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Background: Childhood vitamin A deficiency leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Human milk is the only source of vitamin A for exclusively breastfed infants. Dried Moringa oleifera leaf powder (moringa) is a good food source of provitamin A and other carotenoids. Its effect during lactation on human milk vitamin A and carotenoid content is unclear. Objectives: Our objective was to investigate the effect of maternal moringa consumption on human milk retinol and carotenoid concentrations and maternal and infant vitamin A status. Methods: We conducted a 3-month pilot single-blinded cluster-randomized controlled trial in breastfeeding mother-infant pairs (n = 50) in Kenya. Mothers received corn porridge with (20 g/d) or without moringa with complete breast expressions and maternal and infant serum collected at enrollment (infant

The biosynthesis of nanoparticles is an important research area focused on developing innovative, cost-effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly synthesis techniques with a wide range of applications. This study employs a straightforward and practical method to produce TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) for use in photocatalysis, antibacterial, antifungal, and antidiabetic applications. It utilizes extract-assisted biosynthesis with Moringa oleifera. To enhance the material and evaluate the impact of bioinspiration on various parameters, the resulting TiO2 NPs undergo calcination at 500 °C. Structural confirmation, bandgap analysis, and functional group studies of MO/TiO2 (Moringa oleifera/TiO2) nanoparticles are conducted using XRD, UV-DRS, FT-IR, and PL analysis. To examine the surface morphological characteristics of the anatase TiO2 nanoparticles, SEM and TEM-EDS electron microscopy analyses were accomplished. The produced TiO2 nanoparticles are also assessed for their photocatalytic and antidiabetic properties. Photocatalytic activity is determined by decolorizing methylene blue dye in the presence of sunlight, revealing that optimal conditions for complete color removal involve using 0.3 g of TiO2 and a concentration of 4 × 10− 5 M at pH 7. A total decolorization efficiency is achieved after 180 min in the presence of MO/TiO2. The biosynthesized Moringa oleifera leaf extracted TiO2 (MO/TiO2) was used for photocatalytic and biomedical applications. MO/TiO2 exhibited the best photocatalytic activity and showed maximum inhibitoin in invitro antidiabetic activity. Invivo antidiabetic activity showed the Moringa oleifera leaf-extracted TiO2 catalyst significantly reduced blood glucose levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the antibacterial efficacy of Moringa oleifera (M.oleifera) seeds as a natural coagulant for water purification, addressing the critical need for clean water due to its significant impact on human health and disease prevalence linked to contaminated water. The research was carried out to observe the effect of M. oleifera on the microbial load of Raw Water (RW) and treated water (TW) sourced from the Ibn Ziad wastewater treatment facility in Constantine. Results of bacteriological analyses show that the raw water is heavily polluted with high levels of the targeted bacteria: 4.4 × 109 CFU/ml in total germs, 2.4 × 104 CFU/100 ml in total coliforms and total streptococci, and 1.1 × 104 CFU/100ml in fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, and fecal streptococci, with no decrease observed for sulfite-reducing clostridia. However, the water treated with M. oleifera, at a dose of 20 g·L-1, demonstrates a significant reduction of 99% in total germs, 96% in total coliforms, and 98% in fecal coliforms, with a complete absence of Escherichia coli, streptococci, as well as a complete elimination of total sulfite-reducing clostridia, which falls with the standard guidelines for using this water in irrigation. The obtained results confirmed that M. oleifera seeds positively impact the reduction of pathogenic microorganisms found in wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY Ozone (O3) is an oxidative pollutant that significantly threatens plant development and ecological dynamics. The present study explores the impact of O3 on Moringa (Moringa oleifera) ecotypes when exposed to ambient and elevated O3 levels. Elevated O3 concentrations resulted in significant reductions in total biomass for all ecotypes. Photosynthetic parameters, including stomatal conductance (gsto), CO2 assimilation (Pn), and carboxylation efficiency (K), decreased under elevated O3 in some ecotypes, indicating a detrimental effect on carbon assimilation. Nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) levels in roots varied among ecotypes, with significant reductions in starch content observed under elevated O3, suggesting a potential shift towards soluble sugar accumulation and reallocation for antioxidant defense. Secondary metabolite analysis revealed increased polyphenol production, particularly quercetin derivatives, under elevated O3 in specific ecotypes, highlighting their role in mitigating oxidative stress. Interestingly, the glucosinolate content also varied, with some ecotypes exhibiting increased levels, suggesting a complex regulatory mechanism in response to O3 exposure. The study underscores the intrinsic variability among Moringa ecotypes in response to O3 stress, emphasizing the importance of genetic diversity for adaptation. The findings indicate that Moringa's metabolic plasticity, including shifts in NSC and SM production, plays a crucial role in its defense mechanisms against O3‐induced oxidative stress. These insights are vital for optimizing the cultivation and utilization of Moringa in diverse environmental conditions, particularly in regions with elevated O3 levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Moringa oleifera leaf is used for diabetes due to its pharmacologic effects. Patients with hyperglycemia experience beta cell destruction. However, no research on risk awareness has been done to ascertain its safety. The present study describes the antidiabetic effect of Moringa oleifera leaf, such as the protection of pancreatic beta cells and the induction of glycogen synthesis, before addressing the secondary effects of diabetes, such as hepatic and renal toxicity. Methods: Forty‐five Wistar rats weighed 160 ± 10 g were divided into nine groups. All animal operations complied with the National Institute of Health (NIH) guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals as approved by the Animal Ethical Committee, University of Jos. Group I was normal control and Group II was diabetic animals induced with alloxan. Insulin and extract doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg were given to diabetic Groups III‐VI. Normal animals in Groups VII–IX were given extract at doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg for 28 days. Tissues were retrieved for biochemical and histological investigations using standard techniques. Results: There was decrease relative body weight of diabetic animals (95.50 ± 5.50) when compared to normal control (142.75 ± 20.08) with increased levels of urea (control 6.13 ± 0.523 and diabetes 29.23 ± 1.267) and creatinine (control 0.70 ± 0.057 and diabetes 2.13 ± 0.185). Histology of the liver and pancreas also points to organ damage due to hyperglycemia. However, oral administration of extract showed antidiabetic effect with protection of pancreatic beta cells and the induction of glycogen synthesis, no glycogen was deposited in the liver, addressing the secondary effects of diabetes, such as hepatic and renal toxicity. Further discovery revealed that extract elevated antioxidant enzyme expression. Conclusion: Leaf extract from Moringa oleifera reduces blood sugar and lessens the damage caused by hyperglycemia in the pancreas and liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The fabrication of anti-Toxoplasma drugs with less side effects and desirable efficacy is one of the important research goals facing with toxoplasmosis. This study aimed to determine the anti-Toxoplasma effects of Cinnamon zeylanicum (CZ), Moringa oleifera (MO) oil encapsulated into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). Methods: Vero cells were cultured with serial concentrations (1 mg/mL to 100 µg/mL) of CZ-SLNs and MO-SLNs in DMEM culture medium. The morphological, physical, and chemical features of nanoparticles were calculated. The cell viability assays and anti-T. gondii effects of CZ-SLNs and MO-SLNs were evaluated. The CC50 and IC50 indices of SLNs-enveloped extracts were calculated. Results: The particle sizes of MO-SLNs and CZ-SLNs were 411.5 and 365 nm, while PDI indices were 0.53 and 0.7, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that both MO-SLNs and CZ-SLNs were smoothed spherical nanoparticles with rounded edges. The cytotoxicity assay showed the CC50 value of MO-SLNs at concentrations of ˃10 mg/mL. In addition, 60% of T. gondii-infected Vero cells remained alive at the concentrations ≤ 1 mg/ml, while the MO-SLNs killed at least 90% of T. gondii tachyzoites with an IC50 > 1 µg/ml. The cytotoxicity of CZ-SLNs extract showed the CC50 at the concentration 0.1 mg/mL. More than 50% of Vero cells, infected with T. gondii tachyzoites, survived at a concentration less than 0.1 mg/mL (IC50 ˂ 0.1 mg/mL), while the CZ-SLNs killed at least 85% of T. gondii tachyzoites in all concentrations. Conclusion: The current results represented that the use of SLNs as a nano-carrier for M. oleifera and C. zeylanicum could kill T. gondii tachyzoites with low cytotoxicity, suggesting the effectiveness of these