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Identity development is a key task during emerging adulthood. The goals of the present study are to validate the Spanish version of the Dimensions of Identity Development Scale (DIDS) and to explore the relationship between identity dimensions and adjustment (flourishing and distress), from a gender perspective. The sample comprised 1502 Spanish university students (60.1% women). The results reveal that the DIDS is valid in the Spanish context and that significant gender differences were observed in some dimensions of identity development, with men scoring higher for identification with commitment and women scoring higher for exploration in depth and ruminative exploration. Finally, both dimensions of commitment and ruminative exploration had a stronger effect on men's than on women's adjustment, suggesting that the integration of the self has more impact on men's outcomes than on women's. These findings highlight the need to include the gender perspective in all future research in order to gain deeper insight into the relationship between the identity development process and adjustment during emerging adulthood.

Introduction: There is a gap in the literature on the romantic relationships of adopted adolescents. To address this issue, the present study has three aims: (1) to explore differences between adopted and non‐adopted adolescents in terms of their involvement in and the length of their romantic relationships; (2) to explore the quality of these relationships; and (3) to analyze associations between affective relationships and well‐being in both groups. Method: The sample comprised 276 adopted (64.5% girls; mean age 16.3 years, 73.9% international adoptees) and 276 non‐adopted (48.3% girls; mean age 16.3 years) adolescents, all of whom participated in the Spanish Health Behaviour in School‐aged Children survey. Results: Similar romantic relationship rates and lengths were found among adoptees and non‐adoptees, as well as between international and domestic adoptees. Adoptees reported more emotional support and conflicts in their romantic relationships than their non‐adopted peers. Finally, associations between the quality of the romantic relationships and well‐being were similar for both groups, with more conflicts being linked to lower levels of well‐being, and more emotional support and affection correlating with higher levels of well‐being. Discussion: The data suggest more similarities than differences between adopted and non‐adopted adolescents. However, although this indicates that romantic relation- ships are yet another example of recovery for adopted boys and girls, further research is required, with larger and more diverse samples from multiple countries, to explore the differences observed in more detail

Mental disorders constitute one of the population’s principal health problems, especially among undergraduates. This quantitative study compared levels of depression, anxiety and stress in a sample of emerging adult university undergraduates from a gender perspective (1) during the initial and intermediate years of emerging adulthood, and (2) in two different cohorts. 383 Spanish emerging adult university undergraduates were monitored longitudinally (2015-2018) and two cohorts were compared (2015-2020). Participants completed the validated Spanish version of the DASS-21. Mean-level and rank-order stability was found across the two waves of the longitudinal study in relation to levels of depression, anxiety and stress. Significant differences were found between the two cohorts, indicating higher levels of psychological distress in 2020 than in 2015. Women were found to have higher levels of psychological distress, particularly stress, than men in both waves and cohorts. Results are discussed in relation to the negative effects of the COVID-19 health crisis on the emotional health of emerging adults. The present study highlights the need to establish measures designed to improve the mental health of emerging adults, which was more severely affected by the COVID-19 crisis than by the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis. It also underscores the need to develop interventions designed to alleviate the greater degree of stress suffered by women.

Background: Intergenerational solidarity between parents and emerging adult offspring requires more substantial attention at the present time. Changing demographic structures and transformations in family dynamics over recent decades have increased both opportunities and the need for parent-child interactions and exchanges of support and affection during emerging adulthood. Purpose: The study had two aims: first, to explore patterns in intergenerational solidarity in accordance with different sociodemographic characteristics of emerging adults; and second, to analyse associations between intergenerational solidarity and emerging adults’ psychological distress and satisfaction with life. Methods: Participants were 644 emerging adult university students from Southern Europe (Spain and Portugal), aged between 18 and 29 years, who completed a self-report questionnaire designed to assess variables linked to sociodemographic aspects (gender, country of residence, sexual orientation, living status, family income), intergenerational solidarity, psychological distress and satisfaction with life. Results: The results indicated some differences in intergenerational solidarity patterns in accordance with a range of sociodemographic characteristics. They also revealed significant associations between intergenerational solidarity dimensions and emerging adults’ satisfaction with life and psychological distress. Moreover, affective solidarity was found to fully mediate the relationship between associational, functional and normative solidarity and emerging adults’ adjustment. In the case of conflictual solidarity, affective solidarity was found to partially mediate the relationship between this dimension of intergenerational solidarity and emerging adults’ distress and to fully mediate the relationship between this same dimension and emerging adults’ satisfaction with life. Conclusion: The results indicate that it is important to take sociodemographic diversity into account when e

