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This feminist research explores how superstition is used by in‐law's family to subordinate women business‐owners in a highly patriarchal developing context. Whereas the exploration of gender subordination regarding women's entrepreneurship is almost exclusively confined to developed nations, little is known regarding the way women are subjugated in managing their small businesses in a patriarchal developing nation. This research generates data by conducting a case study on a woman's business in Bangladesh. This study yields unique insights by unfolding a specific form of superstition that attempts to restrain a woman from continuing her small business. The paper reveals that the male relative caused a severe adverse impact on the personal life and business of the woman by employing superstition. With particular reference to superstition, this feminist study substantially extends the theoretical understanding of gender subordination within the context of small businesses of women in a highly patriarchal developing nation. The research strongly suggests policymakers to consider familial issues of women business‐owners in designing programmes to empower them effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With role models being seen as central for developing women as leaders, recent research has been critical of messages that contemporary elite businesswomen role models promote. But how do women actually relate to female business 'superstar' role models' messages? We argue that the implicit assumption that role models' effects may be understood through exploring exclusively the kind of messages they send is problematic. Through introducing active audience theory, specifically de Certeau's concepts of 'tactics' and 'strategy', to analyse interviews with women who read autobiographies of business celebrity role models, we identify three key tactics in which female role aspirants engage with role models' messages: tactics of confirmation, namely a selective adoption of intended messages; tactics of challenge, namely a contestation of messages; and tactics of change, through which unscripted meanings of collective consciousness and support for other women emerge. In doing so, the paper offers a novel way of theorising the influence of distant role models – as emerging from a process of co‐creation in the 'in‐between' space. We argue that theorising the role of models' influence as co‐creation allows us to systematically incorporate role aspirants' perceptions into the role‐modelling process and to further understand the unscripted and unforeseen effects of role models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the coping strategies utilized by Muslim women entrepreneurs in the country‐specific context of crises‐laden Lebanon. In so doing, we capitalize on a qualitative interpretative methodology, drawing upon in‐depth, semi‐structured interviews. We present empirical evidence detailing how women entrepreneurs utilize Muslim feminism and various Islamic practices and values as means of coping with crises situations and contexts. We also provide insights into how the doing of gender unfolds as a coping strategy enabled by Muslim feminism in the advent of adversities. Hence, we underscore the importance of approaching religion as a social construct which is performed, as opposed to treating religion as something located outside the spheres of gender and economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to determine the strategic perspective of entrepreneurship among women‐owned enterprises in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), India, in light of entrepreneurial and strategic orientations. To check the hypotheses, the authors used primary data collected from a sample of 438 women entrepreneurs of J&K. After the data collection and filtration, statistical tools like factor analyses and structural equation modeling were used. It was found that women entrepreneurs in J&K highly consider innovativeness, proactiveness, risk‐taking abilities, aggressive competitiveness, and autonomy in their enterprises. They take decisions strategically, network with their stakeholders, and exploit their resources strategically in the exhibition of strategic entrepreneurship which involves dimensions of both entrepreneurial and strategic orientations. Leadership, in all its forms, portrayed insignificant results in the present study. This study has presented that the entrepreneurship type prevalent in the region of J&K might be considered more of sustenance than innovative or any other stronger forms. Due to this reason, its contribution to the economy of the state has been insignificant so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the importance of visualization online and the gendering of entrepreneurship in contemporary neoliberal times. We investigate how understandings of entrepreneurship are shaped by online imagery. Applying visual critical methodology, we trace and analyze 248 commercial images. Our analytic work explicates the visual construction of male and female entrepreneurs, leading us to further examine appearance, (in)action, and interaction aesthetics. Through detailed visual analysis, we unpack masculinities and femininities to theorize the resulting gendering of entrepreneurial aesthetics. In doing so, we consider the role of image networks in the reproduction of neoliberal ideals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A review of the literature was conducted followed by scientometric analysis. Nominal group technique (NGT) was used to identify major barriers to the entrepreneurial intentions of women. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was then applied by taking advice from 13 experts including entrepreneurs to prioritize the barriers and finally necessary prescriptions were suggested. The purpose of this study is to identify the important terms used by earlier researchers, map the terms into various topics of barriers and finally prioritize the major barriers to the entrepreneurial intentions of women to facilitate finding necessary solutions. The findings bring to light 3 important categories of barrier and 12 sub‐barriers. Lack of self‐confidence, economic barriers, and women status and rights and were the most influential individual barrier, contextual barrier, and sociocultural barrier with a priority of 58.6, 51.1, and 54.7% in their own categories, respectively. The technique of Scientometric analysis has been less explored in the domain of barriers to entrepreneurial intentions of women and to the best of the knowledge of the authors, no earlier researcher has attempted to use the technique of scientometric analysis, NGT, and AHP in combination. The findings will help better access the prioritized barriers which need immediate attention of the policymaking bodies. Government, as well as industrial policymakers, can implement the identified counteracting practices to barriers of entrepreneurial intentions of women to obtain optimum results and smooth functioning of the companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite advances in recognizing women's influence in all spheres of life, society has not fully acknowledged women's role and influence in business. To address this gap, this review aims to map research on women's involvement in family firms (WIFF), the most common form of business entity worldwide, which appears to provide an enabling environment for women to act as leaders and entrepreneurs. First, through a systematic process, we select 225 papers identified from the Web of Science database and perform a bibliographic coupling analysis that explores the WIFF dataset with the support of clustering algorithms. The results of the review reveal five thematic clusters: (1) female entrepreneurs and family firms; (2) women in family‐firm governance; (3) family–business dynamics; (4) women in business succession; and (5) temporal and spatial dimensions of women's involvement. Second, we supplement the bibliometric analysis with a review of the literature, which enhances understanding of the research topics and theoretical perspectives adopted, helping to develop an integrative framework and formulate new research questions that support the development of this promising field of research. Thus, this review provides a robust roadmap for further investigation of key issues in the field, which can help academics, policymakers and practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper studies the impact of demographic factors on the performance of women‐owned micro‐enterprises in North India. Data were collected from 100 women entrepreneurs through self‐structured questionnaire using stratified random sampling technique. Sales turnover and net profit margin are taken as dependent variables. Multivariate regression analysis was applied to study the impact of various demographic factors. The results indicate registration status, legal ownership, nature of business, age, education, family income, size of business and employees positively affect the net profits and sales turnover of the enterprises. However, the numbers of products offered have a negative effect on the sales and net profits margin. The factors identified in this study, which have a positive impact on the net profits and sales turnover, are important in making entrepreneurial decisions that can enhance the performance and may help for economical production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article responds to increasing discourses on digital social innovation (DSI) from the perspectives of women entrepreneurs. Using the individual differences theory of gender and information technology (IDTGIT), this research explores how digital technology is used by women entrepreneurs to create opportunities in response to the challenges associated with individual identity, individual influences, social influences and structural influences. We also extend the IDTGIT by exploring how technology is used by women entrepreneurs in their DSI ventures and how technology facilitates the social impact of such ventures. This paper draws on a qualitative study using interviews with 17 women entrepreneurs in Australia, and our findings indicate that individual identity, individual influences and social and structural influences play a significant role in inhibiting women entrepreneurs' business ventures but technology helps to create opportunities for women entrepreneurs to address these factors. We also found that technology plays a role in helping women entrepreneurs to pursue social innovation in two different ways: through social innovation that is embodied by technology and social innovation that is enabled by technology. Our findings further indicate the social impact of DSI in the areas of education, employment, environment and climate, community development and progress and healthcare. The theoretical and practical implications of DSI for women entrepreneurs are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By approaching innovation from a feminist perspective, "innovation blind spots" can be identified and overcome (Pecis & Berglund, 2021), and the diversity of women entrepreneurs' experiences with innovation can be discovered. For instance, there is a paucity of research examining how innovation inspires women to start businesses, how women entrepreneurs respond to new innovations by competitors, and how they start and scale innovations in the marketplace. Entrepreneurship and innovation are social and relational processes that occur in diverse contexts involving multiple stakeholders. Gendered norms, attitudes, and values shape and inform female entrepreneurs' innovative behavior with respect to their motivation, innovation processes, and innovation outcomes (Pecis & Berglund, 2021). [Extracted from the article]

