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Abstract Background The level of trust in health systems is often in flux during public health emergencies and presents challenges in providing adequate health services and preventing the spread of disease. Experiences during previous epidemics has shown that lack of trust can impact the continuity of essential health services and response efforts. Guinea and Sierra Leone were greatly challenged by a lack of trust in the system during the Ebola epidemic. We thus sought to investigate what was perceived to influence public and community trust in the health system during the COVID-19 pandemic, and what strategies were employed by national level stakeholders in order to maintain or restore trust in the health system in Guinea and Sierra Leone. Methods This qualitative study was conducted through a document review and key informant interviews with actors involved in COVID-19 and/or in malaria control efforts in Guinea and Sierra Leone. Key informants were selected based on their role and level of engagement in the national level response. Thirty Six semi-structured interviews (16 in Guinea, 20 in Sierra Leone) were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using an inductive and deductive framework approach to thematic analysis. Results Key informants described three overarching themes related to changes in trust and health seeking behavior due to COVID-19: (1) reignited fear and uncertainty among the population, (2) adaptations to sensitization and community engagement efforts, and (3) building on the legacy of Ebola as a continuous process. Communication, community engagement, and on-going support to health workers were reiterated as crucial factors for maintaining trust in the health system. Conclusion Lessons from the Ebola epidemic enabled response actors to consider maintaining and rebuilding trust as a core aim of the pandemic response which helped to ensure continuity of care and mitigate secondary impacts of the pandemic. Monitoring and maintaining trust in health systems is a key consideration for health systems resilience during public health emergencies.

The efficacy of the BCG vaccine, a widely recognized tuberculosis vaccine, has shown varying degrees of effectiveness, ranging from 0% to 80%. Sirohydrochlorin cobaltochelatase (CbiX), found in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, plays a crucial role in the bacteria metabolism, making it a promising target for future vaccine and drug development. Although several studies had been published regarding its role in M. tuberculosis vitamin B-12 metabolism, the potentials of CbiX protein as a vaccine candidate had not been widely discussed nor explored. This study focuses on the cloning and expression of the Rv0259c gene obtained from a clinical isolate of M. tuberculosis, as well as the exploration of CbiX protein epitopes. The Rv0259c gene was isolated by PCR, cloned into the pGEM®-TEasy vector, and subsequently sub-cloned into the pTrcHisA expression vector. Sanger sequencing, followed by BLASTN and BLASTX analyses, confirmed the presence of the CbiX protein-encoding gene. The amino acid sequence was predicted using BioEdit v.7.0.11, and a three-dimensional (3D) model was generated using SwissModel. Exploration for both B and T-cell epitopes was conducted using IEDB Ellipro, MHCI, and MHCII tools, revealing highly immunogenic epitopes, indicating the potential of CbiX as a vaccine candidate. Alignment using MAFFT between the putative amino acid sequence and CbiX proteins available in the NCBI database identified an amino acid variation (A182), situated outside the B-cell epitopes but within the T-cell epitopes. In silicoanalysis of HLA allele frequency predicted vaccine coverage of 86.14%±10.77%, with two significant epitope cores identified: AASAHPHVT and RRVAVASFL (both highly antigenic and showing high-frequency HLA allele binding), suggesting the protein might be a potential antigen for a future vaccine candidate. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2024-08-04-07 Full Text: PDF

The implementation of Compulsory Licensing in the procurement of anti-retroviral drugs to combat the HIV/AIDS epidemic, which poses a significant threat to Indonesia and global public health, exemplifies the essential necessity and utility of this concept. Compulsory Licensing is pivotal not only for community health but also for advancing Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) law. This research aims to explore the future prospects of Compulsory Licensing and propose regulatory reforms in Indonesia. Utilizing a normative juridical approach, the study concludes that Compulsory Licensing holds strong potential as a countermeasure and in balancing rights and obligations. It underscores the critical need for a robust regulatory framework to support its effective application and growth. Future enhancements, such as allowing appeals against government compensation determinations through judicial review, could bolster acceptance and ensure the sustainability of this concept.

Language is a fundamental medium for human communication, encompassing spoken and written forms, each governed by grammatical rules. Sindhi, one of the oldest languages, is characterized by its rich morphology and grammatical structure. Part-of-speech (POS) tagging, a crucial process in natural language processing, involves assigning grammatical tags to words. This research presents a novel approach to POS tagging for Sindhi text using deep learning techniques. We developed a POS tagger employing Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) models, with LSTM demonstrating superior effectiveness. This study represents the first application of these deep learning methods for POS tagging in Sindhi. Utilizing fastText, we trained 79,959 Sindhi word vectors, derived from a corpus compiled from diverse sources including Sindhi books, stories, and poetry. The corpus comprises 1,459 sentences and 10,584 unique words, split into 80% for training and 20% for validation. Our results indicate that the LSTM model achieved an accuracy of 85.80%, outperforming the GRU model, which achieved 80.77%, by a margin of 5%. This work's novelty lies in the application of deep learning techniques to enhance POS tagging accuracy in the Sindhi language corpus.

This study aims to determine the value of local wisdom and how da'wah through local wisdom affects social harmony in the Kalang Obong ceremony. This research is qualitative. Data collection techniques used in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation. The results showed that: First, the description of the reality of the Kalang community, which is a Javanese sub-ethnicity that has the same life as the Javanese community; the difference is related to identity so that it gives rise to the lonjong tradition as part of local wisdom. Second, the local wisdom values in this ceremony include religious values, Birul Walidain values (respect and obedience towards parents), tolerance, social, discipline, economic, and moral values. Third, the form of da'wah through local wisdom values in realizing community harmony includes da'wah bi al-Hikmah (da'wah carried out with wisdom), where da'wah al-hikmah in this ceremony contains the form of da'wah bil hal (da'wah through concrete actions and daily behavior), amar ma'ruf nahi munkar (commanding goodness and preventing evil), da'wah theology (da'wah that focuses on theological aspects), tazkiyah (self-purification), and tausiyah (advice).

This service aims to enhance teachers' knowledge and skills in designing innovative learning using the Canva platform as an engaging teaching tool. The method employed in conducting this service was training based on participatory approaches and individual communication. The partners in this service were 35 teachers from SMP Negeri 1 Depapre, Jayapura Regency. The results of this service showed that the teachers possessed knowledge and skills in operating the Canva application. It was evidenced by the outcomes of activities such as designing learning media such as student ID cards or creating math problems using Canva. Throughout the training, there was a high level of enthusiasm from the school staff in learning the Canva platform for teaching purposes relevant to their subject areas. It is hoped that in the future, teachers will continue to develop their abilities in applying Canva to aid in the preparation of teaching materials.

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis variant bovis (M. bovis) is a highly pathogenic environmental microorganism that causes bovine tuberculosis (bTB), a significant zoonotic disease. Currently, “test and culling” is the primary measure for controlling bTB, but it has been proven to be inadequate in animals due to their high susceptibility to the pathogen. Selective breeding for increased host resistance to bTB to reduce its prevalence is feasible. In this study, we found a vital host-dependent factor, RBMX2, that can potentially promote M. bovis infection. By knocking RBMX2 out, we investigated its function during M. bovis infection. Through transcriptome sequencing and alternative splicing transcriptome sequencing, we concluded that after M. bovis infection, embryo bovine lung (EBL) cells were significantly enriched in RNA splicing associated with apoptosis compared with wild-type EBL cells. Through protein/molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and real-time quantitative PCR, we demonstrated that RBMX2 promotes the apoptosis of epithelial cells by upregulating and binding to apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1 (APAF-1), resulting in the alternative splicing of APAF-1 as a retention intron. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. bovis affecting host epithelial cell apoptosis by hijacking RBMX2 to promote the intron splicing of downstream APAF-1. These findings may represent a significant contribution to the development of novel TB prevention and control strategies.

