ii) different levels of in ovo injection with maltodextrin on Pekin duckling weight. The study was divided into two experiments using hatching eggs of Cherry Valley SM2 hens with egg-laying ages between 31 and 40 weeks. In experiment I, 8,820 eggs were subjected to different periods of pre-incubation storage (one-seven days). For experiment II, 120 eggs weighing between 75 and 85 g were selected and inoculated with 250 µL of 0.75% saline solution with different concentrations of maltodextrin treatments (0%, 1.5%, 3.0%, and 4.5%). In relation to pre-incubation storage time, eggs stored for one day had lower hatching and hatchability rates and higher duckling mortality rates than eggs stored for longer periods (P < 0.05). In ovo injection with 3.0% maltodextrin in 0.75% saline solution significantly increased the hatching weight of Pekin ducklings (53.62 g) compared to that by other study treatments (P < 0.05). Therefore, Pekin duck eggs produced between 31 and 40 weeks of life may be stored between two and seven days without affecting hatchery productivity parameters. The hatching weight of Pekin ducks may be improved with in ovo injection with 3.0% maltodextrin in 0.75% saline solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Ambrosia arborescens Mill. (A. arborescens) is an aromatic plant used in traditional medicine as an anti-inflammatory, anti-tussive, anti-rheumatic, and anti-diarrheal agent. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of A. arborescens Mill. on a Rattus norvegicus var. albinus-induced breast cancer model. Materials and Methods: We collected A. arborescens from the province of Julcán, La Libertad Region, Per, and prepared an ethanolic extract using pulverized leaves macerated in 96° ethanol for 72 h with magnetic stirring. In the evaluation of anticancer activity, four experimental groups with 10 female rats each were formed: Group I (Control-7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene [DMBA]), which received DMBA (single dose) and physiological saline solution for 4 months, and Groups II, III, and IV, which received DMBA (single dose) and 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg/day of the ethanolic extract of A. arborescens, respectively, for 4 months. Results: The DMBA control group presented histological characteristics of ductal carcinoma in situ with necrotic and inflammatory areas, whereas the A. arborescens extract group showed a decrease in tumor volume and recovery of the ductal duct. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of A. arborescens leaves decreases tumor development in rats with induced breast cancer, and this effect is dose-dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Medialization thyroplasty (MT) using various implants has been employed as a corrective procedure for unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP). A newly developed APrevent® vocal implant system (VOIS) offers an innovative solution with a finely adjustable design. This study aimed to investigate the long-term functional voice outcomes and benefits of postoperative adjustments in patients receiving MT using the VOIS-implant. Methods: This is a prospective case series study at single tertiary medical center. Fourteen adult patients diagnosed with UVFP received MT with the VOIS implant and were followed up for more than 1 year. Implant adjustment procedure by injecting 0.9% physiological saline solution was performed both during and after the surgery to optimize glottal closure and voice quality. Objective voice outcomes and acoustic parameters were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively at various timepoints. Results: Thirteen patients (93%) received intraoperative balloon adjustment, ranging from 0.05to 0.12 ml. Four patients underwent adjustments postoperatively and exhibited a positive trend towards immediately improving acoustic voice quality. Our long-term results demonstrated a notable improvement after the surgery in voice quality, with significant decreases in VHI-30 and improvements in perceptual parameters of GRBAS scale, acoustic measures such as jitter and signal-to-noise ratio (p < 0.001) and cepstral peak prominence smoothed in sustained vowel and short sentences. The voice outcomes remained stable more than 1 year follow-up. Conclusions: Overall, MT with VOIS implantation provides a favorable long-term outcomes and stability in voice quality for patients with UVFP and also an effective tool for postoperative adjustment without major revision surgeries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compelling evidence indicates that nitric oxide (NO) exerts a significant influence on the central nervous system, participates in the modulation of neurotransmitter release, contributes to the regulation of cognitive functions, and plays a crucial role in modulating various aspects of neural activity. We aimed to explore the influence of two NO donors, molsidomine (MSD) and V-pyrro/NO, on the innate spontaneous psychomotor abilities and short-term memory in rats. Using an actimeter test, the locomotor activity, stress-sensitive behavior, and anxiety level were investigated. The influence on the animal's cognitive functions was evaluated usingthe Y-maze test to assess the spontaneous alternation percentage, number of arms visited, number of alternations, and the preference index. Four distinct groups of five white male Wistar rats were exposed to the intraperitoneal treatments as follows: Control batch—0.3 mL/100 g of body weight saline solution, Mg batch—200 mg/kbwof magnesium chloride, MSD batch—1 mg/kbw of molsidomine, and V-pyrro/NO batch—5 mg/kbwof V-pyrro/NO. The intraperitoneal administration of MSD resulted in a significant reduction in spontaneous behavior and exploratory skills but was