El estudio surge de la necesidad de estudiar la adultez emergente (periodo comprendido entre los 18 y 29 años) en España, debido a que se trataba de un tema de reciente aparición y no había estudios al respecto en nuestro país. Para ello, se realizó un estudio transversal en el que se recogieron datos de 1,502 estudiantes universitarios (903 mujeres y 599 hombres) en 2015 (entre 18 y 29 años; M = 20.32; SD = 2.13) y 1,715 estudiantes universitarios, (1,116 mujeres y 599 hombres) en 2020 (entre 18 y 29 años; M = 20.60; SD = 2.49). Además de esto, con los participantes cuyos datos se recogieron en 2015, se llevó a cabo un estudio longitudinal, recogiéndose por segunda vez los datos en 2018, con un total de 383 estudiantes (259 mujeres y 124 hombres), que en 2015 tenía entre 18 y 28 años (M = 20.31; SD = 2.04) y en 2018 tenían edades comprendidas entre los 21 y 32 años (M = 23.66; SD = 2.08).

Antecedentes: Los estilos de identidad buscan conocer cómo las personas se manejan diariamente en las situaciones buscando un compro-miso identitario. En este trabajo se propone conocer si los estilos de identidad varían según la edad y el sexo, y analizar la relación entre estos y la fuerza del compromiso con variables de bienestar y malestar psicológico. Método:278 participantes (M = 22.03; DT = 2.65) reclutados a través de un muestreo no probabilístico por bola de nieve cumplimentaron los cuestionarios. Resultados: Las mujeres puntuaron más alto en fuerza del compromiso y ellos adoptaron más un estilo difuso-evitativo. El estilo informacional correlacionó positivamente con las variables de bienestar (optimismo y florecimiento); el estilo normativo con depresión y ansiedad y el estilo difuso-evitativo correlacionó positivamente con las variables de malestar (depresión, ansiedad y estrés) y negativamente con las de bienestar. Finalmente, a mayor fuerza del compromiso más bienestar y menos malestar. La fuerza del compromiso media parcial o totalmente la relación entre estilos identitarios y las variables de bienestar/malestar. Conclusiones: Se deduce la importancia de la fuerza del compromiso en el bienestar personal y la necesidad de favorecer el desarrollo de la identidad de nuestros jóvenes., Background: Identity styles seek to know how people handle themselves daily in situations looking for an identity commitment. This article aims to find out whether identity styles vary according to age and sex, and to analyze the relation between these identity styles and the strength of commitment with variables of well-being and psychological distress. In addition, it investigates whether commitment mediates between identity styles, well-being and psychological distress. Method:278 participants (M = 22.03; DT = 2.65), recruited through a non-probabilistic snowball sam-pling, completed the questionnaires. Results:Women scored higher in strength of commitment and men adopted a more diffusive-avoidant style. Age did not relate to identity style. The informational style correlated positively with well-being variables (flourishing and optimism); the normative style with depression and anxiety and the diffuse-avoidant style correlated positively with psychological distress (depression, anxiety and stress) and negatively with well-being. Finally, the greater the strength of commitment found, the more flourishing and optimism and the less psychological distress there was. The strength of commitment partially or totally mediated the relationship between identity styles and the variables of well-being / psychological distress. Conclusions: The importance of the strength of commitment in personal well-being and the necessity to favour the develop-ment of young people ́s identity is observed / deduced.

Identity development is a key task during emerging adulthood. The goals of the present study are to validate the Spanish version of the Dimensions of Identity Development Scale (DIDS) and to explore the relationship between identity dimensions and adjustment (flourishing and distress), from a gender perspective. The sample comprised 1502 Spanish university students (60.1% women). The results reveal that the DIDS is valid in the Spanish context and that significant gender differences were observed in some dimensions of identity development, with men scoring higher for identification with commitment and women scoring higher for exploration in depth and ruminative exploration. Finally, both dimensions of commitment and ruminative exploration had a stronger effect on men's than on women's adjustment, suggesting that the integration of the self has more impact on men's outcomes than on women's. These findings highlight the need to include the gender perspective in all future research in order to gain deeper insight into the relationship between the identity development process and adjustment during emerging adulthood.

