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Nowadays, the rapid development of the social economy inevitably leads to global energy and environmental crisis. For this reason, more and more scholars focus on the development of photocatalysis and/or electrocatalysis technology for the advantage in the sustainable production of high-value-added products, and the high efficiency in pollutants remediation. Although there is plenty of outstanding research has been put forward continuously, most of them focuses on catalysis performance and reaction mechanisms in laboratory conditions. Realizing industrial application of photo/electrocatalytic processes is still a challenge that needs to be overcome by social demand. In this regard, this review comprehensively summarized several explorations in the field of photo/electrocatalytic reduction towards potential industrial applications in recent years. Special attention is paid to the successful attempts and the current status of photo/electrocatalytic water splitting, carbon dioxide conversion, resource utilization from waste, etc., by using advanced reactors. The key problems and challenges of photo/electrocatalysis in future industrial practice are also discussed, and the possible development directions are also pointed out from the industry view.

Fly-ash, a kind of large solid waste in energy industry, has brought about serious environmental problems and safety consequences. No efficient way has been found yet to deal with it worldwide. The focus of contemporary research are mainly placed on the reuse of aluminum and iron, but with a low utilization rate less than 30%. Having destroyed the ecological balance, fly-ash has become a challenge drawing the attention of people in the solid waste industry. In this paper, a smoke-suppressant and flame-retardant layered double hydroxide (LDH) featuring Mg-Al-Fe ternary was successfully synthesized by fly-ash after coprecipitation. XRD results presented LDHs successful synthesis. Then, exploration on the flame retarding properties of LDHs in composites composed by ethylene vinyl acetate (hereinafter referred to as EVA)/LDHs was carried out by UL-94, limiting oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimeter (CCT), smoke density (SDT), and thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (TG-IR) tests. UL testing results showed that most of the samples had a vertical combustion rating of V-0. LOI results showed the highest LOI value of ELDH-1, amounting to as high as 28.5 ± 0.1 while CCT results showed that the rate of heat releasing, mass loss, and smoke production of composite materials were decreased significantly compared with corresponding data of pure EVA. The ELDH-1 sample displayed the lowest peaks of heat release rate (pHRR) value of 178.4 ± 12.8 Kw·m−2 and the lowest total heat release (THR) value of 114.5 ± 0.35 KJ·m−2. Then, SDT indicated that under respective ignition and non-ignition conditions, all composite materials present a good smoke suppression performance. Additionally, digital photographs after CCT demonstrated that EVA/LDHs composites could enhance the formation of compact charred layers, and prevent their splitting, which effectively prevent the underlying materials from burning. Finally, TG-IR findings showed that compared with pure EVA, EVA/LDHs composites also achieved a higher-level thermal stability.

Microseismic (MS) frequency response is an important part of high-efficiency data mining to achieve the aim of coal and gas outburst (CGOB) early warning. Based on the variation pattern of acoustic emission (AE) signal in the coal failure process, the experimental characteristics of MS activity and typical signals CGOB were obtained in this study. First, the AE behavior of coal failure experiment was studied, and an explanation of laws was provided as follows: the fracture behavior of coal sample exhibits certain characteristics of AE response in terms of AE event count, signal amplitude, and frequency; each stage has its own physical meaning during the process of loading test. Based on these laws, CGOB experiments were carried out using a large CGOB physical simulation system with a MS monitoring system. Notching filter and wavelet packet transform technique were used in the denoising and feature extraction of six typical MS events (signals). The features of each stage, including the time-frequency domain, were extracted and quantitatively expressed. We finally arrive at the following conclusions: (1) CGOB exhibits significantly periodic characteristics, and each CGOB stage corresponds to the significant response characteristics of MS. CGOB presents varying characteristics, such as “valley-peaks-valley”. (2) From the incubation stage to happen stage of outburst, the spectrum significantly moved from extremely low frequency (100-200 Hz) to high-frequency band (approach to 1600 Hz). During the residual stage, MS frequency manifested the concentration distribution (50 Hz) and offered the advantage of energy concentration. (3) The phenomenon of signal energy also shows the trend of energy transform low to high and to low modes along with the process. Signals total energy distribution (42.81%, 1,437.5-1,812.5 Hz) in the happen stage are markedly larger than those of events in incubation stage (7.01%) and residual stage (1.44%). The methodology presented in this paper for CGOB signal analysis provides a new method to obtain MS response precursor and predict CGOB disaster. This approach can be useful for rockburst anticipation and control during mining in gas and highly stressed coal mines.

