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This study aims to develop a chitosan-zinc oxide nano-adsorbent-coated sand (CZOCS) filter bed for getting rid of milk processing industry wastewater (MPIW) in a safe way. Chitosan zinc oxide nano-adsorbent (CZnO) of 88.35 ± 2.89 d.nm size was used to coat naturally available sand through a calcination process at 200 °C for a heating rate of 5 °C/min. The characteristics of the diffraction peaks and functional groups are attributed to the nature of CZnO loading on the sand surface. The increase in breakthrough and exhaustion times is caused by the biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of influent having more time to interact with the adsorbent as bed height increases, resulting in higher reduction efficiencies. Lower bed heights (10 cm) which saturate faster than higher bed heights (40 cm) result in a shorter mass transfer time. Adsorption capacity at the 95% column exhaustion point increased from 611.04 to 1089.63 mg/g for BOD and from 4512.29 to 5600.81 mg/g for COD. Different kinds of kinetic models have been used to forecast breakthrough curves employing experimental data. Statistical and error function parameters were used to choose the best-fit model. Among the models investigated, the Thomas model was shown to be the best-fit with the highest R-square values of 0.9942 and 0.9939. The CZOCS has high reusability and could be used for up to six cycles of organic pollutant adsorption. Aside from that, novel CZOCS could be used to clean real MPIW, and making it one of the most promising adsorbents.

Milk-processing industry effluent (MPIE) poses severe problems for aquatic and environmental systems, especially in the South Asian region. Therefore, its treatment is of great interest. This study deals with the investigation of chitosan titanium dioxide nanoadsorbent (CTiO

Development process of rice analogues by utilising the broken rice (BRF) and broken pigeonpea dhal (BPDF) flours together with water and sodium alginate as binding agent through extrusion was carried out. Two variable viz

Aim: To investigate the effect of operational parameters on the adsorption of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) on to Chitosan zinc oxide (CZnO) nanoadsorbent using cost-effective and eco-friendly nanoadsorbent based effluent treatment processes. Methodology: CZnO nanoadsorbent particle was synthesized using chemical precipitation method. The nano size

In the present investigation, a hybrid solar tunnel dryer was developed realizing the demand for large capacity commercial units utilizing different energy sources for better moisture removal. A 5000 kg solar tunnel dryer was developed for dehydration of grapes by utilizing solar energy, electrical and diesel generator for improving the drying process. The dimensions of the developed large capacity dryer were 28.0 m length, 5.8 m width and 2.1 m height with four shelves having four layers in each shelf for loading 5000 kg of grapes. The dryer was provided with electric heating system (2.41 kWh) energy to supplement heat during night and cloudy days. The air flow rate of blower was calculated as 1090 m3/min for removal of moist air from the dryer. The performance evaluation of the dryer at full load condition recorded the drying time of 124 hours (5 days) for drying the grapes from 329.18 to 25.63% moisture content (d.b.) at an average drying temperature of 40oC. The average drying rate was 0.03 kg/h/kg of dry matter. The quality characteristics viz., TSS, acidity, water activity and reducing sugars were recorded to be 55-58obrix, 1.9%, 0.51 and 63.8%, respectively. The colour values (L*, a* and b*) of the dried grapes were 38.14, 15.56 and 28.60, respectively representing bright greenish colour. KEYWORDS: Solar drying, large capacity solar dryer, Hybrid dryer, Grape drying