less pronounced than the positive control drug, magnesium chloride. Conversely, treatment with V-pyrro/NO led to only a slight decrease in horizontal movements during the actimeter test. MSD administration, but not V-pyrro/NO, notably increased the rate of spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze test. Additionally, the use of MSD resulted in an increase in the blood level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the intensification of the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activity. In our experimental setup, we demonstrated that MSD exposure led to a decrease in spontaneous behavior, showed anxiolytic effects and antioxidant activity, and improved spatial memory acquisition in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: The presence of substantial amounts of dissolved salts creates serious difficulties in isotope analyses of water samples using conventional isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Although nowadays laser‐based instruments are increasingly used for this purpose, a comprehensive assessment of isotope effects associated with direct analyses of aqueous saline solutions using this technology is lacking. Methods: Here we report the results of laboratory experiments aimed at quantifying isotope effects associated with direct, δ2H, δ18O and δ17O analyses of single‐salt solutions and double‐salt mixtures prepared with a water of known isotopic composition. Three single‐salt solutions (NaCl, CaCl2 and MgSO4) and two double‐salt mixtures (NaCl + CaCl2 and NaCl + MgSO4) were prepared and investigated for a wide range of molalities. The triple‐isotope composition of the prepared solutions was analysed with the aid of a Picarro L2140‐i Cavity Ring‐Down Spectroscopy analyser. Results: The NaCl and CaCl2 solutions revealed small negative salt effects, independent of molality and comparable with measurement uncertainty. The MgCl2 solution showed the highest salt effects, reaching saturated solution ca. +2.7‰ (2H), −3.5‰ (18O) and −1.7‰ (17O). Salt effects for the double‐salt mixtures generally mirrored the effects observed for the single‐salt solutions. The observed salt effects are discussed in the context of processes occurring during the injection of the salt solutions into the vaporizer unit of the CRDS analyser. Conclusions: The presented study has demonstrated feasibility of direct, triple‐isotope analyses of aqueous salt solutions using a Picarro L2140‐i CRDS analyser for a broad range of salinities up to saturated conditions. Large uncertainties of 17O‐excess determinations for solutions forming hydrated salts preclude the use of this parameter for interpretation purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, two laterites (LA)-based geopolymers were synthesized using alkalination (GPAL) and phosphoric acid-activation (GPAC) approaches and applied to scavenge malachite green (MG) dye from aqueous (non-saline) and saline water. The precursor (LA) and geopolymers were characterized by XRF, XRD, TG/DTA SEM, and FTIR techniques. Alkalination and acid-activation resulted in morphologically distinguishable geopolymers with different porosity structures. The dissolution of mineral phases and chemical composition was dependent on the activation medium, resulting in Na-polyferrosialate and polyferrophosphosialate geopolymers for GPAL and GPAC, respectively. The adsorption kinetics data were best described by the pseudo-first-order (PFO) model wherein the adsorption rate, denoted by rate constant (k 1), increased with an increase in ionic strength (salinity). The equilibrium data were best modelled by the Sips isotherm. GPAL had a higher maximum adsorption capacity (Q ms) than GPAC in both aqueous (non-saline) and saline water. The adsorption capacities were increased in saline solution relative to aqueous solutions without NaCl, from 12.4 to 54.1 mg/g and from 57.1 to 92.0 mg/g for GPAC and GPAL, respectively. The adsorption mechanism entailed electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Salinity decreased the solubility of MG and increased the hydrophobic interactions and affinity of MG, implied by apparent equilibrium constant (K a), resulting in increased adsorption density (Q ms). These results indicate that alkaline-based geopolymers are better candidates for scavenging MG dye from water, especially in saline environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Striae distensae (SD), or stretch marks, are a common skin problem having a psychological impact and cosmetic concern, especially for women, in whom the prevalence is higher than in men. This study assessed the efficacy and safety of a single autologous micrografting treatment (AMT®) using Rigenera® technology for the management of SD. Methods: This single-centre study included 10 healthy women between 24 and 65 years of age, with Fitzpatrick–Goldman skin types I–IV, who had visible SD in glutes/thighs. Each subject acted as their own control. The treatment procedure (microneedling + AMT) and the control procedure (no treatment) were performed on contralateral sides of the glutes/thighs, targeting matched and paired SD. Microneedling was carried out using Dermapen®, equipped with 32 needle heads set at 1.5 mm needle length. The AMT procedure involved extracting biopsies from the mastoid hair zone with a 2.5-mm dermal punch, followed by disaggregation of the biopsies in a physiological saline solution using the Rigeneracons. The disaggregated micrografts were then intradermally injected using 30G 4-mm needles, maintaining a distance of 1 cm between injection points, covering the entire marked treatment region. Results: In the treated area, at 3 months post-procedure compared to pre-procedure, the following changes were observed, all with statistical