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Early diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can reduce the risk of major illnesses. Disadvantages of EBV antibody detection methods that are commonly used clinically include lengthy assay time, need for a lot of reagent, and low efficiency. Compared with traditional detection methods, microfluidics technology offers high throughput, low reagent consumption, less bio-contamination, and a higher degree of automation. Advantages of magnetic immunofluorescence technology include high detection efficiency and a strong signal. The combined advantages of the two methods can compensate for the shortcomings of traditional methods. In the present study, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as the raw material was subjected to laser cutting and vacuum hot pressing to quickly obtain chips. Magnetic beads labeled with antigen and fluorescent microspheres labeled with anti-human antibody were then rapidly lyophilized into microspheres by freeze-drying and embedded into the chips. After incubation and cleaning, the last step was detection. Image J software was used to analyze the mean fluorescence intensity and obtain negative or positive test results. To determine the precision of the chip, high- and low-value samples of each item were retested 10 times. The mean values were calculated to obtain the relative standard deviation (RSD) for several common pathogens. Furthermore, the coincidence rate of clinical samples was tested using a chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) to determine the potential clinical application value. The RSD of the precision test for each item was10%, indicating good precision. The precision of the accelerated stability test was not verified. Specificity test results revealed no cross-reaction with some common pathogen antibodies, indicating good specificity. It remains to be verified whether the antibodies detected by this method cross-react with other herpes simplex viruses, such as types 1 and 2, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated virus, and human herpes virus type 6 and 7. Of the 121 clinical samples tested, statistical analysis of the data indicated good agreement with the chemiluminescence immunoassay in clinical trials. EB viral capsid antigen (EB VCA) IgG positive coincidence rate was 95.77% (68/71), the negative coincidence rate was 86% (43/50) (Kappa=0.828

Background: Tokyo, the capital of Japan, is a densely populated city of >13 million people, so the population is at high risk of epidemic severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. A serologic survey of anti–SARS-CoV-2 IgG would provide valuable data for assessing the city’s SARS-CoV-2 infection status. Therefore, this cross-sectional study estimated the anti–SARS-CoV-2 IgG seroprevalence in Tokyo. Methods: Leftover serum of 23,234 hospital visitors was tested for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 using an iFlash 3000 chemiluminescence immunoassay analyzer (Shenzhen YHLO Biotech, Shenzhen, China) with an iFlash–SARS-CoV-2 IgG kit (YHLO) and iFlash–SARS-CoV-2 IgG-S1 kit (YHLO). Serum samples with a positive result (≥10 AU/mL) in either of these assays were considered seropositive for anti–SARS-CoV-2 IgG. Participants were randomly selected from patients visiting 14 Tokyo hospitals between September 1, 2020 and March 31, 2021. No participants were diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and none exhibited COVID-19-related symptoms at the time of blood collection. Results: The overall anti–SARS-CoV-2 IgG seroprevalence among all participants was 1.83% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.66–2.01%). The seroprevalence in March 2021, the most recent month of this study, was 2.70% (95% CI, 2.16–3.34%). After adjusting for population age, sex, and region, the estimated seroprevalence in Tokyo was 3.40%, indicating that 470,778 individuals had a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusions: The estimated number of individuals in Tokyo with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 3.9-fold higher than the number of confirmed cases. Our study enhances understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Tokyo.

