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This paper analyzes 5046 research publications in physical science that Haryana had published during the last ten years (2005-14). The publications data was sourced from Scopus International database. The findings reveal that Haryana registered 14.28% growth per year and citation impact of 6.0 citations per paper. Haryana's research output in physical science accounted for 19.42% state share and 1.72% country share in S&T during 2005-14. Nearly 13.5% of Haryana's output appeared as International collaborative papers. Chemistry and physics & astronomy accounted for the largest share (37.38% and 33% respectively). The top 20 most productive organizations of Haryana accounted for 83.25% and 86.12% publication and citation share, registered average productivity of 210.5 papers per organization, averaged 6.20 citations per paper, h-index of 13.85, and averaged 10.95% share as international collaborative papers of during 2005-14. The top 20 most productive authors from Haryana-based organizations accounted for 22.39% publications share, 31.75% citations share, registered average productivity of 56.5 papers per author, averaged 8.50 citations per paper, h-index of 11.85%, and 8.67% share as international collaborative papers during 2005-14. Nearly 18% of Haryana's papers in physical science were reported in top 20 journals during 2005-14. Haryana contributed 18 highly cited papers with 100 + citations per paper. Together these 18 papers cumulated 3129 citations, with an average of 173.83 citations per paper during 2005-14. In all, 135 authors (19 foreign) and 66 organizations (13 foreign) had participated in contributing these 18 highly cited papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes 8090 research publications in the area of life sciences in Haryana published during the last ten years (2005-14). The publications data was sourced from Scopus International database. The findings reveal that Haryana averaged 12.20% annual growth in life science research, citation impact of 5.64 citations per paper during 2005-14. Haryana published 24.08% of its research output in life science as national collaborative papers and 12.48% as international collaborative papers during 2005-14. Among its various subfields, agricultural & biological sciences dominated life science research accounting for the share (51.61%). The top 20 most productive organizations based out in Haryana accounted for 84.36% share, registered average productivity of 341.25, averaged 6.01 citations per paper, averaged h-index of 12.5 during 2005-14. The top 20 most productive authors with affiliations to Haryana accounted for 13.91% share, registered average productivity of 56.25 papers per author, and averaged 8.88 citations per paper, and averaged h-index of 13.91 during 2005-14. The top 25 journals accounted for 32.44% share of total output (8090) by the state. Thirty 30 highly cited papers received 100 + citations and together cumulated 4890 citations, with an average citation per paper of 163.0 during 2005-14. In these 30 highly cited papers, 120 authors and 60 organizations from Haryana had participated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic waste or e-waste is a serious and concerning issue globally. Exponential increase in the production of these instrument have created a man-made problem of e-waste; United Nations has called it as "tsunami of e-waste." Informal management and unsafe disposals have compounded the problem further. The hazardous chemicals, metals, and organic pollutants released from e-waste can lead to serious health consequences such as organ damage, genetic defects, neuropsychiatric illness, and cancer. Problem of e-waste is colossal and should be seen as major public health emergency. In India, use of electronic instrument has increased considerably with less focus on formal waste management and safe disposal. This has created a major health hazard. International health agencies, Indian Council of Medical Research, e-waste regulating bodies, academic institutes, and various government and non-government organizations should join hands together to effectively manage the problems of e-waste. Swacch Bharat Abhiyan started by the honorable Prime Minster should consider e-waste as the top most priority in terms of its safe management and disposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research study aims to find out the research productivity of Nigerian and Indian authors to the library philosophy and practice from 2008 to 2013. The present study also finds the frequency of productivity, author collaboration, papers length, most cited papers, and most references as well as most productive authors. The present research finds the 226 research articles have been contributed by Nigerian authors and 193 papers have been contributed by Indian authors. The highest number of papers has been written by Nigerian authors was 76 in 2010 and from the Indian 60 papers were contributed in 2013. This present study identifies those 114 single authors from Nigeria and 80 from India. 116 papers from Nigerian authors those range 6-10 pages while 57 from India. The total numbers of references were used by Nigerian authors those were 4140 while Indian was used 3243 references from 2008 to 2013. The most productive authors S.Thanuskodi from India who wrote 09 papers and Dike Agah from Nigeria have contributed only 5 papers. The most cited papers were retrieved from Nigerian author with 197 citations while 82 citations were received from India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes quantitative and qualitative dimensions of nanomedicine research studies in India. The study is based on research publications data in nanomedicine research (1491 publications) as covered in Scopus data base for the period 2002-20. The study finds that nanomedicine research in India registered a high 73.7% growth with an average of 22.93 citations per paper. The nano-oncology subfield accounted for the highest share (48.49% share) in the national output, followed by seven other nanomedicine subfields. Jamia Hamdard University, Delhi, Panjab University, Chandigarh and Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi lead as the most productive organizations in the country. The paper also lists the most productive authors in nanomedicine research. The most productive research journals that reported nanomedicine research in India include Nanomedicine, International Journal of Nanomedicine and Current Pharmaceutical Design. In addition, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, International Journal of Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery Today topped in the list of most cited research journals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many existing methods of statistical inference and analysis rely heavily on the assumption that the data are normally distributed. However, the normality assumption is not fulfilled when dealing with data which does not contain negative values or are otherwise skewed--a common occurrence in diverse disciplines such as finance, economics, political science, sociology, philology, biology and physical and industrial processes. In this situation, a lognormal distribution may better represent the data than the normal distribution. In this paper, I re-visit the key attributes of the normal and lognormal distributions, and demonstrate through an empirical analysis of the "number of political parties" in India, how logarithmic transformation can help in bringing a lognormally distributed data closer to a normal one. The paper also provides further empirical evidence to show that many variables of interest to political and other social scientists could be better modelled using the lognormal distribution. More generally, the paper emphasises the potential for improved description and empirical analysis of quantitative data by paying more attention to its distribution, and complements previous publications in "Practical Research and Assessment Evaluation" (PARE) on this subject.