Summary: Intrapartum azithromycin prophylaxis has shown the potential to reduce maternal infections but showed no effect on neonatal sepsis and mortality. Antibiotic exposure early in life may affect gut microbiota development, leading to undesired consequences. Therefore, we here assessed the impact of 2 g oral intrapartum azithromycin on gut microbiota development from birth to the age of 3 years, by 16S-rRNA gene profiling of rectal samples from 127 healthy Gambian infants selected from a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial (PregnAnZI-2). Microbiota trajectories showed, over the first month of life, a slower community transition and increase of Enterobacteriaceae (p = 0.001) and Enterococcaceae (p = 0.064) and a decrease of Bifidobacterium (p

Background: Smartphones are a fundamental require for everybody since smartphones can offer assistance someone's work through different highlights and certain innovation contained within the smartphone. Some people's need for information about smartphones makes people confused in choosing smartphone products because there are many smartphone brands available on the market, as a result, many people still buy smartphones that do not suit their needs and preferences. That is why ontology-based knowledge representation is becoming increasingly important in the field of smartphone technology to improve data organization, data retrieval, and interoperability. Objective: This research aims to develop a smartphone ontology using the Apache Jena Fuseki server which functions as a data collection tool and facilitates knowledge management about smartphones. Methods: This ontology was built using the methontology method, namely an ontology development method that is superior in providing a detailed description of each required activity. This smartphone ontology was developed using the Protégé 5.5.0 application which consists of 4 classes, 9 object properties, 15 data properties, and 92 individuals. Results: The research results show that the ontology built can help users search for smartphones that suit their criteria and needs. This research also succeeded in developing an android and semantic web-based application that allows users to search for smartphones more easily and efficiently, strengthening the benefits of the developed ontology in supporting smartphone purchasing decisions. Conclusion: The contribution of this research is to help customers, by providing recommendation the smartphone that best meets the requirements or best fits the given knowledge representation.

Abstract Scholars have questioned the effectiveness of reflective practice for gaining professional awareness or attaining professional development. In addition, the prevalence of inadequate comprehensive framework for pre-service teachers’ reflective practice and insufficient support of teacher educators have been noted in the literature. Against these backdrops, the present study attempted to demonstrate how reflecting on reflections, a form of reflective practice, of Critical Incidents (CIs) contributes to building pre-service TESOL teachers’ professional awareness. The study involved ten pre-service teachers (PSTs) in reflecting on reflections of CIs during the teaching practicum. Following the interpretive phenomenological approach, the study unfolded the CIs associated with pedagogical factors, including passive participation of the students, students’ late arrival in the classroom, disobedience to teachers’ instructions, the chaotic environment in the classroom, students’ rude behavior, and disruption caused by technical glitches, and CIs associated with intrapersonal and interpersonal factors, comprising students’ emotional exhaustion and unprofessional behaviors by senior teachers. Subsequently, it illustrated how PSTs cultivated their professional awareness through reflecting on reflections of CIs. The study presented a reflective practice framework applicable to pre-service and in-service teacher education programs. It also provided practical suggestions for pre-service and novice teachers to address and overcome the CIs. Teacher educators and trainers can harness the findings to prepare PSTs to conduct interactive and productive English language classes.

Abstract Extracting knowledge from hybrid data, comprising both categorical and numerical data, poses significant challenges due to the inherent difficulty in preserving information and practical meanings during the conversion process. To address this challenge, hybrid data processing methods, combining complementary rough sets, have emerged as a promising approach for handling uncertainty. However, selecting an appropriate model and effectively utilizing it in data mining requires a thorough qualitative and quantitative comparison of existing hybrid data processing models. This research aims to contribute to the analysis of hybrid data processing models based on neighborhood rough sets by investigating the inherent relationships among these models. We propose a generic neighborhood rough set-based hybrid model specifically designed for processing hybrid data, thereby enhancing the efficacy of the data mining process without resorting to discretization and avoiding information loss or practical meaning degradation in datasets. The proposed scheme dynamically adapts the threshold value for the neighborhood approximation space according to the characteristics of the given datasets, ensuring optimal performance without sacrificing accuracy. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, we develop a testbed tailored for Parkinson’s patients, a domain where hybrid data processing is particularly relevant. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme consistently outperforms existing schemes in adaptively handling both numerical and categorical data, achieving an impressive accuracy of 95% on the Parkinson’s dataset. Overall, this research contributes to advancing hybrid data processing techniques by providing a robust and adaptive solution that addresses the challenges associated with handling hybrid data, particularly in the context of Parkinson’s disease analysis.

Moringa oleifera is known has high phytochemical content and biological activity. Differences in geographic and agroclimate can influence the phytochemical content and bioactivity of plants. This study aims to analyze differences in phytochemical content, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera leaves obtained from two different environments. Phytochemical content was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively, bioactivity analysis was carried out by testing antioxidant activity and testing antibacterial activity. Molecular docking predictions for the 3 dominant compounds in both samples as antioxidants was also carried out to Cytochrome c peroxidase. The research results showed that both samples from both locations contained alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, tannins, saponins, phenols, flavonoids, coumarins, quinones and glycosides. The total phenol and flavonoid content, and antioxidant of sample M1 showed higher than sample M2. From the FTIR analysis, it was confirmed that there were OH, C=O, CO, aliphatic and aromatic carbons functional groups. The most dominant compound in sample M1 based on GC-MS analysis is Levoglucosan (13.6%), while the dominant compound found in sample M2 was 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z) (16.38%). Molecular docking analysis exhibited that the compound on both sample have promising antioxidant and antibacteria activity. Based on the results, it was revealed that differences in geographical location and agro-climatic conditions influence the phytochemical and bioactivity in Moringa oleifera leaves. These results can be used as a reference in selecting sources of active compounds for pharmacological purposes. [ J Adv Biotechnol Exp Ther 2024; 7(3.000): 556-571]

The current research aims to identify the mental toughness and psychological entitlement levels, identify the correlation between these two variables, and to identify the differences in mental toughness and psychological entitlement according to gender (Male-Female) and according to specialization (Scientific-Humanitarian). To achieve the objectives of the study, a sample of (250) male and female teachers was selected from the University of Anbar, distributed among (4) colleges, with (202) male and (48) female teachers. The researchers adopted the mental toughness scale, including (39) items, and prepared the psychological entitlement scale, consisting of (26) items. Using the statistical means of analysis (SPSS), the study revealed that the level of mental toughness of the study sample is statistically high at the level (0.05). Besides, there are statistically significant differences in mental toughness according to the gender variable (Male, Female) and in favour of males, while the results indicated that there are no statistically significant differences according to the specialization variable (Scientific, Humanitarian). In addition, the level of psychological entitlement is statistically high at the level of (0.05). Moreover, there are no statistically significant differences in psychological entitlement according to the gender variable (Males-Females), while the results indicated that there is a statistically significant difference between the scientific and human specializations and in favour of the human specialization. Finally, there is a positive correlation between mental toughness and psychological entitlement among the study sample and there is a possibility of predicting psychological entitlement through mental toughness. In the light of these results, the researchers presented some recommendations and suggestions

Improving service in an agency cannot be separated from several aspects that must be possessed, such as assurance, empathy, responsiveness, reliability and physical evidence. However, there are several obstacles in improving services at the Bandar Pasir Mandoge Village Head's Office, such as lack of information and transparency. The aim of this research is to create a decision support system using the servqual method to improve the quality of public service performance. This research applies the waterfall model to build a system with stages of analysis, design, implementation and testing. Analysis is carried out to find needs regarding the system being created. Meanwhile, the design consists of entity relationship diagrams and interface design. Next, the implementation stage was carried out at the Bandar Pasir Mandoge Village Head Office using 201 questionnaires. The aspects in this research consist of concern, physical service, responsiveness, physical reliability, and guarantee. System testing uses a black box to see the extent of the functionality of this system. Our findings are that improvements need to be made to guarantee services (communication, courtesy, communication and security). Apart from that, our system is also running well based on the results of black box testing. So this system can be used by the Bandar Pasir Mandoge Village Head's Office as a policy in making decisions to improve the performance of public services.

