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30 páginas, ilustraciones [ES] En este trabajo se muestreó la dolina denominada Prado Veneiro, dentro del valle del río Luna (León), con el objetivo de conocer las condiciones atmosféricas a nivel sinóptico que favorecen la formación de Piscinas de Aire Frío (CAPs), una clase de inversión térmica muy localizada en el espacio y a veces persistente en el tiempo. Para ello, se realizó una comparación de las temperaturas mínimas y máximas entre la dolina y una ubicación ajena a estos fenómenos. Con los datos recogidos en campo, se realizó un Análisis de Componentes Principales (PCA) acompañado por un análisis clúster no jerárquico, así como un test de correlación de Pearson con diversas variables atmosféricas extraídas del Reanálisis ERA-5. Los resultados, además de arrojar registros nunca observados en los fondos de valle leoneses (-29,7ºC) indicaron la gran magnitud de las CAPs registradas en esta zona durante todo el año, llegando a superar los 20ºC de diferencia. Además, destacó la aparición de episodios de Piscinas de Aire Frío Permanentes (PCAPs) en los meses invernales, que se desarrollaron durante las horas centrales del día. Por último, se observó que las CAPs y PCAPs se encuentran correlacionadas con distintas variables atmosféricas, indicando la importancia de la presencia de nieve reciente para la formación de las segundas [EN] The Prado Veneiro sinkhole, within the Luna River valley (León), was researched aiming to understand the atmospheric conditions at synoptic scale that trigger the formation of Cold Air Pools (CAPs), a kind of thermal inversion which is strongly localized in space, but sometimes quite persistent in time. Thus, a comparison of the minimum and maximum temperatures between the sinkhole and a location external to these phenomena was carried out. Subsequently, after the field work was made, a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was carried out accompanied by a non-hierarchical cluster analysis, as well as a Pearson correlation test with various atmospheric variables extracted from the Reanalysis data from ERA-5. Results showed record-breaking temperatures never observed before in the low valleys of León (-29.7ºC), demonstrating the strength of the CAPs recorded in this area throughout the year, which reached differences of over 20ºC. In addition, the presence of Permanent Cold Air Pools (PCAPs) in the winter months, which developed during the midday, was highlighted. Ultimatelly, CAPs and PCAPs showed they were correlated with different atmospheric variables, suggesting the need of a recent snow base for a strong PCAP development

Arheološka istraživanja groblja pod tumulima u Dolini kod Nove Gradiške nastavljena su u 2021. godini u okviru istraživačkoga projekta Djetinjstvo u protopovijesti na jugu Karpatske kotline ARHKIDS (IP-2019-04-2520). Tom prilikom istražen je manji tumul 14 koji je u potpunosti bio snižen obradom zemljišta. Ispod zemljanoga nasipa otkriven je paljevinski grob bez priloga. Sličan ukop zabilježen je prilikom istraživanja tumula 9 2013. godine., The archaeological excavations at the cemetery under the tumuli in Dolina near Nova Gradiška continued in 2021 as part of the research project Childhood in protohistory in the southern Carpathian Basin ARHKIDS (IP-2019-04-2520). Small tumulus 14, excavated on that occasion, had been completely reduced by land cultivation. Cremation grave was discovered under the earth embankment without any grave goods. Tumulus 9, excavated in 2013, contained a similar burial.

Chosen valleys and couloirs of the Polish part of the Western Tatra Mountains from the perspective of linguistics and geomorphology The purpose of this article is an interpretation of 145 names of chosen valleys and couloirs of the Polish part of the Western Tatra Mountains. There are solely oronyms, which consist of two main components – valley or couloir and other lexemes that show various characteristics of their designations. The study has shown that the information on the topographic nature of an object that recorded in its name is sometimes not compatible with the given geographic term that assigned to the object. This problem can be shown on the example of names excerpted from the publication Rzeźba Tatr Polskich (1988) by Klimaszewski. These oronyms were compared with names excerpted from the monograph Polskie Tatry Zachodnie (1996) by Kunicki and Szczerba. The objective has been achieved using the classification of toponyms by Kornaszewski (1986) that shows how to discern the motivational meaning of toponyms. Zarys treści: Informacja o charakterze topograficznym danego obiektu utrwalona w jego nazwie nie zawsze jest zbieżna z określeniem, jakie można by mu przypisać, patrząc nań geomorfologicznego punktu widzenia. W celu unaocznienia tego problemu oraz podjęcia próby odpowiedzi na pytanie dotyczące powodu nieprzystawalności toponimu do typu danej formy terenu poddano interpretacji ponad 145 wybranych nazw dolin i żlebów polskiej części Tatr Zachodnich. Onimy wynotowano z pracy Klimaszewskiego pt. Rzeźba Tatr Polskich (1988) i zestawiono z nazwami zawartymi w monografii Polskie Tatry Zachodnie (1996) autorstwa Kunickiego i Szczerby, które dotyczą tych samych desygnatów. Obserwacji poddano wyłącznie te nazwy, których podstawą członów określanych są apelatywy dolina i żleb. Inspiracją klasyfikacji przyjętej w niniejszym artykule jest propozycja Kornaszewskiego (1986) umożliwiająca dostrzeżenie w każdej z nazw motywacji semantycznej leżącej u podstaw procesu nazwotwórczego. Słowa kluczowe: formy terenu, dolina, żleb, motywacja nazewnicza, Tatry Zachodnie

V diplomski nalogi smo zasnovali turistično karto zgornje doline Kolpe z uporabo prostovoljno zbranih prostorskih podatkov spletne platforme OpenStreetMap. Dodatno smo kot dopolnilni vir uporabili še podatke katastra stavb in podatke reliefa iz Generalizirane kartografske baze (GKB). Pri zasnovi in izdelavi smo uporabili programsko opremo OCAD 12. Ideja za izdelavo in vsebino karte zgornje doline Kolpe s Čabranko se je porodila kot odziv na povpraševanja turistov in obiskovalcev doline, ki so v času bivanja v dolini iskali informacije o možnostih kolesarjenja, ribolova, sprehodov in drugih aktivnosti preživljanja časa v naravi. Zaradi tega je karta zasnovana tako, da je enostavno dostopna tako v tiskani kot v spletni obliki, s preglednostjo pa omogoča uporabo čim širšemu krogu uporabnikov z različnim predhodnim kartografskim znanjem in izkušnjami. This dissertation presents the process of designing a tourist map of the upper valley of Kolpa, using volunteered geographic information from the OpenStreetMap platform. Additional documentation was obtained from the building cadastre. Information regarding the relief was sourced from the Generalized Cartographic Database (GKB). The map was designed and made using OCAD 12 software. The idea to create a map of the upper Kolpa valley with Čabranka was inspired by an increasing number of tourists, seeking information about cycling, fishing, hiking and other outdoor activities. The map is designed to be equally convenient to use in a printed format as well as a digital one. Its simplicity makes it easy to use, regardless of previous knowledge or experience with map reading.