significance (P ≤ 0.05): (a) significant reductions in skin roughness (Ra, − 15.9%; Rz, − 22.6%), skin luminance (− 2.0%), and blue-green color distribution (− 10.6%); (b) significant increases in skin microcirculation maximum value (+ 240.1%), skin hydration (+ 71.2%), skin elasticity (+ 216.5%), skin density (+ 34.3%), skin thickness (+ 26.0%), and hypodermis thickness (+ 29.9%). Furthermore, for each of the aforementioned parameters, there was a significantly greater improvement observed with the AMT procedure compared with microneedling at 3 months (all P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: The AMT procedure using Rigenera technology resulted in an noticeable improvement in the SD appearance after 3 months in healthy women. Plain Language Summary: This was a study of the Autologous Micrografting Technology (AMT) procedure for management of SD. Striae distensae (SD) commonly known as stretch marks are visible linear scars on the skin arising from excessive stretching of the skin. They are a very common condition, especially in women, causing cosmetic concern and psychological discomfort. Ten healthy women with SD were included in the study and each subject acted as their own control. Matched and paired SD on contralateral sides of the glutes/thighs were identified for treatment and control. In the area identified for treatment, the skin was initially damaged by microneedling to enhance regeneration, followed by intradermal injection of disaggregated autologous micrografts. The micrografts for the AMT procedure were extracted from the mastoid hair zone and disaggregated in physiological saline solution using the Rigeneracons. In the control area, no treatment was performed. The efficacy of the AMT procedure was assessed at 1 and 3 months post-procedure using several validated methodologies. Three months after the AMT procedure, a significant increase was observed in skin hydration, elasticity, density, and thickness, as well as in hypodermis thickness and microcirculation maximum value compared with pre-procedure in the treated area. There also was a significant reduction in skin roughness, skin luminance, and blue-green color distribution at 3 months in the treated area. For each of these parameters, the improvement observed at 3 months was significantly higher with the AMT procedure compared with only microneedling. We showed that a single AMT procedure using Rigenera technology is useful in the management of SD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penstemons are a diverse group of flowering plants valued for their ability to enhance the visual appearance of urban landscapes. Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Roth 'Novapenblu' (rock candy blueVR penstemon) and Penstemon strictus Benth 'Rocky Mountain' (rocky mountain beardtongue) are widely used in landscapes, but their tolerance to soil salinity remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of salinity levels at electrical conductivities (ECs) of 1.0 (nutrient solution), 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 dS·m21 on two penstemons (P. barbatus and P. strictus). Penstemons were irrigated with nutrient or saline solution for 8 weeks and various growth and physiological data were recorded before harvest. Salinity stress degraded the visual quality of penstemon species and led to a reduction in the growth rate and biomass production. Leaf burn and necrosis were observed in penstemons because of salinity stress. The visual score of P. barbatus and P. strictus decreased with increasing EC levels in the saline solution. When irrigated with saline solution at an EC of 7.5 dS·m21, Penstemon barbatus and P. strictus had severe-to-moderate foliar salt damage with average visual scores of 1.7 and 2.5, respectively (0 5 dead plant; 5 5 excellent plant without any foliar damage). The two penstemon species had severe foliar salt damage or were dead when irrigated with saline solution at an EC of 10.0 dS·m21. There were 87% and 92% decreases in the leaf area of P. barbatus and P. strictus, respectively, when irrigated with saline solution at an EC of 10.0 dS·m21 compared with those in the control. Although not statistically significant, there were 7% to 18% decreases in shoot dry weight of P. barbatus when irrigated with saline solutions at ECs of 2.5 to 10.0 dS·m21 compared with control. However, P. strictus displayed declines of 13% to 31% in shoot dry weight as the salinity levels of the irrigation solution increased. As the salinity levels increased, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration (E) rates decreased. Furthermore, sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl2) contents of P. barbatus and P. strictus increased with the increase in salinity levels of the treatment solution. Consequently, P. barbatus and P. strictus demonstrated sensitivity to salinity stress at ECs of 7.5 and 10.0 dS·m21. This study provides important insights for their effective utilization in landscaping practices within saline-prone areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three small-scale mock-up tests were carried out on artificially fractured Opalinus Clay samples from the lower sandy facies of Mont Terri site: the first with the synthetic water of neutral pH and at an osmotic suction of 1 MPa, the second with a highly NaNO3 saline solution with a neutral pH and at osmotic suction of 34 MPa, and the third with a hyperalkaline solution at pH = 13.5 and at osmotic suction of 1.16 MPa. The radial swelling pressure was monitored using a total pressure sensor along with the fracture opening using a displacement transducer. The tests ran for over 290 days. After that, the three tests were dismantled. A detailed petrophysical characterization of 45 subsamples was