Objective: Limited data on the treatment and outcomes of patients with intracranial aneurysms (ICAs) in the (coronavirus disease 2019) COVID-19 era is available. Our objective was hence to investigate the impact of the pandemic on the overall complication rate and postprocedural ischemic strokes specifically, in patients treated for ICAs. Methods: The National Inpatient sample database was used. The main outcomes were the occurrence of postprocedural ischemic strokes, as well as death, non-routine discharge, total charges (US dollars), and length of stay (days). Propensity score matching was applied to compare the pre- and COVID-19 periods. Trends were assessed using piecewise joinpoint regression with the Mann-Kendall test. Results: A total of 57,715 patients were included in the study. The mean age was 65 years, with most of the patients (69.9 %) being females. After matching, no differences in length of stay (p = 0.266), non-home discharge (p = 0.475), and in-hospital mortality rates (p = 0.305) between the two periods were found. However, the overall complication rate was significantly higher during the pandemic (31.1 % vs. 28.3 %; p

Abstract The transformation and gene editing of the woody species kiwifruit are difficult and time-consuming. The fast and marker-free genetic modification system for kiwifruit has not been developed yet. Here, we establish a rapid and efficient marker-free transformation and gene editing system mediated by Agrobacterium rhizogenes for kiwifruit. Moreover, a removing-root-tip method was developed to significantly increase the regeneration efficiency of transgenic hairy roots. Through A. rhizogenes-mediated CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, the editing efficiencies of CEN4 and AeCBL3 achieved 55 and 50%, respectively. And several homozygous knockout lines for both genes were obtained. Our method has been successfully applied in the transformation of two different species of kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis ‘Hongyang’ and A.eriantha ‘White’). Next, we used the method to study the formation of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals in kiwifruit. To date, little is known about how CaOx crystal is formed in plants. Our results indicated that AeCBL3 overexpression enhanced CaOx crystal formation, but its knockout via CRISPR/Cas9 significantly impaired crystal formation in kiwifruit. Together, we developed a fast maker-free transformation and highly efficient CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system for kiwifruit. Moreover, our work revealed a novel gene mediating CaOx crystal formation and provided a clue to elaborate the underlying mechanisms. Graphical abstract

AL- Fattah Bakery and Cake is a company engaged in the production and sale of pastries. In managing raw material inventory, you must ensure sufficient inventory for sales, minimizing the time and costs required. Inventory control is an effort carried out by a company to optimize sales and seek as little risk as possible. The problem faced by AL- Fattah Bakery and Cake for each branch in Asahan Regency is the difficulty in determining the amount of raw material inventory that must be produced in the following month in order to continue to meet customer demand and not cause accumulation over a long period of time and maintain the stability of raw material stock. . Because if there is a buildup of stock, it could result in the product expiring and failing to be distributed to customers. This is caused by customer demand which changes every month following existing trends. The aim of this research is to predict raw material supplies using the SMA (Single Moving Average) method at AL- Fattah Bakery and Cake for each branch in Asahan Regency. Based on the results of the research that has been carried out, the Single Moving Average (SMA) method can help AL- Fattah Bakery and Cake Aek Teluk Kiri with the Single Moving Average Method in predicting the supply of bread raw materials for the following month.

Purpose – This research aims to explore the integration of entrepreneurship education within the curriculum of the Pondok Pesantren Hidayatul Mubtadi-ien in Indramayu, Indonesia, and its impact on the character development and self-reliance of the students (santri). Design/methods/approach – This research was conducted through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and document analysis using a qualitative case study method. A thematic analysis approach was applied to identify key themes from the data collected over a six-month research period. Findings – The results indicate that Pondok Pesantren Hidayatul Mubtadi-ien has successfully integrated entrepreneurship education with Islamic values. This is reflected in the curriculum, daily activities, and projects involving the students. Government involvement in project funding demonstrates an essential synergy between educational institutions and the government. The practical approach to entrepreneurship education in the pesantren has proven effective, creating a dynamic and interactive learning environment. Research implications – These findings provide theoretical and practical contributions to developing entrepreneurship education management in Pondok Pesantren and education in Indonesia more broadly. This research opens up opportunities for further studies on the implementation of entrepreneurship education in other educational institutions and expands the scope of research on the role of entrepreneurship education in the character development and self-reliance of students. The limitations of this research, such as the specific context of the pesantren and available resources, offer opportunities for broader and more in-depth research in the future.

Rendahnya tingkat literasi di masyarakat pedesaan dapat disebabkan oleh sejumlah faktor. Beberapa faktor utama yang memengaruhi literasi di pedesaan mencakup akses terbatas terhadap pendidikan, keterbatasan sumber daya ekonomi, dan kurangnya kesadaran literasi. Dimana permasalahan yang terjadi saling terkait dan saling mempengaruhi satu sama lain. Oleh karena itu, peneliti melaksanakan kegiatan Gerakan literasi desa (Geliasa) di Desa Bloro Kecamatan Besuki. Tujuan dari kegiatan ini adalah untuk membangun kesadaran masyarakat terkait pentingnya literasi bagi pengembangan kualitas hidup mereka. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Participatory Action Research (PAR), dengan tahapan analisis permasalahan, pelaksanaan kegiatan Gelisa, evaluasi kegiatan, dan perencanaan tindak lanjut. Dalam pengumpulan data, peneliti menggunakan berbagai metode, seperti wawancara, observasi, dokumentasi, serta focus group discussion (FGD) bersama pemerintah desa, tokoh masyarakat, dan orang tua. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan beberapa temuan kunci: 1) Membangun Kesadaran Masyarakat melalui Gerakan Literasi Desa (Gelisa): a) Sosialisasi kegiatan Gelisa kepada Masyarakat, b) Pelaksanaan kegiatan Gelisa dengan fokus pada membaca dan bermain bagi anak-anak, c) Kerjasama aktif antara Pemerintah Desa dalam penyediaan fasilitas literasi dengan perpustakaan Daerah. 2) Dampak Pelaksanaan Gerakan Literasi Desa (Gelisa) di Desa Bloro: a) Antusiasme anak-anak terhadap kegiatan Gelisa. b) Kesadaran pemerintah desa untuk mendirikan perpustakaan desa dan merancang kegiatan literasi berkelanjutan. c) Peningkatan kesadaran orang tua akan pentingnya literasi bagi perkembangan anak-anak. Gerakan Literasi Desa (Gelisa) di Desa Bloro telah memberikan kontribusi positif terhadap meningkatnya kesadaran literasi di kalangan masyarakat pedesaan. Evaluasi kegiatan ini menjadi dasar untuk perencanaan tindak lanjut guna memastikan kelangsungan dan efektivitas program literasi di masa mendatang. Kata Kunci: Pengabdian Masyarakat; Literasi Desa; Kesadaran Masyarakat Several factors can cause the low level of literacy in rural communities. Some main factors influencing literacy in rural areas include limited access to education, limited economic resources, and lack of literacy awareness. Where the problems that occur are interrelated and influence each other. Therefore, researchers carried out village literacy movement (Geliasa) activities in Bloro Village, Besuki District. This activity aims to raise public awareness regarding the importance of literacy for developing their quality of life. The research method used is Participatory Action Research (PAR), with stages of problem analysis, implementation of Gelisa activities, activity evaluation, and follow-up planning. Researchers used various methods to collect data, such as interviews, observation, documentation, and focus group discussions (FGD) with village government, community leaders, and parents. The results of this research show several key findings: 1) Building Community Awareness through the Village Literacy Movement (Gelisa): a) Socialization of Gelisa activities to the community, b) Implementation of Gelisa activities with a focus on reading and playing for children, c) Active collaboration between Village Government in providing literacy facilities with regional libraries. 2) Impact of Implementing the Village Literacy Movement (Gelisa) in Bloro Village: a) Children's enthusiasm for Gelisa's activities. b) Village government awareness to establish village libraries and design sustainable literacy activities. c) Increasing parental awareness of the importance of literacy for children's development. The Village Literacy Movement (Gelisa) in Bloro Village has increased literacy awareness among rural communities. Evaluation of this activity becomes the basis for follow-up planning to ensure the future literacy program's continuity and effectiveness. Keywords: Community Service; Village Literacy; Citizen's Awareness