Purpose: The present study analyzes differences in self-perceived employability (SPE) among Spanish university and vocational education and training (VET) students. It also aims to determine whether factors such as gender, work experience and perceptions of the precariousness of the job market have a differential effect on SPE in accordance with the training pathway chosen by emerging adults. Design/methodology/approach: A total of 1,715 university students (64.7% women) and 488 VET students (37.1% women) aged between 18 and 29 years completed a self-administered questionnaire that included measures of perceived employability and precarious employment. Findings: The results indicate higher SPE among VET students than among their university counterparts. Female university students scored lower also than their male colleagues, an effect that was not observed among VET students. Prior work experience improved internal SPE among students on both training pathways. However, among university students, work experience and precarious employment reduced external SPE, an affect that was not observed among VET students. Practical implications: The analysis of differences in SPE between university and VET students highlights the importance of an educational curriculum that includes practical competences for enhancing employability. The results also reflect the negative consequences of precarious employment on feelings of employability during this life stage, particularly among those studying at university. Originality/value: This is one of the first studies to analyze the perceived employability of emerging adults on two different training pathways in Spain.

La relación entre familia y salud mental ha sido uno de los focos de estudio clave en las investigaciones sobre adultez emergente de la última década. En el presente estudio se analizó la relación entre variables de funcionamiento familiar y la presencia de síntomas clínicos de depresión, ansiedad y estrés durante la adultez emergente en España. Este estudio contó con un diseño transversal y una muestra de 1502 estudiantes de 18-29 años (M= 20,32; DT= 2,13) de dos universidades españolas, que fueron evaluados a través de cuestionarios en papel. Los resultados indican que altos niveles de implicación, cariño y apoyo parental se relacionan con una menor sintomatología clínica, mientras que el control psicológico se relaciona con una mayor sintomatología. Estos hallazgos demuestran la relación que existe entre el funcionamiento familiar y la presencia de síntomas clínicos, así como el papel protector -o de riesgo- que siguen teniendo las relaciones familiares durante esta etapa., The relationship between family and mental health has been one of the cornerstones of research into emerging adulthood over the last decade. In the present study, we analyze the relationship between variables linked to family functioning and the presence of clinical symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress during emerging adulthood in Spain. The study had a cross-sectional design and the sample comprised 1,502 students aged 18-29 years (M= 20,32, DT= 2,13) from two Spanish universities. Participants completed questionnaires in pencil-and-paper format. The results indicate that high levels of parental involvement, warmth and autonomy support are associated with a lower presence of clinical symptoms, whereas psychological control is associated with a higher level of said symptoms. These findings demonstrate the relationship between family functioning and the presence of clinical symptoms, as well as the protective -or risk enhancing- role played by family relationships during this life stage.

Flourishing is a concept that combines hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Flourishing is advantageous for both individuals themselves and the society in which they live. The present study analyses the stability, predictors and correlates of flourishing during the initial years of emerging adulthood, along with gender differences. The sample comprised 400 emerging adults (268 women) who completed a questionnaire at two time points: Wave 1 (Mage = 20.31; SD = 2.04) and (3 years later) wave 2 (Mage = 23.66; SD = 2.08). The results indicate that flourishing is stable during this time period and that emerging adult women flourish more than their male counterparts. This high level of stability notwithstanding, the results indicate that having a romantic partner and enjoying social support from parents, friends and one’s partner Foster flourishing and cause it to increase over the course of this period. The findings reveal how important it is for young people to feel supported, since although they are engaged in a search for autonomy and independence, they continue to need social support.

El consumo de drogas en la adolescencia es un tema que ha suscitado un elevado interés tanto en el campo de la investigación como a nivel social en las últimas décadas. En el marco del Estudio HBSC, estudio colaborador de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, esta Tesis Doctoral analiza el fenómeno del consumo de drogas en nuestro país con muestras representativas de adolescentes de 15 a 18 años desde 2002 a 2018. Los objetivos de esta investigación son: (1) examinar la evolución de diversas conductas relacionadas con el consumo de drogas en adolescentes de 15 a 18 años en España entre 2002 y 2018; (2) analizar factores individuales y contextuales asociados con las diferentes conductas de consumo de drogas en adolescentes en 2002 y en 2018; y (3) comparar indicadores de salud psicosocial en cuatro grupos de adolescentes con distintos patrones de consumo de drogas. Los resultados de esta Tesis Doctoral revelan: (1) En referencia a la evolución, se ha producido un descenso generalizado en los comportamientos relacionados con las drogas (prevalencias en la vida, consumos frecuentes, episodios de embriaguez e inicios precoces) en la población adolescente en España en lo que llevamos de siglo XXI. Estas tendencias se detectan en mayor o menor grado en todos los grupos concretos por sexo y edad, solo con algunas excepciones. Este fenómeno parece ser específico de la población adolescente en comparación con la población adulta española, pero no sucede únicamente en nuestro país, sino que posee un carácter transnacional, lo que indicaría que algunos de los factores asociados a este descenso han operado a través de las fronteras específicamente en este grupo de edad. A pesar de que se están investigando diversas hipótesis para intentar comprender las causas de dicho descenso, relativas a los propios chicos y chicas, a sus contextos de desarrollo y a la sociedad en general, la complejidad del fenómeno no permite una conclusión simple y clara, con algunas hipótesis teniendo alg