Kasnobrončanodobno naselje u Dolini na položaju Babine grede locirano je na dvije uzdignute grede koje su položene usporedno s tokom rijeke Save u smjeru zapad – istok. Naselje je poznato na osnovi od ranije prikupljenih površinskih nalaza keramičkih ulomaka te je potvrđeno geomagnetskim snimanjem koje je provedeno 2014. godine. Tijekom 2015. i 2016. godine istražena je sonda 1 koja je smještena na istočnome dijelu zapadne grede. Arheološkim istraživanjem 2018. godine na položaju Babine Grede – Tukovi utvrdila se djelomična istovremenost naselja na istočnoj gredi tijekom Ha A2, odnosno tijekom prve polovice 11. st. pr. Kr. U sondi 2 otkriveni su i mlađi horizonti od onih zabilježenih u sondi 1. U istraživanjima koja su provedena u proljeće 2019. godine otvorena je manja sonda 3 na zapadnome dijelu istočne grede. Sonda 3 nalazi se južno od naselja na zapadnoj gredi. Ova sonda istraživana je s ciljem ubikacije ravnoga groblja, ali je lociran periferni dio naselja s većim ukopanim objektom. Novim rezultatima istraživanja dopunjene su spoznaje o granicama naselja i smjerovima njegova širenja, kao i pretpostavke o položaju ravnoga groblja. Činjenica da se na drugoj strani rijeke nalazi brončanodobno naselje Donja Dolina koje je, sudeći prema objavljenim nalazima, bar jednim dijelom bilo istovremeno s naseljem na položaju Babine grede, otvara niz novih pitanja o specifičnome načinu korištenja krajolika uz rijeku Savu tijekom kasnoga brončanog doba, osobito tijekom mlađe faze kulture polja sa žarama., The Late Bronze Age settlement in Dolina at the location of Babine Grede stands on two elevated ridges lying along the course of the River Sava in the direction of west – east. The settlement is known on the basis of previously collected surface finds of potsherds and was confirmed by a geomagnetic survey conducted in 2014. Trench 1, located in the eastern part of the western ridge, was excavated in 2015 and 2016. The archaeological excavations of the location of Babine Grede – Tukovi in 2018 determined that the settlement on the east ridge was partly contemporary in Ha A2, i.e. in the first half of the 11th cent. BC. Trench 2 included younger horizons than those recorded in Trench 1. The excavations conducted in the spring of 2019 opened Trench 3, which is a smaller trench on the western part of the eastern ridge. Trench 3 is located south of the settlement on the western ridge. This trench was excavated with the aim of locating a flat cemetery, but it located a peripheral part of the settlement with a large buried structure. The new excavation results have supplemented the findings about the borders of the settlement and the directions of its expansion, as well as the assumptions about the position of the flat cemetery. According to the published findings, the Bronze Age settlement of Donja Dolina on the other side of the river was at least partly contemporary with the settlement at Babine Grede, and this fact raises a number of new questions about the specific use of landscape along the River Sava in the Late Bronze Age, especially during the younger phase of the Urnfield culture.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Humanas, Departamento de Geografia, Programa de Pós-graduação, 2019. Os sistemas cársticos escondem seus principais mecanismos de morfogênese na subsuperfície, onde a interação de águas levemente aciduladas com rochas solúveis permite a criação de vazios e a interconexão dos fluxos, acelerando processos erosivos nem sempre visíveis. Uma das expressões superficiais mais marcantes destes mecanismos ligados à espeleogênese são as dolinas, feições consideradas elementares destes ambientes. A presente pesquisa teve como objeto principal as depressões cársticas, a partir das quais revisitou-se conceitos, tipologias genéticas e principais morfologias em trabalhos realizados no Brasil e no mundo. O mapeamento dessas feições é realizado há muito tempo e permite uma série de interpretações de cunho geomorfológico e ambiental. Entretanto, a tarefa de detectar e delimitar dolinas esbarra na resolução das bases de dados disponíveis, dificuldades de estabelecer os limites em campo ou por meio de análises visuais em imagens, grande consumo de tempo e trabalho, além de carregar forte viés de subjetividade. Neste sentido, vários trabalhos mais recentes vêm empregando técnicas modernas e bases de dados de alta resolução para a detecção de dolinas, muitos realizados com certo nível de automação, sobretudo com o uso de Modelos Digitais de Elevação-MDE’s. Baseado nessas experiências e tendo como meta identificar as dolinas da região do alto Rio Corrente e da Área de Proteção Ambiental das Nascentes do Rio Vermelho (APA-NRV), nordeste de Goiás, realizou-se o mapeamento dessas feições em três escalas diferentes. Numa primeira abordagem, identificou-se dolinas prioritariamente por meio de trabalhos de campo em uma pequena área próxima à Gruna da Tarimba, e comparou-se os resultados com a análise visual de MDE’s gerados com dados ALOS-PALSAR e Veículo Aéreo Não Tripulado (VANT). Também foram detectadas de forma semi-automática depressões cársticas para escala abrangente, em toda a bacia do alto Rio Corrente com dados SRTM e ALOS-PALSAR. Por fim realizou-se o mapeamento de uma área significativa com o auxílio do VANT e detectou-se dolinas de forma automatizada em área central da APA-NRV, com vários sistemas de cavernas. Os resultados mostraram a importância da escolha adequada da base de dados, resolução e tamanho da área de abrangência. A partir dos resultados foi possível estabelecer as áreas mais carstificadas, tipologias mais usuais de dolinas e os principais processos atuantes na configuração do relevo local, com importante papel dos materiais e da dupla dinâmica erosiva, superficial e subterrânea. Karst systems hide their main mechanisms of morphogenesis in the subsurface, where the interaction of slightly acidified waters with soluble rocks allows the creation of voids and the interconnection of flows, accelerating erosive processes that are not always visible. One of the most important superficial expressions of these mechanisms linked to speleogenesis are dolines, features considered elementary in these environments. The present research had as its main object karst depressions, from which concepts, genetic typologies and main morphologies were revisited in works carried out in Brazil and in the world. The mapping of these features has been carried out for a long time and allows for a series of interpretations of a geomorphological and environmental nature. However, the job of detecting and delimiting dolines comes up against the resolution of the available databases, difficulties in establishing limits in the field or through visual analysis in images, great consumption of time and work, in addition to carrying a strong bias of subjectivity. In this sense, several more recent works have been using modern techniques and high-resolution databases for the detection of dolines, many carried out with a certain level of automation, especially with the use of Digital Elevation Models-MDE's. Based on these experiences and aiming to identify the dolinas in the upper Rio Corrente region and the Environmental Protection Area of the Rio Vermelho Springs (APA-NRV), northeast of Goiás, the mapping of these features was carried out at three different scales. In a first approach, dolines were identified primarily through fieldwork in a small area close to Tarimba Cave, and the results were compared with the visual analysis of MDE's generated with ALOS-PALSAR data and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) . Karst depressions for a comprehensive scale were also semi-automatically detected throughout the upper Corrente river basin with SRTM and ALOS-PALSAR data. Finally, a mapping of a significant area was carried out with the aid of the UAV and dolines were automatically detected in the central area of the APA-NRV, with several cave systems. The results showed the importance of choosing the appropriate database, resolution and size of the coverage area. Based on the results, it was possible to establish the most karstified areas, the most common types of dolines and the main processes acting in the configuration of the local relief, with an important role of the materials and the double erosive, superficial and underground dynamics.