conducted, and the pore size distribution was determined at different positions. X-ray diffractometry measurements were also conducted to identify any mineralogical changes. Results show that, in the case of the synthetic water and the alkaline solution, the friction forces exerted by the lid and the base on the sample were significant and probably hampered the self-sealing of the fracture. Saline solutions affect the self-sealing process of claystones. Indeed, even though increasing the salinity caused the contraction of the diffuse double layer and generated additional fractures within the sample, which increased the permeability and thus accelerated the hydration process, a complete self-sealing of the fracture opening was not observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: A combined microbial and cytological examination of uterine samples is the main diagnostic method for endometritis in mares. This study aimed to describe a procedure for using the same uterine cytobrush (CB) for both bacteriological and cytological evaluation. Material and Methods: The procedure consists of rolling the CB onto a sterilized glass slide immediately after collection and before the transfer into a sterile saline solution. In Experiment 1, a comparison between bacteriological results of the cotton swab (CS) and CB or pellet was made in 10 mares; in Experiment 2, bacteriological and cytological results were compared between different processing methods of CB in 28 mares; in other 6 mares, a CB was processed for cytology only, to investigate the reasons for the low cellularity of the pellet. Results: The agreement between culture results from the CB and CS was evaluated, and a comparison between the cytological data obtained by different processing methods of CB was performed. The perfect agreement between the CB and CS microbiological results was found. The described procedure enables useful diagnostic smears for cytology. Moreover, the seeding of both the tip of CB and the saline solution used for the transport produced accurate bacteriological results. Conclusion: The protocol described in this study for the use of CB for both cytological and bacteriological analysis could be used for the diagnosis of endometritis. To maximize diagnostic sample quality, cytology slides must be prepared with meticulous care in the field to preserve cellular integrity and minimize artifacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of photobiomodulation therapy (PBM) in managing avulsed teeth. This systematic review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (i.e., "PRISMA") statement 2020 and was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (i.e., PROSPERO) with number CRD42022362198. The participants, intervention, comparison, outcomes, and study design (i.e., PICOS) for the present study considered the following question: "Does the use of laser PBM in the treatment of teeth with avulsion influence tissue repair performance?" A literature search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and ProQuest databases until January 2023. The SYRCLE's RoB tool (Systematic Review Center for Laboratory Animal Experimentation) for animal studies were used for quality assessment. A total of 7 in vivo studies published between 2011 and 2018 were included in this systematic review for qualitative analysis. All studies used Wistar rats, totaling 368 specimens that simulated tooth avulsion trauma. The effect of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of avulsed teeth was positive in 5 studies (significant increase in tissue repair) and negative in 2 studies, in which both studies with negative results kept teeth in saline solution before reimplantation and showed the longest time and power of laser application. PBM appears to be effective for tissue repair in the treatment of avulsed teeth, depending on the means of conservation of the avulsed tooth and the laser application protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Vascular reactivity may be influenced by the dysfunction of the perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) that occurs after a prolonged high fat diet (HFD). Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate the vascular responses in rats with prolonged HFD after the administration of Cornus mas L. extract as a simple solution or as a reducing agent for gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Methods. Sprague-Dawley adult female rats (21 animals) were randomly allocated into three groups (n=7) and received for 9 months hyperlipid diet, the last month with treatment administered through oral gavage, 0.5 mL/day of solution as follows: HFD group - 0.9% saline solution, HFD+CM group - Cornus mas L. extract (0.158 mg/mL polyphenols), HFD+AuNPsCM group - gold nanoparticles phytoreduced with Cornus mas L. extract (AuNPsCM, 260 μg Au/kg/day). The Control group of rats (n=7) was fed with standard diet and in the last month received 0.9% saline solution as treatment. At the end of the experiment, the rats' descending aortas were collected and were used to investigate the aorta wall responses to vasoconstrictor (phenylephrine) and vasodilator (acetylcholine) substances added in tissue bath. Results. AuNPsCM administration, compared to Control and HFD groups, increased the contraction and reduced the relaxation in aorta rings of rats with prolonged high-fat diet. The simple solution of Cornus mas L. extract produced contractile responses similar to those recorded in the Control group, at lower levels than in HFD group, and relaxation responses significantly decreased in comparison with Control group and significant increased when compared to HFD group. Conclusions. Cornus mas L. extract administered as simple solution improved the aorta functions, while