Introduction: Self-Perceived Employability (SPE) is composed of (1) the internal dimension, which includes self-efficacy, knowledge, skills, and individual motivation to find and keep a job; and the external dimension, which depends on the perception of the general state of the labour market, i.e., how a person perceives the demand for his or her professional profile at a given moment and time (Rothwell & Rothwell, 2017). Identifying which variables, affect the construction and maintenance of a healthy SPE is an interesting topic. It is especially interesting during emerging adulthood when the own perceptions of abilities to get a job will be a key part of emerging adult identity development (Arnett, 2004). Gender-based employment discrimination has been documented in a Spanish context (INJUVE, 2016, 2020), so it is interesting to know if there exist differences in self-perception of employability between men and women, especially in Spain where the youth unemployment rate is much higher than in other European countries, as well as the rate of job insecurity (Eurostat, 2020). Aim: To study the relationship between self-perceived employability and gender during emerging adulthood. Considering precarious employment, especially for emerging adults in Spain, this variable precarious employment was also introduced. Method: The sample was composed by 2919 emerging adults between the ages of 18 and 29 years. 1703 were university students (64.7% women; Mage = 20.61 SD = 2.49). 506 participants were VET students (37.9% women; Mage = 20.21, SD = 2.48). To measure SPE, we used the Spanish version (Vargas et al., 2018) of SPE’s Original Scale (Rothwell et al, 2008). To evaluate precarious employment, we create an ad hoc subscale. Descriptive analysis and regression analysis were carried out. Results and discussion: Among university students, female emerging adults scored significantly lower than men for internal, external and total employability, an overall score which is the s

Esta tesis doctoral se ha realizado dentro del proyecto La Transición a la Adultez en España: Estudio Sobre las Claves del Ajuste Psicosocial y Fundamentos para su Intervención Preventiva (TAE) (EDU2013-45687-R) financiado por la Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) y el Estudio Longitudinal Secuencial Sobre la Transición a la Adultez en España (TAE II) (RTI2018-097405-B- I00) financiado por la Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) y el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER). El proyecto TAE es el primer proyecto de investigación sobre el periodo de la adultez emergente desde el ámbito de la Psicología sobre una muestra de estudio española. El objetivo central de esta tesis es el estudio del florecimiento en una muestra de estudiantes de dos universidades españolas, Universidad de Sevilla y UPV/EHU (nombre completo) durante su desarrollo a lo largo de la adultez emergente. Se analizan las variables de distintos contextos (socio económico, educativo y relacional) y variables particulares de esta etapa del desarrollo que se asocian con el florecimiento de hombres y mujeres. El análisis contempla, además, las diferencias de género, así como el seguimiento longitudinal de los jóvenes durante su transición a la edad adulta. Aspectos todos ellos fundamentales para comprender como se configura y afectan al florecimiento y al desarrollo positivo de los adultos emergentes. Para lograr dichos objetivos, en este trabajo se analizaron dos muestras, una primera muestra de 1502 personas adultas emergentes, estudiantes universitarias, de edad comprendida entre 18 y 29 años, y una segunda muestra de 400 participantes que supuso el seguimiento longitudinal de parte de los que participaron en la primera recogida. Esta tesis doctoral comprende tres artículos de investigación publicados en revistas de impacto internacional indexadas en JCR que, a través de diferentes análisis estadísticos, tanto transversales como longitudinales, permitieron alcanzar los objetivos del estudio.