Daerah penelitian terletak di Kabupaten Buton Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara. Berdasarkan aspek geologi wilayah penelitian termasuk dalam Formasi Wapulaka, yang tersusun atas batugamping berumur Kuarter. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi geomorfologi karst daerah penelitian, menentukan jenis litologi penyusun daerah penelitian, dan menentukan tipe karst. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif didukung oleh analisis kuantitatif berupa observasi untuk menganalisis geomorfologi karst, mengetahui data sebaran kawasan karst daerah penelitian, dan mengetahui bentuk morfologi karst daerah penelitian dan litologi penyusun daerah penelitian. Hasil analisis menunjukkan terdapat enam jenis morfologi karst: satuan perbukitan karst, perbukitan kerucut karst, perbukitan plateau karst, lembah kering, lembah dolina, dan gua pada daerah penelitian. Satuan litologi penyusun daerah penelitian adalah packstone, wackstone, dan endapan alluvial. Tipe morfologi karst pada daerah penelitian dibagi menjadi tipe organous dan tipe tual

Rochas carbonáticas são reconhecidas por sua grande heterogeneidade e pela presença de estruturas associadas à dissolução. Isso é muito importante em regiões fraturadas, já que as fraturas podem induzir os processos de dissolução. Entre as consequências geradas se destacam a porosidade secundária e aumento da permeabilidade, que é essencial em regiões com reservatórios de petróleo. Além disso, o aumento na dissolução é responsável pela formação de estruturas de colapso, que podem ocorrer tanto na superfície como na subsuperfície. Os colapsos são responsáveis por diversos problemas em áreas urbanas construídas neste tipo de terreno, como o desmoronamento de edifícios e estradas, o que pode causar sérios problemas sociais e ambientais. O trabalho concentrou-se no estudo de dolinas, que são as estruturas de colapso mais expressivas em rochas carbonáticas, e sua relação com fraturas preexistentes. A ocorrência de dolinas em afloramentos pode ajudar a responder questões intrínsecas aos problemas citados, como se há alguma interferência nas propriedades estruturais e petrofísicas das rochas afetadas, ou mesmo para melhorar a previsão sobre os efeitos que os colapsos geram na topografia. A área estudada possui quatro conjuntos de fraturas preexistentes, um N-S / E-W e outro NE-SW / NW-SE, que concentram a principal dissolução na região. A presença dessas fraturas permitiu a formação das dolinas de colapso. Os dados mostraram que nas áreas onde ocorrem colapsos, há a formação do que está sendo chamado de halos de subsidência. Esta zona está sofrendo subsidência devido ao colapso principal, e o relevo original é afetado, mergulhando em direção à dolina. Foram medidas variações no relevo topográfico maiores de 10 metros em relação às áreas não afetadas. Também foi observada que a área afetada no entorno das dolinas tem em média o dobro do raio das mesmas. Esse processo gera uma mudança no padrão de fraturas da região, com a formação de um novo conjunto, chamado de fratura por colapso. Essas fraturas têm formato circular e ocorrem ao redor das dolinas. Um aumento na abertura e densidade dessas fraturas ao se aproximar das dolinas também foi observado através de scanlines. Isso representa um indicador de melhoria da qualidade permo-porosa nessas áreas. Além disso, mostra que há um aumento na instabilidade estrutural, aumentando o risco de acidentes em áreas construídas em rochas solúveis, uma vez que a área afetada pode ser muito maior do que o previsto anteriormente. Carbonate rocks are recognized for their great heterogeneity and for the presence of structures associated with dissolution. This is very important in fractured regions, since fractures can induce dissolution processes. Among the consequences generated are secondary porosity and increased permeability, which is essential in regions with oil reservoirs. In addition, the increase in dissolution is responsible for the formation of collapse structures, which can occur both at the surface and in the subsurface. The collapses are responsible for several problems in urban areas built on this type of terrain, such as the collapse of buildings and roads, which can cause serious social and environmental problems. The work focused on the study of dolines, which are the most expressive collapse structures in carbonate rocks, and their relation with preexisting fractures. The occurrence of dolines in outcrops can help to answer questions intrinsic to the problems mentioned, such as if there is any interference in the structural and petrophysical properties of the affected rocks, or even to improve the prediction about the effects that the collapses generate in the topography. The studied area has four sets of preexisting fractures, one N-S / EW and another NE-SW / NW-SE, which concentrate the main dissolution in the region. The presence of these fractures allowed the formation of the collapse doline. The data showed that in areas where collapses occur, there is the formation of what are being called subsidence halos. This zone is suffering subsidence due to the main collapse, and the original relief is affected, plunging towards the dolines. Topographic relief variations greater than 10 meters in relation to the non-affected areas were measured. It was also observed that the affected area around the dolines has on average twice the radius of the dolines. This process generates a change in the pattern of fractures of the region, with the formation of a new set, called collapse fracture. These fractures are circular in shape and occur around the dolines. An increase in the aperture and density of these fractures when approaching the dolines was also observed through scanlines. This represents an indicator of permo-porous quality improvement in these areas. In addition, it shows that there is an increase in structural instability, rising the risk of accidents in areas built on soluble rocks, since the affected area may be much larger than previously predicted.