Abstract We disclose herein an unprecedented Pd-catalyzed difluorocarbene transfer reaction, which assembles a series of structurally interesting chiral spiro ketones with generally over 90% ee. Commercially available BrCF2CO2K serves as the difluorocarbene precursor, which is harnessed as a user-friendly and safe carbonyl source in this transformation. Preliminary mechanistic studies exclude the formation of free CO in the reaction process, and importantly, we also find that BrCF2CO2K outcompete gaseous CO and several common CO surrogates in this asymmetric process. The reaction mechanism, including the in-situ progressive release of the difluorocarbene, the rapid migratory insertion of ArPd(II) = CF2 species, and subsequent defluorination hydrolysis by water to introduce the carbonyl group, accounts for the overall high efficiency and uniqueness. This work clearly showcases the advantage and potential of the difluorocarbene in synthesis and supplies a mechanistically distinct route for asymmetric carbonylative cyclization reactions.

Abstract Pentamidine and melarsoprol are primary drugs used to treat the lethal human sleeping sickness caused by the parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Cross-resistance to these two drugs has recently been linked to aquaglyceroporin 2 of the trypanosome (TbAQP2). TbAQP2 is the first member of the aquaporin family described as capable of drug transport; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of TbAQP2 bound to pentamidine or melarsoprol. Our structural studies, together with the molecular dynamic simulations, reveal the mechanisms shaping substrate specificity and drug permeation. Multiple amino acids in TbAQP2, near the extracellular entrance and inside the pore, create an expanded conducting tunnel, sterically and energetically allowing the permeation of pentamidine and melarsoprol. Our study elucidates the mechanism of drug transport by TbAQP2, providing valuable insights to inform the design of drugs against trypanosomiasis.

ABSTRACTIn this study, a high-calcium and high-amino acid fish frame hydrolyzate (FFH) was prepared from channel catfish (Ictalurus punetaus) through ultrasound-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis (UAEH). A 4-factor and 3-level Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology was employed to optimize the hydrolysis conditions, where the independent variables were sonication power (W), sonication time (min), enzyme activity (U) and water-substrate ratio (v/w). The degree of hydrolysis (DH) and soluble calcium content (SCC) were used as response factors. The optimal hydrolysis conditions were found to be sonication power (X1) = 492.91 W, sonication time (X2) = 15.01 min, enzyme activity (X3) = 6677.88 U, and water-to-substrate ratio (X4) = 3.56 v/w. Under these conditions, UAEH effectively disintegrated fish frame collagen and converted bound calcium to soluble calcium. Nevertheless, this study investigated the pattern of collagen transformation into short peptides and free amino acids throughout the degradation process. These findings highlight the potential of the FFH from channel catfish to serve as a foundation for creating highly nutritious food additive. The outcomes of this study further enhance the food industry’s ability to capitalize on the nutritional benefits offered by fish frame hydrolyzates. This expansion of health-focused product options and endorsement of the sustainable use of fish by-products harmonizes seamlessly with the industry’s evolving goals of waste reduction and value optimization.

Relocating poor people in mountainous areas to centralized settlement sites is an important poverty alleviation policy implemented by China and a key measure to promote stable poverty alleviation and sustainable rural development for the poor. Based on the survey data of 405 peasant households in the Panxi Area in 2021, this study constructed a structural equation model (SEM) to explore the influencing factors of peasant households’ willingness to relocate to a concentrated residence. The results showed the following: (1) Of the 405 peasant households surveyed, 20.98% were unwilling to move to centralized resettlement sites, making it more difficult to carry out the relocation policy for poverty alleviation. (2) Living environment, living conditions, important social groups, the economic benefits, living benefits, and survival benefits brought by concentrated residences, governments, and the village committees significantly influenced the willingness to relocate to a concentrated residence. In contrast, agricultural income, ecological benefits, and value benefits brought by the concentrated residence had little effect on the willingness to relocate to a concentrated residence. (3) Land force, human force, cognitive force, and national force significantly positively affected the peasant households’ willingness to relocate to a concentrated residence. This study is of great significance in promoting the implementation of poverty alleviation and relocation policy, improving the efficiency of relocation and promoting the wellbeing of peasant households.