The USD6 billion Western and Central Pacific Ocean (WCPO) tuna fisheries produce over half the world's tuna and are important for coastal countries. Tuna fisheries policy, management and research currently focus on fisheries resources and industrial fishing on offshore vessels with all male crews, although women, as much as men, are employed in tuna processing and trading in domestic, informal and export value chains. We apply a gender lens to four WCPO case‐study tuna industries: Suva and Levuka in Fiji, Bitung in Indonesia, General Santos City in the Philippines and Western Province including Noro in Solomon Islands. The gender divisions of labour, livelihood opportunities and social impacts vary greatly across the value chain nodes, depending on the size, quantity and quality of fish handled, and the scale of operations. The gender lens also reveals the social impacts of fishing when husbands/fathers/sons are killed or injured, absent for long periods and engage in sex, drugs and alcohol behaviours in port. Despite the centrality of women in tuna industries, and the gendered social impacts, regional and national policies largely omit gender. The tuna discourse should be broadened from that of male‐dominated industrial fishing to whole of value chains including domestic and informal enterprises in which women are equally involved. Progress on gender equity needs collaboration by multiple stakeholders including industrial firms employing people in factories, offices and on fishing vessels, regional bodies and national governments responsible for policy, monitoring and regulation, and research agencies to build knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Gaps in gender‐based equity persist in academic otolaryngology. Here we present a needs‐based assessment of otolaryngology faculty and trainees regarding facilitators and barriers to professional satisfaction and career development in academic medicine. Methods: A qualitative study of otolaryngology faculty, trainees, and administrators who identify as women at an academic tertiary care center was performed from 2020 to 2021 using focus groups and semi‐structured interviews. Five confidential, virtual focus group sessions moderated by a third‐party executive coach were audio‐taped, transcribed, and reviewed for thematic content. Results: Of 48 women invited, 77% participated (18 faculty/administrative leaders, 10 residents/fellows, 4 audiologists). Participants noted direct patient care, support from colleagues who identify as women, and the transition to virtual meetings as facilitators of current professional satisfaction. Five themes emerged as barriers to workplace satisfaction and career development including (1) limited professional schedule flexibility, (2) competing commitments such as childcare exacerbated by pandemic, (3) lack of visible departmental leadership who identify as women, (4) perceived lack of organic sponsorship within subspecialty divisions, and (5) frequent identity‐associated microaggressions from patients and staff outside the department. Strategies identified for improving gender‐based equity included (1) promoting department‐wide awareness of workplace gender‐based differences, (2) implicit bias training within established programming such as grand rounds conferences, and (3) novel faculty programming such as leadership development training and formal junior faculty mentorship. Conclusion: Confidential needs‐based assessment of otolaryngology faculty and trainees identified both persistent gaps and strategies to enhance recruitment, support career development, and grow professional satisfaction of women within academic otolaryngology. Level of Evidence: 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of the distinct experience of women entrepreneurs in non‐Western settings are rare. Extant studies of women's entrepreneurship focus, almost exclusively, on developed Western economies and tend to underplay the role of the family, which has become unnaturally separated from entrepreneurship research. Based on a structured literature review, this article advances the understanding of how family related issues shape women's gendered experience as entrepreneurs in developing countries. It addresses the diversity of experiences of women entrepreneurs, and discusses both the positive and negative aspects of familial issues, as well as some broader contextual features related to the family. It offers an agenda for future research on this topic, and provides a useful guide for policy makers and practitioners intending to facilitate women's entrepreneurship in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ethos (00912131) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on the Asia-Pacific Economic History Review and its special issue, which covers a range of topics in Chinese economic history. The topics include state censorship during 1644-1790, marital fertility over three centuries, the transmission of wood-block carving and printing skills across generations, the long-term impact of administrative arrangements north and south of the Great Wall, and informal networks facilitating trust.

This work explores the processes of sexual violence and its consequences, within an organizational context through a detailed examination of a professional woman's experience. By centralizing Sofia's lived experiences, we demonstrate how acts of institutional betrayal occur when an organization protects a perpetrator and silences and further traumatizes a victim/survivor. Outwardly this organization purports to champion gender equality, but inwardly they reflect the values and misogynistic norms present in parts of the Australian culture. We lay bare the multiple ways inequity regimes intersect with the disadvantage experienced by Sofia as a junior employee, a migrant, and a woman. We detail and account for Sofia's story through a process of listening deeply and writing differently to illustrate how sexual harassment in the workplace is not confined to a victim/survivor‐perpetrator dichotomy but is embedded within organizational structures, policies, processes, and employees themselves. We explore how power relations silenced both victim/survivors and bystanders who spoke out and failed to disrupt the status quo or hold the organization to its purported gender equality values. We describe Sofia's battle for justice within this organization and provide a conceptual framework that highlights how reluctant acquiescence is shaped and how systematic silence and silencing of victim/survivors was maintained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is about personal reflections of an immigrant, Muslim, Pakistani, middle class, minority woman working in a business school in Canada who receives an invitation to a White dinner. She writes of experiencing emotional labor and esthetic labor; tensions based on gender, religion, class, age, and culture; skepticism against belonging and otherness—and