A continuación, presento un texto útil para los cursos de Geología que se dicta en los programas de Ingeniería, con información sobre la geología física de Colombia. Esta versión dedicada a la Universidad Nacional de Colombia en su sesquicentenario, es la tercera de un libro que surge en 1989 y que se pública en 2003, donde el lector encontrará entre otros temas, información sobre nuestros volcanes, ríos y fallas, los terrenos geológicos de Colombia y la formación de los Andes más septentrionales de América, o sobre geomorfología, el clima andino, el patrimonio hídrico, los suelo y la deforestación en Colombia, y sobre los recursos mineros de la ecorregión cafetera, el vulcanismo andino y la teoría del territorio; además de anexos con temas variados, como diseño de túneles en roca blanda, mecánica de los suelos, fundamentos de economía y transportes, o la Luna, y la astronomía, y la Ecorregión Cafetera y el riesgo asociado a las amenazas naturales propias del medio tropical andino.

[EN] This Final Degree Project aims to study and analyze a geotechnical problem in the facilities of the ETAP La Presa in Manises (Valencia), in order to find and develop a solution that is able to protect the affected facilities from the negatie actions that the problem generates. To do this, the geology, hydrogeology and geotechnics of the affected area have been analyzed and studied in order to characterize the problem and after that, to choose the most appropriate solution. The geotechnical problem was formed in April 2012, after an episode of heavy rains appeared a sinkhole near the facilities electrical substation. The solution chosen and developed has been a wall of piles that serves as a containment in against the displacements of soil that are occurring. The calculations have been made with the CYPE program, for which the relevant verifications have been calculated. Finally, the works to be developed for the execution of the action have been planned and the economic cost of the works have been estimated., [CA] Aquest Treball Final de Grau té com a objectiu l'estudi i anàlisi d'una problemàtica geotècnica a les instal·lacions de l'ETAP La Presa a Manises (València), per tal de trobar i desenvolupar una solució que siga capaç de protegir les instal·lacions afectades de les accions negatives que genera la problemàtica. S'han analitzat i estudiat la geologia, hidrogeologia i geotècnia de la zona afectada per tal de caracteritzar el problema per després escollir la solució més adequada. El problema geotècnic es va originar a abril de 2012, després d'un episodi de grans pluges va aparèixer un esvoranc a prop de la subestació elèctrica de les instal·lacions. La solució escollida i desenvolupada ha sigut un mur pantalla de puntals que serveixa de contenció de cara als desplaçaments de sòl que estan ocurrint. Els càlculs s'han realitzat amb el programa CYPE, per als quals s'han calculat les comprovacions pertinents. Finalment, s'han planificat els treballs a desenvolupar per a l'execució de l'actuació i s'ha estimat el cost econòmic de l'obra., [ES] Este Trabajo Final de Grado tiene como objetivo el estudio y análisis de una problemática geotécnica en las instalaciones de la ETAP La Presa en Manises (Valencia), con el fin de encontrar y desarrollar una solución que sea capaz de proteger las instalaciones afectadas de las acciones negativas que genera la problemática. Para ello se ha analizado y estudiado la geología, hidrogeología y geotecnia de la zona afectada con el fin de caracterizar el problema para luego escoger la solución más adecuada. El problema geotécnico se formó en abril de 2012, tras un episodio de grandes lluvias apareció un socavón cerca de la subestación eléctrica de las instalaciones. La solución escogida y desarrollada ha sido un muro pantalla de pilotes que sirva de contención de cara a los desplazamientos de suelo que están ocurriendo. Los cálculos se han realizado con el programa CYPE, para los que se han calculado las comprobaciones pertinentes. Por último, se han planificado los trabajos a desarrollar para la ejecución de la actuación y se ha estimado el coste económico de la misma.

Kasnobrončanodobno naselje u Dolini na položaju Babine grede nalazi se na dvije uzdignute grede koje se pružaju usporedno s tokom rijeke Save u smjeru zapad – istok. Naselje je poznato od ranije na osnovi prikupljenih brojnih površinskih nalaza keramičkih ulomaka te je potvrđeno geomagnetskim snimanjem 2014. godine. Tijekom 2015. i 2016. godine istražena je sonda 1 koja je bila položena na istočnome dijelu zapadne grede. Arheološkim istraživanjem provedenim 2018. godine na položaju Babine Grede – Tukovi željela se utvrditi točna datacija naselja smještenoga na istočnoj gredi. Prema otkrivenim brončanim i keramičkim predmetima, naselje na položaju istočne grede dijelom je egzistiralo u isto vrijeme kao i dio naselja obuhvaćen istraživanjima u sondi 1 na zapadnome dijelu grede, tijekom Ha A2, odnosno u prvoj polovici 11. st. pr. Kr. U sondi 2 otkriveni su i mlađi horizonti naseljavanja od onih zabilježenih u sondi 1. Rezultati istraživanja provedenih 2018. godine mijenjaju dosadašnje pretpostavke o horizontalnoj stratigrafiji naseljavanja u Dolini, odnosno kako se kasnobrončanodobno naselje širilo od istoka prema zapadu, budući da se nedaleko od zapadnoga ruba naselja na Babinim gredama na položaju Glavičice nalazi groblje pod tumulima. Provedenim istraživanjem dokazano je kako se naselje širilo i prema istoku na uzdignutijim mjestima koja nisu bila izravno izložena naglim mjenama razina vode rijeke Save., The Late Bronze Age settlement on the site of Babine Grede in Dolina stands on two greda (elevated positions) stretching along the River Sava in the east-west direction. The settlement is known from before on the basis of numerous collected surface finds of pottery fragments, and it was confirmed by a geomagnetic survey in 2014. Trench 1, in the eastern part of the western elevation, was excavated in 2015 and 2016. Archaeological research undertaken on the site of Babine Grede – Tukovi in 2018 was intended to determine the exact dating of the settlement standing on the eastern elevation. The discovered bronze and ceramic objects show that the settlement on the position of the eastern elevation was partly contemporaneous with the part of the settlement included in the excavations of trench 1 in the western part of the elevation, during Ha A2, that is, in the first half of the 11th century BC. Trench 2 contained even younger settlement horizons than the ones identified in trench 1. The results of the research from 2018 have changed the assumptions about the horizontal settlement stratigraphy in Dolina, that is, about how the Late Bronze Age settlement spread from east to west, where the settlement is the closest to the cemetery under the tumuli at the position of Glavičice. The research has proven that the settlement spread towards the east, too, on the higher places which were not directly exposed to sudden changes in the water level of the Sava. In future years, research will focus on locating the flat cemetery and considering the horizontal stratigraphy of the Late Bronze Age settlement on the site of Babine Grede.