Writing reflects some of the different characteristics of the language being used and of the people who are communicating. The present paper focusses on the internal written communication in international and inter-disciplinary research projects. Using a case study of an international public health research project, it argues that the authorship and the languages used in internal project communication are not neutral but help to generate or reinforce power hierarchies. Within research partnerships, language thus raises ethical issues that have so far been neglected. Current ethics guidelines often focus on interactions between scientists and participants of social research and clinical trials, with less attention paid to the interactions among the scientists themselves. Describing all the different project phases based on writing within a research project, the paper distinguishes different influences on the distribution of power that emerge through a focus on written communication. The focus of the present paper is to illuminate the issues of ethics, power and the dimensions of hierarchy, physical location and native versus non-native English speakers that arise from paying attention to such communications.

The prime purpose of this study is to find out the research productivity of three regions Nigeria, Pakistan, and India. The bibliometric quantification was used to analyze the data. The present research identifies the importance of this online journal. The study discloses frequency of publication growth, author's collaborations, papers length, and most cited papers, most productive authors, and total references used. Design/methodology/approach The survey method was used to find out the full-text research articles on the online database of LPP. The Google scholar was used to retrieve the citations. All the collected data has been analyzed using MS excel and other electronic devices. Findings The results of this study indicate that in the year 2008 to 2013. The contribution of Nigerian authors is more than the other two nations that are 226 while Indian comes 2nd with 193 research papers and Pakistan comes 3rd with 67 research articles from the studied period in the wellknown journal of Library and information science field that is LPP. The present study revealed the majority of the research articles were single authors from Nigeria 114, Pakistan 18, and India 80. The study results show that the majority of the paper length in the range of 6-10 Nigerian 116, Pakistan 34, and India 70 respectively. The study showed the total references were calculated 4140 from Nigeria, 1506 Pakistan, and 3243 from Indian. The most cited paper was retrieved by a Nigerian paper that is 197 citations. The analyzed data shows the most productive authors were Rubina Bhatti from Pakistan with 18 research papers. This study contributes to the existing literature of three-nation contributions to the Library Philosophy and practice throughout the year. This is the first study of three-nation research productivity in the well-known online journal library philosophy and practice. Limitations of the study The present study was limited to the well-known LIS Journal and research articles specifically published at online journal library philosophy and practice. This study is purely limited to the research productivity of Nigerian, Pakistani, and Indian authors to the Library Philosophy and Practice from 2008 to 2013. Practical implications Despite its limitations, the findings of the study will help the LIS professionals of three nations and as well as other parts of the LIS professionals to provide more information about their research productivity of a particular journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like all organisations, good governance is a fundamental requirement for the responsible and accountable management of universities in general and open universities in particular. This is to ensure that these (open) universities remain relevant to their mission of facilitating unfettered access to higher education for citizens and at the same time continue being reliable contributors to personal and institutional developments, the vital ingredients to maintaining sustained national development. While several studies have, in the past, been conducted on governance of universities, almost all of them have centred around conventional, face-to-face institutions. Not much published literature is in evidence on the governance of Open Universities. This paper, drawing from a study on the governance of a few open universities in Asia, tries to discuss the nature of their challenges, and the lessons that can be drawn from their practices and experience. The study focused on aspects relating to institutional autonomies such as curriculum, budgeting and financial management, admission standards, conferment of qualifications, academic staff appointments, development and promotions and research policies. Our findings indicate that, similar to conventional systems, the state plays a crucial role in many aspects of governance both in publicly funded and privately supported institutions. Recent attempts at governance transformation towards greater institutional autonomies is beginning to show limited changes in some but not all jurisdictions studied.

The present study focused on the research publications of women faculty in the field of physics, Astrophysics, Astronomy and Atmospheric Science in India. To collect the data we have covered the women faculty of Central Universities, State Universities, IITs, NITs, IISER's, NISER's, research institutes, laboratories and some selected deemed universities. The first fact we found was that the number of women were very less as compare to male staff. To see the publication productivity of women authors we tried to analyze the year-wise productivity, authorship pattern, preferred journals, place and designation and the research papers received highest citations for the period of five years from 2011- 2015. Year 2014 found to be the most productive year and in authorship pattern, women authors preferred to publish their research in collaboration. Highest number of research papers was published in Journal of Applied Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates comparative R&D status and performance of Haryana and India in life sciences, physical sciences, medical sciences, engineering sciences, and social sciences using bibliometric indicators. The data for the study was sourced from SCOPUS database covering the period 2005-14. The study revealed that Haryana registered faster growth (14.65%) in R&D output than the whole nation (11.91%). India's research base in R&D sector is 40 times bigger (781,392) than that of Haryana (19,464 publications). Haryana registered 2.49% national share in the total output by India during 2005-14. The national and international collaborative share of publications in Haryana's output were 19.96% and 11.23% during 2005-14. Life sciences accounted for the largest share (31.15%), followed by medical sciences (22.64%), engineering sciences (21.85%), physical sciences (19.42% share), and social sciences (4.95%). The most productive 25 organizations, 20 authors and 20 journals together accounted for 75.87%, 9.24% and 18.03% share respectively of the Haryana's research output during 2005-14. In the total output of Haryana, there were only 54 highly cited papers, which received citations from 100 to 1096. Together these highly cited papers received 10049 citations, with an average of 186.09 citations per paper. The leading institutions in highly cited papers were G.J. University of Science & Technology, Hisar (with 11 papers), Ranbaxy Research Labs, Gurgaon and CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (5 papers each), National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra (4 papers), National Brain Research Center, Gurgaon and National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (3 papers each) etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to examine personal and professional factors in determining the research activity and research culture among dental teaching faculty members in Hyderabad City, Telangana. Materials and Method: Two dental schools with ongoing dental undergraduate and postgraduate programmes were included in the study. The Research and Development (R&D) Culture Index Questionnaire comprising 16 items was employed for this study. Also, self‑reported research activity undertaken in the past twelve months was recorded. The association of demographic variables and professionally related variables with the perception of R&D culture and participation in research activities was assessed using the Chi‑square test. A P value was set at 0.05. Results: Of the one‑hundred and fifteen faculty members who participated in the study, seventy‑four (64.4%) worked in the government sector and forty‑one (35.6%) in privately funded dental college. The mean age of the study population was 34.11 + 7.13 years. The majority of them presented a paper or poster at the conference (66.1%; 76) followed by publishing paper in peer‑review journal (42.6%; 49) and grant application for research (6.1%; 7), and authoring of a textbook was undertaken by only 2.6% of the study population. Males (61.1%; P = 0.04) and those employed in private dental college (65.8%; P = 0.02) had significantly high levels of overall perception than their respective counterparts. Conclusion: Our study concludes that this study population has a positive perception (50.32 + 6.95) towards research with the majority of them having done a paper or poster publication (66.1%) in the last one year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify challenges for management education in India and explain their nature, significance and interrelations using total interpretive structural modelling (TISM), an innovative version of Warfield's interpretive structural modelling (ISM). Design/methodology/approach: The challenges have been drawn from literature and validated by an empirical study conducted through questionnaires administered electronically and personally to 250 management graduates. TISM has been applied to 14 finalised factors. Findings: All the identified factors, except accreditation, were found to be important. Ineffective regulatory bodies and ineffective leadership emerged as the biggest roadblocks. Several significant interrelations were found which were sometimes not revealed by plain observation. Originality/value: The existing literature has discussed the challenges for management education but not their interrelations. This paper uses TISM to demonstrate the relationships between different challenges and to explain the logic behind the relationships. The results would be useful for the owners (or managers) of management institutes faced with the same challenges.