Krisis energi semakin memperumit kontroversi terkait pupuk, sebab sekitar 80% biaya produksinya berasal dari gas alam. Tantangan ini mengancam ketersediaan pupuk, dan jika permintaan melebihi pasokan, harga pupuk dapat meroket. Di samping itu, alokasi subsidi pupuk dari Pemerintah melampaui target regional, tetapi disalahgunakan oleh beberapa individu di perkebunan. Masyarakat menghadapi kesulitan mendapatkan pupuk karena penggunaannya yang tidak sesuai. Keterbatasan akses terhadap pupuk subsidi merugikan petani dengan menurunkan hasil produksi mereka, menyebabkan kerugian finansial yang signifikan. Kegiatan pengabdian ini bertujuan untuk penanggulangan kelangkaan penggunaan pupuk kimia dengan pembuatan biosaka Dan POC Di Desa Selomukti Kecamatan Mlandingan Kabupaten Situbondo. Penelitian menggunakan metode Participatory Action Research (PAR), peneliti melakukan pendampingan dan pemberdayaan masyarakat di Desa Selomukti untuk meningkatkan pemahaman mereka tentang Biosaka dan Pupuk Organik Cair (POC) dengan beberapa tahapan seperti Rencana Kegiatan dan Pelaksanaan Kegiatan, dan evaluasi kegiatan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwan 1) Sosialisasi dor to dor terkait dampak bahaya penggunaan pupuk kimia yang berlebiha. 2) Merubah pola pikir Masyarakat untuk beralih dari menggunakan pupuk kimia dengan pupuk biosaka dan pupuk organic cair (POC) dengan kegiatan diskusi santai dan pelatihan pembauatan pupuk organik. 3) pendampingan pembuatan Biosaka dan pupuk organic cair (POC) untuk memperbaiki pengolahan tanak dan menambah nilai ekonomi di masyarakat. Kata Kunci: Kelangkaan, Pupuk Kimia, Biosaka dan Pupuk Organik The energy crisis further complicates the controversy regarding fertilizer, because around 80% of its production costs come from natural gas. These challenges threaten fertilizer availability, and if demand exceeds supply, fertilizer prices could skyrocket. In addition, the Government's allocation of fertilizer subsidies exceeds regional targets, but is misused by several individuals on plantations. People face difficulties in getting fertilizer because of its inappropriate use. Limited access to subsidized fertilizers harms farmers by reducing their production yields, causing significant financial losses. This service activity aims to overcome the scarcity of use of chemical fertilizers by making biosaka and POC in Selomukti Village, Mlandingan District, Situbondo Regency. The research used the Participatory Action Research (PAR) method, researchers assisted and empowered the community in Selomukti Village to increase their understanding of Biosaka and Liquid Organic Fertilizer (POC) with several stages such as Activity Planning and Activity Implementation, and activity evaluation. The results of this research show that 1) Door to door outreach regarding the dangerous impacts of excessive use of chemical fertilizers. 2) Changing the community's mindset to switch from using chemical fertilizers to biosaka fertilizer and liquid organic fertilizer (POC) with casual discussion activities and training in making organic fertilizer. 3) assistance in making Biosaka and liquid organic fertilizer (POC) to improve cooking and add economic value to the community. Keywords: Scarcity, Chemical Fertilizer, Biosaka and Organic Fertilizer

The Webometrics ranking serves as a crucial metric for assessing the quality and online visibility of universities. In this investigation, the study employs a SWOT analysis approach to delineate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats influencing university Webometrics rankings. The primary objective is to scrutinize Webometrics rankings through the dual lenses of SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) and Gap analysis. The approach includes collecting Webometrics ranking data from reliable sources, followed by an in-depth SWOT analysis to identify the factors that impact the university's position in the Webometrics ranking. Additionally, gap analysis is applied to assess disparities between the current Webometrics ranking and the university's aspirations. Through gap analysis, the study identified areas where the university has the potential to enhance its Webometrics standing. The study's findings are anticipated to offer valuable guidance for universities seeking to elevate their Webometrics rankings.

Abstract Background Malaria is a leading cause of death and reduced life span in Guinea and Sierra Leone, where plans for rolling out the malaria vaccine for children are being made. There is little evidence about caregiver acceptance rates to guide roll-out policies. To inform future vaccine implementation planning, this analysis aimed to assess potential malaria vaccine acceptance by caregivers and identify factors associated with acceptance in Guinea and Sierra Leone. Methods A cross-sectional household survey using lot quality assurance sampling was conducted in three regions per country between May 2022 and August 2022. The first survey respondent in each household provided sociodemographic information. A household member responsible for childcare shared their likelihood of accepting a malaria vaccine for their children under 5 years and details about children’s health. The prevalence of caregiver vaccine acceptance was calculated and associated factors were explored using multivariable logistic regression modelling calculating adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Caregivers in 76% of 702 sampled households in Guinea and 81% of 575 households in Sierra Leone were accepting of a potential vaccine for their children. In both countries, acceptance was lower in remote areas than in urban areas (Guinea: aOR 0.22 [95%CI 0.09–0.50], Sierra Leone: 0.17 [0.06–0.47]). In Guinea, acceptance was lower among caregivers living in the richest households compared to the poorest households (0.10 [0.04–0.24]), among those whose children were tested for malaria when febrile (0.54 [0.34–0.85]) and in households adopting more preventative measures against malaria (0.39 [0.25–0.62]). Better knowledge of the cause of malaria infection was associated with increased acceptance (3.46 [1.01–11.87]). In Sierra Leone, vaccine acceptance was higher among caregivers living in households where the first respondent had higher levels of education as compared to lower levels (2.32 [1.05–5.11]). Conclusion In both countries, malaria vaccine acceptance seems promising for future vaccine roll-out programmes. Policy makers might consider regional differences, sociodemographic factors, and levels of knowledge about malaria for optimization of implementation strategies. Raising awareness about the benefits of comprehensive malaria control efforts, including vaccination and other preventive measures, requires attention in upcoming campaigns.

Intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) derive significant advantages from advanced models like YOLOv8, which excel in predicting traffic incidents in dynamic urban environments. Roboflow plays a crucial role in organizing and preparing image data essential for computer vision models. Initially, a dataset of 1000 images is utilized for training, with an additional 500 images reserved for validation purposes. Subsequently, the Deep Simple Online and Real-time Tracking (Deep-SORT) algorithm enhances scene analyses over time, offering continuous monitoring of vehicle behavior. Following this, the YOLOv8 model is deployed to detect specific traffic incidents effectively. By combining YOLOv8 with Deep SORT, urban traffic patterns are accurately detected and analyzed with high precision. The findings demonstrate that YOLOv8 achieves an accuracy of 98.4%, significantly surpassing alternative methodologies. Moreover, the proposed approach exhibits outstanding performance in the recall (97.2%), precision (98.5%), and F1 score (95.7%), underscoring its superior capability in accurate prediction and analyses of traffic incidents with high precision and efficiency.

Indonesia is rich in diversity of medicinal plants, vital in traditional medicine and the pharmaceutical industry. However, overharvesting, along with population growth, land use changes, deforestation, and climate change, endanger these plants. This review investigates the potential of endophytic endosymbiont as an alternative. These endosymbionts can synthesise bioactive compounds similar to those found in medicinal plants. This study compiled data from various sources on endophytic fungi and their bioactivity. The review aims to categorise Indonesian medicinal plants, to identify their associated endophytic fungi from different plant parts, and to assess their bioactivity. The results revealed numerous medicinal plant families and a variety of endophytic fungi isolated from fruits, leaves, twigs, bark, roots, and rhizomes. These fungi exhibited bioactivities, including antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial effects, with metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, peptides, phenols, polyketides, quinones, steroids, and terpenoids. Fusarium and Colletotrichum were the most common endophytic fungi found. Notably, the biological activity was consistent among endophytic fungi from various host organs, but variations were observed according to the host's geographical origin. This suggests that Indonesia's diverse geography influences metabolite production and activity. However, the same host plant may harbour different species in distinct organs. These findings indicate that endophytic fungi within medicinal plants represent a promising source of bioactive compounds for future Indonesian medicine production. Future research should explore metabolite compounds and bioactivity across different geographical regions.