En el NW de Burgos (España) la unidad geomorfológica de las Loras es un espacio de transición entre la Montaña Cantábrica y las llanuras de Castilla. Su relieve es morfoestructural. Alternan elevaciones, llamadas loras (sinclinales colgados de culminación plana) y valles (combes labradas en los anticlinales). La estructura es de relieve plegado, pero está alterado por fallas. El paisaje es fundamentalmente geológico., The geomorphological unity of the Loras –NW of Burgos (Spain)– is a sort of transitional space from the Cantabrian mountains and the plains of the Castille. The relief is morphological- structural. Alternating elevations brain –Loras– and valleys –combes–. The topography of the region presents a mountainous terrain with folds and the faults. The Loras its wonderful geological landscape.

U listopadu 2017. godine provedena su arheološka istraživanja u Dolini na položaju Glavičice, gdje su istraženi tumul 10 kao i probna sonda na pretpostavljenom položaju ravnoga groblja. U tumulu 10 otkriveni su ostaci opljačkanoga groba 1 te ostatak groba 2, pri čemu su tijekom istraživanja dokumentirani i tragovi aktivnosti tijekom pogrebnih rituala provedenih prije podizanja zemljanoga humka. U probnoj sondi nisu pronađeni tragovi arheoloških cijelina, osim malobrojnih keramičkih ulomaka prikupljenih u sloju humusa., During the archaeological excavations carried out in 2017 tumulus 10 was excavated at the site Glavičice in Dolina. The upper grave in Tumulus 10 was plundered in the past (Fig. 3). The results of the research confirmed the assumption that the structure of each tumulus flowed independently and only in adjacent tumuli, according to the present knowledge, traces of collective memory and established tradition can be expected. Since only a small part of the community living in a settlement situated at the site Babine Grede were buried under the tumuli, it is not excluded that tumuli were constructed for a longer period. The recognizable chronological difference, proved by type-chronological analysis, indicates a range of 80–100 years in burials under the tumuli. In addition to the chronological difference, one may also have to account for a different position of the deceased who were buried under the tumuli, that is, it could be related to family or other social affiliation.

[EN] This Final Degree Project involves the development of the search and application of a technical solution to stabilize a section of the Camino de la Estación street in Alcalá de Ebro (Zaragoza), where since the last 10 years, a series of subsidences and collapse sinkholes are taking place around the protection speck of the river Ebro from time to time. This study includes the geological and geotechnical analysis of the area as well as a series of possible solutions for facing this pathology. The best solution is identified and selected to be developed. The adopted solution consists of 28 cement mortar columns arranged staggeringly and cover by 3 geogrids of biaxial resistance inserted with layers of graded aggregates. The geotechnical design and calculation is carried out using finite element software Plaxis 8.5. This solution is designed to improve the characteristics of the ground, to distribute the superficial loads, to homogenize the subsidence and to transmit the efforts to more competent soil layers. A structural calculation of the solution is also performed and it is verified that the action improves the behavior of the soil and fulfills the objectives. In addition, a constructive process of the works is shown, following a sequence of basic tasks with his work units, and an economic estimation of the material execution of the proposed solution., [CA] El Treball Final de Grau presentat engloba el desenvolupament de la recerca i aplicació d¿una solució tècnica per estabilitzar un tram del carrer Camino de la Estación de la població d'Alcalá de Ebro (Zaragoza), en què es produeixen periòdicament subsidències i dolines de col·lapse entorn de la mota de protecció del riu Ebro des dels últims 10 anys. En aquest estudi s'inclou l'anàlisi geològic I geotècnic de l'entorn per, posteriorment, plantejar una sèrie de possibles solucions per a aquesta patologia i dur a terme l'elecció justificada d'una d'elles. La solució adoptada consisteix en 28 columnes de morter disposades a portell i coronades per 3 geomalles de resistència biaxial intercalades amb capes de saorres seleccionades. El disseny i càlcul geotècnic s'ha dut a terme empleant el software d'elements finits Plaxis a la seua versió 8.5. Aquesta solució s'ha dissenyat per millorar les característiques del terreny, repartir les càrregues superficials, homogeneïtzar les subsidències i transmetre els esforços a estrats profunds més competents. S'ha realitzat el càlcul estructural de la solució i es comprova que l'actuació millora el comportament del terreny i compleix amb els objectius plantejats. Addicionalment, s'ha plantejat un procés constructiu de l'obra seguint una seqüència de tasques bàsiques amb les seues unitats d'obra, i una estimació econòmica de l'execució material de la solució proposada., [ES] El Trabajo Final de Grado presentado abarca el desarrollo de la búsqueda y aplicación de una solución técnica para estabilizar un tramo de la calle Camino de la Estación de la población de Alcalá de Ebro (Zaragoza), en la que se producen periódicamente subsidencias y dolinas de colapso entorno a la mota de protección del río Ebro desde los últimos 10 años. En este estudio se incluye el análisis geológico ¿ geotécnico del entorno para, posteriormente, plantear una serie de posibles soluciones para esta patología y llevar a cabo la elección justificada de una de ellas. La solución adoptada consiste en 28 columnas de mortero dispuestas a tresbolillo y coronadas por 3 geomallas de resistencia biaxial intercaladas con tongadas de zahorras seleccionadas. El diseño y cálculo geotécnico se ha llevado a cabo usando el software de elementos finitos Plaxis en su versión 8.5. Esta solución se ha diseñado para mejorar las características del terreno, repartir las cargas superficiales, homogeneizar las subsidencias y transmitir los esfuerzos a estratos profundos más competentes. Se ha realizado el cálculo estructural de la solución y se comprueba que la actuación mejora el comportamiento del terreno y cumple con los objetivos planteados. Adicionalmente, se ha planteado un proceso constructivo de la obra siguiendo una secuencia de tareas básicas con sus unidades de obra, y una estimación económica de la ejecución material de la solución propuesta.