The Indian higher education system is the largest in the world in terms of the number of institutions and second largest in enrollments. About 33.3 million students are currently enrolled in higher education institutions, but the Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) is still very low at 23.6%. There are about 757 universities and 38,056 colleges in India. This mammoth network of higher education institutions include a large private sector that has emerged and experienced very rapid growth during last two decades. Despite this growth, Indian higher education is facing several challenges with regard to equity, efficiency and quality. It is still not inclusive, globally competitive, and innovative. The present paper examines the Indian higher education growth deception in this context and vindicate the imperative need for effective intervention policies.

Research on engineering practice is scarce and sharing of qualitative research data can reduce the effort required for an aspiring researcher to obtain enough data from engineering workplaces to draw generalizable conclusions, both qualitative and quantitative. This paper describes how a large shareable qualitative data set on engineering practices was accumulated from 350 interviews and 12 field studies performed by the principal investigator and by students conducting PhD and capstone research projects. Ethical research practice required that sharing and reuse of qualitative data be considered from the start. The researchers' interests and methods were aligned to maintain sufficient consistency to support subsequent analysis and re-analysis of data. Analysis helped to answer questions of fundamental significance for engineering educators: what do engineers do, and why are the performances of engineering enterprises so different in South Asia compared with similar enterprises in Australia? Analysis also demonstrated the overwhelming significance of technical collaboration in engineering practice. Conceiving engineering practice as a series of technical collaboration performances requires a more elaborate understanding of social interactions than is currently the case in engineering schools. Another finding is that global engineering competency could be better described in terms of "working with people who collaborate differently". Research helped to demonstrate that formal treatment of technical collaboration in an engineering curriculum could help avoid student misconceptions about engineering practice that hinder their subsequent engineering performances.

To understand the impact of highly cited articles in Indian Pharmaceutical research and the role of research organizations, contributing authors and their international collaborations, through their citation distribution and publication published during 1998-2017. Papers those received minimum 200 citations since their publication, were known as 'highly cited publications'. Major contributor Index is a new indicator used for assessing the contributions of authors and Institutions in terms of their independent research ability, leadership role and their impact in collaborative research. India with 274 highly cited articles holds the 10th position with 2.51% of the world's share during 1998-2017. These 274 Highly Cited papers received 90911 citations with an average of 331.79 citations per papers. Out of 18 leading authors in Pharmaceutical research with at least 3 highly cited publications, 9 authors are considered as authors with high potential to conduct the research independently while other 9 authors depend on others in research collaboration. There are 14 Indian institutions having more than 5 publications and MCI value more than 0.5, which are considered more productive and have the potential to conduct research independently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the first "Global Conclave of Young Scholars of Indian Education" held in New Delhi in 2011 was to help build bridges for research collaboration primarily for young scholars of Indian education to collaborate with their partners across borders. This paper draws on an "intrinsic case study" of this "global conclave". Historically, established scholars from the global North or Western countries have initiated partnerships for research collaboration with individual scholars in the global South or Eastern countries, often for data mining or to test out theories. Within this context of unequal power relations in research collaborations, the concept note of the "global conclave" was a bold attempt by the organizers to create a forum for young scholars of Indian Education to collaborate for research across borders. However, based on the case study, this paper identifies several issues with regards to specific social, academic and institutional culture within India which might actually cause barriers to building bridges for research collaboration, both at the individual level and institutional level. The success of research collaborations can be discussed in terms of solidarity, emotional energy, trust, agency, power, and ethical praxis. Each of these aspects of successful collaboration could be adversely affected because of the differences in social, academic and institutional cultural practices among scholars within India compared with their counterparts abroad. Therefore, this paper suggests further critical inquiry into each of the issues identified as potential barriers for successful research collaboration in order to improve the quality of research collaborations in the future.

