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We propose a method for studying nonlinearity in the cathodoluminescence (CL) characteristics of wide-bandgap materials based on the measurements of the CL energy dependence on the total energy of a pulsed electron beam E b using its bremsstrahlung. It is shown that the x-ray radiant energy produced by a high-power (∼ 10 MW / cm 2) electron beam with particle energies of 50–300 keV is proportional to E b in the case of weak variations in the electron energy distribution of the beam. This direct proportionality between E b and the x-ray radiant energy is experimentally confirmed in the current experiment by measuring the dependence of the molecular nitrogen emission radiant energy at 337 nm excited by a direct electron impact (the 0-0 vibrational transition of the second positive system of the emission bands of N 2 molecule) on the total electron beam energy E b. Using this result, the dependencies of the CL radiant energy on E b are studied for undoped Bi 4 Ge 3 O 12 , PbWO 4 , CeF 3 , and BaF 2 crystals with bright intrinsic luminescence. An interpretation of these dependencies is given using a simple theoretical model and photoluminescence nonlinearity data published in the literature. We estimate the average concentration of the electronic excitations (EE) provided by the electron beam (10 18 – 10 19 e.– h. p. / cm 3) and obtain the approximate dependencies of the CL yield on the EE density for the studied materials. For the CeF 3 crystal, different CL yield dependencies on the EE density are found for the bands at 300 and 350 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the self-collimation phenomenon in photonic crystals (PhC) of wide bandgap materials for ultra-fast and high spatial resolution x-ray detection. We work on various heavy inorganic scintillators: BaF2, GaN, ZnO, CsI:Tl, NaI:Tl, LYSO, WO4 compounds, and plastic scintillators. Conventional scintillator detectors do not rely on a direct detection mechanism; hence, they require intricate design and fabrication processes. We offer a PhC design to observe self-collimation phenomena and overcome the ongoing spatial resolution challenges with these types of materials. We investigate the photonic band diagrams and iso-frequency contours. Fourier transforms based on finite-difference time-domain and frequency domain simulations are done for verifying and analyzing the self-collimation with the selected material. Light extraction efficiency at the PhC–air interface, depending on the truncation distance from the excitation point, is measured. Beam divergence values are calculated at 1 mm propagation distance. The vertical field profiles are obtained to observe the confinement. For the spatial resolution analysis, cross-sectional beam profiles have been examined. Gaussian envelopes are fitted to beam profiles for a consistent data analysis, and full-width-at-half-maximum values are considered. As a result, we theoretically prove and demonstrate the spatially resolved x-ray detection at the sub-micrometer level for a wide range of scintillator materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 40 mm x 40 mm x 350 mm BaF2:5%Y (mole fraction) crystals were grown by vertical Bridgman method. The doping content, scintillation properties, optical properties and irradiation damage of crystal samples were studied. The Y3+ doping concentration (mole fraction) is 5. 1% ± 0. 9% within the range from 0 to 300 mm from seed end. The average light output of crystal sample is 2 100 ph / MeV, and the optimal energy resolution at 662 keV is 10. 1%. After 60Co source was used to irradiate the sample with an accumulated dose of 1 Mrad, the transmittance of the sample at 220 nm wavelength decreases from 87. 3% before irradiation to 83. 5%, the transmittance at 300 nm wavelength decreases from 91. 8% to 89. 