Fermentation of mulberry juice not only improves its shelf life, but also effectively enhances their flavor and nutritional quality. This study elucidated the phytochemical and flavor characteristics of mulberry juice fermented with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BXM2, originally isolated from naturally fermented fruit beverage, through widely targeted metabolomics. The fermentation produced the unique flavor of fermented juice and decreased the pH from 4.15 to 3.19. The metabolomic analysis detected 907 non-volatile metabolites, from which 359 significantly different non-volatile metabolites (up 238, down 121) were screened out. Among 731 identified volatile metabolites, 26 flavor substances were the major contributors to the flavor differences between fermented and unfermented mulberry juices. It is hypothesized that lipid metabolism and amino acid catabolism are crucial pathways for the flavor enhancement of mulberry juice fermented with L. plantarum BXM2. Meanwhile, significant increases of the contents of a variety of bioactive substances, such as indole-3-lactic acid, octadeca-9,12,15-trienoic acid, di-/tri-peptides, etc., conferred additional health potential to BXM2-fermented mulberry juice.

Multi-rotor drones, a kind of unmanned equipment which is widely used in the military, commercial consumption and other fields, have been developed very rapidly in recent years. However, their short flight time has hindered the expansion of their application range. This can be addressed by utilizing hydrogen fuel cells, which exhibit high energy density, strong adaptability to ambient temperature, and no pollution emissions, as the power source. Accordingly, the application of hydrogen fuel cells as the power source in multi-rotor drones is a promising technology that has attracted significant research attention. This paper summarizes the development process of hydrogen fuel cell multi-rotor drones and analyzes the key obstacles that need to be addressed for the further development of hydrogen fuel cell multi-rotor drones, including structural light weight, hydrogen storage methods, energy management strategies, thermal management, etc. Additionally, prospects for the future development of hydrogen fuel cell multi-rotor drones are presented.

Straw return is a crucial method for utilizing agricultural waste as a resource. Against the backdrop of increasing straw production in China, most scholars focus only on the behavioral decision of whether farmers choose to transfer land. However, few studies have touched on the specific content of the land transfer contract and its impact on farmers’ behavior. This paper innovatively starts from the perspective of land transfer contracts to explore the impact of land transfer contracts on straw return in terms of standardization, stability, and profitability and to make theoretical contributions to the rational use of straw and the protection of arable land resources. Using data from the 2020 China Rural Revitalization Survey (CRRS) database, this study empirically analyzed the effects of different elements of land transfer contracts on straw returns to the field. The results show that: (1) Written transfer contracts are more effective than verbal contracts in encouraging farmers to adopt the straw return behavior. (2) Fixed-term contracts are more stable and can effectively promote farmers’ adoption of straw return technology. (3) The remunerative transfer method is more profitable and can effectively encourage farmers to adopt straw return technology compared to the non-remunerative transfer method. (4) Farmers in mountainous areas or with smaller areas of farmland have a lower probability of adopting straw return technology. Therefore, the important role of remunerative, fixed-term, written land transfer contracts in the process of straw return should be emphasized, and the adoption rate of straw return should be increased through differentiated policy guidance and comprehensively promoting the sustainable development of agriculture.