nano-emulsions along with the chemical agents in the treatment of Toxoplasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Moringa oleifera is a tropical tree that has its leaves, fruits, and seeds used as medicine and food. A standardized hydroalcoholic moringa seed extract (MSE) contains up to 40% of an isothiocyanate (MIC-1; moringin), a phytochemical known to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Animal studies suggest that MSE may help with diseases, such as edema, colitis, obesity, and diabetes. In vitro studies have shown that MIC-1 activates the Nrf2 pathway, involved in detoxification and antioxidant pathways. To broaden the understanding of the molecular pathways regulated by MSE, we hypothesized that MSE improves the health span in Caenorhabditis elegans by activating the Nrf2 homolog (SKN-1). Our whole RNA-seq data showed that MSE at 0.1 mg/mL (100 µM MIC-1) regulated the expression of a total of 1555 genes, including genes related to C. elegans cuticle, molting cycle, and glutathione metabolism. MSE upregulated several glutathione S transferases (GST), involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics, and other SKN-1 downstream targets. MSE and MIC-1 upregulate skn-1 expression and induce SKN-1 nuclear translocation, suggesting that they activate the SKN-1/Nrf2 pathway. Moreover, the regulation of glutathione metabolism is likely dependent on the SKN-1 pathway, as the gst-4 upregulation by MSE was inhibited in skn-1 knockout mutant. However, MSE decreased survivability and delayed growth rate, while purified MIC-1 increased the lifespan of C. elegans. This study shows that MIC-1 is responsible for SKN-1/Nrf2 activation by MSE; however, components other than MIC-1 within MSE likely cause detrimental effects in C. elegans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to examine employing ultrasound‐assisted extraction of bioactive components from Moringa oleifera leaves and apply them in beef patties preservation, as well as antioxidant and inhibitory activities and sensory qualities. The study included studying the chemical content and minerals of the M. oleifera leaves, preparation of aqueous and alcoholic extracts using an ultrasound device, then exploring the extraction yield. The results proved that the extraction yield by ultrasound using ethanol at 80% was the highest, reaching 19.22%. The total phenols in the ultrasonic extract with moringa leaves aqueous extract (AMEUS) amounted to 120,755 mg/mL. Since the AMEUS exhibited the highest value of 68.308 mg/mL calic acid – eight phenolic compounds discovered by HPLC – the total content of flavonoids was also calculated. The inhibitory and antioxidant effects of moringa leaf extracts are well documented. We monitored the changes in chemical indicators, such as the value of peroxide and thiobarbituric acid, as well as the percentage of free fatty acids and physical characteristics, such as water‐carrying capacity, pH, and pigments, for storage periods 0, 4, 8, and 12 days after adding AMEUS to beef patties at a concentration of 0.5%. The patties were kept under refrigeration at 4 ± 1°C during this time. The values of peroxide number, thiobarbituric acid, free fatty acid, and metmyoglobin pigment were decreased in the beef patties treated with the AMEUS. However, they increased continuously during the cryopreservation period, and there was a significant increase in water‐holding capacity (WHC) when the beef patties were treated with AMEUS. The results also showed that adding AMEUS to beef patties improved their qualitative characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Moringa oleifera L. is a multipurpose tree species widely used for its high nutritional value. It has also been used for centuries due to its high medicinal value and antifungal, antiviral, antidepressant, and anti-inflammatory properties, and has wider applications in the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries. Due to greater demand in the local and international market, the exploitation of high-yielding moringa varieties and their cultivation techniques is needed. However, the breeding approaches adopted in Malaysia and achievements made for the exploitation of this crop were rather slow due to the unavailability of elite planting material and germplasm collection. Germplasm is a gene pool conserved in a wide array of crop species, landraces, and wild populations by identifying elite accessions with specific desirable genetic traits to increase yield and productivity in agricultural and horticultural crop species. Moringa germplasm collected across the country showed wider genetic variations for morphological traits and chemical content. Thus, moringa germplasm has been collected and conserved for the development of improved varieties with high-yielding potential for commercial cultivation in Malaysia. Hence, it is imperative to understand the genetic potential of each moringa genotype for the development of superior varieties through continuous breeding programs. Improvements in selection criteria, collection, and clonal propagation methods of moringa genotypes can result in the development of elite planting material with improved pharmacological and industrial properties and ensure the production of a high-quality end product. Moringa oleifera L. is a valuable multipurpose tree species widely planted for centuries due to its high medicinal value and antifungal, antiviral, antidepressant, and anti-inflammatory properties in the food industry. However, its cultivation is hindered by production constraints such as the unavailability of planting material and the inadequate number of high-yielding clones. Thus, a study was initiated to select high-yielding clones in terms of growth and chemical content for the mass propagation of superior moringa trees. Screening on high-yielding clones with high astragalin content was conducted through the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of moringa leaf extract. Selected genotypes were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory potential through in vitro bioactivity assays of leaf methanol extract. The effects of the rooting hormone, rooting substrates, and size of the cutting on the rooting response of branch cuttings of moringa were investigated. Results found that samples collected from different ecological zones of Peninsular Malaysia show significant variation in terms of astragalin content. The extracts were observed to show considerable variation in biological activity against the pro-inflammatory enzymes. The size of the cuttings had significant effects on the rooting of the cuttings as longer cuttings with bigger diameters rooted better than shorter cuttings with smaller diameters. Several genotypes of M. oleifera with superior phenotypic characteristics and bioactive compounds have been identified. Factors affecting the rooting efficiency and optimal conditions of rooting are suggested, which provides valuable information for the propagation of the superior planting material of moringa. This effort will ensure the sustainable production and supply of good quality raw materials for the production of quality end-products for the food and pharmaceutical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study characterized the binding mechanisms of the lectin cMoL (from Moringa oleifera seeds) to carbohydrates using spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD). The interaction with carbohydrates was studied by evaluating lectin fluorescence emission after titration with glucose or galactose (2.0–11 mM). The Stern–Volmer constant (Ksv), binding constant (Ka), Gibbs free energy (∆G), and Hill coefficient were calculated. After the urea-induced denaturation of cMoL, evaluations were performed using fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD), and hemagglutinating activity (HA) evaluations. The MD simulations were performed using the Amber 20 package. The decrease in Ksv revealed that cMoL interacts with carbohydrates via a static mechanism. The cMoL bound carbohydrates spontaneously (ΔG < 0) and presented a Ka on the order of 102, with high selectivity for glucose. Protein–ligand complexes were stabilized by hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. The Hill parameter (h~2) indicated that the binding occurs through the cMoL dimer. The loss of HA at urea concentrations at which the fluorescence and CD spectra indicated protein monomerization confirmed these results. The MD simulations revealed that glucose bound to the large cavity formed between the monomers. In conclusion, the biotechnological application of cMoL lectin requires specific methods or media to improve its dimeric protein structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: β‐Carotene (BC) is difficult to apply effectively in the food industry due to its low solubility and bioavailability. This work aimed to fabricate Moringa oleifera seed protein (MOSP) stabilized emulsions as delivery vehicles for BC and investigate the effect of aqueous phase conditions including pH and ionic strength on this system. RESULTS: All MOSP samples were positively charged and the particle size of MOSP increased with the increase of pH. At pH 5.0 and 0.2 mol L−1 sodium chloride (NaCl), the MOSP emulsion demonstrated the highest stability coefficient and minimal creaming index, while exhibiting a lower release rate in vitro digestion. The rheological behavior of all MOSP emulsions within the frequency range of 0.1–10 Hz was dominated by viscoelasticity, forming an elastic network structure through dispersed droplets. Additionally, the MOSP emulsion loaded with BC prepared at pH 5.0 and 0.2 mol L−1 NaCl displayed enhanced ultraviolet light stability (52.31 ± 0.03% and 51.86 ± 0.05%) as well as thermal stability (72.39 ± 8.67% and 86.78 ± 10.69%). Furthermore, the BC in the emulsion at pH 7.0 exhibited favorable stability (65.14 ± 0.02%) and optimal bioaccessibility (40.30 ± 0.04%) in vitro digestion. CONCLUSION: The results provided reference data for utilizing MOSP as a novel emulsifier and broadening the application of BC in the food industry. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural remedies are being widely utilized in some disease's conditions including cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, atherosclerosis hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. The therapeutic intervention of medicinal plants and spices cannot be overemphasized in the management and control of diseases but the exact modes of action of these herbs and plants have not been fully elucidated. This research work was designed to study the expression of selected elements, zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), selenium (Se), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd); the phytochemical and the in vitro antioxidant properties of ethanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves, Allium sativum (Garlic) and Momordica charantia (ejinrin) leaves for their potential involvement in the prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases and cancer through different chemical methods. In vitro antioxidant properties were assayed by investigating 2,2-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals scavenging potentials and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Potential (FRAP); total phenolic content was determined by using Folin-Ciocalteu assay and the elemental contents of these extracts was investigated through the use of Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). All tests were run in triplicates and analysed. Our results revealed that the ethanolic extracts of M. oleifera leaves, A. sativum (Garlic) and M. charantia (ejinrin) leaves possess significant antioxidant activities and express important and beneficial elements (in marginal and trace amounts) and phytochemicals. These results suggest that the medicinal attributes of these plants may be linked to the radical scavenging abilities, beneficial elements and phytochemicals expression of their ethanolic extracts which may likely be a good direction in the area of drug discovery and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multipurpose trees, like the moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.), have become extremely popular in an attempt to reduce food, nutritional, and economic instability. The significant benefits of moringa's leaves, pods, seeds, roots, and flowers are used in a wide range of commercial fields, including medicine, cosmetics, food, animal feed, water purification, and more. We applied a questionnaire-based survey to reveal the uses, problems and solutions related to the knowledge, uses and constraints of moringa in the region of Chapainawabganj and Kushtia districts in Bangladesh. Including the easiest propagation process and the lowest cultivation costs, year-round flowering, and production provide moringa with a wide window of opportunity. Besides using regular pruning of moringa branches, respondents make trees bushy to increase fruit and leaf production. Respondents from both regions opined that moringa has a good market value, increases family income, increases opportunity for fallow land utilization, enhances employment opportunities, and is known as a nutritive and multipurpose tree. We were pleased to find that moringa output regularly exceeded previous production records in Bangladesh from 2014–16 to 2020–21. Furthermore, our survey shows that a 5-year-old moringa tree provides a satisfactory yield per season with its high market price and demand. Despite the extensive use of moringa fruits and leaves by respondents, its commercial potential remains largely undeveloped and unknown to them. Constraints like limited scientific knowledge and technological infrastructure are the reasons why the elusive potential of moringa in Bangladesh persists. There is ample opportunity to enhance moringa production via effective management techniques, which will satisfy community demand and create market opportunities both locally and internationally. As a result, smallholder farmers' livelihoods and food and nutritional security can be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-based proteins are increasingly being utilized as they are sustainable, economical, and can enhance the organoleptic properties of food products. This study investigated the effect of extraction and isolation techniques (alkaline extraction & isoelectric precipitation and salt extraction & micellization) on the functional properties ((solubility, water holding and oil absorption capacity (WHC/OAC), emulsifying activity and stability index (EAI/ESI), foaming capacity and stability (FC/FS), and gelation)) of Moringa oleifera protein isolates. The effect of ionic strength (0.2–1.0 M NaCl) and pH (2–10) on the functional properties were also investigated. Salt extraction & micellization produced an isolate with a high solubility at 0.8 M NaCl and pH 10 (98.1%, 91.8%), EAI at 0.6 M NaCl and pH 6 (56.2 m2/g, 77.0 m2/g), and ESI at 0.8 M NaCl and pH 4 (64.4 min, 243.5 min). Alkaline extraction & isoelectric precipitation resulted in an isolate with a high WHC at 0.6 M NaCl and pH 10 (5.8 g/g, 4.0 g/g), OAC (4.9 g/g), FC at 0.4 M NaCl and pH 2 (203.3%, 163.3%), and gelation at 0.2 M NaCl, 0.4 M NaCl, and pH 8 (20.0%). Both extraction methods can be applied in the valorization of M. oleifera seedcake. Micellized isolate could be used in food emulsions due to better emulsifying properties, while isoelectric isolate can be applied in meats and sauces, owing to better water holding and oil absorption capacity. M. oleifera protein isolates are promising plant-based proteins that can be used in food formulations or to replace animal-derived proteins in food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main strategy in poultry production, is the elimination of mycotoxin adverse impacts. The present study was designed to evaluate the efficiency of Moringa oleifera (MO), Lactoferrin (LF), and Syner-tox (ST) in preventing the adverse impact of aflatoxin (AF). 180 eight-day-old broiler chicks divided into nine equal groups (20 each) as follows: Gp1 served as normal non-treated group, Gp2 served as AF non-treated group, Gp3 served as AF + MO treated group, Gp4 served as AF + LF treated group, Gp5 served as AF + ST treated group, Gp6 served as AF + MO + ST treated group, Gp7 served as AF + LF+ ST treated group, Gp8 served as AF + MO + LF treated group, Gp9 served as AF + MO + LF + ST treated group. The used dose of AF was 0.25 mg/kg diet, MO was 3 g/kg diet, LF was 250 mg/kg diet and ST 0.5 ml/liter/5days/week for 4 weeks. A significant reduce in growth performance, many hematological indices, and free amino acid along with modification in antioxidant markers. Conversely, increase in serum nitric oxide, liver and kidney biomarkers and malondialdehyde in liver contents with histopathological changs were observed in AF non-treated. The supplementation of MO, LF and/or ST showed strong antioxidant properties. Furthermore, these treatments enhanced the chickens' immune systems and restored all histopathological alters recorded in AF non-treated Gp. Therefore, the use of MO and LF in the elemination of aflatoxins in poultry feed is suggested as it is cheap and safe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A severe co-infection in poultry is produced by Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) and coccidia, which results in fatalities and bleeding diarrhea. This study aimed to detect the effect of M. oleifera extract against C. perfringens and Eimeria. A total of 200 samples were collected from eight broiler farms to isolate C. perfringens and detect Eimeria spp. from suspected diseased poultry and litter. Thirteen percent of the samples were positive for C. perfringens, and 87% and 50% of the confirmed isolates had the enterotoxin genes cpe and NetB. Eimeria spp. accounted for 60% of the population, with E. acervulina, E. necatrix, E. tenella, and E. maxima being the most frequently identified species. Furthermore, we determined the relative efficacy of the plant extracts by examining the efficacy of Moringa oleifera extraction on broilers experimentally infected with C. perfringens and mixed Eimeria species. We divided the 30 birds into three groups, each containing 10 birds. Group 1 (G1) was used as a control, Group 2 (G2) had C. perfringens type A and Eimeria spp. Infections for the last 3 weeks, and Group 3 (G3) had the same infections as Group 2 and had been fed M. oleifera extract (150 mg/kg BW). At the experimental infection level, the animals' growth performance parameters became better than those of the infected group, with a significant variation (P < 0.05) in G3. Additionally, they had fewer C. perfringens infections in their intestines and faeces, and their feces shed fewer oocysts. In conclusion, M. oleifera extract is effective against C. perfringens and Eimeria-challenged birds and enhances their performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil physicochemical properties, root characteristics, and fruit economic traits were determined in Camellia oleifera plantations under spontaneous vegetation + mowing (W1), spontaneous vegetation + glyphosate (W2), and no weeding (CK) treatments. Compared with CK, W1 reduced soil bulk density and increased