9%. The anti-irradiation performance of BaF2:Y crystal is worse than that of BaF2 crystal. After the accumulative dose irradiation, the absorption of BaF2:Y crystal to 300 nm light is significantly enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pr3+ doped high density germanate glasses were prepared by the melt-quenching method. The physical and luminescent properties were investigated. The glass containing BaF 2 represented maximum phonon energy of 810 cm−1, and the glass density was greater than 6 g/cm3. The glass exhibited good radiation resistance under 2 h of X-ray irradiation. Intense blue, green emissions and weak red emissions were observed when the glass was excited by X-ray, and the blue fluorescence lifetimes were in the range of 9.15–12.59 μs The results show that Pr3+ doped germanate glass could be a potential scintillating material in the field of X-ray detection for fast events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barium fluoride (BaF2) crystals are attracting much attention as efficient inorganic scintillator promising for high‐energy physics, industrial inspection, and other fields because of the fast component of the decay time (0.6 ns) and high radiation resistance. However, two major drawbacks limit its practical application: (i) a slow decay time of ~600 ns is derived from self‐trapping excitons; (ii) the absolute light yield from the fast luminescence component is not competitive. The introducing of rare earth ions and preparation of BaF2 polycrystalline ceramics is considered to be effective measures to solve these bottlenecks. Pr3+ is extremely suitable as the activated ion of scintillation materials, which possess emission peaks located in visible band and the faster 5d–4f transition. In this work, highly sinterable Pr3+:BaF2 precursor powder was synthesized via the coprecipitation method by adjusting the reactant concentration and temperature. The morphology and microstructure of as‐synthesized powders were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmittance electron microscopy analysis. The 5 at.% Pr3+:BaF2 transparent ceramic with a transmittance of 50.7% at the wavelength of 500 nm was fabricated by hot pressing the as‐prepared powders at 900°C for 4 h under the axial pressure of 50 MPa. The SEM images of ceramic cross‐section show that the residual pore is the main light scattering source. The absorption and emission spectrum of ceramic samples were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scintillators, which can emit visible photons under γ- or X-ray excitation, are widely used in radiation detection. Traditional inorganic scintillators usually have some drawbacks, such as hygroscopicity or a high synthesis temperature, and most of them are poisonous. Hence, we report the synthesis of metal iodate scintillators (Eu(IO3)3 and Tb(IO3)3) by a facile hydrothermal reaction that exhibit good radioluminescence (RL) intensity. To further increase the RL intensities, we prepared Eu(IO3)3:xSm and Tb(IO3)3:xGd with stronger RL intensities and higher sensitivities than BaF2 and PbWO4 powders when x = 3%. Furthermore, we obtained scintillating films consisting of Eu(IO3)3:3%Sm and Tb(IO3)3:3%Gd for X-ray imaging. Our Eu(IO3)3:3%Sm and Tb(IO3)3:3%Gd films revealed excellent luminescence under high-energy X-ray excitation and spatial resolutions down to 9 lp mm−1 and 8 lp mm−1, respectively. Thus, these films can be regarded as candidate materials for X-ray imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic scintillators are widely used for fast timing applications in high-energy physics (HEP) experiments, time-of-flight positron emission tomography and time tagging of soft and hard x-ray photons at advanced light sources. As the best coincidence time resolution (CTR) achievable is proportional to the square root of the scintillation decay time it is worth studying fast cross-luminescence, for example in BaF2 which has an intrinsic yield of about 1400 photons/MeV. However, emission bands in BaF2 are located in the deep-UV at 195 nm and 220 nm, which sets severe constraints on photodetector selection. Recent developments in dark matter and neutrinoless double beta decay searches have led to silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) with photon detection efficiencies of 20%–25% at wavelengths of 200 nm. We tested state-of-the-art devices from Fondazione Bruno Kessler and measured a best CTR of 51 ± 5 ps full width at half maximum when coupling 2 mm × 2 mm × 3 mm BaF2 crystals excited by 511 keV electron–positron annihilation gammas. Using these vacuum ultraviolet SiPMs we recorded the scintillation kinetics of samples from Epic Crystal under 511 keV excitation, confirming a fast decay time of 855 ps with 12.2% relative light yield and 805 ns with 84.0% abundance, together with a smaller rise time of 4 ps beyond the resolution of our setup. The total intrinsic light yield was determined to be 8500 photons/MeV. We also revealed a faster component with 136 ps decay time and 3.7% light yield contribution, which is extremely interesting for the fastest timing