Abstract Objective We aimed to investigate the effects of different doses of dexmedetomidine (Dex) on evoked potentials in adult patients undergoing spinal surgery under intravenous anesthesia with low-concentration desflurane. Methods Ninety patients were divided into three groups at random. To maintain anesthesia in the control group (group C), desflurane 0.3 MAC (minimal alveolar concentration), propofol, and remifentanil were administered. Dex (0.5 μg·kg−1) was injected for 10 min as a loading dose in the low-dose Dex group (group DL), then adjusted to 0.2 μg·kg−1·h−1 until the operation was completed. Dex (1 μg·kg−1) was injected for 10 min as a loading dose in the high-dose Dex group (group DH), then adjusted to 0.7 μg·kg−1·h−1 until the operation was completed. The additional medications were similar to those given to group C. The perioperative hemodynamics, body temperature, intraoperative drug dosages, fluid volume, urine volume, blood loss, the latency and amplitude of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) at four different time points, the incidence of positive cases of SEPs and transcranial motor evoked potentials (tcMEPs), and perioperative adverse reactions were all recorded. Results Data from 79 patients were analyzed. The MAP measured at points T2-T4 in group DH was higher than at corresponding points in group C (P 0.05), but was significantly higher in group DH than in groups DL (P

Wheat-gluten, the protein-rich portion of wheat, can be processed to produce a highly savory sauce product after solid and liquid-state fermentation (SSF and LSF) with the inoculation of selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast under salt-free condition. However, limited research has been done on the impact of different types of microbes in this process. This work studied the flavour impact on fermented wheat-gluten by the single inoculation of Latilactobacillus sakei or one yeast (Saccharomyces boulardii or Pichia kluyveri). Glucose was depleted during LSF in all treatments. Lactic acid production increased over time in L. sakei-fermented samples but not in yeast-fermented samples. Cysteine, serine and arginine remained low over LSF in L. sakei-fermented samples but increased in yeast-fermented samples. More fruity esters such as isoamyl acetate and isobutyl acetate were detected in samples fermented by P. kluyveri, while S. boulardii boosted the production of alcohols such as 3-methyl butanol and 2-phenylethyl alcohol. Principal component analysis revealed a clear difference in volatile profiles of the samples fermented with different strains. Therefore, the fermented sauce can potentially be processed into different flavor directions, and based on the flavor profile, be used in different food applications.

A comparison has been made between natural mating (NM) and artificial insemination (AI) in fast feathering Huainan partridge chickens. A total number of 360 fast feathering Huainan partridge hens and 40 roosters were randomly divided into two equal groups. For NM, 4 mating cages were maintained each with 5 roosters and 45 laying hens. The other birds were reared in 3-layer complete ladder cages for AI, for which 180 hens were maintained in 60 cages with 3 hens/cage and 20 roosters in 20 cages. Laying performances, mortality, egg quality characteristics and welfare level of birds were measured during the study period. Compared with AI birds, NM birds laid the first egg significantly earlier age, and had significantly lower laying rate, mortality and body weight of hens. NM birds however had significantly higher albumen height, Haugh units and yolk colour. No significant differences were found in other laying performances and egg quality characteristics. Except for the back region of AI females which had better feather cover, the average feather score for most body parts of AI and NM hens was not significantly different. An overall feather score of NM females was significantly lower than that of AI ones. The average feather score for each individual part of the body and an overall average score for roosters remained unchanged between two groups. Additionally, NM birds showed a higher level of fear than AI. Our overall results suggest that reproduction technique may be an important factor affecting some layer performances, egg quality characteristics and welfare in local poultry breeds. These findings are expected to provide a theoretical guide to choice of breeding methods for poultry enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimizing land use structure in urban agglomerations is essential to mitigating climate change and achieving carbon neutrality. However, the studies on low-carbon (LC) land use in the urban agglomeration based on carbon neutrality are still limited and lack the consideration of the optimized land ecological benefits. To reduce land use carbon emissions (LUCEs) and improve the ecological benefits of urban agglomerations, we constructed the framework of land use structure optimization (LUSO) under carbon neutrality. Then, in view of land use quantity structure and spatial distribution, we compared the results of LUCEs and the ecological benefits of the Chengdu–Chongqing urban agglomeration (the CCUA) in 2030 under different scenarios. The results showed that in 2030, the LUCEs of the CCUA is 3481.6632 × 104 t under the carbon neutral scenario (CN_Scenario), which is significantly lower than the baseline scenario (BL_Scenario) and 2020. In the CN_Scenario, the land use/cover change (LUCC) in the CCUA is more moderate, the aggregation degree of the forestland (FL), grassland (GL), wetland (WL), and water (WTR) patch area deepens, and the overall landscape spreading degree is increased, which is more conducive to play the ecological benefit of carbon sink land. The results can provide a reference for the more efficient use of land resource areas and the formulation of land use and spatial planning.