total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and effective potassium content. W2 treatment resulted in higher bulk density than W1 and lower water-holding capacity, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and available potassium of the soil. Generally, both W1 and W2 inhibited weed morphological traits while favoring the C. oleifera root system, with the W1 treatment resulting in the greatest increase. Fruit transverse diameter, longitudinal diameter, yield, and oil yield were higher in W1 than in CK and W2 treatments. Weed root systems and C. oleifera root systems ultimately affect oil production and yield by affecting bulk density, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, fruit transverse diameter, seed yield, and seed kernel oil content. In summary, W1 treatment improved the physicochemical properties, root growth, fruit growth, and soil quality in C. oleifera plantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing consumer demand for health-oriented dairy products has necessitated innovative food systems. This study investigates the fortification of yoghurt with various concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% w/v) of Moringa pod pulp powder (MPP) and evaluates its physicochemical and in-vitro bio-functional properties, such as antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antihypertensive activities, during a 21-day storage period at 4 °C. Yoghurt fortified with 0.5% (w/v) MPP showed no significant sensory changes compared to the control, prompting its selection for further analysis. Fortified yoghurt exhibited no significant changes in most compositional parameters except for ash content. Furthermore, it demonstrated significantly higher water holding capacity, firmness, and consistency, and reduced syneresis compared to the control. However, no significant differences were observed in sensory score, acidity, pH, viscosity, and total lactic acid bacteria count. Fortification of yoghurt with MPP significantly increased total phenol and total flavonoid content, thereby enhancing its antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antihypertensive properties. Throughout the 21-day storage period, there were no significant changes noted in the composition and physicochemical properties of the yoghurt, and it retained the studied bio-functional properties. In conclusion, yoghurt fortified with MPP has the potential to be a multifunctional dairy product with beneficial implications for human health and physiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of microwave-assisted and conventional extraction using ethanol, hexane, and petroleum ether as solvents, and to optimize the process for extracting oil from Moringa oleifera Lam. seeds, with a focus on improving food-grade oil production. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to enhance the extraction process of the oil. Central composite rotational design (CCRD) was used to analyze the impact of solid–liquid ratio (x1), power (x2), and temperature (x3) on oil yield. The optimization identified the optimal conditions as a solid/liquid ratio of 1:38, power of 175 W, and temperature of 50 °C, achieving a 42% oil yield. Notably, the microwave-assisted extraction reduced the processing time from 8 h (using conventional Soxhlet extraction) to just 1 h. Conventional extraction with hexane and petroleum ether was also performed for comparison, resulting in similar oil content and fatty acid profiles, predominantly, oleic acid. FTIR analysis confirmed that the microwave-extracted oil contained fatty acids and had similar characteristics to the conventionally extracted oil. Thus, the use of ethanol as a green solvent in the microwave has shown significant improvement in terms of time and energy savings compared to the Soxhlet method with toxic solvents. This study concludes that microwave-assisted extraction with ethanol provides a more energy efficient, environmentally friendly, and time-saving alternative for food-grade oil production, aligning with advancements in food engineering and production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Moringa oleifera is one of the most nutrient-packed species, commonly known as the drumstick tree or miracle tree, and has garnered substantial popularity for its health benefits, phytochemical profile, and therapeutic potential. Moringa oleifera is a plant that is native to the Indian subcontinent and has been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years owing to its nutritional and therapeutic properties. Methods: The leaves, seeds, pods, roots, and flowers of this plant are enriched with a wide range of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, vitamins, minerals, and essential amino acids. Therefore, it is considered a reservoir crop for both nutritional and medicinal applications. Result: The recent rediscovery of the plant is at the forefront of changes in nutrition, medicine, and public health. Owing to its varied clinical applications, the plant is a potential candidate for research in new drug development and functional foods. Conclusions: Potential applications of Moringa compounds in the treatment of chronic diseases include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial (bacterial or fungal), and anticancerous effects. In this review, various phytochemical extraction techniques, therapeutic properties, and applications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera is a perennial medicinal and edible plant, and polyphenols as one of its main active ingredients. This study reviews the current status of development of the polyphenol types and contents of different parts, polyphenol extraction methods, polyphenol efficacy, and polyphenol applications of Moringa oleifera. Additionally, the current research on the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, and hypoglycemic properties of polyphenols from Moringa oleifera is critically examined. The aim of this review is to provide a theoretical basis as well as new insights into the future research and applications of Moringa oleifera polyphenols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rheology plays a vital role in pneumatic three‐dimensional (3D) printing of hydrogels. This study investigates the rheological behavior of a novel self‐healing hydrogel (O‐MOG/CMCh) formed by a Schiff base crosslinking reaction between oxidized Moringa oleifera gum (O‐MOG), a biodegradable antimicrobial polysaccharide, and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh), a water‐soluble biocompatible chitosan derivative. Three hydrogel formulations were designed using 5% w/v of CMCh with varied concentrations of O‐MOG (3% w/v, 4% w/v, and 5% w/v) and evaluated through rheology analyses, including frequency sweeps, amplitude sweeps, oscillatory thixotropy, and gelation kinetics. These tests revealed that the material has shear thinning, self‐healing properties, a high linear viscoelastic region (LVE), and gel formation times (tgel) of 3.23–4.57 min. The hydrogel synthesized with 5% w/v of O‐MOG composition exhibited the best characteristics for printability based on rheological assessments, and this composition was used for further printing assessment, where bi‐layered 4 × 4 and 2 × 2 grids were successfully printed using 22 G (0.41 mm) and 23 G (0.34 mm) syringes. All the constructs had a printability index value of 1 ± 0.13 and spreading ratios <6.5, demonstrating the feasibility of employing the synthesized hydrogel as an acellular matrix via additive manufacturing. Highlights: Self‐healing hydrogel was prepared by mixing the precursors through a cannula.Rheology was examined using standard tests for printability assessment.3D printability was achieved using two different gauze syringes.Printability parameters were recorded and analyzed for the constructs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wastewater treatment process for middle rank coal employed coagulation-flocculation technology with bio coagulants to efficiently reduce the concentration of contaminants. This method utilized Moringa oleifera L. seed powder as the main bio coagulant, in addition to papaya seeds (Carica papaya Linn.) and Ambon banana peel waste (Musa paradisiaca var.) as secondary bio coagulants, which are combined with the main bio coagulant. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics and effectiveness of bio coagulant compounds obtained from plants and waste materials. The study objective was also to investigate the effectiveness of combining biocoagulants derived from Moringa oleifera L., Carica papaya, and Musa paradisiaca var. in treating coal effluent. Biocoagulant is a natural alternative to chemicals like aluminum sulfate (Alum) that are detrimental to the environment. It is present in the ecosystem and serves as a substitute for these hazardous substances. The results revealed that the optimal dosage for combining bio coagulants was 1 gram per liter, with a composition ratio of 2 parts primary bio coagulant to 1 part auxiliary bio coagulant. The analysis of water pollutants showed a reduction in turbidity and total suspended solid (TSS) by 99.26% and 99.11% respectively. Additionally, there was a decrease in the levels of heavy metals iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) by 98.71% and 99.88% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several wastewater treatments are available nowadays, and the comparison among them is important when choosing the most suitable one. We investigated two emerging treatments for dairy wastewater, bioremediation, and coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation (C/F/S) using a natural coagulant functionalized with magnetic nanoparticles, applied as a single step and also as a sequence. In the enzymatic treatment, lipases (500 U L−1) were used to hydrolyze fats at 96 h at 37 °C, while C/F/S evaluated different biocoagulant preparations, differing the salt and concentration used but with lower times (< 1 h). Bioremediation was the best one for total organic carbon removal, however, for every other investigated parameter, including the toxicity test with Artemia salina, C/F/S was even better than the sequential process. The results achieved with this treatment include a turbidity removal of 86.8%, and 74.0% oils and grease removal. Thus, C/F/S proved to be an excellent primary treatment since satisfactory results were achieved in a much shorter time compared to bioremediation. The proper dairy wastewater treatment aid in the maintenance of a balanced environment, contributing to the worldwide preservation purpose, while maintaining the social and economic relevance of this sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a micro‐solid‐phase extraction (μSPE) method was developed using a pipette tip for rutin extraction, employing activated hollow carbon nanospheres (HCNSs) as the sorbent. Characterization of the activated carbon nanospheres through TGA, FTIR, and SEM analysis confirmed the success of the activation process. The study demonstrated the efficacy of PT‐μSPE in rutin extraction under pH 2 conditions with a standard concentration of 2 mg·L−1. The optimal mass of HCNSs was found to be 2 mg, and a loading volume of 500 μL resulted in the maximum recovery of rutin. Propan‐2‐ol was the best elution solvent with 15 aspirating/dispensing cycles. The correlation of determination (R2) for the calibration curve was found to be 0.9991, and the LOD and LOQ values were 0.604 and 1.830 mg·L−1, respectively. The applicability of the method was demonstrated by extracting rutin from a complex Moringa oleifera leaf extract with the relative standard deviation (RSD) of 3.26%, thereby validating this method as feasible for the extraction of useful bioactive compounds from complex plant samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the innumerable benefits and uses of moringa and rice in terms of health and food products, many researches were conducted mainly for the exploration of these components. However, despite their much-studied properties in various applications, skincare was one area that they have missed. Researchers lacked investigations about how moringa and rice can be used externally, much more to be used together in one product. Because of this, the researchers intended to discover the potential of MORIAH: Moringa and Rice Blotting Paper and to explore such areas to find factual evidence as to why these components are beneficial for human skin. Specifically, they aimed to answer several questions regarding the acceptability of the product in terms of smell, texture, and thickness, as well as its efficacy in terms of strength and oil absorption. Moreover, they also identified the significant differences between the experimented and the controlled products. The results showed that Moringa and rice are acceptable components in making a blotting paper, however the product was not suitable for other paper uses as it did not meet the strength classification requirements. Although, the product was effective in terms of oil absorption and the facial oil content of each respondent was found to be better absorbed using MORIAH: Moringa and Rice Blotting Paper compared to a commercially produced product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camellia oleifera is an important woody oil tree in China, in which the flowers and fruits appear during the same period. The endogenous hormone changes and transcription expression levels in different parts of the flower tissue (sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils), flower buds, leaves, and seeds of Changlin 23 high-yield (H), Changlin low-yield (L), and control (CK) C. oleifera groups were studied. The abscisic acid (ABA) content in the petals and stamens in the L group was significantly higher than that in the H and CK groups, which may be related to flower and fruit drops. The high N6-isopentenyladenine (iP) and indole acetic acid (IAA) contents in the flower buds may be associated with a high yield. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that the protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C), jasmonate-zim-domain protein (JAZ), and WRKY-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) may play an important role in determining leaf color. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) comparison showed that jasmonic acid (JA) and cytokinin play an important role in determining the pistil of the H group. In this study, endogenous hormone and transcriptome analyses were carried out to identify the factors influencing the large yield difference in C. oleifera in the same year, which provides a theoretical basis for C. oleifera in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camellia oleifera can significantly guarantee food safety in the edible oil industry. The manual harvesting of Camellia oleifera has greatly restricted the full mechanization of the Camellia oleifera industry. Vibratory mechanized harvesting has been adopted with the high harvesting efficiency of Camellia oleifera fruit. Existing studies have also proved that the vibratory picking frequency can directly dominate the detachment of forest fruits. There is a high demand to establish the dynamics model of the Camellia oleifera tree, in order to calculate the trunk's natural frequency. In this study, an ideal fractal tree model was investigated for the Camellia oleifera, according to the sympodial branching and allometric growth. The bifurcated basic unit was extracted from the fractal tree model. Three dynamics models were then deduced with the point masses at different locations using the classic mass-spring analysis. Consequently, the theoretical expressions of the first-order natural frequency were derived for three dynamics models. Taking Camellia oleifera (variety: Huaxin) in Hunan Province as an application example, the lateral branching ratio and the slenderness coefficient were identified to measure the morphological parameters of the tree. Subsequently, the branch density and flexural elastic modulus were measured by water immersion and a three-point bending test. The theoretical values of the first-order natural frequency were calculated for the bifurcated basic unit with different branching angles, in order to substitute the identified tree parameters. Then, a finite element simulation model of the bifurcated basic unit for Camellia oleifera was constructed to simulate the natural frequency. Compared with the simulated and theoretical frequency value, the dynamics model with point mass equally distributed at both rod ends was the closest to the simulated model, with an average error of 7.3%. Finally, the mathematical formula was obtained with the first-order natural frequency of the cantilever beam with point mass at the rod top. An empirical calculation formula was derived for the bifurcated basic unit using parameter identification. The smallest error was found between the theoretical natural frequency from the empirical formula and the simulated value, with a maximum error of 0.41%. The validity and accuracy of the empirical formula were verified. The finding can provide the theoretical guidelines to optimize the vibration parameters of fruit harvesting machines for Camellia oleifera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study evaluates the preparation of novel ternary functional adsorbents based on polyaniline, zinc oxide nanoparticles, and moringa oleifera gum to produce zinc oxide/Moringa oleifera gum-grafted L-methionine-functionalized polyaniline bionanocomposites (ZM-g-Pani) and employed to sequestrate divalent metal ions (Cd2+, Hg2+ and Pb2+) from wastewater samples. The morphological and structural properties of ZM-g-Pani were exploited using FT-IR, FE-SEM/EDS, TEM, and XRD. FT-IR and FE-SEM studies show that the as prepared nanocomposite has an abundant number of reactive groups and a porous structure, thus demonstrating outstanding divalent metal cation removal. FT-IR study confirms that the attachment of L-methionine to polyaniline is facilitated by the C-S linkage. Both TEM and FE-SEM techniques confirmed the clustered granules of ZnO over the surface of polyaniline, which ultimately provided more surface area to adsorb metal ions. The study demonstrated that Cd2+, Hg2+ and Pb2+ ions could undergo physical sorption and chemisorption simultaneously during the adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity was 840.33, 497.51, and 497.51 mg/g for Cd2+, Hg2+, and Pb2+, respectively. The impact of co-existing ions, including NO3−, PO43−, SO42−, Cl−, Na+, Cu2+, and Al3+, showed that there were no notable alterations in the adsorption of the selected metal ions with ZM-g-Pani. ZM-g-Pani showed eight successive regeneration cycles for Cd2+, Hg2+, and Pb2+ with more than 85% removal efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The incidence of adverse birth outcomes (ABO) in low- and middle-income countries (LIMC) remains significantly elevated. Moringa oleifera (MO), rich nutritional profile, offers to reduce ABO. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of MO plus royal jelly capsules on the gestational age and placental weight of newborns in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental design setup in the Banggai district, Central Sulawesi Province. The study used a purposive sampling of 80 pregnant women from each sub-district. Moilong District received MRJ, while South Batui District was the Multiple Micronutrient Supplement (MMS) control group. Both groups took one capsule daily for six months. Data analysis using SPSS v28 for Windows, including Chi-square/Fisher's exact test, KolmogorovSmirnov test, Mann-Whitney test, and ANCOVA, with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: The demographic characteristics in both groups were similar (p > 0.05), except for BMI (p=0.031). Pregnancy outcomes data were also identical (p > 0.05). The Mann-Whitney test did not show a significant difference (p = 0.696) in the gestational age of delivery between the groups. However, there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the PW variable within the MRJ group, as shown by the Mann-Whitney test. After adjusting for BMI in PW, the ANCOVA test indicated a significant difference (p = 0.001). Conclusions: The study concludes that MRJ and MMS interventions are effective and safe in preventing ABO in newborns based on gestational age and placental weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Protein deficiency poses a significant challenge during the growth and development of children. Moringa oleifera Lam (MO) leaves, renowned for their high protein content, present a potential solution to address amino acid imbalances in protein-deficient conditions. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of MO leaf extract in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Methods: Protein extraction from Moringa oleifera (MO) leaves was performed using ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) with ethanol. The ethanol leaf extract of MO (EEMO) was then characterized for protein content, amino acids, minerals, phytic acid, and phytochemicals. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) test, while cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay on HepG2 and Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. EEMO was tested for acute toxicity in 60 healthy male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were divided into five groups of five rats each, receiving single oral doses of 5, 50, 300, 2,000, and 5,000 mg/kg body weight (BW) of EEMO. Observations were conducted daily till day 14 before the necropsy of rats. Liver and kidney tissues were harvested and preserved in 10% formalin for histopathological analysis. Results: The extraction process revealed a protein content of 45.5%, with phenylalanine being the predominant essential amino acid at 22.25 mg/g, and glutamic acid as the dominant non-essential amino acid at 60.03 mg/g. Potassium (1174.23 mg/100 g) and selenium (149 mg/100 g) were identified as the primary macro and micro minerals, respectively. The IC50 and CC50 values for antioxidant and cytotoxic activities in HepG2 and MDCK were found to be 41.04,182.66, and 121.04 ppm, respectively. Toxicity testing on experimental animals resulted in an LD50 value of 5,000 mg/kg BW for EEMO, indicating its relative safety upon oral administration. Conclusion: MO extract produced by the UAE extraction method, containing high-quality food-grade protein, showed no cytotoxic effects on HepG2 and MDCK cells and exhibited no acute toxicity in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this investigation was to develop and validate a robust reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) method for quantifying stigmasterol in both Moringa oleifera powder and tablets. The analysis was conducted using a Box–Behnken design. Stigmasterol separation was achieved with a Phenomenex Luna C‐18 column (4.6 × 150 mm2, 5 µm) and a mobile phase consisting of methanol and 0.1% formic acid in an 80:20% v/v ratio. The separation was performed at a flow rate of 1 mL/min, and stigmasterol was detected at a wavelength of 210 nm using a photodiode array detector. Method validation followed the guidelines set forth by the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) Q2 (R1). This rigorous validation process evaluated critical parameters, including linearity, accuracy, system suitability, precision, and robustness. The results for each parameter were well within the acceptable range, confirming the reliability and efficacy of the established RP‐HPLC method. The findings of this study highlight the potential of the RP‐HPLC method as a dependable tool for the routine analysis of stigmasterol in herbal formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preliminary objective of the present work is to evaluate the performance and emission characteristics for different CR and engine loads using diesel and Moringa oleifera biodiesel blends as fuel. In the present work mono cylinder, 4-stroke, CRDI-VCR type, CI engine tested using diesel and Moringa oleifera biodiesel blend MB10, MB20, and MB30to investigate the performance and emission behavior of an engine concerning CR at the different loading conditions (0.88, 1.75, 2.66 and 3.5 kW). The experiment was performed at four different CRs 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, and 18:1 at fixed IT 23°bTDCand IP 600 bar. The results of the experiment show that the highest BTE for diesel and biodiesel blend MB30 is reported at 27.26% and 28.26% at the higher CR of the present investigation 18:1 and 100% load condition. The increase in load and CR shows the reduction in the BSFC and BSEC of an engine for all tested fuels and the minimum BSFC and BSEC reported among the entire fuel blend is 0.30 kg/kWh and 12.9 MJ/kWh for MB30 fuel blend at higher CR of present investigation 18:1 and 100% load condition. The minimum emission of CO and HC reported for MB30 fuel at higher CR of present investigation 18:1 and 100% load condition is 0.04 % vol and 8 ppm. In the present investigation, the highest CR of 18:1 and 100% load condition offers the minimum emission of NOx reported as 522 ppm for the biodiesel blend MB20 among entire fuel blends. The results reveal that the NOx emission of the MB20 fuel blend is about 11.97% less than recorded for diesel. The emission of smoke is almost zero for all the fuel blends at the higher CR 17:1 and 18:1 up to 50% loading condition. The highest emission of smoke was observed at lower CR 15:1 and 100% loading conditions for all the tested fuel blends. Moringa oleifera biodiesel blend MB30 shows an enhancement in thermal performance by increasing BTE and decreasing BSFC while improving emission characteristics by reducing emissions of pollutants such as CO, HC, smoke, and NOx. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera, a member of the plant family Moringaceae, has been recognized to have an abundance of nutrients and bioactive substances with the potential to positively affect health. Moringa has proven to be a versatile plant, with every part of it being used as either a food or a therapeutic agent. The favorable results of different scientific investigations on the use of moringa in human nutrition have prompted a quest to investigate its potential application in the livestock sector as an alternative to traditional animal feed. Moringa, being an excellent source of nutrients, particularly proteins, can be used as a source of protein in animal diets or as an alternative to conventional livestock feed and fodder. Many research articles have recently been published suggesting that moringa can be utilized as an unconventional feed or as a fortification agent in animal feeds at inclusion levels that have no negative impact on health, survival, mortality, growth rate, or reproduction. Furthermore, Moringa oleifera has been discovered to have an important role in the management of some animal illnesses, particularly avian coccidiosis, by exhibiting anti-coccidial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera (AgNPs/MO) was carried out to produce nanoscale antifungal agents which are used as photosensitizing agents in photoantimicrobial therapy. This study focused on investigating the potential of AgNPs/MO producing some toxic radical compounds that inhibit the growth of Candida albicans biofilms. The inhibition mechanism uses the principle of photoinactivation treatment which combines a photosensitizer with an LED light source at a power of 100 mW for 60 - 300 s of exposure. Quantitative data analyzed were the number of viable cells and radical compounds, formed by malondialdehyde (MDA) level. It is investigated through staining the XTT (2,3-Bis-(2-Methoxy-4-Nitro-5-Sulfophenyl)-2H-Tetrazolium-5-Carboxanilide) and TBARS (Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances). The results show that the maximum wavelength of AgNPs is 440 nm while the Moringa oleifera has 2 peaks at 425 and 635 nm. The maximum effect occurred in the group of photosensitizer AgNPs/MO combined LED with percentage inactivation about 76.80 % for blue LEDs and 76.20 % for red LEDs. The group of LED irradiation without photosensitizer obtained about 51.85 % for blue LEDs and 50.04 % for red LEDs. The MDA level group of AgNPs/MO combined LED also produced MDA levels of 1.772 nmol/mL for blue LED and 1.617 nmol/mL for red LED. Meanwhile, the application of photoantimicrobial using only LEDs produced MDA levels of only 1.353 nmol/mL for blue LEDs and 1.347 nmol/mL for red LEDs. This research has shown that the green synthesis of AgNPs/MO has a good potential to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans biofilms as a photosensitizer agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera Lam. (moringa) is a plant native to India, used as a nutritional and medicinal supplement in many cultures around the world. Moringa has been linked to maintaining metabolic homeostasis and is often marketed as