U jesen 2016. godine nastavljena su arheološka istraživanja sonde 1 na položaju višeslojnog kasnobrončanodobnog naselja Babine Grede u Dolini. U istraživanjima 2015. otkrivena su tri naseobinska horizonta, a u istraživanjima poduzetim 2016. godine još devet horizonata naseljavanja na gredi uz Savu. Arheološkim iskopavanjima dokumentirana su urušenja iznad kuće, potpuni tlocrt jedne kuće stradale u požaru, ukopi za stupove, ognjišta te jame i poluukopani prostor. Od pokretnih nalaza pronađene su veće količine keramike, kućnoga lijepa od konstrukcije kuće, zatim predmeti od kamena, životinjske kosti kao i nekoliko brončanih predmeta. Prema pronađenim nalazima, istraženi horizonti mogu se datirati u vrijeme 11. st. pr. Kr., In the autumn of 2016 continued archaeological research of trench 1 on multilayer Late Bronze Age settlement Babine Grede in Dolina. Three horizons of the settlement were discovered in excavation 2015, while in the research undertaken in 2016 nine horizons of settlement was recognized. Archaeological excavations documented the collapse over the house, complete floor plan of a house destroyed by fire, numerous burials for posts, fireplaces and pits and semiundergrounded pit. Archaeological finds have been found in greater quantities – pottery, house daub of the house construction, then stone objects, animal bones and a few bronze items. According to the collected findings, explored part of settlement can be dated to the 11th century BC.

[EN] This Final Degree Project involves the development of the search and application of a technical solution to stabilize a section of the Camino de la Estación street in Alcalá de Ebro (Zaragoza), where since the last 10 years, a series of subsidences and collapse sinkholes are taking place around the protection speck of the river Ebro from time to time. This study includes the geological and geotechnical analysis of the area as well as a series of possible solutions for facing this pathology. The best solution is identified and selected to be developed. The adopted solution consists of 28 cement mortar columns arranged staggeringly and cover by 3 geogrids of biaxial resistance inserted with layers of graded aggregates. The geotechnical design and calculation is carried out using finite element software Plaxis 8.5. This solution is designed to improve the characteristics of the ground, to distribute the superficial loads, to homogenize the subsidence and to transmit the efforts to more competent soil layers. A structural calculation of the solution is also performed and it is verified that the action improves the behavior of the soil and fulfills the objectives. In addition, a constructive process of the works is shown, following a sequence of basic tasks with his work units, and an economic estimation of the material execution of the proposed solution., [CA] El Treball Final de Grau presentat engloba el desenvolupament de la recerca i aplicació d¿una solució tècnica per estabilitzar un tram del carrer Camino de la Estación de la població d¿Alcalá de Ebro (Zaragoza), en què es produeixen periòdicament subsidències i dolines de col·lapse entorn de la mota de protecció del riu Ebro des dels últims 10 anys. En aquest estudi s¿inclou l¿anàlisi geològic ¿ geotècnic de l¿entorn per, posteriorment, plantejar una sèrie de possibles solucions per a aquesta patologia i dur a terme l¿elecció justificada d¿una d¿elles. La solució adoptada consisteix en 28 columnes de morter disposades a portell i coronades per 3 geomalles de resistència biaxial intercalades amb capes de saorres seleccionades. El disseny i càlcul geotècnic s¿ha dut a terme empleant el software d¿elements finits Plaxis a la seua versió 8.5. Aquesta solució s'ha dissenyat per millorar les característiques del terreny, repartir les càrregues superficials, homogeneïtzar les subsidències i transmetre els esforços a estrats profunds més competents. S'ha realitzat el càlcul estructural de la solució i es comprova que l'actuació millora el comportament del terreny i compleix amb els objectius plantejats. Addicionalment, s'ha plantejat un procés constructiu de l'obra seguint una seqüència de tasques bàsiques amb les seues unitats d'obra, i una estimació econòmica de l'execució material de la solució proposada., [ES] El Trabajo Final de Grado presentado abarca el desarrollo de la búsqueda y aplicación de una solución técnica para estabilizar un tramo de la calle Camino de la Estación de la población de Alcalá de Ebro (Zaragoza), en la que se producen periódicamente subsidencias y dolinas de colapso entorno a la mota de protección del río Ebro desde los últimos 10 años. En este estudio se incluye el análisis geológico ¿ geotécnico del entorno para, posteriormente, plantear una serie de posibles soluciones para esta patología y llevar a cabo la elección justificada de una de ellas. La solución adoptada consiste en 28 columnas de mortero dispuestas a tresbolillo y coronadas por 3 geomallas de resistencia biaxial intercaladas con tongadas de zahorras seleccionadas. El diseño y cálculo geotécnico se ha llevado a cabo usando el software de elementos finitos Plaxis en su versión 8.5. Esta solución se ha diseñado para mejorar las características del terreno, repartir las cargas superficiales, homogeneizar las subsidencias y transmitir los esfuerzos a estratos profundos más competentes. Se ha realizado el cálculo estructural de la solución y se comprueba que la actuación mejora el comportamiento del terreno y cumple con los objetivos planteados. Adicionalmente, se ha planteado un proceso constructivo de la obra siguiendo una secuencia de tareas básicas con sus unidades de obra, y una estimación económica de la ejecución material de la solución propuesta.

The evolution of the fluvial and alluvial Quaternary deposits in the surroundings of Zaragoza is controlled by the dissolution of the Miocene substratum . Karstification of Miocene evaporites conditioned changes in thickness and sedimentary facies of such deposits , and, in addition, the land forms resulting from its degradation. Recently created new road and railway cuts expose, not only unconformable Quaternary remains, but also disorganized materials in ancient dolines. These increase in thickness may be the reason for the preservation of Quaternary remains in the hills, forming "inverted reliefs", En el entorno de Zaragoza la evolución de los depósitos cuaternarios (fluviales y aluviales) está muy influida por el comportamiento del substrato mioceno. La karstificación de dicho substrato ha condicionado los espesores y las facies sedimentarias en terrazas y glacis, así como las formas del relieve que resultan de la degradación de estos depósitos. Las nuevas obras lineales han creado cortes donde se observa que algunos cerros están coronados por restos de materiales cuaternarios disconformes y también por rellenos desestructurados de material colapsado en dolinas. Dichos rellenos han prolongado la supervivencia de los cerros dando lugar a relieves invertidos

En el entorno de Zaragoza la evolución de los depósitos cuaternarios (fluviales y aluviales) está muy influida por el comportamiento del substrato mioceno. La karstificación de dicho substrato ha condicionado los espesores y las facies sedimentarias en terrazas y glacis, así como las formas del relieve que resultan de la degradación de estos depósitos. Las nuevas obras lineales han creado cortes donde se observa que algunos cerros están coronados por restos de materiales cuaternarios disconformes y también por rellenos desestructurados de material colapsado en dolinas. Dichos rellenos han prolongado la supervivencia de los cerros dando lugar a relieves invertidos. The evolution of the fluvial and alluvial Quaternary deposits in the surroundings of Zaragoza is controlled by the dissolution of the Miocene substratum. Karstification of Miocene evaporites conditioned changes in thickness and sedimentary facies of such deposits, and, in addition, the landforms resulting from its degradation. Recently created new road and railway cuts expose, not only unconformable Quaternary remains, but also disorganized materials in ancient dolines. These increase in thickness may be the reason for the preservation of Quaternary remains in the hills, forming “inverted reliefs“.