Hand hygiene remains one of the most effective methods of preventing healthcare-associated infections. Hand drying is the end point of hand hygiene. Hand drying after hand hygiene is less explored, and the practice varies in different facilities. This explorative study was done to know the various hand-drying methods and practices of healthcare workers in Indian settings. This was a descriptive cross-sectional questionnaire-based observational study initiated from a tertiary care setup in Uttarakhand. Healthcare workers over 18 years of age directly involved in patient care were enrolled. A semi-structured questionnaire with both open-ended and close-ended questions was used with snowballing sampling technique. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Out of the eligible 395 respondents, 62.8% were female. The mean age of the respondents was 31.34 ± 8.44 years and average working hours were 8.87 ± 2.97 (range 4-24) hours. Only 72.7% did hand hygiene always before touching a patient. Nurses were more compliant about hand hygiene than doctors (P < 0.0001). A total of 82.8% were aware of appropriate hand-drying methods. Staff in the Intensive care unit Intensive care unit (ICU) setup were more aware of hand drying practices (P = 0.033). A total of 21.8% wiped their hands on their clothing to dry their hands. This was more in staff from paraclinical departments (P = 0.001). A total of 35.7% used handkerchiefs to dry hands. Resident doctors used handkerchiefs more than senior doctors or nursing staff (P = 0.01). A total of 49.9% of respondents spent less than 10 seconds in hand drying. Hand-hygiene knowledge is high among healthcare workers in India, but the knowledge of appropriate hand-drying practices is lacking. There is wide variation in the practice of hand drying. Better hand drying guidelines and incorporating hand drying as the essential endpoint of the hand hygiene ritual are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an adapted version of the Dimensions of Learning Organization Questionnaire (DLOQ) was employed to investigate the perception of academic staff on learning organization culture in Indian higher education institutions. The questionnaire was sent to 700 faculty members of different universities using a non-probability purposive sampling technique. The results showed that there exists a significant and positive correlation amongst the constructs of learning organization culture, knowledge performance and research performance. Further, the results showed that knowledge performance is a statistically significant predictor of research performance. Thus, the empirical findings of this study will contribute to the literature on learning organization culture in higher education institutions, particularly with respect to the Indian scenario, an area where empirical studies are scant.

Community engagement is gaining prominence in global health research. But communities rarely have a say in the agendas or conduct of the very health research projects that aim to help them. This paper provides new evidence on how to share power in priority-setting in ways that seek to overcome structural constraints created by the funding environment. The five strategies were identified through case study research on the Participation for Local Action project in Karnataka, India. That project was carried out by researchers in partnership with the Zilla Budakattu Girijana Abhivrudhhi Sangha, an indigenous community development organisation representing the Solega people. The paper describes each identified strategy for sharing power in priority-setting, followed by a report of the pitfalls and challenges that arose when implementing it. Thus, the study also demonstrates that even where actions and strategies are used to address power imbalances, pitfalls will arise that need to be navigated. Given those challenges, considerations to reflect upon before employing the identified strategies are suggested. Ultimately, the paper aims to communicate strategies for sharing power during and after priority-setting and lessons on how to implement them effectively that can be used by global health researchers in the current funding environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As India's higher education sector is poised to grow at a tremendous pace, one of its main challenges would be provision of quality education. Teacher quality has been identified as one of the most critical factors affecting educational quality. As such, the immense importance of attracting high-quality entrants into the teaching profession cannot be overemphasized. In India there is a rising concern shared by many, especially in academia, that nowadays relatively meritorious students are mostly unwilling to consider teaching and research as possible career options. While evidence from other countries indicates that teaching, a relatively low paying occupation, may be a poor career choice, the literature on this area is sparse in the case of India. This paper addresses precisely this issue as it studies how students, who are prospective labour market entrants, perceive teaching as a profession relative to other available career options. Our analysis, based on a sample survey carried out among high school and college students from Delhi and Kolkata, suggests that for the majority of students surveyed, teaching is not a "first-best" or "most preferred" career option. Further, in their view, rather than raising salaries, it is more important to bring about changes in the nature of the teachers job, to make this a more attractive career option.

The paper discusses a comparative study of h and g indices of prominent scientists from India in five selected subject fields viz. Chemistry, Physics, Materials Science, Engineering and Medicine. It throws light on various indices proposed by different scientists from 2006 to 2015. The analysis of the present study is based on publications and citations data extracted from the Web of Science for the time span 1999-2014. It is evident from the study that almost all authors' g-index is higher than that of h-index. The average g/h of all subjects' authors is around 1.5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study conducted the bibliometric analysis of the journal "ALIS" and its comparison to other journals worldwide and in India. The data were sourced from the Scopus database with the help of advanced searching from 2018 to 2021, in which 108 papers were received for the study. This study studies the authorship pattern and the extent of collaboration. Total citations received, most prolific author and country's contribution, highest cited paper, and year-wise productivity of the journal The results reveal that India is the highest contributing country, i.e., from 2018 to 2021. Sri Lanka is the second-leading contributing country, and Iran is in third place. The extent of collaboration is 0.71 between authors. Four authors have published four articles each during this tenure. If we count the year-wise productivity of the journal, 2021 is the leading year both in terms of publication and the number of citations received. It found that in 2020, the journal's rank will be 110, which will continue increasing. It also reveals the top 10 ranking in the database, in which the International Journal of Information Management scored the first rank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental contamination has emerged as a global concern mostly due to anthropogenic activities. Numerous research papers are published throughout the world in the research area of environmental chemistry due to its gigantic scope to overcome this problem in a sustained way. To validate these documentations, bibliometric evaluation of the research outcomes, i.e. publications, citations, citations/document of top 30 countries of the world, has been conducted in this paper during 1996–2017. India and China were further selected for the comparison of research growth related to GDP, annual growth, universities' count and indexed scientific journals in the above discipline during 2008–2017. Required bibliometric information was retrieved from Scopus-linked SCImago electronic database. China spent 2.1% of its total GDP on research, while only 0.6% was spent by India in the year of 2017–18. Self-citation per document for the USA, China and India was 12.94, 9.88 and 5.92, respectively, accounting for the probable reason for the low rank and low H index of India as compared to the USA and China. The solution-oriented research through streamlined collaborative works with the local and international researchers should be prioritized by Indian policy makers to mitigate the aforementioned problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preparing a scholarly research article is a critical, creative and high level intellectual work. Preparing a research paper involves following a specific process. In which a collective approach is adopted. Which stops wasting the researcher's energy and time? Authors or researchers who prepare research articles usually have to use two types of resources. Primary or first class sources and secondary or second class sources. His research article is evaluated on the basis of these references. The researcher should understand the