the space in between; along with her consciousness of being under the disciplinary gaze of her own community members. She feels suspended between strength and vulnerability, resorting to reflective writing for sense‐making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to explore the rhizomatic nature of the professional development strategies used by the female workforce of public cultural organizations. The research problem of this study are (1) the challenges of women who work in public cultural organizations and (2) ways of dealing with them by women. The empirical material was collected between January 2021 and January 2022 through 20 in‐depth interviews with female managers of public cultural organizations in Poland. The findings are presented in three sections: (1) specificity of work in culture, (2) twists and configurations on the way to grow, and (3) communities. In this way, it was possible to capture the specific strategies used by the female workforce for the development of their professional paths. To illustrate the complexity of these strategies, the concept of Rhizome—a root structure that grows in unpredictable and manifold directions—developed by Deleuze and Guattari was used. It also highlighted the fact that the professional development strategies used by women develop in a strong relationship with their environment and constantly evolve according to the needs of the women who decide to undertake them. The results of the research illustrate the impact of the far‐reaching gendered nature of work in cultural organizations on the professional development of women in this sector. Moreover, this reveals that to achieve their professional ambitions, women in cultural organizations co‐create complex informal organizational constructs, rhizome‐like in structure, which help women cope with the challenges that arise along their professional paths. These findings contribute to the theory of gendered organizations and the knowledge of gender inequality in cultural organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we take inspiration from the evolution of the material use of glass to explore how the metaphorical use of glass could be developed to understand the emerging struggles of women in architecture. Drawing on semi‐structured interviews of architects employed in professional service firms, we suggest that the multi‐faceted nature of glass helped us to identify and understand the complex experiences of inequality for women in architecture. In so doing, we make three contributions to scholarship on gender, work, and organizations. First, we demonstrate how glass barriers were truly material in their consequences for senior women, as they prevented their rise or initiated their decline. A focus on glass barriers, however, did not fully account for the experiences of younger women in these firms. Surprisingly, and in stark contrast to the "boys club world" that left many senior women in architecture with a fractured sense of self as they struggled to construct self‐affirming identities as both women and architects, we found that the exclusive use of new technologies enabled younger women architects to melt some aspects of the traditional identity and turn them into new forms. Our conceptualization of "technologies of glass" draws attention to the social, cultural, and technological resources that younger women deploy to construct a strong professional identity in the changing world of architecture. We argue that glass can be understood not just as a constraint but as a multifaceted material with limitless possibilities for design. Thus, by highlighting the material‐symbolic entanglements of the use of glass, we strengthen and refresh the metaphor of glass, to better understand the fluidity of contemporary challenges facing professional women at work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the impact of the underlying assumptions in the regulatory environments of two national contexts, Turkey and the Netherlands, on the entrepreneurship of Turkish women. It uses discourses on gender, ethnicity and entrepreneurship. The results indicate that these regulatory environments are immersed with male gendering ideology and give a secondary position to women and migrant entrepreneurs. Accordingly, women and migrant entrepreneurs are confined by the support provided to them by both governmental and non‐governmental organizations. Turkish women entrepreneurs are restricted in networking; access to institutions; and funding by the programmes, initiatives or regulations that their enterprises receive support from. This study contributes to existing literature on migrant and women entrepreneurship by discursively analysing underlying assumptions regarding these groups in two different national contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1996, the feminist economic geographers Katherine Gibson and Julie Graham published I The End of Capitalism (As We Knew it): A Feminist Critique of Political Economy i (Gibson-Graham, [17]). 29 Jonas, A. (2013) 'Interrogating Alternative Local and Regional Economies: The British Credit Union Movement and Post-binary Thinking', in H.M. Zademach and S. Hillebrand (eds) Alternative Economies and Spaces: New Perspectives for a Sustainable Economy, pp. 23 - 42. Other authors (e.g. Elson, [[6]]) argue that capitalism depends for its reproduction on the unpaid work of the domestic economy to sustain the political and economic spheres, which in turn generate the resources that sustain the capitalist economy. Radical political economy scholars have examined these different economies within capitalism but based on the assumptions that they are subordinate subsystems of the capitalist economy, which sustains them to secure its own survival, and that they lack autonomy as alternative economic projects (Jonas, [30]). [Extracted from the article]