AuNPsCM solution enhanced the existed aorta wall modifications occurred after prolonged HFD, altering the vessel wall responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The rBCG expressing rCP40 and rCP09720 proteins protect against C. pseudotuberculosis. • Mycobacterium bovis BCG/cp40 boosted with rCP40 (G5) showed 90% protection after challenge. • Besides eliciting an expected cross-immune response, rBCG induced specific humoral and cellular responses. In this study, we assessed the survival and immune response of mice vaccinated with recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG Pasteur that expressed the CP40 or CP09720 proteins after the mice were challenged with a C. pseudotuberculosis MIC-6 virulent strain. Six groups of mice (n = 10 mice per group) were immunised with a sterile 0.9% saline solution (G1), 106 CFU of M. bovis BCG Pasteur (G2), 106 CFU of M. bovis BCG/ cp40 (G3), 106 CFU of M. bovis BCG/ cp09720 (G4), M. bovis BCG/ cp40 boosted with rCP40 (G5), and M. bovis BCG/ cp09720 boosted with rCP09720 (G6). The highest survival rate of 90% was observed in the G5 group, followed by 80% in the G6 group and 70% in the G3 and G4 groups. Moreover, a significantly greater induction of IFN-γ and IL-10 was found in the G3 group and higher IL-17 levels were recorded in the G5 group compared to their levels in the control group (G1) (p < 0.05). A specific humoral immune response (total IgG) was found in the G5 and G6 groups on day 42 compared to the level of response in the G1 group. These results indicated that the vector vaccine elicited significantly greater survival of mice in all experimental groups after a strong virulent challenge and induced a strong immune response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrogels prepared using natural sources are of great importance in various applications due to their biodegradable and biocompatible features. In this work, a novel nanocomposite hydrogel based on the Gum extracted from Elaeagnus angustifolia was prepared and characterized. Graft copolymerization of Acrylic acid (AA) and Acrylamide (AAm) monomers was done on the polysaccharide chains of E. angustifolia Gum (EAG). To improve the physical and mechanical properties of the synthesized hydrogel, Cloisite 15A was used in different amounts as additive and physical cross-linking agent. The prepared hydrogels based on EAG polysaccharides were chemically and structurally characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, XRD analysis and SEM images. Incorporation of Cloisite 15A altered the porosity and network structure of the hydrogels-based EAG by acting as a physical cross-linker. So, the hydrogel containing Cloisite 15A showed improved water absorption and mechanical properties. Also, it was observed that the nanocomposite hydrogels have better performance in solutions with various pH values and saline solutions. The rheological studies showed that by the application of 3% wt of Cloisite 15A, the gel characteristics of the nanocomposite hydrogel are enhanced due to the optimum density of physical cross-linking in hydrogel structure. Accordingly, due to the natural source and proper physicochemical properties, the prepared hydrogel can be potentially used as water reservoir system in various agricultural and hygienic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrothermal alteration of olivine greatly influences geodynamics and the recycling of volatiles (such as water and carbon) in subduction zones. Silica is an important component of geological fluids, and its influence on the hydrothermal alteration of olivine remains poorly constrained. In this study, we performed experiments at 300–515°C and 3.0 kbar (1 bar=105 Pa) by reacting well homogenized mixtures of olivine and silica powders with saline solutions (0.5 mol L−1 NaCl). Silica greatly influences the reaction pathways, reaction rates, and molecular hydrogen (H2) formation during olivine hydrothermal alteration. In experiments at 300°C and 3.0 kbar with mixtures of olivine and 10 wt% silica, olivine was replaced by serpentine and talc. The proportions of serpentine and talc were determined according to standard curves based on infrared spectroscopy analyses. Around 6.5% serpentine and 12% talc were produced after an experimental duration of 7 days, which had no change after a longer period (14 days). Compared to the kinetics in silica-free systems, the rates of olivine hydrothermal alteration in experiments with 10 wt% silica are much lower. The overall reaction is: 4.5Forsterite+5.5SiO2,aq+4H2O=Serpentine+2Talc. With the addition of more silica (20 wt% and 40 wt%), olivine was transformed into talc. The rates of reaction were much faster, e.g., for experiments with olivine and 20 wt% silica, 43% of talc was produced after 14 days, which increased to 77% for experiments with 40 wt% silica over the same period. The overall reaction is: 3Forsterite+5SiO2,aq+2H2O=2Talc. In experiments at 400–505°C and 3.0 kbar, the promoting effect of silica on olivine hydrothermal alteration was also observed, which is closely associated with a decrease in Gibbs free energies of olivine hydrothermal alteration. At 300°C and 3.0 kbar, silica decreased H2 formed during olivine hydrothermal alteration by around an order of magnitude, resulting in an increase in oxygen fugacity. Based on measured H2, we calibrated oxygen fugacities, ranging from 0.96 to 3.41 log units below FMQ (fayalite-magnetite-quartz buffer assemblage). This study suggests that the infiltration of SiO2-bearing fluids into peridotites greatly influences redox conditions and the rates of olivine hydrothermal alteration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The safety of laboratory mice plays an important role in the success of laboratory