Objectives To investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as concomitant COVID-19 itself on stroke care, focusing on middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory infarctions.Design Registry-based study.Setting We used the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database, which covers a wide range of hospitals within the USA.Participants The NIS was queried for patients with MCA strokes between 2016 and 2020. In total, 35 231 patients were included.Outcome measures Outcome measures were postprocedural complications, length of stays (LOSs), in-hospital mortality and non-routine discharge. Propensity score matching using all available baseline variables was performed to reduce confounders when comparing patients with and without concomitant COVID-19.Results Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) was performed in 48.4%, intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) in 38.2%, and both MT and IVT (MT+IVT) in 13.4% of patients. A gradual increase in the use of MT and an opposite decrease in the use of IVT (p

Abstract Background Malaria remains a major public health concern in The Gambia. The study assessed the trend of malaria admissions and outcome of adult patients admitted after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in a tertiary hospital in The Gambia. Methods This was a retrospective hospital-based study and data was collected from the 18th October 2020 to 28th February 2023. Demographic data, clinical features, investigations, treatment, and outcomes were recorded. Results A total of 499 malaria cases were admitted to the hospital over the 29 months of the study period. Data from 320 (67.2% of the total cases) adult patients admitted into the internal medicine department were analysed. The median age was 22 years, range (15–90) and 189 (59.1%) cases were youth with a youth (15–24 years) to older adult (> 24 years) ratio of 1.4:1. The majority of the patients were male 199 (62.2) with a male to female ratio of 1.6:1. The total number of malaria cases admitted into the internal medicine department increased from 103 cases in 2021 to 182 cases in 2022and admission peaked in November in both years. The total number of admitted malaria cases during the peak of the malaria season also increased from 92 patients between September 2021 and December 2021 to 132 patients from September 2022 to December 2022.There was also an increase in both severe and uncomplicated malaria during the same period. The total mortality was 31 (9.7%) and the rate was similar in 2021 9 (8.7%) and 2022 15 (8.4%). Patients with impaired consciousness were more likely to die when compared to those without impaired consciousness [19 (23.6%) vs 12 (5%), p ≤ 0.001]. Patients with acute kidney injury were also more likely to die when compared with those without acute kidney injury [10 (20.4%) vs 15 (7.7%), p = 0.009]. Conclusion The findings show an emerging and consistent trend of malaria admissions and the outcome in the youth and older adult population after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in The Gambia. This, therefore, suggests the need for the implementation of targeted malaria prevention interventions in this population to further prevent the spread of the disease to the more vulnerable population.

Abstract The current study aims at unpacking the language ideologies of the STEM + Business graduates in relation to English medium instruction (EMI) and how they perceive the contribution of EMI towards English proficiency development. It also intended to unfold the extent to which EMI education may have contributed to their employability and fulfillment of workplace communication needs. Inspired by inadequate evidence on the effect of EMI on English Language Proficiency (ELP) and employability, the researchers engaged with the participants who could draw on their EMI experiences in developing ELP, attaining employability, and fulfilling workplace communication needs in English. Theoretical aspects of language ideologies, ELP, and employability set the conceptual ground of the study. Adopting the interpretive phenomenological approach and harnessing semi-structured interview questions, the study collected data from eight participants. The study found that the language ideologies of the graduates were shaped by the perceived role and importance of English to serve academic and economic purposes through the availability of curriculum corresponding to global standards, access to knowledge, English-oriented atmosphere and ELP development, and EMI policy adoption and implementation in higher education institutions was seen as a panacea to avail the facilities described above. The participants also confirmed that EMI education benefitted their ELP, enabling them to obtain jobs and perform workplace communication in English.

3,4-Dimethoxychalcone and rutin, a flavonoid that contains chromophore groups, can absorb UV light and thus can be developed as a sunscreen. The objective of this study was to determine the optimum formula of 3,4-dimethoxychalcone and rutin containing gel, evaluate its physical stability, and activity of 3,4-dimethoxychalcone and rutin gel as a sunscreen through in vitro and in vivo tests. HPMC, CMC-Na, and methylcellulose were formulated into a gel base to obtain good adhesion and a clear appearance gel. Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) with Design Expert software version 10 was utilized to determine the optimum gel formulation. UVA-PF protection, photostability with transpore method, and acute dermal irritation test were performed to evaluate sunscreen activity of 3,4-dimethoxychalcone and rutin gel. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. The results showed that the optimum formula for 3,4-dimethoxychalcone-rutin gel consisted of 1.5% HPMC, 1.8% CMC-Na and 0.6% methylcellulose, which showed a pH of 6.96, viscosity of 89.10 dpa.s, and spreadability of 16.30 cm2. The pH, viscosity, and spreadability of base and 3,4-dimethoxychalcone- rutin gel was stable for 4 weeks of storage. The UVA-PF value is 6.48 which according to the FDA is included in the category of a two star (**) sunscreen label. The sunscreen did not exhibit a shift in wavelength after 6 hours of irradiation. Based on the primary irritation test, 3,4-dimethoxychalcone- rutin sunscreen produced zero (0) erythema and edema index. Thus, it did not cause irritation to the skin of experimental animals. Therefore, the gel containing 3,4-dimethoxychalcone and rutin had potential as a sunscreen product based on in vitro-in vivo tests and was safe on animal skin.

This study investigates the impact of FinTech adoption on traditional financial inclusion in 22 countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The study utilizes the World Bank’s World Development Indicators data and the International Monetary Fund’s Financial Access Survey data. This study employed Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to construct the dimensions of traditional financial inclusion and the overall financial inclusion index. Applying the Generalized Method of Moments estimation technique to annual data spanning from 2004 to 2022, the findings show that FinTech has a negative and statistically significant effect on the geographic and usage dimensions. However, it has a positive and statistically significant impact on the demographic dimension and the overall traditional financial inclusion index. These findings indicate that FinTech does not have a detrimental impact on traditional financial inclusion, which is contrary to the findings of other studies. Therefore, in order to enhance the degree of financial inclusion in SSA, it is important for traditional financial inclusion to effectively utilize FinTech.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is responsible for the persistent infectious illness known as bovine paratuberculosis, which is one of the most easily overlooked diseases in China amid a lack of epidemiological data. In this study, we evaluated the agreement of milk and blood antibody tests for paratuberculosis and showed an overall agreement of 92.0%, with a 95.0% negative coincidence rate and a 78.6% positive coincidence rate. The milk test was then used to examine the prevalence and incidence of dairy cows in Hubei Province, China. We found that, at the individual level, the highest lacto-prevalence reached up to 22.9%; the farm-level prevalence was as high as 92.3% (12/13) and 84.6% (11/13) in January and April 2018, respectively. The total incidence risk of all farms was 6% per three months. We also found that large-scale farms had a significantly lower prevalence and incidence than small-scale farms. Finally, the correlation between paratuberculosis and milk quality was evaluated, and we confirmed that MAP can significantly alter milk quality and raise somatic cell counts in the milk. This study provides valuable information for assessing the prevalence and incidence risk of paratuberculosis in China. It further provides an essential basis for calling for the prevention and control of paratuberculosis in China.

Arabica green coffee beans (AGCB) have antioxidant compounds as photo protectors. It’s used to stabilize and increase the SPF value of octyl methoxycinnamate in sunscreen because its effectiveness will be decreased when exposed to UV light. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a combination of various concentrations of arabica green coffee bean (AGCB) extract and octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) on the physical properties and SPF value of sunscreen cream. AGCB extract with concentrations (F1) 0%; (F2) 2.5%; (F3) 5%; (F4) 7.5% (with the addition of OMC concentration of 7.5%), and (F5) 7.5% (without the addition of OMC). The formulas were tested for physical properties to determine stability in 4 weeks of storage, cycling test for 4 cycles, and photostability to determine the SPF value and irritation test on the best formula. The results of the physical stability test on the five formulas showed a sig value > 0.05 which means the preparation is stable. Formulas F1, F2, F3, F4, and F5 with exposure of 1 hour, 5 hours, and 10 hours obtained a significance value > 0.05, which means that the presence of UV light exposure in the AGCB extract combination cream can stabilize the decrease in SPF value. Formula 4, which is stable without separation during the cycling test and the stability of the SPF value of 41, then in the irritation test does not cause irritation so it can be concluded that formula 4 is the optimum formula.