Sustainable wastewater management in an industry is required to avoid widespread water scarcity problems. In this study, chitosan zinc oxide nano-adsorbent was synthesised and obtained a particle size of 88.35 ± 2.89 d. nm. Superadsorbent was developed by coating Chitosan-zinc oxide nanoadsorbent (CZnO) with sand, and characterised by considering its adsorption properties as well as its surface morphology, crystallinity, and functional groups. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to optimise the process parameters such as CZnO coating dosage, contact time, pH, and initial concentration of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Adsorbent efficiency was studied in treating simulated and real milk processing industry wastewater. The percent reduction efficiency of organic pollutants was found to increase with the increase in contact time and coating dosage of CZnO. Adsorption was rapid and occurred within 140 min with different coating dosages. The percent reduction of BOD and COD increased with an increase in pH. The optimum solution pH for adsorption of both the pollutants from synthetic solution was 6.0. The equilibrium concentration of synthetic solution reached 200 mg/L and 250 mg/L for both pollutants. Four regeneration cycles were applied without compromising the adsorption efficiency of the superadsorbent. The performance of the superadsorbent was compared with previous studies, and it was found to have excellent adsorption efficiency. Hence, chitosan zinc-oxide nano-adsorbent coated sand could be used as a promising superadsorbent for the removal of organic load from milk processing industry wastewater.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of three enzymes viz., pectinase, xylanase and cellulase on textural and rheological properties of TS-3R and GRG-811 pigeonpea varieties. The pigeonpea was treated with all the three enzymes for 30, 40 and 50 mg/100g of enzyme concentration for 6, 9 and 12h at 45, 50 and 55ºC. The optimized conditions according to the response surface methodology were 40 mg/100g of enzyme concentration for 50 ºC of incubation temperature at 9.23h of incubation time. As a result of the enzymatic pretreatment of TS-3R and GRG-811 under optimized conditions, textural properties the hardness decreased and adhesiveness increased with increase in enzyme concentration, incubation temperature and incubation time, the hardness ranged from 15.91 to 37.48N and 13.88 to 47.89N, adhesiveness ranged from 0.036 to 0.206 N×mm and 0.51 to 0.21 N×mm of TS-3R and GRG-811 varieties, respectively. In rheological properties the peak viscosity increased, pasting temperature increased and final viscosity increased with increase enzyme concentration, incubation temperature and incubation time, the peak viscosity ranged from 1475.00 to 3701.00 cP and 1372.00 to 5871.00 cP, pasting temperature ranged from 75.28 to 81.97 ºC and 73.80 to 81.73 ºC and final viscosity ranged from 1649.00 to 4871.00 cP and 1507.00 to 5436.00 cP of TS-3R and GRG-811 varieties, respectively.

The milk processing industry produces a large amount of effluent that contains a lot of organic contaminants. Effluents, if improperly disposed of, can have serious environmental and public health consequences. The goal of this study is to create chitosan-zinc oxide nano-adsorbent coated sand (CZOCS) for getting rid of milk processing industry wastewater (MPIW) in a safe way. The developed adsorbent was characterised, and the presence of a zinc coating on the sand surface was confirmed. The goal of this study was to reduce organic contaminants in MPIW. There has been no evidence of CZOCS being used for industrial wastewater treatment to date. The effectiveness of the adsorbent and the performance of the column were examined using column adsorption experiments. The influence of filtration time and height of the bed on breakthrough curves was also investigated. Different kinds of kinetic models have been used to forecast breakthrough curves employing experimental data. Statistical and error function parameters were used to choose the best model. Among these models, the Thomas model was shown to be the best fit. Breakthrough and exhaustion times were shown to be higher as the bed height increased. The CZOCS has high reusability and could be used for up to six cycles of organic pollutant adsorption. Aside from that, novel CZOCS was used to clean real MPIW, making it one of the most promising adsorbents.

The objective of the study is to evaluate the four new guar varieties (GAUG13, HG563, RGC986 and HG884) to study their chemical composition and physical properties. Samples were collected from the experimental farm, University of agricultural sciences Raichur. Proximate composition, Thousand seed weight, length, width, thickness, geometrical mean diameter, sphericity, bulk density, true density, co-efficient of external friction, co-efficient of internal friction, angle of repose and terminal velocity were carried out for the guar seeds. Result obtained showed that verity HG-365 had a highest content of Ash (7.26 %), Fat (10.16%), Fiber (16.40) and Protein (51.95). Significantly highest value of moisture content (12.55%) and carbohydrates (20.53%) found in the varieties HG-884 and RGC-986. The verity GAUG13 found highest value of length (3.81 mm), thickness (3.74 mm) and geometrical mean diameter (3.62 mm). HG563 found highest value of width (3.47 mm), sphericity (0.98%) and Terminal velocity (4.81 m/s). RGC986 found highest value of co-efficient of external friction (0.77). HG884 found highest value of thousand seed weight (35.21 g), bulk density (1.24 g/cm3), true density (2.42 g/cm3), co-efficient of internal friction (0.77) and angle of repose (30.37 o).