Considering the Afghan evacuation of 2021 and its aftermath, this article suggests the term 'brain save' to characterise emerging protection discourses and practices concerning the resettlement of skilled women refugees. Resettlement has traditionally focused on women as vulnerable because of their gender. Drawing on examples of the evacuation and prospective resettlement of Afghan women professionals, the article develops the analytic concept of brain save to label these discourses and practices. Unlike 'brain drain', brain save challenges established politics of vulnerability and has progressive potential for resettlement as a durable solution. However, it also implies problematic prioritisation of particular resettlement candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every society's future lies in its youth, which can be considered a critical milestone for a nation's sociopolitical development. This research examines the young population attempting to identify and explores the students' perceptions about migration, their postulates, and the reasoning why so many students ultimately choose to emigrate. Data were collected in a questionnaire survey of 206 randomly selected students from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Some different multivariate analyses were performed to test the hypotheses. Other results were further discussed. Results show that the country's legal framework is a key reason for the prevailing poor living standard. This has resulted in a large number of youths leaving the country. Overall, both the legal framework (for both young entrepreneurs and women) and the overall standard of living (quality of life, well‐being, salary, retirement, and education) are correlated with people choosing to emigrate. Furthermore, theoretical and practical implications are discussed. As far as we know, this is the first empirical study on this particular region that investigates the youth migration trends considered an important milestone for human capital development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dialectics of information and communication technologies (ICTs) entail their potential in fostering digital dividends and fomenting digital exclusion. Based on 165 personal interviews with women entrepreneurs of MSMEs in the Ganjam and Gajapati districts of the state of Odisha in India, this study considers the opportunities and challenges regarding the access and use of ICTs. The primary intent of the study is to explore the participants' views on the diversity of ICT use, the relevance of these technologies for their businesses, and the challenges they face while using the digital technologies. Deploying Amartya Sen's Capability Approach (CA) as the primary theoretical lens, this study documents the popularity of "new ICTs" among the respondents, the constraints they face in performing digital transactions, their views on digital exclusion, and the impact of local factors (language barriers and institutional support) on their digital appropriation. Based on these findings, the study emphasises the need for increased availability of business‐relevant content on ICT platforms, incorporation of ICT training in ongoing programmes, and explores ways of overcoming the language barriers and promoting effective use of digital payment applications. This study aims at enhancing the ICT‐related capability sets of women entrepreneurs in the underdeveloped sub‐regions of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Summary: In this study, we advance novel understandings of strategies that marginalized entrepreneurs use to overcome institutional bias and mobilize crucial resources. Using grounded theory, we analyzed qualitative interview data from 97 women entrepreneurs across Iran, India, and the United States to understand the source and nature of the institutional constraints they faced, the strategies they used to overcome these constraints, and the agency and legitimacy that ensued as a result. We found that marginalized entrepreneurs engaged in three focal strategies: family transmutation, ally activation, and enabler cooptation. We propose that these strategies enhance marginalized entrepreneurs' likelihood of securing needed resources, but with different consequences for their agency and legitimacy. We offer several contributions to entrepreneurial resource mobilization and institutional literatures. Managerial Summary: This study explores how marginalized entrepreneurs gain agency, legitimacy, and other resources in the face of institutional biases. Our findings from interviews with 97 women entrepreneurs in Iran, India, and the United States show that when marginalized entrepreneurs face biases from their families, they can use a family transmutation strategy to gain family support and enhance their agency and legitimacy. Furthermore, marginalized entrepreneurs who encounter constraints from non‐family members can use an ally activation strategy to alleviate these constraints and enhance their agency and legitimacy. Finally, we found that in the face of self‐constraints that marginalized entrepreneurs impose on themselves, the use of an enabler cooptation strategy may have an adverse effect on their agency and legitimacy, even though it may facilitate their temporary resource access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine how female migrant entrepreneurs overturn disadvantage through social resourcing. We argue they are disadvantaged by the intersectionality of their identities; that social constructions and ensuing entrepreneurial expectations are a poor fit with their ascribed identity, that they are marginalised by their 'otherness'. However, entrepreneurship is not only socially situated, but also socially enacted. We studied their entrepreneurial social enactment and found they had used agency to mobilise their identity. The shared identity of marginality as cultural strangers fostered a sense of togetherness as social capital. In turn, this produced group social responsibility, a socialised obligation to help each other. The entrepreneurs used this intangible resource to first establish their businesses then as a platform for wider engagements. We found that when the entrepreneurial self became superimposed on intersectional identity, disadvantage almost disappeared. Respondents reported confidence in themselves through their entrepreneurial achievement, paradoxically empowered by a negative social identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent debates-like agenda 2030-emphasize that women are not just the potential beneficiaries of the sustainable development goals (SDGs), yet they are also active change agents in