applications. Timing characteristics and CTR results on BaF2 samples from different producers and with different dopants (yttrium, cadmium and lanthanum) are given, and clearly show that the the slow 800 ns emission can be effectively suppressed. Such results ultimately pave the way for high-rate ultrafast timing applications in medical diagnosis, range monitoring in proton or heavy ion therapy and HEP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ce3+-doped dense glasses with high light yield (LY) are promising scintillators for use in high-energy particle physics research and radiation sensors for high-energy X- and γ- ray detection. In this work, Ce3+-doped (60-x)SiO 2 -xBaF 2 -20Al 2 O 3 -20Gd 2 O 3 oxyfluoride glasses have been prepared under a CO reducing atmosphere. Substitution of SiO 2 by BaF 2 has been made to increase the density, and the effects on luminescence and scintillation properties have been investigated. The amorphous nature of the prepared glass is confirmed by the XRD profile showing an absence of any diffraction peaks. The broad photoluminescence (PL) emission band of the Ce3+ 5d–4f transition in the 330–580 nm range is observed peaking around 385 nm and the PL decay is governed in the range of 46–53 ns decay time. The 10 mol% BaF 2 glass with density of 4.54 g/cm3 shows the highest LY value of 1590 photons/MeV and energy resolution of 16.5% in the pulse height spectrum of 662 keV γ rays, and the LY of 141 photons/MeV and energy resolution of 21.7% in the pulse height spectrum of 5.5 MeV α particles. • Ce3+-doped (60-x)SiO 2 -xBaF 2 -20Al 2 O 3 -20Gd 2 O 3 (x = 0–20) glasses were prepared under CO atmosphere. • XRD pattern confirms an amorphous nature of the prepared glass. • Gd3+ to Ce3+ energy transfer was observed in the prepared glasses. • Light yield of 1590 photons/MeV at 662 keV γ rays was obtained for 10 mol% BaF 2 containing glass. • Energy transport efficiency in scintillation process increases with increasing BaF 2 content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical, electronic and optical properties of Barium halides have been investigated by both experimental and theoretical approaches. The First Principle electronic structure and optical properties were calculated by DFT formalism using Full Potential Linearized Augmented Plane Wave plus local orbitals (FP-LAPW + lo) implementing different appropriate exchange-correlation functionals in WIEN2k code at various applied volumetric pressure up to 50 GPa. All the properties of these halides were analyzed and compared using their cation-anion radii ratio and ionicity. Except BaF 2 , the other three halides show ionic to covalent transformation at 50 GPa applied pressure. Both experimental and theoretical results compare reasonably well. The scintillation efficiency of these three halides was found to be directly proportional to their ionicity or band gap. • Study of physical, electronic and optical properties of Barium halides by experimental and theoretical approaches. • All the properties of the halides were analyzed and compared using their cation-anion radii ratio and ionicity. • The direct type band gap of the three halides decrease with pressure at least till 50 GPa. • Observed ionic to covalent transformation at 50 GPa applied pressure. • Experimental and theoretical results match reasonably well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The short-wavelength sub-nanosecond luminescence in BaF 2 material, discovered in the early 80s, gave a new direction to research into fast scintillators and phosphors. In contrast to 'typical' luminescence occurring within the forbidden band gap, the new type of emission was due to transitions between the upper core and valence bands. Thus it was named core-valence luminescence (CVL); the terms cross-luminescence and Auger-free luminescence have also been used. Given its unusual nature, this new luminescence process has attracted considerable interest in the field of condensed matter physics. During the sequent decades (till the end of the previous century) CVL has been experimentally observed in several dozen compounds and the conditions for detecting CVL have been established. Interest in this kind of luminescence increased in recent years due to the emergence of new methods of crystal synthesis, the development of high-speed solid-state photodetectors, and the construction of unique modern set-ups using synchrotron radiation. This paper analyzes the numerous studies