This study aimed to screen the bioactive compounds from Prosopis juliflora leaf supercritical fluid extractand to assess its antimicrobial properties. Supercritical fluid CO2 and Soxhlet methods were used for extraction. The extract was subjected to GCMS and FTIR for the qualitative screening of the bioactive compounds.GCMS screening revealed that supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) eluted a greater number of compounds (35) compared to soxhlet extraction (20). Prosopis juliflora leaf SFE extract showed strong antifungal properties against Rhizoctonia bataticola, Alternaria alternata, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides with 94.07 percent, 93.15 per cent, and 92.43 per cent, respectivelywhere as extract obtained from Soxhlet registered 55.31,75.63and45.13 percent respectively.Resultsobtained from GCMS/MS screening revealed that supercritical fluid extraction is more effective than soxhlet extraction. Prosopis juliflora may provide antifungal agents, probably a novel inhibitory metabolite and a natural fungicide.

Osmotic dehydration of aonla fruit was carried out to determine the Influence of osmotic solution and method of drying on the quality of aonla fruit. The destined aonla fruits with and without blanching were immersed in the mixture of salt and sugar solution. The salt concentration of the osmotic solution was kept constant (100 g) and the sugar concentrations were varied to bring the concentrations to 35, 45 and 55°B maintaining a fruit to syrup ratio of 1:3 by weight. The observations were recorded to study the influence of osmotic solution and time on water loss and solid gain. The subsequent drying was carried in hot air and vacuum driers at 50±5°C to a safe storage moisture level of 0.35 kg of water per kg of dry matter. The results showed the maximum water loss of 48.55% recorded for blanched fruit osmosed at 55°B and the minimum (27.61%) in unblanched fruit osmosed at 35°B. The solid gain was observed to be maximum (23.4%) in the blanched fruit compared to unblanched fruit (9.94%) at respective concentrations. Subsequent drying showed that drying was in falling rate and time taken was higher for untreated compared to treated. The blanching and method of drying had a significant effect on the quality of fruit. Colour was found better (Bright greenish-yellow) in blanched vacuum dried fruit followed by unblanched vacuum dried. The maximum amount of ascorbic acid was noticed in the freshly vacuum dried fruit (1780.2 mg/100 g) compared to osmosed fruits (534.8 to 1369.6 mg/100 g). Total sugar was found maximum in the osmosed vacuum dried fruit (82.2%) fruit compared to fresh once (24.6%) but the drying method had no significant effect on the retention of sugars. The mean scores for sensory showed that overall acceptability was higher for blanched vacuum dried fruit followed by unblanched vacuum dried fruits.

The osmotic dehydration of aonla fruit was carried out to optimize the time of the osmosis in the mixed solution of sugar and salt at the room temperature. The destined aonla fruits with and without blanching were immersed in the mixture of salt and sugar solution. The salt concentration of the osmotic solution was kept constant (100 g) and the sugar concentrations were varied to bring the concentrations to 35, 45 and 55o Brix maintaining a fruit to syrup ratio of 1:3 by weight. The observations were recorded to study the influence of osmotic solution and time on water loss and solid gain. The results of osmotic dehydration showed the maximum water loss of 48.55 per cent recorded for blanched fruit osmosed at 55o B and the minimum (27.61%) in unblanched fruit osmosed at 35oB. The solid gain also was observed to be maximum (23.4%) in the blanched fruit compared to unblanched fruit (9.94%) at respective concentrations. The optimization process carried out using Design expert software showed the highest desirability of 0.785 for blanched aonla fruit osmosed at 55 oB.

The present work was aimed to study the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using Tri-Sodium Citrate (TSC), stability study of synthesized Ag NPs and their characterization. Synthesis of Ag NPs has been carried out by maintaining different conditions such as TSC concentration (0.50, 1.00 and 1.50%), AgNO3 concentration (0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 mM) and stirring time (10, 15 and 20 min). The stability study of synthesized Ag NPs conducted for 30 days without adding any stabilizing agents. The characterization of synthesized Ag NPs was carried out for different parameters like particle size and zeta potential using particle size analyzer, absorbance peak by UV-Visible spectrophotometer, morphology by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), crystallinity by X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) and material structural characteristics by Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). The stable chemically synthesized Ag NPs were obtained at C20 (AgNO3 concentration of 1.5 mM, TSC 1.5% and stirring time 20 min) (desirability 99.97%), with average particle size of 22.14 nm and average absorbance peak of 449.85 nm.