Abstract Background Due to the great burden of family and the conflicts among family, society and career roles resulting from migrant working, rural women suffer more conflicts between work and family and need more social attention. Previous studies of the conflicts between family and work mainly focus on the group of career women, and there is a lack of the research on the conflicts between work and family of rural women, which needs to be systematically and further studied. Methods This study used a sample survey of 380 rural women in rural areas of Sichuan Province to measure rural women’s cognition of work-family, coordination and handling of conflicts, post-conflict choices, and subjective well-being; the study constructs an ordered multi-class logistic regression model to explore the impact of work-family conflict on the subjective well-being of rural women in rural regions. Results The study result shows that: (1) The level of subjective well-being of rural women is generally high, and 70% of women feel satisfied or very satisfied. (2) The factor which impacts the subjective well-being among rural women most is work-interfering-with-family conflict, followed by work-family balance and confidence in conflict coordination. Conclusion This study can enhance our understanding of rural women in rural areas, and provide a reference for formulating policies to improve people’s life satisfaction.

Carbon emission reduction in agriculture is an important link to achieving green agricultural development and a rural ecological environment, and Low-Carbon Agricultural Technology (LCAT) of farmers is an important means to achieve carbon emission reduction in agriculture. Based on data obtained from a survey of 540 farmers in Sichuan province in 2021, the Tobit model was used to empirically analyze the effect of trust on farmers’ LCAT adoption. The results show that (1) the trust level of farmers is high and the order is special trust > institutional trust > general trust. At the same time, the intensity of adoption of LCAT by farmers is not high, and the average number of LCAT adopted by each family is 1.13. Among them, straw-returning technology was adopted to a high degree, with 54.63% of farmers using it. (2) Farmers’ trust significantly enhances farmers’ LCAT adoption behavior, and the magnitude of the effect is characterized by specific trust > general trust > institutional trust chain. (3) Heterogeneity analysis shows that the influence of farmers’ specific trust and institutional trust in plain areas on the intensity of LCAT adoption is stronger than that of farmers in non-plain areas, and the influence of general trust of farmers in non-plain areas on the intensity of LCAT adoption is stronger than that of farmers in plain areas. The impact of specific trust, general trust, and institutional trust on LCAT adoption was stronger for the new generation of farmers than for the older generation of farmers. (4) Herding effect plays a mediating role in special trust, institutional trust, and LCAT adoption. This study can deepen our understanding of the relationship between farmers’ trust and LCAT adoption behavior, and then provide theoretical reference and practical basis for the promotion of LCAT and the improvement of farmers’ LCAT adoption level from the perspective of trust.

Improving the understanding of rural female labor employment transfer and its impact on family welfare is of great significance to the improvement of rural family welfare and the rational transfer of labor forces. However, there are few studies on the effect of rural female transfer and there is a lack of comprehensive quantitative measurement and mechanism analysis of influences of female employment transfer on themselves and their families. Based on the peasant household survey in the mountainous rural areas of Sichuan Province, China, in 2013, 2016, and 2019, results were organized as panel data and divided the employment features into three aspects: employment industry, employment locations and whether the migrant was working or not. The family welfare effects (impact on children and impact on the elderly) of rural female labor transfer for employment were investigated by using the fixed effect and random effect regression models. Some major conclusions could be drawn: (1) age, education degree, employment industry and locations of rural females all had a significant impact on their children’s education degree; (2) age, urbanization rate and industry of rural females had a significant impact on their number of children; (3) age, education degree of females, employment location and urbanization rate had a significant positive influence on the number of elderly in the family: only the age of rural females had a significant negative influence on the health condition of the elderly. This study can enhance our understanding of the relationship between rural women’s employment and family welfare effects, the results can provide a reference for rural women’s rational employment mobility and maximizing of family welfare.