In the 3rd century H, the traditions of the Prophet have been collected. In the sixth book (al-Kutub as-Sittah) only the traditions of the Prophet are prioritized. Before Asy-Syāfi‘ī (d. 204 H), in the ancient schools of law, the traditions of the Prophet received little attention. Based on this problem, the author tries to explore further how the hadith in ancient schools of law actually was according to Schacht. From two of Schacht's works: An Introduction to Islamic Law and The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence, the author focuses on: 1). The ancient school of law according to Joseph Schacht; and 2). Hadith in ancient schools of law according to Joseph Schacht. The purpose of this discussion is to describe how Schacht's ideas about ancient schools of law and how hadiths are used by ancient schools of law. In this article the author uses a qualitative descriptive approach with documentary methods and historical analysis. The results of the study show that in the history of the development of legal doctrine, ancient schools of law were born from the activities of qādī (Islamic judges) and specialists who were concerned with legal issues. Their distinctive feature is geographical differences: Hijaz (Makkah and Medina), Iraq (Kufah and Basra), Syiria and Egypt. Their response to the popular practice and administrative regulations of the Umayyad dynasty (collapsed 132 H) gave birth to what is known as Islamic law. During the Abbasid dynasty, the ancient school of law changed into a new school of law based on loyalty to a teacher, which in turn formed groups such as the followers of Abū Ḥanīfah (d. 150 H), Mālik (d. 179 H), Sufyān aṡ-Ṡaurī ( d. 161 H), al-Auzā’ī (d. 157 H), and so on. The ancient legal schools had the same attitude towards hadith. They prioritize the traditions of the Companions rather than the traditions of the Prophet. This can be seen from Asy-Syāfi‘ī's polemic against the Medina and Iraqi schools. Other evidence is the distribution of the use of hadiths of the Prophet and traditions other than the Prophet in the book al-Muwaṭṭa’, Ᾱṡār Abū Yusūf and Ᾱṡār ash-Syaibānī.

Purpose – This research aims to investigate the critical role of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teachers in character education at Mutiara Hikmah Vocational High School (SMK) during the 2022/2023 academic year. Within the context of globalization, which has significantly influenced moral values in Indonesia, this study seeks to address the noticeable decline in student discipline and morality. By focusing on the contributions of PAI teachers, the study aims to highlight effective strategies for enhancing student character development, shaping individuals who are intelligent, independent, and morally upright. Design/methods/approach – A descriptive qualitative methodology was employed to gain an in-depth understanding of the dynamics at Mutiara Hikmah Vocational High School (SMK). This research involved participatory observation, semi-structured interviews, and document analysis. Data were collected from July 1 to August 20, 2023, through daily observations, interviews with PAI teachers, the principal, and other teachers, as well as analysis of school documents such as academic records and activity reports. Thematic analysis was used to identify key themes and patterns related to character education. Findings – The findings indicate that PAI teachers play a crucial role in instilling discipline and moral values through classroom instruction and extracurricular activities such as congregational prayers and Qur'an literacy sessions. However, challenges such as inconsistent disciplinary standards and limited parental involvement were noted. The study also highlights the need for improved facilities and ongoing training for teachers to support character education. Research implications – The results suggest that a holistic approach involving collaboration among teachers, parents, and the community is essential for effective character education. Policymakers and educators should prioritize the development of comprehensive character education programs that integrate cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects. Future research should explore the long-term impacts of such programs and the specific contributions of various extracurricular activities.

Because of the growing widespread use of the internet, every individual, including students, must be able to recognise and identify hoax news circulating, and each one must have information literacy abilities to prevent it. The purpose of this study is to examine the information literacy skills of SMA Negeri 1 Sorkam Barat pupils in terms of hoax news awareness. A survey method using a quantitative approach was adopted. A questionnaire was utilised as the study instrument, and basic linear regression was used to analyse the data. This study's population consists of 943 students from SMA Negeri 1 Sorkam Barat. The samples were drawn from the slovin calculation results, which included 90 pupils. This study's variables are students' information literacy abilities (X) and information awareness of hoax news (Y). The study's findings indicate that literacy skills have an impact on information awareness of false news. The regression findings demonstrate that the X variable has an influence on Y, with a significant value of 0.000 0.05 and a tcount of 3.971 > ttable 1.991. A constant of 13,192 denotes the constant value of variable X. Because the coefficient is positive, we can deduce that literacy skills are strong, so will information awareness of hoax news

Abstract: The 4-hydroxychalcone compound is a flavonoid derivative that has benzene rings with unsaturated chains and a chromophore group, which can absorb UV rays and reduce the intensity of radiation exposure to the skin. This study aims to examine the effect of gelling agents on the physical properties of gel preparations, optimum formula stability, and activity of 4-hydroxychalcone gel as a sunscreen in vitro. Base optimization was carried out using Design Expert software version 10 with the simplex lattice design method and variations in gelling agent concentrations, namely carbopol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na), and gelatin. The activity of 4-hydroxychalcone sunscreen gel was determined spectrophotometrically by determining the Sun Protecting Factor (SPF) value, the percentage of erythema transmission (%TE), and the percentage of pigmentation transmission (%TP). Data were analyzed statistically with SPSS software. The results showed that the optimum formula composition was obtained at a concentration of 0.67% carbopol, 2% CMC-Na, and 1.83% gelatin. The optimum formula of 0.5% 4-hydroxychalcone gel was stable during storage at room temperature and did not experience syneresis during 72 hours of storage at ± 10°C. The 0.5% 4-hydroxychalcone gel gave an SPF value of 27.37 % TE was 1.76% and % TP was 10.21%, therefore it is categorized as a sunblock.

Abstract: In recent years, skincare with natural ingredients is being developed for it has fewer side effects and is relatively suitable for all skin types. One of the potential ingredients from the natural ingredients is sunflower seed oil, which has proven to have potential as a skin moisturizer and fight acne bacteria. The purpose of this study was to make a gel formulation of sunflower seed oil by optimizing the combination of the gelling agent of HPMC and Na-CMC. The Simplex Lattice Design method was used to optimize the gel base with Design Expert software version 13. There were 8 gel formulas made and evaluated including organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and adhesion. The independent variables in SLD were the amount of HPMC and Na-CMC, while the responses included pH, viscosity, and spreadability. The optimal formula suggested by SLD is a combination of 1.451% HPMC and 1.549% Na-CMC. The optimal formula has a pH of 6.813 ± 0.041, a viscosity of 194.8 ± 2.94 dPas, an adhesion of 6.29 ± 0.50 seconds, and a spreadability of 21.5 ± 10.05 cm2. The optimum prediction formula from the software has no significant difference from the test results which show that the method can be used to predict the physical properties of sunflower seed oil gel preparations. The results of the physical stability test also stated that its physical properties were stable in terms of pH, viscosity, spreadability, and adhesion.

Arabic language had linguistic skills in its application. The Second Ayah (verse) of Surah Yusuf informed that there was a correlation between language skill and the brain. In terms of semantics, the choice of pronunciation and word in Al-Qur’an was based on the reason and the wisdom behind it. This article is necessary for language learning research by using neurology as a new approach in language skills learning. This article aimed to analyze and reveal a correlation and an appropriateness between the language skills in the Arabic language and the process of the human mind as mentioned in Surah Yusuf, the second verse. The data and evidence were obtained from books related to the subject of the research, a dialogical analysis between three scientific disciplines, such as commentary books, Arabic learning and neurology, with the method of content analysis of Al-Quran. The results of this research showed that the appropriateness of language skills in the Arabic language and the process of the human mind based on Surah Yusuf at the second verse were achieved. This result was reached based on three aspects, and it is from the opinions of scholars, interpreters, linguistics, and neurology. On the other hand, it was confirmed through this scientific research that there is no contradiction between the correct transmission and the frank reason. This article confirmed that the learning theory about maharah lughawiyah has the correlation with the workings of the human brain, according to what was stated in Surah Yusuf at the second verse.