Composition, nutritional value and sensory characteristics of donkey milk of Indian small grey breed was analysed using AOAC and other standard methods. Fresh donkey milk had 90.63% (w.b.) moisture content, 0.76% fat, 1.96% protein, 6.30% lactose, 0.40% ash. Particle size of donkey milk was 355.00 d.nm. The UHPLC analysis ascertained that lysozyme content was more in donkey milk sample. The ICPMS confirmed that Ca, K, Mg, Na, vitamin C and E, glutamic acid, leucine, proline were the most abundant in donkey milk, but Fe, Zn, Vitamin A and B1, methionine shown lower amount. The GC analysis determined that butyric acid, lauric acid was more and lower amount of unsaturated fatty acids were observed in donkey milk sample. Finally, the TPC, yeast and mould count were acceptable and confirmed that donkey milk is microbiologically safe and sensory evaluation studies of donkey milk confirmed that the desired sensory attributes.

The study was carried out to know the quality of small grey donkey milk powder by spray dryer. Donkey milk powder moisture, fat, protein, carbohydrate and ash were 4.12 (d.b), 5.97, 22.84, 4.64 and 62.43 (%). Donkey milk powder was produced at milk total solids of 20, 25 and 30% concentration at 160, 170 and 180 °C inlet air temperature using two fluid flow nozzle type atomizer of 0.84 mm diameter, pressure of 1.75 kg.cm

Fortified rice analogues were developed utilising the broken-rice fortified with selected micronutrients like iron, folic acid and Vitamin A. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of fortifying rice analogues with micronutrients and retention after extrusion and cooking. Cold extruder operated at 55 rpm screw speed and 1.5 kg/h feed rate was used for the study. The composite flour prepared using broken-rice flour, sodium alginate (1%), water (30%) and micronutrient mix was extruded through rice shaped die at barrel temperature of 60 °C. The level of fortifying nutrient ready mix (FNRM) was statistically optimised based on retention of nutrients after extrusion and cooking. The retention results for iron was observed to be 73.3 to 91.3 per cent after cooking whereas folic acid and Vitamin A being sensitive to processing and culinary operations were 44.2 to 60.4 and 10.1 to 12.4 per cent, respectively. Statistical optimisation resulted 150 per cent of FNRM could supply nutrient levels nearing the standards with the desirability of 0.835. The production cost was calculated as Rs.53.50 per kg whereas, increase in the cost of raw rice mixed with fortified analogues @ 1:50 ratio was about Rs.1.00 per kg with benefit-cost ratio of 1.22:1.

Experiment was conducted for development of iron oxide nano-adsorbent based pesticide dispenser for three pesticides viz., Coragen (Chlorantraniliprole), TAFFIN (Spinosad) and Profeno-phas. Among these three, Coragen (Chlorantraniliprole) and TAFFIN (Spinosad) were significantly released there active chemical constituents at different dilutions. Kinetic desorption study conducted for 1-9 h until getting constant UV- absorbance values with respective wave length (300-500 nm) for Coragen (Chlorantraniliprole) insecticide desorption to the different dilutions with the distilled water (Spike 1 to 9) and for absorbance values with respective wave length (300-720 nm) for TAFFIN (Spinosad) insecticide desorption to the different dilutions with the distilled water (Spike 1 to 7). Standard pesticide concentrations was measured for the wavelength with highest absorbance for TAFFIN (500 nm) and Coragen (400 nm). Measured wavelength at highest absorbance (400 and 500 nm) for Coragen (Chlorantraniliprole) and TAFFIN (Spinosad) standards showed highest R2 value of 0.97 and 0.99.

An analytical method in pomegranate whole fruits and arils was developed in LC-MS/MS and validated as per SANTE/12682/2019. Samples were extracted following acetonitrile-based modified QuEChERS protocol. The method was linear and the coefficient of determination ranged between 0.998 and 0.999. Through this method, all the pesticides were detected and quantified at 10 µg kg

A quick, sensitive, and reproducible analytical method for the determination of 77 multiclass pesticides and their metabolites in Capsicum and tomato by gas and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was standardized and validated. The limit of detection of 0.19 to 10.91 and limit of quantification of 0.63 to 36.34 µg·kg−1 for Capsicum and 0.10 to 9.55 µg·kg−1 (LOD) and 0.35 to 33.43 µg·kg−1 (LOQ) for tomato. The method involves extraction of sample with acetonitrile, purification by dispersive solid phase extraction using primary secondary amine and graphitized carbon black. The recoveries of all pesticides were in the range of 75 to 110% with a relative standard deviation of less than 20%. Similarly, the method precision was evaluated interms of repeatability (RSDr) and reproducibility (RSDwR) by spiking of mixed pesticides standards at 100 µg·kg−1 recorded anRSD of less than 20%. The matrix effect was acceptable and no significant variation was observed in both the matrices except for few pesticides. The estimated measurement uncertainty found acceptable for all the pesticides. This method found suitable for analysis of vegetable samples drawn from market and farm gates.