experiments for correct and accurate results. Parasites are one of the most common diseases that affect most organisms. The worm Aspiculuris tetraptera is a common intestinal parasite of Mus musculus and rats, it is spread around the world. Aspiculuris tetraptera infection remains a problem for modern research groups; They should be excluded and monitored in rat populations due to their effects on animal health. Methods: The present study was conducted to assess the anthelmintic activity of Laurus nobilis extract in mice naturally infected with Aspiculuris tetraptera. Used was Thirty-six adult male and female (C57BL/6) mice, naturally infected with Aspiculuris tetraptera, were divided into six groups, each comprising six mice: Group 1, was the negative control (infected, untreated) and Groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 were treated with 50, 100, 200 and 400 µg/ml of L. nobilis for 5 days respectively. Group 6 was treated with 10 mg/mL Albendazole for 3 days as a positive control. Different six treatments were used to test Aspiculuris tetraptera worms in vitro, Containing 4 concentrations (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/ml) of L. nobilis extract. Ten actively moving adult worms were then placed in each petri dish at room temperature. A saline solution and 10 mg/ml of Albendazole were prepared and used as negative and positive controls. After treatment, observations were made by recording the death time for worms at 20, 40, 80, 120 and 180 minutes. Worms are considered dead if they do not move for 30 seconds after touching their body parts using a surgical needle and the petri dish is shaken. Result: The analysis of phytochemicals by FT-IR for alcoholic extracts of L. nobilis extracts revealed the presence of 15% effective chemical ingredients responsible for killing worms’ activity. In vitro, worms died in 20, 40, 80, 120 and 180 minutes. Attained 96% and 100% after 180 minutes at the highest concentrations (200 and 400 mg/ml). At the same time, the untreated group lasted for long hours. The effects of the plant extract (Laurus nobilis) on Aspiculuris tetraptera worms were studied in vivo at therapeutic doses of 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/mL. and the concentration of 400 ml/kg showed the most lethal effects for worms, infected mice that did not receive drugs were compared with the highest concentration of the extract and the reference treatment. The attention showed significant differences P≤0.05. The results showed that the mortality rate of worms taken from the intestines of the treated mice that were slaughtered three and six sdays after giving the treatment reached 96% and 100% in the concentration of 400 ml/kg of the extract and 89% and 97%for the mice that treated in 10 ml/kg of met Albendazole respectively. This research showed that herbal remedies could lead to new parasitic disease drugs, and their derivatives can be used for medication production and bioactivity improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teaching veterinary anatomy using digital platforms requires improved image quality, which may influence the fixation process. This study aimed to compare four embalming solutions for high‐colour‐quality images of different tissues compared to the original image. Four equine left pelvic limbs were cut into metameres and divided equally for application of 10% formaldehyde, 96% glycerine, 33% hypersaturated NaCl solution and modified Larssen solution, respectively, which was maintained for 3 days. After drying for 3 days at room temperature, photographs were obtained at time 0 (T0), without any fixation process (original colour); time 1 (T1), immediately after removal from the solutions; and every 24 h for 3 days (T2–T4). The image colour quality was investigated by digitally evaluating the cortical bone, tendon and bone marrow using histograms and CIEDE2000 as well as by 10 specialists in an online survey. CIEDE2000 and histograms revealed that all fixation solutions changed the original tissue colour at all the time points (p < 0.0001). According to the specialists, the 33% saline solution produced the best results compared to the original one. The modified Larssen solution demonstrated better results for the tendon, marrow and cortical bone at T3 (p = 0.0015). Considering the colour of digital images, the modified Larssen solution provided the best results; however, the visual evaluation by the specialists revealed the 33% saline solution as the best. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This experiment aimed to explore the protective action of dietary supplementation with isoquinoline alkaloids (IA) from Macleaya cordata on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury in broilers. Methods: Total 216 healthy broilers were selected in a 21-d trial and assigned randomly to the following 3 treatments: control (CON) group, LPS group, and LPS+IA group. The CON and LPS groups were provided with a basal diet, whereas the LPS+IA group received the basal diet supplemented with 0.6 mg/kg Macleaya cordata IA. Broilers in LPS and LPS+IA groups were intraperitoneally injected with LPS (1 mg/kg body weight) at 17, 19, and 21 days of age, while those in CON group were injected with equivalent amount of saline solution. Results: Results showed LPS injection caused systemic and liver inflammation in broilers, inhibited immune function, and ultimately lead to liver injury. By contrast, supplementation of IA ameliorated LPS-induced adverse change in serum parameters, boosted immunity in LPS+IA group. Furthermore, IA suppressed the elevation of hepatic inflammatory cytokines and caspases levels induced by LPS, as well as the expressions of genes related to the tolllike receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88)/nuclear factorkappa B (NF-κB) pathway. Conclusion: Dietary inclusion of 0.6 mg/kg Macleaya cordata IA could enhance immune function of body and inhibit liver damage via inactivating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic and aortic morphometric effects of fish oil rich in omega-3 in hypercholesterolemic BALB/c mice. This is an experimental model that included 16 male BALB/c mice (Mus musculus) divided into three groups (G1 (standard commercial chow and 0.9% saline solution), G2 (hypercholesterolemic diet and 0.9% saline solution) and G3 (hypercholesterolemic diet and fish oil)) for 8 weeks. There was no significant difference in the treatment with omega-3-rich fish oil in the lipid profile (p > 0.05). In the histological analysis, group G2 detected the presence of hepatitis and liver tissue necrosis, but this was not observed in group G3. As for the morphometry in the light area of the vessel, the G1 group had a higher score (2.62 ± 0.36 mm2) when compared to G2 (2.10 ± 0.16 mm2) and G3 (2.26 ± 0.25 mm2) (p < 0.05). The vessel wall thickness did not differ between the groups (p > 0.05). It is concluded that supplementation with fish oil rich in omega-3 carried out in this study may have a protective effect on liver tissue, but it has not yet improved the lipid and morphometric profile. Despite this research being preliminary, it is a relevant study with future prospects for improving the doses of EPA and DHA in order to better elucidate the benefits of fish oil in models of dyslipidemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autologous cell therapy using genetically modified T cells to express chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) has yielded durable responses in patients. However, currently only a small portion of patients are privileged to receive the available therapies. High cost and long manufacturing time contribute to the key limitations on a broader adoption. Researchers have recently demonstrated a process of generating functional CAR T cells within 24 hrs with greater potency. This rapid process provides a new hope in making CAR T therapy affordable and accessible. The reported rapid manufacturing process is still manual operation and involves use of multiple tools. To automate the rapid process for quality cell production, we developed a rapid CAR T manufacturing process on a single platform. Rapid process eliminates in vitro cell expansion and requires much smaller doses compared to conventional process. Manufacturing of CAR-T cells is simplified to: (1) T cell selection, (2) viral transduction, and (3) cell purification. Fresh peripheral blood can now replace leukopak as starting material. We conducted feasibility study on a platform equipped with 3x magnetic cell separation modules. Magnetic cell separation process is column-free automated operation within enclosed sterile lines. First, T cells were isolated directly from peripheral blood from a healthy donor using CD4/CD8 nanomagnetic beads. Then isolated T cells were released using cell culture medium. eGFP expressing lentivirus were added to the enriched T cells with other reagents required for viral transduction. After 20 hrs incubation, transfected T cells were purified on a second magnetic module to remove free viruses and transduction medium. T cells were then released and collected in saline solution ready for injection. Starting from 20mL of peripheral blood, we isolated T cells with 95% purity and 70% recovery. >99% of lentivirus was rinsed off during purification. After transduction, >17.5% T cells became GFP positive, with 80% viable cells. Compared to reported process, single platform process saves multiple cell washing steps, achieves cell recovery and purity, and reasonable transduction efficiency. In summary, we demonstrated rapid manufacturing of CART cells on an automated platform is feasible. The platform can be the solution for rapid autologous manufacturing of CAR T cells at close-to-patient settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the causes, outcomes, and compensation amounts of saline-induced perioperative burns, a rare but entirely preventable event. Saline-induced burns pose a significant risk to patients, and understanding the factors associated with such incidents is crucial for improving patient safety. Previous studies highlighted the use of hot saline bags and solution during medical procedures as a potential cause of these burns. A retrospective analysis of cases involving perioperative saline-induced burns was conducted using the Westlaw and Lexis Nexis legal databases. Eight relevant cases were identified and analyzed to determine the causes, outcomes, and compensation amounts. Hot saline bags used for positioning and hot saline solution were identified as the primary causes of saline-induced burns. Out of the eight cases analyzed, four resulted in a favorable verdict for the plaintiff, three cases were settled, and one case was in favor of the defense. Compensation amounts ranged from no monetary compensation to over one million dollars. This study highlights the need for increased awareness among medical professionals regarding the risks associated with saline-induced burns, and the importance of implementing guidelines for the safe use of hot saline bags and solution. Together these measures can hopefully mitigate the occurrence of these preventable incidents, improve patient safety, and reduce medicolegal exposure. • Overheated bags and hot solution were the primary causes of saline-induced burns. • Verdicts favored plaintiffs in 4 cases and 3 were settled. • Guidelines and training can prevent saline burns and improve patient safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial resistance is a challenging health