En España existe una amplia investigación psicológica orientada a analizar el desarrollo de los chicos y chicas durante su adolescencia. Estos trabajos han aportado vastos conocimientos sobre cómo orientar la intervención sobre este sector de la población para potenciar y optimizar su desarrollo. Sin embargo, son prácticamente inexistentes los trabajos en nuestro país que, desde un punto de vista psicológico, abordan el bienestar y el ajuste de los jóvenes adultos. Jóvenes que en España y en otros países occidentales han dejado de ser adolescentes y ya no se sienten como tales, pero que no han alcanzado aún los requisitos que socialmente se les exige para ser personas adultas, caso por ejemplo de la independencia económica del hogar familiar. De hecho, cada vez son más los autores que consideran que en los países occidentales industrializados ha surgido una nueva etapa en el desarrollo, una etapa denominada adultez emergente, que se sitúa entre la adolescencia y la adultez, más o menos entre los 18 y los 30 años, y que exige un análisis profundo y singular. Insistiendo en la carencia de investigaciones en España que, desde un punto de vista psicológico, aborde el adecuado desarrollo de los jóvenes adultos, el proyecto de investigación que presentamos tiene tres objetivos generales. En primer lugar, describir a los adultos emergentes españoles de dos contextos geográficos y económicos muy diferentes, Andalucía y el País Vasco, desde una perspectiva psicológica. A través de auto informes examinamos variables relacionadas con cuestiones demográficas; variables relacionadas con la definición de la etapa de la adultez emergente y con las tareas evolutivas que se deben resolver durante estos años; variables vinculadas a la competencia personal; variables vinculadas a las relaciones interpersonales y, por último, variables vinculadas al ajuste social. Nuestro segundo objetivo es explicar qué aspectos de la vida de los jóvenes promueven su bienestar y su capacidad de adapta

Flourishing is when an individual perceives that their life is going smoothly. It encompasses the hedonic and eudaimonic aspects of well-being: feeling good and functioning well (Huppert & So, 2013; Keyes & Annas, 2009). The correlation of the construct with indicators of adjustment and positive development makes it an attractive concept to assess well-being (Huta & Ryan, 2010; Keyes, 2007; Keyes et al., 2012). Emerging adulthood is a developmental stage that has arisen in western countries as a result of social and economic changes in recent decades. It describes a period that begins in late adolescence and lasts well into the third decade of life (Arnett, 2000). Studies focused on this stage, considered crucial in the determination of people's health and well-being pathways (Chen et al., 2019), have found an association between the adjustment of emerging adults and positive family relationships. It seems that family continues to have a major influence on young people's development (Fingerman & Yahirun, 2016) during emerging adulthood as well. Specifically, positive family relationships are associated with high levels of psychological well-being during the third decade of life (Zupančič et al, 2014). The main objective of this study is to examine the association between flourishing and family variables during emerging adulthood from a gender perspective and using longitudinal analysis. Therefore, this work has two specific goals: first, to examine the stability of the flourishing of emerging adults throughout the initial years (Wave 1) and intermediate years (Wave 2) of emerging adulthood, and second, to analyze whether family relationships were associated with the flourishing of emerging adults. A longitudinal study was carried out at two time points: wave 1 (Mean: 20.31; SD: 2.04) and (three years later) wave 2 (Mean: 23.66; SD: 2.08). The sample comprised 400 emerging adults (268 women) from the Transition to Adulthood in Spain research project (TAE) who complet

Bullying and cyberbullying have rarely been studied among the adoptive population, although the few studies available show adopted students frequently experience these phenomena. To address this research gap, this paper examined potential differences in bullying and cyberbullying between domestic adoptees, intercountry adoptees and non adopted students, paying separate attention to frequent and occasional victimisation and perpetration experiences. In addition, the aims of the paper include analysing student teacher connectedness in these groups and exploring its potential protective role for the aforementioned bullying and cyberbullying experiences. The sample consists of 541 adopted adolescents (67.1% intercountry adoptees and 32.9% domestic adoptees) and 582 non-adopted adolescents aged 11 to 18 years who had participated in the 17/18 edition of the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study in Spain. Results show that the likelihood of involvement in bullying and cyberbullying (either victimisation or perpetration) was lower for the non-adopted group, whereas domestic adoptees were significantly more likely to report these experiences. Furthermore, student-teacher connectedness was lower among domestic adoptees compared to their non-adopted peers. Finally, teacher connectedness was consistently associated with a lower likelihood of frequent bullying and cyberbullying victimisation, and of both occasional and frequent cyberbullying perpetration. Overall, our findings are consistent with an increased risk of bullying and cyberbullying among domestic adoptees and a predominantly consistent protective role of student-teacher connectedness, although differences depending on the specific kind of experience deserve further examination in future research.