achieving them. This study used non-parametric techniques to investigate and compare the impact of three entrepreneur-supporting interventions-interest-free start-up credit, skill-development short courses, and information and communication technologies (ICTs) use-in lowering the impediments defying women entrepreneurs in Punjab-Pakistan. We identified 33 barriers and three groups of respondents based on intervention(s) availed. Mean score ranking analysis reveals 25 out of 33 barriers as critical in affecting women entrepreneurs in category one, whereas women entrepreneurs in category two and three are found to face 20 and 14 critical barriers, respectively. Furthermore, we used factor analysis to group these 25 critical barriers into five principal groups: (1) business management & marketing barriers, (2) gender & social barriers, (3) client and customer-related barriers, (4) public policy and governance barriers, and (5) innovation & knowledge-management barriers. Moreover, the study advances a comprehensive understanding of underlying grouped barriers to devise coherent plans and collaborative actions-involving local institutions, stakeholders, academia, and industry-for containing these snags and to better harvest the impacts of development initiatives. The study extends the existing literature on techno-economic disclosure, digital transformation and entrepreneurship, and sustainable knowledge management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An equitable distribution of economic benefits from the recent growth of e‐commerce in Pakistan requires inclusive adoption of formal digital marketplaces. The available literature and focused discussions reveal that most women‐led businesses rely on informal e‐commerce managed through social media applications and have incomplete and often incorrect information on the benefits and choices related to the formal platforms. To inform and motivate women‐led micro, small and medium enterprises, this study deploys an information treatment through a randomised control trial of 300 women entrepreneurs in large urban centres of Pakistan. Results show that women entrepreneurs were responsive to the information, as the treated businesses were 10 percentage points more likely to opt for formal e‐commerce than the control group. The study is policy relevant as the methodology allows simple and inexpensive replication to scale up the treatment for better business growth for women entrepreneurs in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines whether internet usage among micro and small enterprises (MSEs) could influence household membersʼ use of the internet in terms of intensity as well as usage for productive activities. Using longitudinal data from MSEs in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, covering the period before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic, the study finds that more intensive use of the internet by female entrepreneurs is positively associated with at least an 8 percentage‐point higher probability of internet use for school‐related purposes by household members. Findings from qualitative analysis indicate that female entrepreneurs who are intensive users of the internet are more effective in persuading their household members to accept use of the internet especially for purposes related to their domain of responsibilities, such as childrenʼs education. We argue that policymakers should focus on improving digital literacy among female entrepreneurs as an affirmative action policy to ensure they can enjoy the maximum benefits that digitalisation has to offer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Summary: Microfinance funds are often diverted to non‐business usage, which defeats the purpose of microfinancing. Our study adopts boundary theory along with role commitment to investigate how microfinance recipients' integration of work–family roles affects microfinance diversion. We also examine the impact of family involvement and socially imposed gender role differences in microfinance diversion. We analyze data from an 11‐wave survey in which grants were provided to microenterprise owners in Sri Lanka. Our findings indicate that work–family role integration and lower owner role commitment engender more microfinance diversion. In addition, family involvement weakens the effect of role commitment on microfinance diversion while gender influences microfinance diversion, depending on the nature of the duties within the family role. Managerial Summary Why would microfinance recipients divert funds from investing in their own business when such a diversion would make it more difficult for them to escape poverty? Using data from surveys in Sri Lanka, we find that in order to prevent microfinance diversion, it is important for microenterprise owners to draw a clear boundary between their work and family roles, while also being committed to their role as a microenterprise owners. In addition, owners should be cautious about involving family members in their businesses. We also find that patriarchal values for gender roles in the society may impact microfinance diversion. Specifically, compared to men, women entrepreneurs who feel more of a burden from household chores and childcare roles tend to divert more funds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of businesses to adapt effectively to climate change is highly influenced by the external business enabling environment. Constraints to adaptive capacity are experienced by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) across sub‐Saharan Africa, regardless of the gender of the business owner. However, gender is a critical social cleavage through which differences in adaptive capacity manifest and in Africa most entrepreneurs are women. We conduct a systematic review to synthesize existing knowledge on differential vulnerability of female entrepreneurs in Africa to climate risk, in relation to their sensitivity to extreme climate events and their adaptive capacity. We synthesize this literature using a vulnerability analysis approach that situates vulnerability and adaptive capacity within the context of the wider climate risk framework denoted in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. In doing so, we identify gendered