difference between facts and ideas. The fact is that what everyone has accepted in the form of truth does not require any evidence to prove the truth the research paper presents many ideologies and different observations. If there is any kind of doubt it is confirmed so the researcher should not mix facts and ideas. Doing so lowers the level of the research article. There is no fixed structure or template for writing a research article. Each researcher writes in his own way and in a certain way. There are different methods for doing research work, such as historical research method, descriptive research method, individual study method, survey research method, comparative research method, experimental research method, methods are used. Presents. Research Objectives Research is defined and a comprehensive outline is prepared based on observations and experience. A good type of research profile helps in preparing the structure of the study. Such as 1. Chapter Details 2. Research Problem 3. Related Research-Literature 4. Research Methodology 5. Data Analysis 6. Research Conclusion and Advice / Guidance. The Information and Library Network (INFLIBNET) Center, Gandhinagar is an Autonomous Inter-University Center (IUC) of the University Grants Commission, New Delhi (Ministry of Education, Government of India). It is a major national program launched by UGC in March 1991 as a project under IUCAA, it became an independent inter-university center in June 1996. INFLIBNET is involved in the modernization of university libraries in India using state-of-the-art. Techniques for the best use of information. INFLIBNET is a leading organization in India to promote scholarly communication between academics and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyse and critically reflect on access to Assistive Technology (AT) for persons with disabilities (PWD) in Nepal, India and Bangladesh. This analysis aims to guide the development of a contextualised generic AT service delivery model suitable for these countries, based on the best practices identified. This paper is based on a comprehensive study conducted in Nepal, India and Bangladesh, observing mobility and hearing-related AT service delivery centres run by the government, as well as private and nongovernmental organisations, and interviews with key informants: policymakers (5), AT service providers (20) and AT service users (20) between December 2019 to February 2020. A descriptive, qualitative exploratory study design was followed. A quality assessment framework was used to structure the analysis and interpret the findings. AT service provisions are poorly developed in all three countries. On all quality indicators assessed, the systems show major weaknesses. AT users have very limited awareness about their rights to these services and the availability of AT services, the range of services available is very limited, and eligibility is dependent on medical criteria related to visible and severe disabilities. Lack of accessibility, eligibility, reachability and affordability are the main barriers to access AT services for PWD in Nepal, India and Bangladesh. Increased community level awareness, increased Government funding and a community based, medically informed flexible social model of AT services is a way forward to ensure access to AT services for PWD in these countries. Increased community awareness is necessary to increase access to Assistive Technology Services for Persons with Disabilities. Increased and flexible funding from the Government and philanthropists will improve rehabilitation. Establishment of community based Assistive Technology Services centres will increase access and improve rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The fundamental principles of healthcare practices and policies are derived from good quality research. Doctors collectively are a source of vast sums of invaluable information. This information if effectively utilized can improve and strengthen the healthcare system. Our study provides a comprehensive overview of the ecosystem of an Indian medical researcher. Objectives: To understand (1) the obstacles faced by medical professionals (2) the challenges encountered at various steps (3) the gaps in research knowledge and (4) the means to rectify them. Method: Doctors from medical schools, hospitals, and in private practices were approached. Data were collected through online and physical questionnaire. Data were analyzed and studied. Results: The total number of participants in this study is 212. Case reports (51.9%) and case-control studies (51.14%) are the most frequently conducted types of research. Lack of access to research journals (43.9%) and absence of proper guidance or mentorship (37.39%) are the commonly faced challenges among individuals who have pursued research, whereas busy schedule is the top-cited reason for not pursuing research (34.24%) and discontinuing research (57.4%). Coordinating time schedule with mentees is a challenge for mentors (49.2%). Doctors also face the greatest difficulty (48.12%) and delay (47.4%) in the publication process. On the other hand, personal interest (60.15%) and job requirement (46.61%) are the top facilitators for research. A small percentage has or knows someone that has plagiarized (21.32%) or falsified data (33.49%). Most of the doctors agree that research experience should be a mandatory part of undergrad training (81.6%). Conclusion: We believe interest, impact and importance of research can be the best developed and emphasized in the training years. Institutional support, adequate mentorship and an uplifting research environment can go a long way in motivating the doctors and tackling the challenges they face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this study is to present a comprehensive overview of the ethical issues and the processes involved in research and publishing in India. The study examines the present ethical norms, guidelines, frameworks and developments in India, providing insights into the nation's current status of research and recommendations for publication. This document will be a useful starting point and reference document for those embarking on research and publication in Orthopaedics in India. Materials: A survey of the literature was done, which included scholarly papers, reports, rules, and policies pertaining to Indian publishing norms and research ethics. the document starts with a general introduction to ethics, followed by the evolution of ethics in research and the current International as well as Indian codes of ethics. Subsequently, the discussion is divided into two broad headings of ethics in research and ethics in publishing. Under each heading, there are many specific areas in orthopaedics that would require the application of a unique set of ethics. These areas are discussed separately as subheadings. Results and Discussion: The review draws attention to the complexity of ethical issues in Indian and international research and publishing in orthopaedics. Where available, specific guidelines about the topic in India or international guidelines are discussed. The importance of informed consent, data integrity, plagiarism, authorship disputes, and conflicts of interest are only a few of the key results. It is obvious that ethical norms and regulations, such as those offered by the University Grants Commission (UGC), the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), and the Council of Publication Ethics (COPE) are crucial in determining how research is conducted and how papers are published. The types of studies discussed include research in humans and animals, research with stem cells, metal implants and devices, orthobiologics, Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, computer modelling, virtual reality, 3D printing and bioprinting, tissue banking and data management. The roles of different personnel in research and publications are discussed. Conclusions: Ethics in research and publishing play a crucial role in establishing the authority and standard of scholarly work in India. This study underlines the key concepts of ethics that guide various types of studies and the publication process. It also highlights the requirement for frameworks and guidelines for certain unique areas of research in orthopaedics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In this paper, we analyzed the study of a mathematical model of non-linear differential equation on the effect of HIV/AIDS disease among unaware HIV/AIDS-infected population. Material and methods: Population was divided into four categories, including HIV-negative individuals, unaware HIV-positive cases, aware HIV-positive, and AIDS patients. The model was investigated numerically and analytically using fourth-order Runge-Kutta approach and homotopy perturbation method (HPM). Results: We have discussed the parameter variation graphically. Conclusions: Determining the dynamics of HIV prevalence and investigating the effect of each parameter on the governing equation can be simple with analytical solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community engagement is gaining prominence in health research. But communities rarely have a say in the agendas or conduct of the very health research projects