The aim of the present study was to explore gender differences in perceived parental involvement and perceived psychological and behavioral control during emerging adulthood in two Southern European countries (Spain and Portugal). Data were collected from 491 Portuguese and 552 Spanish undergraduate emerging adults (53.7 % women and 46.3 % men) aged between 18 and 29 years (M = 20.24 and SD = 2.12). Results indicated that women perceived higher levels of parental involvement than men in both countries, and men perceived more behavioral control than women in Portugal. Furthermore, gender was found to moderate the association between perceived parental involvement and perceived psychological and behavioral control differently in each country. Taken together, our findings suggest that gender-differentiated socialization patterns persist during emerging adulthood and that these patterns may be affected by the sociocultural context.

One of the main developmental tasks of Emerging Adulthoodis to look for a stable romantic relationships. The search for a romantic partner isaffected by social and personal valuesand characteristics, such as sexism or attachmentinternalworkingmodels.Ambivalent sexism includeshostile and benevolent sexism (Glick & Fiske, 2001). The first is based on prejudiced attitudes or discriminatory behaviors based on the supposed inferiority or difference of women as a group, and the second is a seemingly positive orientation of protection, idealization, and affection towards women, which also serves to justify their subordinate status regarding men. Levels of ambivalent sexism influence the ideals that young people have about how heterosexual relationships should be(Hammond& Overall, 2017; Lee, Fiske, Glick, & Chen, 2010, Travaglia, Overal., & Sibley, 2009).Moreover,interpersonal expectations are influenced by cognitive and effective modelsreflected in attachmentstyles. Therefore, beliefs about howwomen are(trustworthy, adversaryes or weak people) influence the way young people interact with their partners. Thus, anxiety and avoidance in romantic attachment havebeen related tohostil and benevolent sexism (Hart, Hung, Glick, & Dinero, 2012; Yakushko, 2005). The aim of this poster was to identify different groups of emerging adults based on their levels of ambivalent sexism (hostile and benevolent) and the dimensions of romantic attachment (anxiety and avoidance). To achieve this objective a cluster analysis was carried out on a sample composed by 1008 emerging adults: 755 undergraduate students(416 girls)and 253 emerging adults no undergraduate (119 girls). Preliminary analysis indicated thatthere are no significant differences between university students and non-university students in the levels of hostile and benevolent sexism, nor in the dimensions of anxiety and avoidance in romantic attachment. On the other hand,boys scoreshigher in the two dimensions of sexism and in avoi

In this research we have examined conjointly both approaches for a person-centered perspective to try to know how employability affect emerging adults’ well-being. The sample were recruited in 2015, in a context of economic crisis. Our research also includes a focus on resilience and emotional intelligence as important skills that could facilitate finding a job. Method: 1502 undergraduates who were emerging adults (Mage= 20.32; SDage= 2.13; 60.1% women) from the Transition to Adulthood in Spain project (TAE). The measures were Self-perveived Employability, Brief Resilience Scale, DAS Scale, Ryff Wellbeing Scale and Brief Emotional Intelligence Scale. A K-meas cluster analysis, Chi-squared test (Crammer’s V and adjusted standardized residuals were calculated) and ANOVA was conducted. Conclusions: People that perceive themselves as employable perceive that they have personal skills such as resilience and emotional intelligence, that these promote well being and are a protective factor for general distress.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la relación entre los procesos de desarrollo identitarios (PDI) y la incidencia de síntomas clínicos de ansiedad, depresión y estrés durante la adultez emergente, todo ello desde una perspectiva de género. Método: Un total de 1502 adultos y adultas emergentes estudiantes de Universidad (39.9% chicas y 60.1% chicos), de entre 18 y 29 años (M = 20.32; DT = 0.92), y de dos universidades españolas (Sevilla y País Vasco), participaron en el estudio cumplimentando un cuestionario en papel distribuido durante las clases presenciales. Resultados: Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las puntuaciones de las cinco dimensiones del PDI (Proceso de Desarrollo Identitario) entre quienes no presentaban síntomas clínicos y quienes sí, siendo los primeros los que tienen una puntuación mayor en las subescalas de desarrollo de compromiso e identificación con el compromiso, y menor puntuación que los grupos clínicos en exploración en amplitud, exploración en profundidad y exploración rumiativa. Estas diferencias permanecieron invariantes para los síntomas de ansiedad, depresión y estrés. No se hallaron diferencias significativas por género. Discusión: Tener síntomas clínicos se asocia con una mayor tendencia a desarrollar conductas exploratorias (en amplitud y profundidad) y rumiativas, y esto se relaciona, a su vez, con un mayor desajuste en el PDI, o lo que es lo mismo, una menor adquisición e identificación de compromisos vitales en la adultez emergente. Estos resultados coinciden parcialmente con estudios previos sobre desarrollo de identidad. Aunque los estudios de PDI y salud mental en la adultez emergente son escasos, resultan muy necesarios para entender cómo desarrollan su identidad los y las jóvenes en un mundo donde la adquisición de roles plenamente adultos se ha retrasado más que nunca.