Abstract Background Acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) among children under five are still the leading cause of mortality among this group of children in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), especially countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This scoping review aims to map evidence on prevalence and risk factors associated with ALRTIs among children under 5 years to inform interventions, policies and future studies. Methods A thorough search was conducted via four main databases (PubMed, JSTOR, Web of Science and Central). In all, 3,329 records were identified, and 107 full-text studies were considered for evaluation after vigorous screening and removing duplicates, of which 43 were included in this scoping review. Findings Findings indicate a high prevalence (between 1.9% to 60.2%) of ALRTIs among children under five in SSA. Poor education, poverty, malnutrition, exposure to second-hand smoke, poor ventilation, HIV, traditional cooking stoves, unclean fuel usage, poor sanitation facilities and unclean drinking water make children under five more vulnerable to ALRTIs in SSA. Also, health promotion strategies like health education have doubled the health-seeking behaviours of mothers of children under 5 years against ALRTIs. Conclusion ALRTIs among children under five still present a significant disease burden in SSA. Therefore, there is a need for intersectoral collaboration to reduce the burden of ALRTIs among children under five by strengthening poverty alleviation strategies, improving living conditions, optimising child nutrition, and ensuring that all children have access to clean water. There is also the need for high-quality studies where confounding variables in ALRTIs are controlled.

This study investigates the several roles of kiais (leaders) in pesantren, such as the Kiais’ behaviors in instilling anti-corruption teachings, Kiais’ words containing anti-corruption messages, and Kiais’ policies in supporting anti-corruption programs in IBS. This research was a qualitative method that examined Kiai“s leadership to shape anti-corruption values in pesantren with a phenomenological approach. The research participants were 12 Kiais as subjects in Bendakerep pesantren. Data collection methods included interviews, observation by delivering questionnaires to 15 students, and documentation by using descriptive analysis. The results indicated that Kiais” behavior in inculcating anti-corruption teaching builds change and confidence in their students, motivates them, and helps to ensure social trust. Kiais’ words and policy relate to anti-corruption values and mentality at the individual, family, and societal levels. Where the discussion is that all Kiais inspire their followers and prohibit acts of corruption, but only the Bendakerep Kiai is an anti-corruption figure who sets an example with altruistic works, namely not involved in politics, even Islamic mass organizations and refusing outside funding but remains obedient to government provisions under Islamic law. This research outcome contributes to the best practice and current knowledge of altruistic works leadership, religion, and anti-corruption behaviors in pesantren.

The folklore of Nyai Sabirah is one of the diversity of Indonesian heritage as an hereditary oral tradition. As a female emancipation figure from the descendants of the Majapahit kingdom who fled from the siege of the invasion, Nyai Sabirah played a role as the founder mother of the Bakaran village by deforesting forests and building rural communities. Nyai Sabirah’s character is sacred by the people who penetrate the space between syncretism and social reality. This article examines the folklore of Nyai Sabirah, which has intangible and tangible local cultural heritage values which include four categories of folklore (myths, legends, saga and saying). Values and social education taught by Nyai Sabirah formed the Bakaran village community with high social tolerance. The establishment of Bakaran village and batik education with eighteen local batik motifs are forms of tangible heritage of high value. Finally, folklore is not just a legacy of oral tradition, but also contributes to the heritage of artifacts and products of community civilization that characterizes the face of Indonesian vernacular culture.

Introduction: Injuries during adolescence cause lifelong harm and death. Our study used a nationally representative sample to examine the prevalence and risk factors associated with serious injuries among in-school adolescents in Panama. Methods: We analysed Panama’s 2018 Global School-Based Student Health Survey data using SPSS. Percentages were used to summarise the results of the prevalence of serious injuries. Binomial logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the risk factors of serious injuries. The results were presented as an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) at a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: The prevalence of serious injury among in-school adolescents in Panama is 45%. Furthermore, the study found that males (AOR= 1.495, CI=1.272--1.756), truancy (AOR=1.493, CI=1.249--1.785), overweight (AOR= 1.246, 95% CI=11.057--1.469), drinking alcohol (AOR= 1.397, CI=1.151--1.695), experiencing physical attack (AOR= 2.100, CI=11.646--2.681), engaging in a physical fight (AOR=1.586, CI=1.289--1.952) and bullied outside school (AOR=1.276, CI=1.005--1.621) significantly predict serious injuries among adolescents in Panama. Conclusion: Multidisciplinary approaches targeting the correlates observed will help reduce the high prevalence of serious injuries among in-school adolescents in Panama.

Introduction The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has had a global impact on healthcare systems. There is limited data on the influence of COVID‐19 on treatment and outcomes in patients with intracranial aneurysms. We aimed to investigate the impact of COVID‐19 on the overall complications, including ischemic stroke and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) rates in patients treated for intracranial aneurysms (IAs). Methods This national, multicenter, retrospective cohort study included patients diagnosed and treated for IAs from January 2016 to December 2020 in the National Inpatient Sample (NIS). A total of 57,715 admissions were identified. Of these, 45,979 occurred pre‐COVID and 11,736 during the COVID pandemic period. The outcome data points included the occurrence of postprocedural ischemic strokes or SAHs, death, non‐routine discharge, total charges (US dollars), and length of stay (days). A 1:1 propensity score matching protocol was applied using a K‐nearest neighbor approach to evaluate differences in the outcome data points between the pre‐COVID and during COVID periods. The trends during the study period were assessed using piecewise joinpoint regression with the Mann‐Kendall test. Results Overall, the mean age was 65 years, with most of the patients (69.9%) being females. Endovascular interventions were performed in 82.9% of pre‐COVID IAs admissions compared to 82.4% during the COVID period, while open surgical treatment was performed in 17.1% of pre‐COVID and 17.6% of the patients during COVID (p=0.625). After matching, there were no differences in length of stay (p=0.266), non‐home discharge (p=0.475), and in‐hospital mortality rates (p=0.305) between the two periods; however, the overall complication rate was significantly higher during the pandemic (31.1% vs. 28.3%; p

Second-degree burns have the highest prevalence and often occur in the household environment. The healing process can be accelerated by traditional medicine. One of the many plants known to have wound-healing abilities is the Binahong plant (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis). The gel preparation is chosen because of the many benefits it can provide. The gelling agents used were Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose and Hydroxyethyl Cellulose. The combination of these gelling agents was chosen because both agents are capable of producing gel preparations with good stability during storage. Therefore, the optimization was carried out to obtain the optimum formula that met the requirements. The observed responses were organoleptic, pH, spreadability, adhesion, viscosity, and homogeneity. The data obtained was optimized with the Simplex Lattice Design program in Design Expert software version 13.0.0. The results of the verification test were compared for their significance with the T-test with a 95% confidence level. The optimum gel stability of Binahong leaves (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) was tested using one-way ANOVA and post hoc. The results showed that the optimum formula for Binahong leaf extract gel (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) was obtained with a composition ratio of 0.5% HPMC and 4.5% HEC. The verification results obtained valid values for pH response, viscosity, and spreadability according to SLD predictions. The optimum formula for Binahong leaf extract gel (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) was stable during the cycling test.

The current research aims to identify the level of serious creativity and the ability to solve problems, and the significance of the statistical differences in those levels among distinguished students according to the gender variable (males - females), the correlation between serious creativity and the ability to solve problems, and the extent to which serious creativity contributes to explaining the discrepancy. In their ability to solve problems, and to achieve the objectives of the research, a sample of (300) male and female students was selected in the distinguished schools in the cities of (Baghdad - Al-Karkh First and Al-Anbar). Distinguished students, and using the statistics portfolio (spss), the research reached the following results: 1. The level of serious creativity among the research sample is high, with statistical significance at the level (0.05) 2. There are no statistically significant differences in serious creativity according to the gender variable (males - furniture). 3. The level of problem-solving ability of the research sample is high, with statistical significance at the level (0.05). 4. There are statistically significant differences in the ability to solve problems according to the gender variable (male - female) 5. The relationship between serious creativity and the ability to solve problems is a positive and statistically significant relationship. 6. Serious creativity contributes to explaining part of the discrepancy in the ability to solve problems.