of CVL, obtained mainly over the past decade. Experimental and theoretical data on this topic are considered in detail. Special attention is given to new results on scintillation characteristics of BaF 2 in the form of single crystals, ceramics, nanoparticles, and composites. The features of CVL in binary and ternary compounds are discussed. Some Cs- and Ba-based ternary halides show relatively high light yields and represent promising fast scintillators. The prospects of using materials with CVL as fast scintillators for time-of-flight positron emission tomography and other applications are deliberated. • Overview of recent theoretical and experimental findings on Core Valence luminescence. • Most attractive CVL crystals for ultrafast scintillator applications analyzed. • Prospects for future studies and underexplored CVL materials listed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their reported fast decay times, Cs 2 ZnCl 4 and Cs 3 ZnCl 5 are promising candidates for detection of gamma rays and X-rays in high count rate and fast timing applications. In this work, we show that single crystals with better optical quality than previously demonstrated – and larger in size – can be grown via the vertical Bridgman method. Highly transparent Ø7 mm crystals of undoped Cs 2 ZnCl 4 and Cs 3 ZnCl 5 are grown and measured to have light yields surpassing those previously reported, achieving 1980 ± 100 ph/MeV and 1460 ± 70 ph/MeV at 662 keV – a 55% and 232% improvement, respectively. We observe single-component scintillation decay times for both Cs 2 ZnCl 4 (1.66 ns) and Cs 3 ZnCl 5 (0.82 ns) and radioluminescence emission with maximum intensity at ∼290 nm. Scalability of these materials is also evaluated based on growth of Ø22 mm crystals. Minimal cracking is observed, and the fast decay times are maintained at this size. Coincidence time resolution of 3 × 3 × 5 mm3 and 7 × 7 × 10 mm3 pixels cut from Ø22 mm Cs 2 ZnCl 4 are measured to be 148 ± 1 ps FWHM and 175 ± 1 ps FWHM, respectively. The improved performance and ability to be fabricated in large sizes now place Cs 2 ZnCl 4 and Cs 3 ZnCl 5 on the map as potential contenders for radiation detection applications where BaF 2 – the most commonly used ultrafast inorganic scintillator – is typically considered. • Single crystals of Cs 2 ZnCl 4 and Cs 3 ZnCl 5 were grown by the vertical Bridgman method. • Cs 2 ZnCl 4 had a scintillation decay time of 1.66 ns and light yield of 1980 ph/MeV at 662 keV. • Cs 3 ZnCl 5 had a scintillation decay time of 0.82 ns and light yield of 1460 ph/MeV at 662 keV. • The coincidence time resolution of Cs 2 ZnCl 4 was measured to be as good as 136 ± 2 ps FWHM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the effect of high effective atomic number (Z eff) materials loading in polystyrene based thin-film Plastic Scintillators (PS). Thin plastic scintillator sheets have been loaded with high Z materials such as BaFBr:Eu, Gd 2 O 2 S:Tb, Gd 2 O 3 , BaF 2 , CeO 2 and Bi 2 O 3. Polystyrene based PS sheets of 250 ± 50 μ m thickness have been prepared by dissolving predetermined quantities of polystyrene, 2,5-Diphenyloxazole (PPO) and 1,4-bis(5-phenyl-2-oxazolyl) benzene (POPOP) in the p-xylene solvent. High Z eff material powders of 23 μ m size are mixed in the plastic scintillator solution and coated over the cellulose acetate-based transparency sheets. The dried films are peeled off, and their photoluminescence, radioluminescence, pulse height spectrum and response to alpha, beta, gamma and neutron radiations are studied by adopting suitable methods. The high Z eff materials for loading in PS are selected based on their physical properties like refractive index, bandgap, Z eff , Photoluminescence (PL) properties. While the composite scintillator loaded with 14.3 wt% of BaFBr:Eu2+ showed significant increase compare to other high Z materials. The loading concentration has been optimized as 14.3 wt% from the BaFBr:Eu2+ studies. Most of the composite scintillators showed improvement in radioluminescence and pulse height spectra for different radiations. • Polystyrene based thin plastic scintillator have been prepared by solvent-based fabrication method. • Thin composite plastic scintillator are studied with high Z eff material loading. • High Z eff material loaded composite scintillators showed enhanced response to radiation. • BaFBr:Eu loaded composite PS has shown the best promising result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]