problem that demands alternative treatments. Nanoplatforms with antimicrobial properties, associated with photodynamic and photothermal therapies, are potential candidates for this task due to characteristics such as non-invasive, antibiotic-free, dual selectivity, and low adverse effects in therapeutic procedures. Graphene quantum dots are a possible substitute for other nanoparticles, especially by presenting low toxicity and low cost. However, graphene quantum dot properties are highly dependent on the synthesis methods, which makes it difficult to compare and improve methods using different studies. In this work, we apply spectroscopic and photothermal methods to investigate a commercially available green fluorescent graphene quantum dot (GQD) as a potential antimicrobial agent and to determine its theranostics properties. The results showed that the photoactivation of the GQD in phosphate-buffered saline solution by light sources with wavelengths shorter than the emission band can generate singlet oxygen and a heat yield of 50 % under excitation at 532 nm, showing the potential of this GQD as a photodynamic and photothermal agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research focuses on utilizing gamma irradiation to synthesize polyacrylic acid-co-polyacrylamide p(AAm-co-AAc) hydrogels. The effect of synthetic parameters on physicochemical features of p(AAm-co-AAc) hydrogls were examined, including acrylic acid (AAc): acrylamide (AAm) weight ratios, monomer concentration, and gamma irradiation dosage (kGy). At the optimum synthetic conditions (30 kGy and 75% AAc), different chemical modifications are explored to incorporate sulfonate, hydroxyl, carboxyl, cysteine, thiol, and amine functional groups within the bare hydrogel (Cpd 0) structure. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses confirmed the success development of functionalized hydrogels (namely Cpd 1 to 6) with three-dimensional porous structures. These modified hydrogels include Cpd 1, a sulfonated hydrogel through a sulfonation reaction; Cpd 2, modified via NaOH hydrolysis; Cpd 3, modified using thionyl chloride; Cpd 4, incorporating cysteine modification through reaction with cysteine; Cpd 5, with 4-(Dimethylamino) benzaldehyde; and Cpd 6, modified with 3,4-Dimethylbenzoic acid.The effect of hydrogel composition and surface functionalities on the swelling capacity and interactions with scale-forming/heavy metal ions (e.g., Ba2+, Sr2+, and Cu2+) was investigated in saline water solution (NaCl = 1000 mg/L). Batch adsorption studies reveal that all modified hydrogels exhibited higher removal efficiency for the three metal ions than unmodified p(AAm-co-AAc) hydrogel, validating the key role of surface functionalities in tailoring hydrogel affinity for metal ions adsorption. Amongst these, NaOH-treated hydrogel (Cpd 2) outperformed all other modified ones in the removal of Cu2+, Ba2+, and Sr2+ ions, with maximum capacities of 13.67, 36.4, and 27.31 mg/g, respectively. Based on adsorption isotherm and kinetic modeling, the adsorption process of the three metal ions onto all modified hydrogels better obeyed Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-first-order kinetic models. Thermodynamic studies also indicated that the adsorption behavior of Sr2+ ions can exhibit both exothermic and endothermic characteristics, depending on the nature of hydrogel surface chemistry. Conversely, the adsorption process of Cu2+ and Ba2+ ions onto all modified hydrogels is endothermic, suggesting favorable chemical adsorption mechanisms. These findings reveal that the specific adsorption performance of hydrogel is dependent on the type of modification and the targeted heavy metal ions. Based on the nature of hydrogel surface functionality, surface modifications can change the charge density, hydrophilicity, and overall chemical environment of the hydrogel, offering a versatile approach to optimize the adsorption affinity/selectivity of hydrogel's in removing scale-forming/heavy metals from water solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility of isometric myography in pet dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) to determine its use in quantifying endothelial dysfunction. ANIMALS: 9 dogs euthanized for medical reasons. METHODS: Femoral, renal, and mesenteric arteries were collected postmortem and stored in physiological saline solution at 4°C for myography. Mitral valves were scored for myxomatous degeneration (grades 1 to 4). Sections of arteries were mounted in wells, immersed in physiological saline solution perfused with 95% O2 and 5% CO2 at 37°C, and stretched to an internal circumference (IC) that generated the maximal difference between active and passive wall tension (IC1). Normalization factors were calculated by dividing the IC1 by the IC at which the passive wall tension was 100 mm Hg (IC100). Vasoconstriction to phenylephrine and vasodilation to acetylcholine (endothelial dependent) and sodium nitroprusside (endothelial independent) were assessed by cumulative dose-response curves. RESULTS: Median MMVD grade was 3. Mean values of normalization factors were 1.00 ± 0.14 (renal, n = 15), 1.00 ± 0.10 (femoral, 8), and 1.05 ± 0.12 (mesenteric, 6). Responses to phenylephrine were similar between dogs (P = .14). Reduced responses to acetylcholine compared with sodium nitroprusside were identified in 15 arteries, suggesting endothelial dysfunction. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Isometric myography of arteries from pet dogs is feasible and can identify loss of endothelial-dependent relaxation in dogs with MMVD postmortem. Its use in further research can lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology mechanisms of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]