barriers and enablers to private sector adaptation and suggest women entrepreneurs face a "triple differential vulnerability" to climate change, wherein they: (1) are often more sensitive to climate risk, as a result of their concentration in certain sectors and types of enterprises (e.g., micro SMEs in the agricultural sector in remote regions); (2) face additional barriers to adaptation in the business environment, including access to finance, technologies, (climate and adaptation) information and supportive policies; and (3) are also often concurrently on the frontline of managing climate risk at household levels. Since various forms of inequality often create compounding experiences of discrimination and vulnerability, we pay particular attention to how factors of differential vulnerability intersect, amplify, and reproduce. This article is categorized under:Climate and Development > Social Justice and the Politics of DevelopmentVulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Institutions for Adaptation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Summary: Although reward‐based crowdfunding is lauded for its promise to democratize funding for innovation, claiming innovation in campaign texts has an ambiguous link to crowdfunding performance. We draw from Expectancy Violations Theory (EVT) and, in a field study of 2,185 Kickstarter campaigns, find that innovation claims yield better fundraising performance for women than men, particularly in male‐stereotyped categories. An experiment did not identify the expected indirect effects of innovation claims on crowdfunding performance through ability trustworthiness. However, it revealed that women are perceived as more able when launching campaigns in male‐stereotyped categories, suggesting that EVT and ability perceptions may still play an important but unhypothesized role. We extend research on the role of gender in crowdfunding and strategic entrepreneurship and make several suggestions for future research. Managerial Summary: The value of making innovation claims in reward‐based crowdfunding is ambiguous, creating an unclear picture of how entrepreneurs should present new products on these platforms. In a field study of 2,185 Kickstarter campaigns, we show that female entrepreneurs benefit more from making innovation claims than their male peers, especially in male‐dominated categories. While we suggested that these effects occur due to differences in backers' perceptions of the entrepreneur's ability, this mechanism was not supported in an experiment. However, we found that women are perceived as more able when launching crowdfunding campaigns in male‐dominated industry categories. Taken together, our research suggests that in reward‐based crowdfunding, women might benefit from violating gender expectations when backers view these violations as either positive or ambiguous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Summary: This study investigates whether there is a gender gap in the sale of patents by entrepreneurs and examines whether the personal wealth of female entrepreneurs can compensate for it. Using a sample of 107,697 independent inventors, we overcome the empirical challenge of measuring wealth through a novel approach that leverages Zillow data. We find strong evidence of a gender gap in patent sales, and find it poses a cruel irony for female entrepreneurs. While greater wealth of female entrepreneurs improves their likelihood of patent sale, increasing wealth simultaneously expands the gender gap, making female entrepreneurs increasingly worse off relative to male entrepreneurs except at high affluence. These results underscore the complexity of the challenges facing female entrepreneurs seeking to commercialize using patent sales. Managerial Summary: Are female entrepreneurs disadvantaged in monetizing their inventions, relative to male entrepreneurs? Our study, which examines invention commercialization through selling patents, suggests the answer is yes. We begin by evidencing the gender gap in patent sales, showing that female inventors are 41.7% less likely to sell a patent than male inventors. We then investigate whether an entrepreneur′s personal wealth—a financial asset that also represents valuable intangible resources like network connections and competency signals—can help to close it. We find that wealth is a double‐edged sword. Although greater wealth of female entrepreneurs improves their likelihood of patent sale, it can concurrently widen the gap, making them increasingly worse off versus male entrepreneurs. We offer concrete recommendations for closing the gender gap in patent sales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Female entrepreneurs in rural America are rarely studied, despite local economic context likely shaping their (self‐) employment choices. Development literature suggests entrepreneurship is most prevalent at the lowest and highest income levels, creating a U‐shaped relationship between economic development measured with per capita income on the x‐axis and the entrepreneurship rate (startups) on the y‐axis. At the county level in the United States, we find that female‐led startup rates vary with per capita income in the predicted U‐shape. Results provide support for place‐based entrepreneurship policy and highlight challenges women face while trying to contribute to the rural economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, entrepreneurship has become a guiding principle of the thinkable, not just in economy, but also justice. Boosting entrepreneurship among women is a manifestation of this project, which a‐problematically links the call for equality with the activation of the economy. The standpoint usually taken in scientific and political debates assumes that, in the case of women, there is an incompatibility between gender norms and entrepreneurial subjectivity. Considering the performative nature of knowledge production, this article analyses how gender is (un)done through the problematization of women's entrepreneurial subjectivity by expert knowledge. To do so, it reviews a sample of the scientific literature of the past 10 years focused on the complex relations in place throughout these regulatory spaces. The authors identify three types of