U jesen 2015. godine započela su istraživanja kasnobrončanodobnoga naselja na položaju Babine grede u Dolini. U sondi 1 dokumentirana su tri horizonta naseljavanja s ostacima podnica kuća uz čije se rubove nalaze ukopi rupa za stupove. Između podnica kuća pronađene su jame, dok su posebno brojna ognjišta koja često imaju supstrukciju od keramičkih ulomaka. U istraživanjima je otkrivena brojna pokretna građa, pri čemu su najbrojniji ulomci keramičkih posuda i kućnoga lijepa, zatim slijede nalazi kostiju, žrvnjeva, kamenih alata, brončanih predmeta (dlijeto, igla) te ostaci brončane zgure. Prema preliminarnim rezultatima i pokretnoj građi, naselje se datira u Ha A2 i Ha B1 stupanj, odnosno u 11. i 10. st. pr. Kr., Research of the Late Bronze Age settlement at Babine grede in Dolina was carried out in the autumn of 2015. The Late Bronze Age settlement is at a natural hill next to a branch of an old watercourse. Three settlement horizons were documented in trench 1 with the remains of house floors with postholes along the edges. Pits were found between the floors, with a particularly large number of hearths, often with pottery substructure. The research revealed numerous mobile finds, most notably fragments of pottery vessels and daub, then bones, grindstones, stone tools, bronze objects (chisel, pin) and bronze slag. According to preliminary results and mobile finds, the settlement can be attributed to Ha A2 and Ha B1, i.e. 11th and 10th c. BC. Settlement at Babine grede in Dolina is contemporary to the Old Settlement in Donja Dolina (Marić 1964), while comparisons for pottery finds can be drawn also with the one in Novigrad on Sava (Majnarić-Pandžić 1993).

Reunión Nacional de Geomorfología (14º. 2016. Málaga). - Colección: Geología y Geofísica, nº 5, Sierra Gorda constituye un extenso macizo carbonatado kárstico ubicado en el extremo occidental de la provincia de Granada. En esta sierra, las dolinas constituyen la representación más importante del modelado kárstico y su evolución. Se ha realizado una cartografía geomorfológica, donde se han delimitado todas las depresiones existentes, La estimación de la superficie total que ocupan las dolinas, incluyendo el Polje de Zafarraya, 38,71 km2, el perímetro total, más de 375 km, así como el numero total identificadas y cartografiadas, más de 2500, y su distribución espacial, son datos básicos para cuantificar la recarga del acuífero kárstico y por tanto, entender mejor el comportamiento hidrogeológico del mismo. Se han observado dolinas con planta circular y elíptica, constatando en algunos casos conjuntos de formas similares alineadas a fallas y/o fracturas. No obstante, otras dolinas no parecen tener un control estructural claro y presentan una distribución espacial heterogénea que no parece responder a un único factor de control., Unidad de Baleares, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, España, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, España, Universitat de les Illes Balears, España, Unidad de Granada, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, España, Universidad de Granada, España

Reunión Nacional de Geomorfología (14º. 2016. Málaga). - Colección: Geología y Geofísica, nº 5, El concepto de geodiversidad está cada vez más arraigado, tanto en la comunidad científica como en el público en general, ya que se ha comenzado a valorar el patrimonio geológico como un bien material digno de preservar. Sin embargo, la evaluación de la geodiversidad no es obvia y es un problema que no está definitivamente resuelto. Dejando a un lado el carácter subjetivo que se puede dar a la importancia de cada uno de los factores que puedan definir la geodiversidad, está el problema técnico de obtener un indice o valor cuantitativo para cada uno de dichos factores. En este trabajo nos centramos en la estimación del factor geomorfológico en un terreno kárstico. Se presenta una metodología para evaluar el índice geomorfológico atendiendo a la estimación de las geoformas típicas del exokarst: dolinas, polijes, simas y zonas con lapiaz bien desarrollado; así como otras formas de modelado (periglacial, fluvial, etc.) supuesto al karst., Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, España, Unidad de Granada, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, España, Unidad de Baleares, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, España

The dissertation can be roughly divided into two parts. In the first part it deals with magnetic properties of quasi-zero dimensional graphene structures, such as nanodots and nanorings. In particular, a circular graphene quantum dot is analyzed in Chapter 3 using the Dirac-Weyl equation. The energy and the optical absorption spectra are computed for the case of the present external magnetic field. The results are obtained for two distinct boundary conditions, namely infinite-mass and zigzag boundary conditions, which model different physics in the structure with different edges. It is found that the energy spectrum of a dot with zigzag boundary condition exhibits a zero energy band regardless of the value of the magnetic field, while for the infinite mass boundary condition the zero energy states appear only for high magnetic fields in the form of the zeroth Landau level. The analytical results are compared to those obtained from the tight-binding model in order to show the validity range of the continuum model. It is found that the continuum model with infinite mass boundary condition describes rather well its tight binding counterpart, which can partially be attributed to blurring of the mixed edges by the staggered potential. The mean-field Hubbard model is subsequently used to investigate the formation of the antiferromagnetic phase in hexagonal graphene quantum rings with inner zigzag edges. The outer edge of the ring is taken to be either zigzag or armchair, and it is found that both types of structures exhibit a larger antiferromagnetic interaction than hexagonal quantum dots. This difference could be partially ascribed to the larger number of zigzag edges per unit area in rings than in dots. Furthermore, edge states localized on the inner ring edge are found to hybridize differently than the edge states of dots, which results in important differences in the magnetism of graphene rings and dots. The largest staggered magnetization is found when the outer edge has a zigzag shape. However, narrow rings with armchair outer edge are found to have larger staggered magnetization than zigzag hexagons. The edge defects are shown to have the least effect on magnetization when the outer ring edge is armchair shaped. Ova doktorska disertacija se može grubo podeliti u dva dela. U prvom delu, ona se bavi magnetskim svojstvima kvazi-nulto dimenzionih grafen- skih struktura, kao što su nanotačke i nanoprstenovi. Konkretno, kružna grafenska kvantna tačka je analizirana u poglav u 3 koristeći Dirak-Vejlovu jednačinu. Energetska stanja i optički apsorpcioni spektar su izračunati za slučaj primenjenog spoljašnjeg magnetnog polja. Rezultati su dobijeni za dva različita slučaja, primenom graničnog uslova beskonačne mase i takoz- vanog cikcak graničnog uslova, koji opisuju strukture sa različitim vrstama ivica. Pronađeno je da energetski spektar tačke za cikcak granični uslov podržava nultoenergetski nivo, bez obzira na vrednost magnetskog polja, dok se za granični uslov beskonačane mase nultoenergetska stanja pojavljuju samo za visoke vrednosti magnetskog polja i to u obliku nultog Landauovog nivoa. Analitički dobijeni rezultati su zatim upoređeni sa rezultatima dobijenim pomoću metoda jake veze, da bi se odredila oblast važenja kontinualnog mod- ela. Pronađeno je da se kontinualni model sa graničnim uslovom beskonačne mase dobro slaže sa metodom jake veze, što se donekle može pripisati mini- mizovanju uticaja ivica, što je posledica naizmeničnog potencijala. Nakon ovoga disertacija se bavi analizom formiranja antiferomagnetizma u heksagonalnim grafenskim kvantnim prstenovima sa cikcak unutrašnjom ivicom koristeći Habardov model u aproksimaciji srednjeg polja. Spoljna ivica prstena je ili cikcak ili foteljastog tipa. Pronađeno je da obe vrste struktura pokazuju veću sklonost ka antiferomagnetizmu nego heksagonalne kvantne tačke. Ova razlika se delimično može pripisati većoj dužini cik- cak ivica u prstenovima nego u tačkama. Pored toga, hibridizacija ivič- nih stanja lokalizovanih na unutrašnjoj strani prstena je drugačije prirode nego hibridizacija stanja na ivici tačaka, što dovodi do bitnih razlika mag- netizma prstenova u odnosu na tačke. Najveća magnetizacija je dobijena za slučaj kada je i spoljašnja ivica cikcak tipa. Ipak, vrlo uski prstenovi sa...