a weight loss supplement and a potential remedy for diseases such as diabetes. Here, we investigate how moringa, a 'superfood' with predicted protective effects against chronic diseases such as diabetes, influences the nutritional physiology and microbiome composition of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. We administered moringa as a dietary supplement to Drosophila, and quantified key nutritional indices: glucose, triacylglyceride, and protein levels, and fly weight. We showed that dietary moringa supplementation significantly reduced fly glucose levels by up to ~30% and resulted in substantial restructuring of Drosophila microbiota composition, altering both gut and intracellular bacterial populations. The effect of moringa on fly glucose levels is specific because other nutritional indices, namely, triacylglyceride and protein levels and fly weight, were not significantly affected by dietary moringa supplementation. This study highlights the importance of moringa as a modulator of host glucose metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of tick resistance against synthetic and eco-toxic chemical acaricides has stressed the need to find target-specific, non-toxic, and more potent alternatives such as botanicals. The current study was designed to investigate the acaricidal and repellent potential of ethyl acetate extract of Moringa oleifera seeds against Rhipicephalus microplus cattle ticks. Adult immersion test, larval immersion test, and tick climbing repellent assay were carried out to evaluate the acaricidal and repellent potential of M. oleifera extract. Five different concentrations (20, 10, 5, 2.5, and 1.25 %) of the ethyl acetate extract of M. oleifera were prepared to evaluate the acaricidal and repellent potential. Different parameters like adult tick mortality, larval mortality, egg hatchability, inhibition of egg hatchability, oviposition reduction, reproductive index, reproductive efficiency index, tick repellency, and product effectiveness were determined. Ethyl acetate extract of M. oleifera showed 70% adult mortality after 24 h treatment when 20% concentration was used. Similarly, 73% larval tick mortality was observed at 20% concentration. The results also showed the dose-dependent response of ethyl acetate extract of M. oleifera seeds against egg hatchability, inhibition of egg hatchability, oviposition reduction, reproductive index, reproductive efficiency index, and tick repellency, confirming that 20% concentration is effective as an acaricide and repellent against R. microplus. Therefore, the tested extract can be considered a possible candidate for controlling R. microplus in cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this study, the effect of different levels (1%–5%) of whole and defatted Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MOLP) on the nutritional composition, physicochemical properties, protein digestibility and consumer acceptability of sorghum mahewu was investigated. The MOLP was boiled and added to the fermented sorghum mahewu. The results demonstrated that sorghum mahewu enriched with whole and defatted MOLP had higher amounts (P < 0.05) of protein, ash and fibre content compared to the control sample. Moreover, minerals, amino acid contents and protein digestibility of the enriched sorghum mahewu samples were significantly improved compared to the control sample. The pH decreased with an increasing proportion of MOLP ranging from 4.36 to 4.09 (mahewu enriched with whole MOLP) and from 4.36 to 4.17 (mahewu enriched with defatted MOLP). Sorghum mahewu samples enriched with whole and defatted MOLP had higher contents of total titratable acid compared to the control sample, while the total soluble solids and viscosity decreased. In terms of colour profile, the b*, and chroma values of sorghum mahewu increased with an increasing percentage of whole and defatted MOLP while L* and a* values decreased. Regarding overall liking, sorghum mahewu enriched with 1% whole and defatted MOLP did not differ (P > 0.05) from the control sample. Therefore, sorghum mahewu must be enriched with low percentages of MOLP to improve its acceptance among consumers. These findings suggest that incorporating medicinal plants such as boiled MOLP to basic foods produced from sorghum flour could improve their nutritional profile and protein digestibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feed was crucial for achieving optimal productivity in broiler chickens, which required ongoing monitoring of its quantity and quality. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of nanoliquid extracts from Andrographis paniculata and Moringa oleifera used as photobiotic on the performance and carcass quality of broiler chickens. The research involved 128 broiler chickens, which were divided into four treatment groups, each with four replications of eight broiler chickens. The treatments included a control group (T0), a 0.25% nano liquid extract mixture of Andrographis paniculata and Moringa oleifera (T1), a 0.50% nanoliquid extract mixture (T2), and a 0.75% nanoliquid extract mixture (T3). The study utilized an in vivo method and analysed the data using a completely randomized design. The optimal level of nano liquid extract was determined based on chicken performance (feed consumption, body weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), income-over-feed cost (IOFC)) and carcass quality (carcass percentage, cooking loss, meat color, water-holding capacity, and texture). The findings indicated that the addition of combined Andrographis paniculata and Moringa oleifera (1:1, w/w) nano-liquid extract in the chickens’ feed significantly influenced body weight, FCR, and IOFC. However, there was no significant effect on feed consumption. Furthermore, the use of Andrographis paniculata and Moringa oleifera combination had a significant impact on all carcass quality parameters beyond *b carcass color. It was concluded that the addition of 0.25% of combined Andrographis paniculata and Moringa oleifera nano liquid extract yielded the most favorable outcomes for the performance and carcass quality of broiler chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer (BC) will become a highly detected malignancy in females worldwide in 2023, with over 2 million new cases. Studies have established the role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1α), a transcription factor that controls cellular response to hypoxic stress, and is essential for BC spread. HIF-1 is implicated in nearly every critical stage of the metastatic progression, including invasion, EMT, intravasation, extravasation, angiogenesis, and the formation of metastatic niches. HIF-1 overexpression has been associated with poor prognosis and increased mortality in BC patients. This is accomplished by controlling the expression of HIF-1 target genes involved in cell survival, angiogenesis, metabolism, and treatment resistance. Studies have indicated that inhibiting HIF-1 has an anti-cancer effect on its own and that inhibiting HIF-1-mediated signaling improves the efficacy of anti-cancer therapy. Approximately 74 % of recognized anti-cancer drugs are sourced from plant species. Studies on anti-cancer characteristics of phytochemicals derived from Moringa oleifera (MO), also known as the 'Tree of Life', have revealed a high therapeutic potential for BC. In this review, we have highlighted the various mechanisms through which bioactive compounds present in MO may modulate HIF and its regulatory genes/pathways, to prove their efficacy in treating and preventing BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, pathogenic microorganisms are increasingly developing resistance to conventional drugs, necessitating the exploration of alternative strategies. In addressing this challenge, nano-based antibacterial agents offer a promising avenue of research. In the present study, we used an extract of Moringa oleifera, a widely recognized edible and medicinal plant, to synthesize biogenetic tellurium nanoparticles (Bio-TeNPs). Transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering analyses revealed that the obtained Bio-TeNPs had diameters between 20 and 50 nm, and zeta potential values of 23.7 ± 3.3 mV. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the Bio-TeNPs consisted primarily of Te(0), along with some organic constituents. Remarkably, these Bio-TeNPs exhibited potent antibacterial activity against a spectrum of pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella typhimurium, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus agalactiae. In addition, findings from growth curve experiments, live/dead cell staining, and scanning electron microscopy observations of cell morphology demonstrated that Bio-TeNPs at a concentration of 0.07 mg/mL effectively disrupted E. coli and K. pneumoniae cells, leading to cell rupture or shrinkage. The biofilm inhibition rates of 0.7 mg/mL Bio-TeNPs against E. coli and K. pneumoniae reached 92% and 90%, respectively. In addition, 7 mg/mL Bio-TeNPs effectively eradicated E. coli from the surfaces of glass slides, with a 100% clearance rate. These outcomes underscore the exceptional antibacterial efficacy of Bio-TeNPs and highlight their potential as promising nanomaterials for combating bacterial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) is a tropical plant native to India. It is widespread throughout the southern hemisphere, with great adaptability to high temperatures and water scarcity. Its seeds have a great amount of oil with a high content of oleic acid, quite similar to olive oil. Therefore, this study is focused on the extraction of oil from moringa seeds via an automatic screw press extractor at different temperatures (70, 100, 130, 160, 190, and 220 °C) and on the analysis of its acidity, acid value, peroxide value (PV), saponification value (SV), iodine value (IV), optical properties, and fatty acids profile. The results showed that the oil yield was 19 ± 3% regardless of the temperature applied. The oil was stable from the oxidative point of view, with a high acidity. Temperature extraction did not significantly affect the SV and the IV. However, the extraction temperature should be below 190 °C to obtain a translucent and luminous oil with light yellow tones. The oil contains high levels of unsaturated fatty acids, especially oleic acid (ω9) (up to 77.8%) and linolenic acid (ω3) (3.4%). On the other hand, behenic (7%), palmitic (6%), stearic (5%), and arachidic (0.2%) were the dominant saturated acids. The good properties of moringa oil make it a good, sustainable alternative to vegetable oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and bioaccessibility of Moringa oleifera ethanolic extracts using pressurized liquid extraction with varying ethanol concentrations (0%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100%) in water–ethanol mixtures. Quercetin derivatives and neochlorogenic acid were identified as major compounds via high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. The 70% ethanol extract displayed the highest antioxidant activity and phenolic content, highlighting a strong correlation between phenolics and antioxidant potential. Extracts prepared with 50% and 70% ethanol (30 μg/mL) significantly inhibited TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 cytokine secretion, with the 70% ethanol extract demonstrating robust anti-inflammatory effects. During in vitro digestion (oral, gastric, and intestinal phases), minimal changes were noted in most phenolic compounds' post-oral phase, but reductions occurred after the gastric phase. Substantial decreases in major compounds and antioxidant activity were observed in post-gastric and intestinal phases. Overall, ethanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera, particularly those with 70% ethanol, exhibit promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting potential for developing therapeutic agents against oxidative stress and inflammation-related disorders. However, it is essential to protect these compounds to prevent their degradation during digestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fecal material is one of the principal components in domestic wastewater (DWW). In this sense, Escherichia coli is a recognized indicator of fecal pollution due to its low-cost monitoring in DWW. Moreover, DWW are a pathogen reservoir that become a health hazard when its discharges are poured to water bodies without treatment. In this study, a simple and low-cost method was developed to functionalize the leaves (LC), peel (PC), and seeds (SC) of Moringa oleifera (MO), with an saline extract (NaCl 0.35 M), to obtain coagulants capable to reduce the presence of bacteria indicating fecal contamination and other pollution indicators in Guerrero, Mexico. The optimal doses were determined with a surface response using Sigma Plot® 8.10 software through a factor design of mixed levels. The optimal conditions for the reduction of the microbiological and physicochemical parameters were PC and SC, with concentrations of 70 g/l of the grinded material used to prepare the MO-coagulants, with doses of 1 and 6 mL, respectively, evaluated for the pollutant's removal in the wastewater samples. The results showed the removal of fecal coliforms (99.3%), E. coli (92%), nitrates (47.9%), total dissolved solids (63%), turbidity (90%) and a dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) of 7.1 g/l in the treated wastewater. The developed method, using MO, is a simple and efficient tool for the reduction of bacteria indicating fecal contamination and other pollution indicators present in DWW. Highlights: The Moringa oleifera (MO) coagulants eliminated 99.3% of fecal coliforms and 92% of E. coli from wastewater discharged into the Huacapa River. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the coagulation process of wastewater using MO-coagulants. The methodology developed in this study could be applied to treatment of surface water in rural communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the impact of dietary supplementation with Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MOLP) on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, meat quality, and cecum microbiota of Ningdu yellow chickens. A total of 300 78-day-old Ningdu yellow chickens with similar initial body weights were randomly distributed into five treatments consisting of six replicates of 10 birds. The control group (M0) was fed a basal diet, and the experimental groups were fed diets supplemented with 0.5% (M0.5), 1% (M1), 2% (M2), and 4% (M4) of MOLP, respectively. Our results showed that dietary supplementation with 2% MOLP significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the feed to gain (F/G) and showed a quadratic (p < 0.05) decrease with the level of MOLP. Dietary supplementation with 1~4% MOLP resulted in a significant increase (p < 0.05) in serum total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC). Furthermore, both serum T-SOD and T-AOC exhibited linear and quadratic increases (p < 0.01) in response to the supplementation with MOLP in the diets. Dietary supplementation with 1~4% MOLP significantly (p < 0.05) decreased serum uric acid (UA) level. Additionally, 4% MOLP significantly (p < 0.05) decreased triglycerides (TG), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, and showed linear and quadratic effects. The activity of lipase in the duodenum showed a linear decreasing trend (p < 0.05) with the level of MOLP, while the activities of α-amylase (both in duodenum and jejunum) showed a linear and quadratic increasing trend (p < 0.05). In addition, there was a linear decrease response in abdominal fat (p < 0.05) to MOLP supplementation levels in the diets. In terms of meat quality, dietary supplementation with 4% MOLP significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the L*45 min and L*24 h values of the breast muscle, and drip loss had a linear decreasing trend (p < 0.05). In terms of cecum microbiota, dietary supplementation with 1~4% MOLP significantly increased the Bacteroidota abundance but decreased the Firmicutes abundance (p < 0.05). Overall, dietary supplementation with MOLP improved the growth performance and meat quality of Ningdu yellow chickens through improving the antioxidant function, intestinal digestive enzyme activity, and the cecal microbial structure. The optimum level of MOLP in the diet of Nindu yellow chicken is recommended to be 2.59%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Durante el proceso de coagulación dentro de una planta de tratamiento de agua potable (PTAP), para disminuir la turbiedad se usan polímeros sintéticos y orgánicos. La Moringa oleifera (MO), como coagulante natural, requiere usar una concentración y dosis óptima, a fin de reducir la mayor cantidad de turbiedad y evitar materia orgánica residual que requiera un tratamiento adicional. Es por ello que la investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar la eficiencia del uso de la MO, para la clarificación del agua de la quebrada Taczanapampa de la ciudad de Huancavelica, Perú. Se utilizaron las partículas molidas de las semillas de la mencionada planta, evaluando diferentes dosis y concentraciones para encontrar la óptima en la remoción de la turbidez en el agua, procedimiento que se realizó con la prueba de jarras del laboratorio. Los modelos de regresión validaron el comportamiento de la MO en ecuaciones. El primer modelo determinó la dosis óptima y el segundo modelo la concentración óptima en las condiciones de la investigación. Los resultados de la dosis óptima se obtuvieron en dos rangos: con turbiedades menores a 50 unidad nefelométrica de turbidez (UNT) de 10 a 50 mg/l, también entre 50 y 150 UNT de 30 a 100 mg/l; y la concentración óptima para turbiedades menores a 150 UNT se encuentran en un rango de 2 a 3 %. Los resultados se consideran favorables para su uso y amigables con el ambiente.

This study investigates the antibacterial efficacy of Moringa oleifera (M.oleifera) seeds as a natural coagulant for water purification, addressing the critical need for clean water due to its significant impact on human health and disease prevalence linked to contaminated water. The research was carried out to observe the effect of M. oleifera on the microbial load of Raw Water (RW) and treated water (TW) sourced from the Ibn Ziad wastewater treatment facility in Constantine. Results of bacteriological analyses show that the raw water is heavily polluted with high levels of the targeted bacteria: 4.4x10⁹ CFU/ml in total germs, 2.4x10⁴ CFU/100ml in total coliforms and total streptococci, and 1.1x10⁴ CFU/100ml in fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, and fecal streptococci, with no decrease observed for sulfite-reducing clostridia. However, water treated with M. oleifera, at a dose of 20 g L⁻¹, demonstrates a significant reduction of 99% in total germs, 96% in total coliforms, and 98% in fecal coliforms, with a complete absence of Escherichia coli, streptococci, as well as a complete elimination of total sulfite-reducing clostridia , which falls with the standard guidelines for using this water in irrigation. The obtained results confirmed that M. oleifera seeds positively impact the reduction of pathogenic microorganisms found in wastewater.