Since Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) represents a neurological pathology caused by inter-synaptic messaging errors, membrane receptors, the source of signal cascades, constitute appealing drugs targets. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and ion channel receptors chelated antidepressants (ADs) high-resolution architectures were reported to realize receptors physical mechanism and design prototype compounds with minimal side effects. Tyrosine kinase receptor 2 (TrkB), a receptor that directly modulates synaptic plasticity, has a finite three-dimensional chart due to its high molecular mass and intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs). Leveraging breakthroughs in deep learning, the meticulous architecture of TrkB was projected employing Alphfold 2 (AF2). Furthermore, the Alphafold Multimer algorithm (AF-M) models the coupling of intra- and extra-membrane topologies to chaperones: mBDNF, SHP2, Etc. Conjugating firmly dimeric transmembrane helix with novel compounds like 2R,6R-hydroxynorketamine (2R,6R-HNK) expands scopes of drug screening to encompass all coding sequences throughout genomes. The operational implementation of TrkB kinase-SHP2, PLCγ1, and SHC1 ensembles has paved the path for machine learning in which it can forecast structural transitions in the self-assembly and self-dissociation of molecules during trillions of cellular mechanisms. In silicon, the cornerstone of the alteration will be artificial intelligence (AI), empowering signal networks to operate at the atomic level and picosecond timescales.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the production of both SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and autoantibodies in serum following the third booster vaccination of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine, and to study the effect of B cell subsets with CD27 and CD38 phenotypes in peripheral blood on antibody production.Routine blood indexes, SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, platelet factor 4 and seven antiphospholipid antibodies were detected both before and 2 months after vaccination in the medical staff of the Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University. Peripheral blood B cell subtypes were detected prior to vaccination.Following immunization, the positive rate of anti-N-S1 IgG had increased from 24.8% to 91.3% and the average antibody concentration had increased by 11 times. The positive rate of NAb had increased from 24.8% to 91.3%, the average antibody concentration had increased by 12 times, and the primary increased anti-S1 IgG subtype was that of IgG1. Peripheral blood CD27+CD38+ B cells were positively correlated with antibody levels after vaccination and were a predictor of the antibody response. In addition, although some indicators showed slight absolute changes, the blood parameters and antiphospholipid antibodies of most volunteers were normal both before and after COVID-19 inactivated vaccine inoculation, and there was no statistical difference in abnormal rates either before or after inoculation.Antibodies in vivo were increased after vaccination with the inactivated vaccine, and IgG1 was the main subtype involved in response to the vaccine. Vaccination with the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine did not appear to affect thrombus-related autoantibodies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The accurate and prompt diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is required for the control and treatment of the coronavirus infection disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this study, we aimed to investigate the time courses of the anti-severe acute corona respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) IgM and IgG titers and to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of such tests according to the specific day after the onset of COVID-19 among a patient population in Japan. We measured the titers of SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG in sera from 105 subjects, including 26 symptomatic COVID-19 patients, using chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) methods utilizing magnetic beads coated with SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and spike protein. The results of a ROC analysis suggested the possibility that the cutoff values in Japan might be lower than the manufacturer’s reported cutoff (10 AU/mL): 1 AU/mL for IgM and 5 AU/mL for IgG. The sensitivity of the test before Day 8 after symptom onset was less than 50%; at Days 9–10, however, we obtained a much higher sensitivity of 81.8% for both IgM and IgG. At 15 days or later after symptom onset, the SARS-CoV-2 IgG test had a sensitivity of 100%. These results suggest that if the number of days since disease onset is taken into consideration, these antibody tests could be very useful for the diagnosis of COVID-19 and similar diseases.

Objectives The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly spread globally. The laboratory diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection has relied on nucleic acid testing; however, it has some limitations, such as low throughput and high rates of false negatives. Tests of higher sensitivity are needed to effectively identify infected patients. Methods This study has developed fully automated chemiluminescent immunoassays to determine IgM and IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in human serum. The assay performance has been evaluated at 10 hospitals. Clinical specificity was evaluated by measuring 972 hospitalized patients and 586 donors of a normal population. Clinical sensitivity was assessed on 513 confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR. Results The assays demonstrated satisfied assay precision with coefficient of variation of less than 4.45%. Inactivation of specimen did not affect assay measurement. SARS-CoV-2 IgM showed clinical specificity of 97.33 and 99.49% for hospitalized patients and the normal population respectively, and SARS-CoV-2 IgG showed clinical specificity of 97.43 and 99.15% respectively. SARS-CoV-2 IgM showed clinical sensitivity of 82.54, 92.93, and 84.62% before 7 days, 7–14 days, and after 14 days respectively, since onset of symptoms, and SARS-CoV-2 IgG showed clinical sensitivity of 80.95, 97.98, and 99.15% respectively at the same time points above. Conclusions We have developed fully automated immunoassays for detecting SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies in human serum. The assays demonstrated high clinical specificity and sensitivity, and add great value to nucleic acid testing in fighting against the global pandemic of the SARS-CoV-2 infection.

To better understand the immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in individuals with COVID-19, it is important to investigate the kinetics of the antibody responses and their associations with the clinical course in different populations, since there seem to be considerable differences between Western and Asian populations in the clinical features and spread of COVID-19. In this study, we serially measured the serum titers of IgM, IgG and IgA antibodies generated against the nucleocapsid protein (NCP), S1 subunit of the spike protein (S1), and receptor-binding domain in the S1 subunit (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 in Japanese individuals with COVID-19. Among the IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies, IgA antibodies against all of the aforementioned viral proteins were the first to appear after the infection, and IgG and/or IgA seroconversion often preceded IgM seroconversion. In regard to the timeline of the antibody responses to the different viral proteins (NCP, S1 and RBD), IgA against NCP appeared than IgA against S1 or RBD, while IgM and IgG against S1 appeared earlier than IgM/IgG against NCP or RBD. The IgG responses to all three viral proteins and responses of all three antibody classes to S1 and RBD were sustained for longer durations than the IgA/IgM responses to all three viral proteins and responses of all three antibody classes to NCP, respectively. The seroconversion of IgA against NCP occurred later and less frequently in patients with mild COVID-19. These results suggest possible differences in the antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 antigens between the Japanese and Western populations.

Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) for the non-invasive monitoring of diabetes are constantly being developed and improved. Although there are multiple biosensing platforms for monitoring glucose available on the market, there is still a strong need to enhance their precision, repeatability, wearability, and accessibility to end-users. Biosensing technologies are being increasingly explored that use different bodily fluids such as sweat and tear fluid, etc., that can be calibrated to and therefore used to measure blood glucose concentrations accurately. To improve the wearability of these devices, exploring different fluids as testing mediums is essential and opens the door to various implants and wearables that in turn have the potential to be less inhibiting to the wearer. Recent developments have surfaced in the form of contact lenses or mouthguards for instance. Challenges still present themselves in the form of sensitivity, especially at very high or low glucose concentrations, which is critical for a diabetic person to monitor. This review summarises advances in wearable glucose biosensors over the past 5 years, comparing the different types as well as the fluid they use to detect glucose, including the CGMs currently available on the market. Perspectives on the development of wearables for glucose biosensing are discussed.

We collected blood from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescent individuals and investigated SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in these discharged patients. Follow-up analysis in a cohort of 171 patients at 4–11 months after the onset revealed high levels of IgG antibodies. A total of 78.1% (164/210) of the specimens tested positive for neutralizing antibody (NAb). SARS-CoV-2 antigen peptide pools-stimulated-IL-2 and -IFN-γ response can distinguish COVID-19 convalescent individuals from healthy donors. Interestingly, NAb survival was significantly affected by the antigen peptide pools-stimulated-IL-2 response, -IL-8 response, and -IFN-γ response. The antigen peptide pools-activated CD8+ T cell counts were correlated with NAb. The antigen peptide pools-activated natural killer (NK) cell counts in convalescent individuals were correlated with NAb and disease severity. Our data suggested that the development of NAb is associated with the activation of T cells and NK cells. Our work provides a basis for further analysis of the protective immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and for understanding the pathogenesis of COVID-19. It also has implications for the development of an effective vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 infection.

ObjectivesTo compare the temporal changes of IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein, S1 subunit, and receptor binding domain and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19.MethodsA total of five patients in Nissan Tamagawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan confirmed COVID-19 from August 8, 2020 to August 14, 2020 were investigated. Serum samples were acquired multiple times from 0 to 76 days after symptom onset. Using a fully automated CLIA analyzer, we measured the levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM against the SARS-CoV-2 N, S1, and RBD and NAbs against SARS-CoV-2.ResultsThe levels of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins increased over time in all cases but IgM and IgA levels against SARS-CoV-2 showed different increasing trends among individuals in the early stage. In particular, we observed IgA antibodies increasing before IgG and IgM in 3/5 cases. The NAb levels against SARS-CoV-2 increased and kept above 10 AU/mL more than around 70 days after symptom onset in all cases. Furthermore, in the early stage, NAb levels were more than cut off value in 4/5 COVID-19 patients some of whose antibodies against RBD didn’t exceed 10 AU/mL.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that patients with COVID-19 should be examined for IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins and NAbs against SARS-CoV-2 in addition to conventional antibody testing methods for SARS-CoV-2 (IgG and IgM kits) to analyze the diversity of patients’ immune mechanisms.

The accurate and prompt diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is required for the control and treatment of the coronavirus infection disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this study, we aimed to investigate the time courses of the anti-severe acute corona respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) IgM and IgG titers and to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of such tests according to the specific day after the onset of COVID-19 among a patient population in Japan. We measured the titers of SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG in sera from 100 subjects, including 26 symptomatic COVID-19 patients, using chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) methods utilizing magnetic beads coated with SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and spike protein. The results of a ROC analysis suggested the possibility that the cutoff values in Japan might be lower than the manufacturer’s reported cutoff (10 AU/mL): 1 AU/mL for IgM and 5 AU/mL for IgG. The sensitivity of the test before Day 8 after symptom onset was less than 50%; at Days 9-10, however, we obtained a much higher sensitivity of 81.8% for both IgM and IgG. At 15 days or later after symptom onset, the SARS-CoV-2 IgG test had a sensitivity of 100%. These results suggest that if the number of days since disease onset is taken into consideration, these antibody tests could be very useful for the diagnosis of COVID-19 and similar diseases.