La adultez emergente es una etapa del ciclo vital que transcurre entre el final de la adolescencia y los años intermedios o finales de la tercera década de la vida (Arnett, 2000). Esta etapa aparece como consecuencia del retraso en la adopción de los roles y actividades típicas de la adultez fruto de importantes cambios acaecidos en las sociedades industrializadas y que Arnett (2015) resume en cuatro revoluciones: La tecnológica, la sexual, la feminista y la juvenil. Todos estos cambios han implicado, entre otras cuestiones, el aumento del periodo de formación para una parte importante de la población. De hecho, en España, el 32,1% de las personas jóvenes entre 18 y 24 años estudian en la Universidad (MECD, 2019). El objetivo de esta comunicación es analizar el papel de la implicación académica en la etapa de la adultez emergente desde una perspectiva de género, en concreto la relación entre las calificaciones y la implicación en los estudios con el apoyo social (familia, amistades y pareja), el bienestar y el malestar psicológico. Método: La muestra está compuesta por 1502 estudiantes de la Universidad de Sevilla (60.1% de chicas) de entre 18 y 29 años (media de edad=20.32). Resultados: Las chicas obtienen mejores calificaciones y muestran más implicación en sus estudios que sus compañeros y no existen diferencias en estas dos variables por el nivel de ingresos familiar. En todos los casos, las calificaciones y la implicación en los estudios se relacionan en positivo con los niveles de bienestar y con el apoyo familiar, y en negativo con el malestar. Discusión: La etapa de la adultez emergente es todavía una gran desconocida, especialmente en España. Investigar para conocer más sobre las implicaciones que la competencia académica tiene en el bienestar de nuestros y nuestras jóvenes es un reto de la sociedad.

La adultez emergente es una etapa del ciclo vital que transcurre entre el final de la adolescencia y los años intermedios o finales de la tercera década de la vida (Arnett, 2000). Durante esta etapa, los y las jóvenes han jugado, tradicionalmente, un papel importante como agentes para el cambio social, principalmente durante su paso por la universidad. Factores individuales, como el género, han demostrado tener relación con la participación social, encontrándose niveles más altos de participación en los chicos en ámbitos públicos o políticos y en las chicas en ámbitos denominados de participación altruista (voluntariado o ayuda a la comunidad, por ejemplo). Sin embargo, más allá del género, existen otros factores individuales también relevantes para comprender la participación social y que han sido mucho menos estudiados. Factores como el florecimiento, el malestar o el apoyo social percibido pueden influir en los niveles de participación y conciencia cívica en la etapa de la adultez emergente. El objetivo de este trabajo es: (1) Conocer si existen diferencias de género en los niveles de participación social y conciencia cívica. (2) Explorar la relación del florecimiento, malestar psicológico (depresión, ansiedad y estrés) y el apoyo social (de las amistades, familiar y de la pareja) con la participación social y la conciencia cívica, así como analizar si esa relación es similar o no en chicos y chicas. Método: La muestra está compuesta por 1037 estudiantes de la Universidad de Sevilla (60.1% de chicas) de entre 18 y 29 años (media de edad=21.39) que participaron en el proyecto TAE (“Transición a la Adultez Emergente”). Se realizaron análisis de correlaciones, ANOVAs y modelos líneales generales univariados. Resultados: Las chicas obtuvieron niveles más altos de participación social y conciencia cívica que los chicos. La participación social se relacionó en positivo con florecimiento, ansiedad, estrés y apoyo de las amistades. Por su parte, la conciencia cívica se r