that aim to help them. One way thought to achieve greater inclusion for communities throughout health research projects, including during priority-setting, is for researchers to partner with community organizations (COs). This paper provides initial empirical evidence as to the complexities such partnerships bring to priority-setting practice. Case study research was undertaken on a three-stage CO-led priority-setting process for health systems research. The CO was the Zilla Budakattu Girijana Abhivrudhhi Sangha, a district-level community development organization representing the Soliga people in Karnataka, India. Data on the priority-setting process were collected in 2018 and 2019 through in-depth interviews with researchers, Sangha leaders and field investigators from the Soliga community who collected data as part of the priority-setting process. Direct observation and document collection were also performed, and data from all three sources were thematically analysed. The case study demonstrates that, when COs lead health research priority-setting, their strengths and weaknesses in terms of representation and voice will affect inclusion at each stage of the priority-setting process. CO strengths can deepen inclusion by the CO and its wider community. CO weaknesses can create limitations for inclusion if not mitigated, exacerbating or reinforcing the very hierarchies that impede the achievement of improved health outcomes, e.g. exclusion of women in decision-making processes related to their health. Based on these findings, recommendations are made to support the achievement of inclusive CO-led health research priority-setting processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a disease caused by compression of the median nerve passing through the wrist. Patients suffer from severe pain and paresthesis in the median nerve. Compression of the median nerve occurs, with prolonged working on keyboards (computer or laptop or music players) being one of the reasons along with others such as diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis. CTS research holds great promise for the patients as well as doctors for better medical treatment. The study has been carried out with an objective to analyze research progress based on the literature published on CTS during the last 35 years. The retrospective study has been carried out from the data indexed in SCOPUS multidisciplinary database from 1983 to 2017 (35 years). The study involves analysis of publication trends in terms of total articles, productive countries, institutions, journals, productive authors, most cited articles along with impact in terms of citation and h-Index. The SCOPUS database yielded 13187 articles during the study period. These articles were analyzed further for interpreting results. In the last 35 years, the number of scientific publications on CTS has been increasing with an annual growth rate of 9.86% per year. USA has been the most productive country. Literature pertaining to females is more than clinical studies involving males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open-cast coal mining is one of the most often-debated industries in the world. Due to the significant environmental and health issues it causes, many of these sites have been reclaimed over the years, and many scientific publications and research has followed. In this paper, we have tried to assess the trends in recent research performed on reclaimed coal mining sites (RMS) by analyzing the publications visible on Web of Science (WoS) between 2015 and 2020 and dividing the research into six categories. The results show that there is a trend of rapid increase in research that deals with carbon and its pooling, nutrients, vegetation, and microbiology, and a significant decline in research on RMS soil physical properties, whereas other categories have shown an increasing but relatively steady trend. The application of modern technologies is also discussed. China, the USA, and India are the countries that quantitatively take the lead in coal RMS research, with India slowly overtaking the US in more recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION India has unique tobacco-free film and TV rules designed to prevent tobacco uptake. In this study, we examined the potential influence of exposure to smoking imagery in regionally famous films, on susceptibility to smoke in teenagers enrolled in schools in a district in Southern India. METHODS A longitudinal survey of students, in grades 6 to 8 at baseline in 2017 and grades 7 to 9 one year later in 2018, ascertained prospective incident susceptibility to smoking during the study period in relation to baseline exposure to 27 locally popular films with actual or implied smoking imagery. RESULTS We analyzed linked data from 33676 participants, and 3973 (11.8%) of the adolescents reported incident susceptibility. There was a significant increase in susceptibility to smoking with increasing exposure at baseline to smoking imagery in films on univariable analysis, highest tertile of exposure relative to no exposure (OR=1.4; 95% CI: 1.0 -2.1, ptrend<0.001), and this trend remained significant (p=0.022) after mutual adjustment for recognized confounders, highest vs no exposure (AOR=1.3; 95% CI: 0.9-1.8). We found no statistically significant association between exposure to tobacco-free film rules and change in susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS Prospectively, watching films featuring smoking imagery increases adolescents' vulnerability to smoking. Further research revealed no difference in susceptibility change between youth who saw partially compliant films and those who watched non-compliant films. Our findings, thus, underscore the need to incorporate comprehensive approaches to prevent the inclusion of smoking imagery in films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The rapid spread of the COVID-19 pandemic upended societies across the world, with billions forced into lockdowns. As countries contemplated instating and rolling back lockdown measures, and considered the impact of pandemic fatigue on policy measures, and furthermore to prepare for the improved management of future pandemics, this study examines the effectiveness of policy measures in limiting the spread of infections and fatalities. Design/methodology/approach: The methodological approach in the study centres on a fixed effects panel regression analysis and employs the COVID-19 Government Response Stringency Index, which comprises eight containment measures and three health campaigns, with progressive degrees of stringency, in order to investigate the efficacy of government policies. Findings: Findings suggest that some government policies were effective at reducing implicit mortality rates, infection cases and fatalities during the first four months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Solid stringency measures to reduce mortality rates include public gathering restrictions on more than 100 attendees, and international travel limits for developed countries and islands. Fatalities can further be reduced through the closing of public transport, whereas infection cases also experience benefits from public information campaigns. Comparable results are observed in a robustness test across 12 months. Originality/value: Some non-pharmaceutical policies are shown to be more effective than others at reducing the spread of infections, fatalities and mortality rates, and support policymakers to manage future pandemics more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies have captured the experiences of teachers teaching online, but the current 'emergency' to teach online is unprecedented and has been challenging. Grounded in the theory of cognitive dissonance, this paper attempts to recapitulate the experiences of university teachers and analyses whether they have developed the consonant cognitions to teach online during the pandemic period or would they prefer switching back to 'normal' teaching as soon as the circumstances permit. Technology-enabled teaching has been found to be complex as it mandates teaching in a computerised setting and lacks an element of social interaction, which is at the heart of face-to-face teaching. Using Structural Equation Modelling, this study presents the determining factors that motivate teachers to embrace technology-driven teaching more convincingly. The study finds that in the absence of adequate training imparted to the teachers for developing technological and pedagogical knowledge (TPK), high psychological capital and facilitating conditions are the two most important factors ensuring teaching proficiency, creating positive online experiences and a continued intention to teach online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses the Salami publishing in which "salami" refers to a type of cured sausage consisting of fermented meat cut into thin slices when served. He explains that "salami slicing" as the breaking up of the results of a single research project into multiple papers where each page represents the slice and scattered into multiple journals as manuscripts of varying sizes. He states that Salami or segmented publication is where different papers from the same data set are published.