BACKGROUNDThe outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly spread globally. The laboratory diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection has relied on nucleic acid tests. However, there are many limitations of nucleic acid tests, including low throughput and high rates of false negatives. More sensitive and accurate tests to effectively identify infected patients are needed.METHODSThis study has developed fully automated chemiluminescent immunoassays (CLIA) to determine IgM and IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in human serum. The assay performance has been evaluated at 10 hospitals. Clinical specificity was evaluated by measuring 972 hospitalized patients with diseases other than COVID-19, and 586 donors of a normal population. Clinical sensitivity was assessed on 503 confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and 52 suspected cases.RESULTSThe assays demonstrated satisfied assay precision with coefficient of variation (CV) of less than 4.45%. Inactivation of specimen does not affect assay measurement. SARS-CoV-2 IgM shows clinical specificity of 97.33% and 99.49% for hospitalized patients and normal population respectively. SARS-CoV-2 IgG shows clinical specificity of 97.43% and 99.15% for the hospitalized patients and the normal population respectively. SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG show clinical sensitivity of 85.88% and 96.62% respectively for confirmed SARS-Cov-2 infection with RT-PCR, of 73.08% and 86.54% respectively for suspected cases.CONCLUSIONSwe have developed fully automated immunoassays for detecting SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies in human serum. The assays demonstrated high clinical specificity and sensitivity, and add great value to nucleic acid testing in fighting against the global pandemic of the SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Exosomes, together with their accompanying proteins and nucleic acids have been increasingly recognized as biomarkers for non-invasive tumor diagnostic and prognostic. However, rapid and efficient detection of exosomes remains challenging, due to their small size (30−150 nm), and low concentration. Thus, to guarantee, especially when cancer screening requires detection limits lower than exosome concentrations, it not only needs to isolate and purify exosomes, but it needs to preconcentrate them as well. Here, a low-cost, rapid, and portable agarose-based microfluidic chip for exosome concentration and in situ exosomal microRNA detection was developed, termed isExoCD (in situ exosome concentration and detection). The target exosomes loaded at the entrance will be automatically enriched at the closed end of the microchannel by leveraging the capillary effect and the strong water permeability of the agarose gel. To detect the exosomal microRNA, we integrated the catalyzed hairpin assembly (CHA) based strategy into the isExoCD, allowing high sensitive detection of exosomes with a limit of detection (LOD) of ∼103. Using our method, we can successfully distinguish cancer cell-derived exosomes from other exosomes that obtained other cell types. Thus, our platform paves a new avenue to early cancer detection, liquid biopsy, and point-of-care diagnosis.

PCR methods are presently the standard for the diagnosis of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but additional methodologies are needed to complement PCR methods, which have some limitations. Here, we validated and investigated the usefulness of measuring serum antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) using the iFlash3000 CLIA analyzer. We measured IgM and IgG titers against SARS-CoV-2 in sera collected from 26 PCR-positive COVID-19 patients, 53 COVID-19-suspected but PCR-negative patients, and 20 and 100 randomly selected non-COVID-19 patients who visited our hospital in 2020 and 2017, respectively. The repeatability and within-laboratory precision were obviously good in validations, following to the CLSI document EP15-A3. Linearity was also considered good between 0.6 AU/mL and 112.7 AU/mL for SARS-CoV-2 IgM and between 3.2 AU/mL and 55.3 AU/mL for SARS-CoV-2 IgG, while the linearity curves plateaued above the upper measurement range. We also confirmed that the seroconversion and no-antibody titers were over the cutoff values in all 100 serum samples collected in 2017. These results indicate that this measurement system successfully detects SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG. We observed four false-positive cases in the IgM assay and no false-positive cases in the IgG assay when 111 serum samples known to contain autoantibodies were evaluated. The concordance rates of the antibody test with the PCR test were 98.1% for SARS-CoV-2 IgM and 100% for IgG among PCR-negative cases and 30.8% for SARS-CoV-2 IgM and 73.1% for SARS-CoV-2 IgG among PCR-positive cases. In conclusion, the performance of this new automated method for detecting antibody against both N and S proteins of SARS-CoV-2 is sufficient for use in laboratory testing.