Kasnobrončanodobno groblje pod tumulima u Dolini istražuje se od 2009. godine u suradnji s Gradskim muzejom Nova Gradiška. U dosadašnjim istraživanjima pet tumula otkriveni su različiti načini pokopavanja pod tumulima na kraju kasnoga brončanog i početkom starijega željeznog doba s obzirom na konstrukciju grobova i strukturu priloga u njima. Arheološkim istraživanjima 2014. godine istraženi su ostaci tumula 12 i 13 te su provedena geofizička istraživanja položaja naselja i groblja pod tumulima., Archaeological research in 2014 looked into the remains of tumuli 12 and 13, which included geophysical survey of the position of the settlements and the tumulus cemetery. Research of tumuli 12 and 13 confirmed the northwestern border of the tumulus cemetery. Geophysical survey provided further insight into the relation between the settlement and the cemetery and the infrastructure of the settlement itself. Remarkable insight and finds gathered during the investigation of Glavičica in Dolina allow a more comprehensive view of funeral rituals during the end of the Late Bronze and beginning of Early Iron Age in Posavina (Sava valley), which also extends to the spatial relations between the settlement and the cemetery. The results of magnetic prospecting have broadened the scope provided by classical archaeological methods and will certainly steer future research of the site in several directions: inspecting the eastern edge of the flat cemetery, verifying the position of probable tumuli not visible at present and researching the settlement at Babine Grede.

La propagación de cavidades de disolución localizadas por debajo de series aluviales genera una serie de evidencias cuya representación superficial, en ocasiones, puede no ser indicativa de su extensión real en profundidad. La propagación de cavidades a través de medios heterogéneos, en los que pueden existir niveles cementados, puede producir cambios en la progresión de dichas cavidades y la identificación en superficie de grietas, colapsos, o zonas de subsidencia que pueden involucrar decenas de miles de metros cúbicos de material inestable. Cualquier tipo de evaluación de soluciones mitigadoras en estos contextos debe considerar la amplitud de estos volúmenes y el origen del proceso con independencia de la actividad registrada en superficie. En este trabajo se aborda un estudio integrado con el objetivo de determinar la estructura de un sector con evidencias de actividad kárstica superficial y evaluar su extensión y desarrollo tridimensional integrando el análisis geomorfológico, de inspección de campo, geofísica (GPR) y sondeos The propagation of solution cavities located below alluvial deposits produce surficial evidences that, in some cases, cannot be representative of their actual extension at depth. Cavity propagation through heterogeneous media, for example with interbedded cemented levels, can produce changes in the propagation of deformation producing the identification of cracks, collapses or subsidence zones at the surface. These processes can involve thousands of cubic meters of unstable materials. Any evaluation of mitigation tasks, in this context, needs to consider: i) the amplitude of the affected volumes and ii) the in depth origin with independence of the surficial recorded activity In this work an integrated analysis is developed to evaluate the size and 3D structure of a sector with surficial evidences of karstic activity integrating geomorphological analysis, field inspection, geophysics (GPR) and boreholes

La propagación de cavidades de disolución localizadas por debajo de series aluviales genera una serie de evidencias cuya representación superficial, en ocasiones, puede no ser indicativa de su extensión real en profundidad. La propagación de cavidades a través de medios heterogéneos, en los que pueden existir niveles cementados, puede producir cambios en la progresión de dichas cavidades y la identificación en superficie de grietas, colapsos, o zonas de subsidencia que pueden involucrar decenas de miles de metros cúbicos de material inestable. Cualquier tipo de evaluación de soluciones mitigadoras en estos contextos debe considerar la amplitud de estos volúmenes y el origen del proceso con independencia de la actividad registrada en superficie. En este trabajo se aborda un estudio integrado con el objetivo de determinar la estructura de un sector con evidencias de actividad kárstica superficial y evaluar su extensión y desarrollo tridimensional integrando el análisis geomorfológico, de inspección de campo, geofísica (GPR) y sondeos, The propagation of solution cavities located below alluvial deposits produce surficial evidences that, in some cases, cannot be representative of their actual extension at depth. Cavity propagation through heterogeneous media, for example with interbedded cemented levels, can produce changes in the propagation of deformation producing the identification of cracks, collapses or subsidence zones at the surface. These processes can involve thousands of cubic meters of unstable materials. Any evaluation of mitigation tasks, in this context, needs to consider: i) the amplitude of the affected volumes and ii) the in depth origin with independence of the surficial recorded activity In this work an integrated analysis is developed to evaluate the size and 3D structure of a sector with surficial evidences of karstic activity integrating geomorphological analysis, field inspection, geophysics (GPR) and boreholes