Background: Speech–language pathologists are often involved in the assessment and management of communication, cognition and swallowing deficits in people with Parkinson's. However, speech–language pathologists' self‐perceived competency levels in serving people with Parkinson's remain elusive, especially in the Indian context where there is an increasing disability burden due to Parkinson's disease. Additionally, the challenges faced by speech–language pathologists in India to provide efficient services to this population are unidentified. Aims: To determine speech–language pathologists' self‐perceived competence and challenges faced when providing services to people with Parkinson's in India. Methods & Procedures: A survey questionnaire was sent to speech–language pathologists through emails and social media asking them questions to evaluate self‐perceived competency in serving people with Parkinson's and to identify the challenges to their service delivery. A total of 69 speech–language pathologists responded to the survey. Outcomes & Results: The majority of respondents reported to be competent in dealing with various domains of assessment and management of people with Parkinson's. Although competent, they reportedly faced a few challenges during their service delivery. Conclusions & Implications: This study provides an insight into the speech–language pathologists' self‐perceived competency in serving people with Parkinson's in India, and also identifies the challenges related to interprofessional service delivery. The findings of the study have educational and clinical implications. What this paper adds: The study delineates speech–language pathologists' self‐perceived competency in working with people with Parkinson's in India, a nation that is seeing a constant rise in the incidence of Parkinson's disease.The study the unique challenges within India to speech–language pathologists' service delivery for people with Parkinson's, thus having educational and clinical implications in Parkinson's disease care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nursing schedule generation is an important activity that takes a considerable amount of time for managers to prepare and amend. It involves the optimal allocation of nurses to shifts, factoring various constraints like shift timings, holidays, leaves, and emergencies. This paper provides the design and development details for an automated nurse scheduling system called "ROTA," implemented for a 2032 bed multi-specialty tertiary teaching hospital, having 1800 staff nurses and 98 wards. The system generates daily, weekly, monthly schedules, nurse face sheets, duty allocation charts, swapping schedules, and training details for nurses. The system improved managerial control and saved a considerable amount of time for nurses to prepare the schedule. A survey conducted to gauge the system's satisfaction level showed that 91% of nurses were satisfied with ROTA. Overall, the system saved 78% of nurse scheduling time, resulting in a 3% cost reduction for the hospital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper critically reviews and reflects on the processes for providing Assistive Technology (AT) services to Persons with Disabilities (PWD) in Bangladesh, India and Nepal. The aim is to investigate the AT service delivery systems in these countries and suggest improvements where weaknesses are identified. We carried out a descriptive qualitative exploratory study in Bangladesh, India and Nepal by conducting key informant interviews with policymakers (5), AT service providers (22) and mobility and hearing related AT service users (21). We used a directed content analysis approach guided by a seven-point AT service delivery process model to thematically analyse the existing processes for AT service delivery, from first contact through to follow-up and maintenance. AT service delivery processes are sub-optimal in all three countries, and improvements are needed. No common AT service delivery process was found, although there are common features. In general, it is easier for PWDs in India and Nepal to access AT than for those in Bangladesh, but all three countries are failing to live up to their commitments to uphold the human rights of PWDs. Although good elements of AT service delivery processes can be identified, the systems in all three countries are fragmented and generally weak. A more holistic approach of looking at the process of AT service delivery, from first contact right through to follow-up and device maintenance, with a single door service delivery system, free of cost at the point of service is recommended in these countries. Although we found significant weaknesses in AT delivery in all three countries, there are some good AT service delivery practices and opportunities for these countries to learn from one another. A systematic and stepwise approach to assessing current AT service delivery processes in the three countries – examining the delivery system as a whole, from initiation to repair and management – can help identify opportunities to improve the process for (prospective) AT users. A more coherent single door system of AT service delivery will increase the quality and efficiency of the fragmented AT service delivery practices in Bangladesh, India and Nepal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Interactive teaching methods aid post graduate students in learning qualitative research. Four academic researchers from the United Kingdom had an opportunity to teach qualitative research methods, specifically consensus methods, to the Master of Public Health students (MPH) during a visit to India. This teaching formed part of a work package with All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rishikesh, India exploring the concept of family resilience among families with children under 6 years. Aims: To use the experiences of the MPH students to gain knowledge and create meaning about using the consensus methods. Participants: The participants were the MPH students. Methods: We used the workshop method to introduce the concept of family resilience by using the question, ‘What will be the three top public health priorities in India to support family resilience in the 21st century?’ as a central theme for all the workshops. Furthermore, we introduced qualitative research methods and hands on experience of consensus methods to the students. The students were introduced to Delphi and Group Concept Mapping (GCM) methods during workshop 1. Workshop 2 introduced Nominal Group Technique (NGT) through a short presentation followed by a practical hands on session using GCM data from workshop 1. The last workshop (3) focused on the World Café method. Results: The students evaluated the workshops highly and asked for online sessions on GCM, NGT, and World Café which will be planned in the future. Conclusion: We concluded that the post graduate curriculum for master’s in public health studies would benefit from teaching using interactive research methods which will enhance their critical thinking and autonomy. Second, although the MPH curriculum had quantitative methods in place, introducing qualitative consensus methods will open new avenues into future research. Finally, teaching using practical demonstration gives students a voice and makes learning effective and enjoyable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research papers on New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM-1) provoked considerable but very different media coverage in the United Kingdom (UK) and India. We describe how the media represented this research using qualitative thematic analysis of contemporary coverage by daily newspapers in the UK and India. Fifty-four UK and 187 Indian articles mentioned NDM-1, describing it as the 'new super superbug' resistant to most antibiotics. They emphasised the role of medical tourism to the Indian subcontinent. In both countries, blame was framed abstractly as arising from the general misuse of antibiotics. In India, controversy about using New Delhi to name the organism dominated coverage, with officials seeking to discredit the two studies and media coverage characterised by denial and outrage, developing into theories of conspiracies to undermine