Emerging adulthood is a stage in the life cycle that elapses between late adolescence and the middle or late third decade of life (Arnett, 2000). During this stage, young people have traditionally played an important role as agents for social change, mainly during their time at university. Civic engagement is defined as "a set of individual and collective actions designed to identify and address issues of public interest (American Psychological Association, 2012) and includes Civic awareness and Social Participation as components of that dimension. According to Plaza and Caro (2016), becoming a citizen with civic, political and social responsibility requires learning, which often comes from our closest models, from which we acquire and internalize our personal values. In this sense, family has a very important role in the social and civic education of its members (Plaza & Caro, 2016). There is a continuity between family life and social life. In our research we studied the relation between civic awareness and social participation with variables of the family context. Specifically we used several measures of parenting style (behavioural control, psychological control and parents involvement) that signigicantly affects socialization (Kocayörük, Altıntas, & İçbay, 2015). Gender has also a great influence in the way emerging adulthood express their social participation and civil awareness (Lizasso et. Al., 2018). We adopted a gender perspective to analyze the differences between men and women in all the variables mentioned above Description of methods: 1714 emerging adults university students (64,7% women, Mean age= 20.61, SD age= 2.49, Range age= 18-29) who participated in the TAE project (“Transition to Emerging Adulthood”). Descriptive analysis and correlation analysis were carried out. Results and discussion: Emerging adult women had higher levels of civic awareness and social participation than their male counterparts. In the case of young men, a loving, warmth, af

Over the last three decades, older children have begun to remain in the family home for longer, and currently, most young people in Spain continue to live with their parents until well into their thirties. This means that two adult generations often live under the same roof, thus requiring a new type of family relationship. While there is some evidence regarding how family relationships influence emerging adults’ adjustment, since most of it comes from cross-sectional studies, no causal influences can be inferred. This paper has two aims. First, it seeks to examine, from a gender perspective, whether family relationships change or remain stable from the initial to the intermediate years of emerging adulthood. And second, it aims to analyze the relationship between parental behavior when emerging adults are in their early twenties and their depressive symptoms four years later. Participants were 400 emerging adults (258 women) aged between 18 and 29 (Women - Mean: 20.35; SD: 2.02 at W1 and Mean: 23.70; SD: 2.06 at W2; and Men - Mean: 20.23; SD: 2.08 at W1 and Mean: 23.57; SD: 2.14 at W2) participating in the Transition to Adulthood in Spain project. The questionnaire included sociodemographic variables (gender and age), family relationship variables (family social support, parental involvement, parental warmth, parental support for autonomy and parental behavioral and psychological control) and emerging adults’ depressive symptoms. Our results revealed a high level of relative stability in the scores obtained by all participants (men and women) for all the variables studied. Regarding absolute stability, high continuity was observed in parental support for autonomy and parental involvement, although there was a decrease in emerging adults’ perceptions of family social support, parental warmth and control. Women perceived greater parental involvement and parental warmth than men, while men perceived a higher level of behavioral control. Family control at wave 1 correl

Throughout emerging adulthood, family relationships have been scarcely studied in South European countries and the research using longitudinal designs are practically non-existent. This study has two specific objectives. First, to examine whether family relationships changes or remain stable over emerging adulthood. Second, to analyse whether parent-child relationship at the beginning of emerging adulthood are associated with psychological distress four years later. Method: A sample of 400 emerging adults was followed from early to middle emerging adulthood. They completed, at wave 1 (Mean: 20.31; SD: 2.04) and wave 2 (Mean: 23.66; SD: 2.08), questionnaires to measure socio-demographic variables (age and sex), family social support, parental involvement, parental warmth, parental autonomy support, behavioural and psychological control exercised by parents, and psychological distress. Results: Data showed high relative stability in family relationships seen globally. There is absolute stability in parental involvement and parental autonomy support meanwhile parental social support, parental warmth and parental control decrease over the years. Parental control at W1 is significantly and positively associated with psychological distress at W2. By contrast, the rest of the family variables analysed at W1 had a negative and significant association with psychological distress at W2. Discussion: These findings suggest that although some parental behaviours decrease throughout emerging adulthood, family relationships still play an important role during the third-decade people’s lives. Finally, our findings highlight the importance of spreading our knowledge about this stage in the European context in order to optimize young people’s development with psychoeducational programs for them and their families who faced a new challenge during these years.