Abstract The effects of risk perception and sense of place on disaster preparedness have been widely reported. However, most studies have only demonstrated weak relationships and it is unknown whether these are applicable to China. This study investigated such relationships in hazard-threatened areas of the Three Gorges Reservoir area in southwestern China. Data were collected from 348 farming households in landslide-prone areas. Binary logistic and Tobit regression models were constructed to determine whether risk perception and sense of place influence landslide preparedness. The results show that: (1) Farming households’ awareness of the need to prepare for disasters was relatively low, and disaster preparedness behaviors were mainly based on self-learning. Among the 348 sampled households, 67% exhibited no disaster preparedness behavior, and only 2% adopted four of the five types of disaster preparedness behaviors. About a quarter of farming households consciously learned disaster-related knowledge. (2) Risk perception and sense of place had important influences on disaster preparedness. Respondents who received higher scores on the perception of the probability of a landslide, the threat of a landslide, and the place dependence variables were more likely to adopt a greater number of disaster preparedness behaviors. Respondents with higher scores on the perception of controllability in the case of a landslide were less likely to adopt a greater number of disaster preparedness behaviors. Additionally, individual and household socioeconomic characteristics—education, loss, distance from hazard site, information acquisition channel, and housing material—were all related to household disaster preparedness behavior. This study contributes to the current literature by improving the understanding of the relationships of risk perception and sense of place to disaster preparedness in farming households threatened by geological disasters in southwestern China.

Rural settlement development in mountainous areas is the key to eliminating global hunger and poverty. The spatial reconstruction of rural settlements in mountainous areas can promote rural development in mountainous areas. In this study, the Panxi area—a typical mountainous area in China—was chosen as the study area. The driving forces for the spatial reconstruction of rural settlements in mountainous areas were explored from the perspective of peasant households by combining participatory rural appraisal (PRA) with structural equation modeling (SEM). Results showed that: (1) 62.03% of the 266 peasant households included were willing to have spatial reconstruction, indicating that most peasant households in mountainous areas have a very strong intention towards the spatial reconstruction of rural settlements. (2) Infrastructure, medical conditions, living environment, farming culture, and dietary habits significantly influenced the reconstruction intention of peasant households. In contrast, development opportunities, place attachment, language, and living mode each had a slight influence. (3) Geological disasters were the main driving force for the spatial reconstruction of rural settlements in mountainous areas, whilst the driving force of living cohesion was the smallest. This study provides insights for future planning and construction of rural settlements in the Panxi area and spatial reconstruction practices. It has important practical significance for overcoming poverty and realizing rural revitalization in mountainous areas.

Effects of wine and dairy yeast fermentation on chemical constituents of tilapia fish head hydrolysate supplemented with glucose in an unsalted and acidic environment were investigated. Three wine yeasts (Torulaspora delbrueckii Biodiva, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC-1118 and Pichia kluyveri Frootzen) and one dairy yeast (Kluyveromyces marxianus NCYC1425) were employed as single starter cultures, respectively, and were compared with one soy sauce yeast (Candida versatilis NCYC1433). Each yeast showed different growth kinetics and fermentation performance. Compared with C. versatilis NCYC1433, other yeasts presented a significant higher rate of glucose consumption (P < 0.05). Besides, K. marxianus NCYC1425 and P. kluyveri Frootzen produced more citric acid and succinic acid, respectively, while S. cerevisiae Lalvin EC-1118 exhibited higher pyruvic acid production. Significant lower levels of total free amino acids were observed in samples inoculated with wine yeasts relative to other yeasts (P < 0.05). Non-soy sauce yeasts produced increased various levels of esters and alcohols without traditional fish sauce unpleasant odorants, especially K. marxianus NCYC1425 and P. kluyveri Frootzen. The results confirmed that non-soy sauce yeasts are suitable for fish sauce flavor compound modification and to develop a fast fermentation process for saltless fish sauce from fish head, which could increase the acceptability of fish sauce and improve the utilization of fish by-products.