tourism. Researchers must seek to anticipate the way that their work may be reported and proactively engage with the media to maximise the public health impact of their findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The incidents of elder victimisation and cases of victimisation, in general, are increasing fast in the society. These incidents have had negative impact on the sense of well-being and way of life of the older people. Therefore, fear of crime is being considered as a most concerning psycho-social problem amongst the older people in contemporary time. The purpose of this study is to understand the impact of crime rate on the well-being of the older people and examine the linkage between psychological factors and fear of crime amongst the older people. Design/methodology/approach: The present study is based on the mixed method approach and an exploratory research designed applied to conduct the study. The field survey has been done from October 2012 to January 2013 on a sample of 220 older people of rural and urban areas of Lucknow in the state of Uttar Pradesh through purposive sampling. For the study, researcher has interviewed 137 male older people and 83 female older people through interview schedules and case studies. The data have been analysed through descriptive and narrative analysis. Findings: The study finds that those older people have direct or indirect experience of victimisation, they have anxiety and feel insecurity that someone can victimise them. The study also finds that the happiness of older people is more affected due to anxiety and phobia and have higher level of feeling of fear of crime in their neighbourhood and home. The study also finds whenever anti-social elements are active in the neighbourhood and they commit crimes, fear of crime and anxiety grasp the older people to a large extent causing a fracture in their psychological well-being. Originality/value: This work is the original work of researcher. This paper is related to the researcher's PhD dissertation work. This paper talks about how the psychological well-being of older people affects due to nature of crime in neighbourhood, phobia of crime and anxiety due to criminal activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: There is a paucity of comparative literature on pathway to care among patients with co-occurring disorders and those with only substance use disorders. This paper aims to compare the pathways to care among patients with co-occurring disorder and those with only substance use disorders. Design/methodology/approach: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out on male treatment seekers at a tertiary care substance use disorder treatment center in India. Participants were recruited in two groups, those with co-occurring psychiatric and substance use disorders and those with only substance use disorders. The two groups were matched for age and socio-economic status. Findings: A total of 189 subjects with co-occurring psychiatric and substance use disorders and 197 subjects with substance use disorders only were recruited. Psychiatric services were the most common first point of care. However, a larger proportion of the subjects in the co-occurring disorder group received the first care from faith healers, while a greater proportion received first care from the therapeutic communities in substance use disorder only group. Initial care was sought mostly following suggestion from the family members in both the groups. The time to treatment for substance use disorders did not differ between the two groups, though the treatment seeking for substance use disorder was more delayed than that of psychiatric disorder in the co-occurring disorder group. Research limitations/implications: The findings shed light on the pathway of care followed in India and is a matter of further research. Practical implications: Expansion of services and dissemination of information about psychiatric disorders and substance use disorders can provide timely care to patients with substance use disorders and co-occurring disorders. Social implications: The findings have a social implication as well. More awareness is needed currently in India for timely treatment of dual disorders. Originality/value: The paper is an original research by the authors. The data were collected from the participants who reported to the dual diagnosis clinic. The findings are important as they tell us about the current understanding of dual diagnosis by the general public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: The study is an attempt to measure the research output of Indian Institute Technology (IITs) in quantitative manner as appeared in Web of Science (WoS) database from 1989 - 2018 (14.09.2018). In addition to measure the research output, the study aims to investigate the contribution made by the IITs, the most productive authors and their collaborative attitude with highly cited articles etc. Design/Methodology/Approach: To accomplish the objectives of the study, the relevant data for the study was obtained from Web of Science (WoS) database. The bibliographical data were recorded in MS-Excel 2007 sheet for the analysis and interpretation. Findings: The research output during the period of 1989-2018 (Till 14/09/2018) was 1,36,156 in total and the year 2017 appears to have the highest research output with 13,651 publications of the total 1,36,156. And year 1990 followed by 1999 and 2000 were found with least number of publications with negative growth. Research Limitations/Implications: The present study is confined to the contribution of the IITs available in WoS database and the research results are confined to this database only. Originality/Value: The study examines the research output of IITs with special reference to WoS database for the period of 29 years i.e. 1989 - Sept., 2018. In addition, the paper is relevant to those interested in bibliometric study and further the paper also provides a comprehensive overview on different aspect of the literature like year-wise growth, language, and most prolific author etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In India, 38.7% of adults are exposed to SHS at home and 30.2% at work. This paper estimates the direct economic costs of diseases attributable to secondhand smoking (SHS) in India for persons aged 15 years and above.Aims and Methods: Nationally representative data on healthcare expenditures, healthcare utilization, and SHS prevalence were used to estimate economic costs attributable to SHS. A prevalence-based attributable risk approach was used for estimating the attributable direct costs. To estimate the SHS-attributable fraction, the excess utilization of healthcare among SHS exposed non-smokers compared to unexposed non-smokers was estimated using a method of propensity score matching (PSM).Results: The annual direct economic costs attributable to SHS from all diseases in India in the year 2017 for persons aged more than 15 years amounted to INR 566.7 billion (USD 8.7 billion). This amounted to INR 705 per adult non-smoker. The SHS attributable costs were higher among the youngest age group 20 to 24, and women bear 71% of the direct medical costs attributable to SHS.Conclusions: The annual direct economic costs of SHS amount to approximately 0.33% of India's Gross Domestic Product (GDP), or 8.1% of total healthcare expenditures in India. It is also much larger than the total excise tax revenue from cigarettes and bidis. As bidi smoking is the most popular form of smoking in India and bidis are mostly consumed by the poor, a disproportionate burden of SHS is likely borne by poor households in India.Implications: In India, 38.7% of adults are exposed to SHS at home and 30.2% at work. However, there is no estimate of the economic burden of any kind from SHS exposure in India. This study used a prevalence-based attributable risk approach combined with a PSM technique to estimate excess healthcare utilization for SHS exposed non-smokers and the annual direct economic costs of SHS in India. Annual direct SHS-attributable costs in India is INR 566.7 billion (USD 8.7 billion) SHS costs constituted 0.33% of GDP and 8.1% of healthcare expenditures in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]