Abstract Introduction Africa has a higher burden of malaria-related cases and deaths globally. Children under five accounted for over two-thirds of all malaria deaths in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This scoping review aims to map evidence of the prevalence, contextual factors and health education interventions of malaria amongst children under 5 years (UN5) in SSA. Method Four main databases (PubMed, Central, Dimensions and JSTOR) produced 27,841 records of literature. Additional searches in Google, Google Scholar and institutional repositories produced 37 records. Finally, 255 full-text records were further screened, and 100 records were used for this review. Results Low or no formal education, poverty or low income and rural areas are risk factors for malaria amongst UN5. Evidence on age and malnutrition as risk factors for malaria in UN5 is inconsistent and inconclusive. Furthermore, the poor housing system in SSA and the unavailability of electricity in rural areas and unclean water make UN5 more susceptible to malaria. Health education and promotion interventions have significantly reduced the malaria burden on UN5 in SSA. Conclusion Well-planned and resourced health education and promotion interventions that focus on prevention, testing and treatment of malaria could reduce malaria burden amongst UN5 in SSA.

Malnutrition among in-school children is a complex issue influenced by socio-economic, environmental, and health-related factors, posing significant challenges to their well-being and educational trajectories in developing countries. This review synthesized evidence on the multifaceted aspects of child malnutrition within the educational setting in developing countries. This review followed the six steps outlined by Arksey and O’Malley’s framework. Four main databases (PubMed, CENTRAL, JSTOR, and Scopus) were searched. Additional searches were conducted in WHO Library, ProQuest, HINARI, Google Scholar, and Google. Reference lists of eligible papers were checked. This review found that low family income, varying family sizes, parental employment status, and educational levels significantly impact malnutrition among in-school children and adolescents. Environmental elements, including rural/urban residence, household sanitation, and living conditions, also influence malnutrition. In addition, nutrition knowledge, dietary habits, nutrient deficiencies, physical activity, and prevalent health conditions compound the risk of malnutrition. This study underscores the extensive health impact of malnutrition on general health, specific nutrient deficiencies, fetal/maternal health concerns, and overall morbidity. Also, malnutrition affects school performance and attendance, impacting cognitive abilities, and academic achievements. Addressing these challenges requires comprehensive policy actions aligned with Sustainable Development Goals, emphasizing poverty alleviation, health literacy, and gender equity.

Mycoplasmopsis bovis is a causative agent of crucial diseases in both dairy and beef cattle leading to substantial economic losses. However, limited control measures for M. bovis-related diseases exist due to a lack of understanding about the virulence factors of this pathogen, a common challenge in mycoplasma research. Consequently, this study aimed to characterize a novel nucleomodulin as a virulence-related factor of M. bovis. Employing bioinformatic tools, we initially predicted MbovP467 to be a secreted protein with a nuclear localization signal based on SignalP scores and the cNLS (Nuclear Localization Signal) Mapper, respectively. Subsequently, the MbovP467 gene was synthesized and cloned into a pEGFP plasmid with EGFP labeling to obtain a recombinant plasmid (rpEGFP-MbovP467) and then was also cloned in pET-30a with a consideration for an Escherichia coli codon bias and expressed and purified for the production of polyclonal antibodies against the recombinant MbovP467 protein. Confocal microscopy and a Western blotting assay confirmed the nuclear location of MbovP467 in bovine macrophages (BoMacs). RNA-seq data revealed 220 up-regulated and 20 down-regulated genes in the rpEGFP-MbovP467-treated BoMac group compared to the control group (pEGFP). A GO- and KEGG-enrichment analysis identified associations with inflammatory responses, G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathways, nuclear receptor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding, the regulation of cell proliferation, IL-8, apoptotic processes, cell growth and death, the TNF signaling pathway, the NF-κB signaling pathway, pathways in cancer, and protein families of signaling and cellular processes among the differentially expressed up-regulated mRNAs. Further experiments, investigating cell viability and the inflammatory response, demonstrated that MbovP467 reduces BoMac cell viability and induces the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and apoptosis in BoMac cells. Further, MbovP467 increased the promoter activity of TNF-α. In conclusion, this study identified a new nucleomodulin, MbovP467, for M. bovis, which might have an important role in M. bovis pathogenesis.

The experiment aimed to investigate the allelopathic effects of active compounds present in broadleaf weeds Ageratum conyzoides and Borreria alata. The study also sought to assess the viability of various seed varieties grown using allelopathic extracts from these weeds, varying in concentrations of tannins and phenols. The research findings revealed that methanol extracts exhibited potent allelopathic properties, inhibiting germination, radicle and hypocotyl growth, as well as reducing the germination rate of soybean seeds. B. alata weed extracts demonstrated lower allelopathy than A. conyzoides, suggesting a possible alteration in the active compounds (allelochemicals) present due to a reforming process. Extracts from both A. conyzoides and B. alata weeds inhibited root length, hypocotyl growth, and germination across a range of concentrations, from low (10% v/v) to high (30% v/v).

Background Streptococcus pyogenes (StrepA) causes a significant burden of disease globally from superficial infections to invasive disease. It is responsible for over 500,000 deaths each year, predominantly in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Superficial StrepA infections of the skin and pharynx can lead to rheumatic heart disease, the largest cause of StrepA-related deaths in LMIC. StrepA can also asymptomatically colonise normal skin and the pharynx (carriage), potentially increasing infection risk. Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE) carriage is also common in LMIC and may interact with StrepA. This study aims to investigate StrepA and SDSE carriage and infection epidemiology, transmission dynamics and naturally acquired immunity within households in The Gambia. Methods A longitudinal household observational cohort study will be conducted over one year. 45 households will be recruited from the urban area of Sukuta, The Gambia, resulting in approximately 450 participants. Households will be visited monthly, and available participants will undergo oropharyngeal and normal skin swabbing. Incident cases of pharyngitis and pyoderma will be captured via active case reporting, with swabs taken from disease sites. Swabs will be cultured for the presence of group A, C and G beta-haemolytic streptococci. Isolates will undergo whole genome sequencing. At each visit, clinical, socio-demographic and social mixing data will be collected. Blood serum will be collected at baseline and final visit. Oral fluid and dried blood spot samples will be collected at each visit. Mucosal and serum anti-StrepA antibody responses will be measured. Outcome This study will report StrepA and SDSE clinical epidemiology, risk factors, transmission dynamics, and serological responses to carriage and infection. Detailed social mixing behaviour will be combined with phylogenetic relatedness to model the extent of transmission occurring withing and between households. The study will provide data to help meet global strategic StrepA research goals.

هدف البحث: إيجاد بيانات وصفية لمشعر الوجه عند الذكور والإناث السوريين ومقارنتها مع الشعوب الأخرى والتحري عن وجود علاقة بين مشعر الوجه والجنس. المواد والطرق: دراسة وصفية- تحليلية، معتمدة على القياسات الأنثروبومترية المأخوذة من الصور الضوئية الأمامية للوجه في وضع الراحة كما تم أخذ مجموع من القياسات بالطريقة التقليدية (من الوجه مباشرة باستخدام أدوات قياس تقليدية) بهدف مقارنتها مع القياسات المأخوذة من الصور الضوئية للتأكد من دقة القياس، كما أجريت القياسات على الحاسب مرتين بفاصل زمني 10 أيام ومرة ثالثة من قبل شخص آخر مؤهل، وتمت مقارنة النتائج المختلفة إحصائياً للتأكد من دقة القياس، وتألفت عينة الدراسة من 100 شخص (50 ذكر-50 أنثى) من طلاب طب الأسنان والمعهد التقني لتعويضات الأسنان في كلية طب الأسنان – جامعة تشرين. النتائج: يختلف مشعر الوجه تبعاً لاختلاف الشعوب، ويرتبط كل من طول وعرض ومشعر الوجه بالجنس، كما أن استخدام طريقة التصوير الضوئي لحساب أبعاد الوجه يعد وسيلة دقيقة مقارنة بالقياس التقليدي بأدوات القياس اليدوية.