approaches (women facing entrepreneurship, the gender of entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurship of gender) and discuss the prevailing normative assumptions, as well as the political implications, through a gender and feminist lens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human development cannot occur without women's empowerment. Particularly in marginalized contexts lacking equal treatment between women and men, women's empowerment is conditioned upon their control of financial resources and activities outside their households' tasks, such as entrepreneurial activities. Such contexts have been experiencing the escalation of microfinance schemes of which women have been the main target group. While scholars generally agree on the opportunities that microcredit represents for microentrepreneurial activities, its effective impact on women entrepreneurship, and hence their empowerment, show contrasting results. We aim to contribute to this debate by conducting in‐depth semi‐structured interviews with female members of the group lending model of the microfinance institutions in Uttar Pradesh, northern India. The thematic questions of the interviews address, particularly, the social resources (social capital) and economic conditions underpinning the process of empowerment among women's members of peer‐group lending schemes. We find that social capital plays a crucial role for peer‐group lending to be successful in accessing financial resources and loan repayment. However, we detect the presence of empowerment only where a woman uses the outcome of these social capital resources to pursue her entrepreneurial activities and self‐determined goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the motives, challenges, and perspectives of women minority‐ in Kosovo, emphasizing the pharmacy sector. The aim is to identify women minorities' motives for entrepreneurship and challenges. A qualitative methodology is applied to the interviews of ten ethnic Turkish women entrepreneurs. The interview questions focus on their motives, moral and financial support, work–life balance, and other related issues. Findings show many challenges associated with minority women entrepreneurs related to the imbalance of life and work and the lack of government support as a form of facilitation for entrepreneurship. This study fills the gap in theoretical knowledge about women minority entrepreneurs by addressing motivations and challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We measure the impact of an edutainment television programme specifically designed to promote entrepreneurship among young adult viewers in Egypt. We implemented a randomized controlled trial following a non‐symmetric encouragement design and using cheap scalable incentives to measure the impact of the intervention. While the impact of the show appears otherwise more limited, we find that the good performance of female contestants improved viewers'—in particular, men's—general perceptions of female entrepreneurs. However, despite the apparent difficulties faced by women in setting up a business, the show also led viewers to think that discrimination against women was not as important as they had previously believed, highlighting the possible distorting effect of media content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Private lodging', the letting of a room/rooms in their home by a resident householder, was widespread in Britain's Georgian towns and cities. Contemporary fiction, drama, prints and life‐writing reveal how observers and lodgers often took harsh, gendered attitudes to landladies. They were too attractive, or conversely too ugly, garrulous, mercenary. Lodgers, especially men, often expected a level of service that went beyond a commercial rental agreement: emotional support, company and nursing care, for example. This article uses a range of sources to examine these attitudes and then, reading between the lines, capture the viewpoint of the largely silent Georgian landlady. It uncovers a commercial market‐place of lodging in which middling‐sort women were routinely and skilfully engaged in paid work in the home beyond the provisioning and care of the affective nuclear family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on information from a large sample of German researchers and using business ownership and nascent entrepreneurship as alternative indicators of academic entrepreneurship, we use mediation analysis to analyze the direct effects of researchers' entrepreneurship attitudes, age, gender, and citizenship as well as the related indirect influences. Industrial cooperation, industry consulting, and patenting are used as alternative mediator variables. Focusing first on the overall drivers of academic entrepreneurship, the results show differences in the drivers of business ownership and nascent entrepreneurship. With regard to age, we find positive and significant indirect effects; they are negative for females; and positive for German citizens. The identification of direct and indirect channels of influence on academic entrepreneurship is the main contribution of this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of spirituality in management is of growing interest, not least because it is closely related to business ethics, and, thus, how businesses treat customers and employees. The topic, however, still needs some conceptual development, as well as empirical research, especially outside Western, Christian contexts. This qualitative research examines spirituality among women small business owners in Thailand. These women follow Kuan Im bodhisattva, a Buddhist role model teaching compassion and morality. In Jackson's terminology, this is an example of an Eastern, practice-oriented approach to ethics rather than (in his view) the somewhat theoretical wisdom-oriented approach common in the West. The nature of their spirituality and their treatment of customers and employees maps strongly to a servant leadership style. Servant leadership has occasionally been proposed as the style most closely associated with spirituality. In this context, it seems to be thoroughly intertwined, and highly concerned with ethical treatment of others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]