The present study emphasised the efficiency of chitosan anchored titanium dioxide nano-adsorbent on dairy industry effluent treatment. Chitosan titanium dioxide nano-adsorbent was synthesised by using chemical precipitation method and characterised for its particle size, surface morphology and texture. A four-factor-three-level Box–Behnken design along with response surface methodology was used to optimise the adsorption process parameters. Linear, two factor interaction, quadratic and cubic model techniques were used to demonstrate the influence of each parameter and their interaction effects on the responses. The quadratic models derived from the experimental data were used to predict the maximum per cent reduction of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The optimised treatment combination for maximum per cent reduction in BOD (90.48%) and COD (82.10%) was found to be initial concentration of 100 mg L−1, pH of 7, dosage of 1.25 mg L−1 and contact time of 100 min.

A method for simultaneous determination of carbendazim and tebuconazole residues in cabbage was developed and validated in LC-MS/MS. Samples were extracted and purified following the modified QuEChERS procedure, which enabled the elution of carbendazim and tebuconazole at 0.96 and 5.31 min, respectively. LOD and LOQ were 0.0005 and 0.0015 mg kg−1, respectively. Mean recovery was in the range of 78.94 to 104.89% for carbendazim and 76.07 to 98.62% for tebuconazole. The field samples recorded residues of 0.274 and 0.481 mg kg−1; and 0.194 and 0.392 mg kg−1 at single and double dose for carbendazim and tebuconazole, respectively. Half-life values were 2.17 and 2.99 for carbendazim and 2.74 and 2.81 for tebuconazole at single and double dose, respectively. Decontamination with saltwater wash followed by cooking and lemon water wash found superior in the removal of residues more than 90%.

Background: Pigeonpea is a drought resistant legume crop, cultivated in semiarid tropical and subtropical regions of the world mainly for its protein enriched seeds. Insect pests are major biotic constraints implicating yield losses of staggering dimensions. Profenofos is being used for management of pigeonpea pod borer and studying the pattern of dissipation, residual occurrence and hazard index for consumption of pigeonpea grain contaminated with profenofos is very important. Methods: A simple, sensitive and reproducible method for analysis of profenofos in pigeonpea green pods and dry grain was standardized and validated using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with electro spray ionization (ESI+). Modified QuEChERS methods with 1 % ethyl acetate in acetonitrile involved in the extraction of profenofos residues from green pods and mature dry grains. Results: The limit of detection and limit of quantification (LOD and LOQ) were 0.002 and 0.006 µgg-1, respectively. The recovery ranges from 88.75 to 101.36 % for the green pods and 88.34 to 98.77 % for mature dry grains with relative standard deviation (RSD) was in the range of 0.99 to 4.05 %. The field study was conducted to investigate the dissipation kinetics of profenofos in pigeonpea. Two applications of profenofos 50 % EC at 500 and 1000 g a.i.ha-1 at 15 days intervals in pigeonpea at the time of pod formation recorded initial deposits of 20.28 and 41.64 ìgg-1 in the green pod, respectively. At15 days after application, residues gradually dissipated to the level of 0.78 and 1.98 µg g-1 accounting to the loss of 96.15 and 95.58 % at 500 and 1000 g a.i. ha-1, respectively. The half-life values were 5.18 and 5.93 days. Hazard index (HI) was found less than 1 at 25th and 35th day after application at 500 and 1000 g a. i. ha-1, respectively.

The effect of three different extraction methods, namely supercritical CO2, soxhlet and solvent methods on the yield, efficiency, physico-chemical properties, nutritional, anti-nutritional composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) seed kernel oil was investigated in this study. Oil extraction for SC-CO2 were 37.76 g/100g and 98.43%, observed to be higher than those of soxhlet extraction (29.12 g/100g and 76.29%), and significantly lower than solvent extraction (22.12 g/100g and 57.99%). The physico-chemical composition of the oils showed considerable variation among the extraction methods. The SC-CO2 extracted oil was found to be of superior quality, showing negligible thermal degradation and exhibited significantly (p