863 results
Search Results
2. Pain and Dysfunction Reported After Gender-Affirming Surgery: A Scoping Review.
- Author
-
Bishop, Mark D, Morgan-Daniel, Jane, and Alappattu, Meryl J
- Subjects
POSTOPERATIVE pain treatment ,CONSERVATIVE treatment ,CINAHL database ,ONLINE information services ,GENDER affirmation surgery ,HYSTERECTOMY ,DISEASES in men ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,PHYSICAL therapy ,GENDER dysphoria ,MAMMAPLASTY ,TREATMENT effectiveness ,GENITOURINARY diseases ,OVARIECTOMY ,LITERATURE reviews ,MEDLINE ,MASTECTOMY ,POSTOPERATIVE pain ,EVALUATION - Abstract
Objective The goal of this scoping review was to determine the types and rates of pain and dysfunction outcomes reported after gender-affirming surgical procedures. In addition, a summary of the involvement of conservative care reported in the literature was produced. Methods A research librarian conducted searches through multiple databases from inception to 2021. Abstracts and full texts were reviewed by a team of at least 2 reviewers. Data were extracted from a custom survey and exported for summary. Results Thirty-one papers discussed masculinizing interventions, and 87 papers discussed feminizing procedures. Most of the studies emphasized surgical outcomes. Of the studies reporting pain or dysfunction, few standardized outcomes were used to collect information from patients. The pain was experienced across body regions after surgery for both feminizing and masculinizing procedures. Vaginal stenosis and incontinence were the most common complications reported. Patients were most often managed by physical therapists for vaginal stenosis or dyspareunia. Conclusion Many published studies do not systematically collect specific or standardized information about pain and dysfunction after gender-affirming surgery. Of those studies that do report these outcomes, few detail the involvement of physical therapists in the recovery after surgery. Impact Pain and urogenital dysfunction, often managed by physical therapists, occur after gender-affirming surgery, suggesting that physical therapists could have a larger role in the recovery of this patient population after surgery. The extent to which interventions used to manage these conditions in cisgender people will be equally effective in transgender people is unknown at this time. Future studies should use recognized measures to characterize patients' experiences with pain and dysfunction after surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Transfer-Intending Women in Computing: An Exploratory Analysis of Trends, Characteristics, and Experiences Shaping Women's Computing Participation.
- Author
-
Blaney, Jennifer M., Rodriguez, Sarah L., and Stevens, Amanda R.
- Subjects
TREND analysis ,COMMUNITY college students ,ETHNICITY ,GENDER differences (Sociology) ,GENDER inequality ,INDIGENOUS women - Abstract
Objective: Community college transfer pathways are critical for advancing gender equity in STEM. Yet, community college students are often ignored within studies of women's participation in undergraduate computing. In a first effort to address this gap in the literature, this paper explores the composition of transfer-intending computing students over time (Study One) and gender differences in the characteristics and experiences of transfer-intending computing students (Study Two). Methods: This descriptive paper uses Center for Community College Student Engagement (CCCSE) survey data. Study One relies on a sample of nearly 30,000 transfer aspirants in computing across the United States between 2011 and 2019, allowing us to explore trends over time. Study Two examines a subset of over 9,000 students from the most recent survey cohort, providing a more nuanced snapshot of transfer-intending computing students. Descriptive statistics were used to examine how student experiences differ by gender and race/ethnicity. Results: Study One findings show that women's representation among transfer-intending computing students has declined over time. Study Two results reveal that, relative to men, women spend more time caregiving, commuting, studying, in student groups, and utilizing advising services, pointing to unique demands on women's time. We also identify significant differences in how Black and Indigenous women financed their college, relative to other women. Conclusions: While women are underrepresented among transfer-intending computing students, they represent a diverse group to support. We point to recommendations for policy and practice to support transfer-intending women in STEM and future research that considers intersectional identities among this diverse group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Gender and Risk-Taking in the Building of U.S. Retirement Wealth.
- Author
-
Giannikos, Christos I. and Korkou, Efstathia D.
- Subjects
RETIREES ,INDIVIDUAL retirement accounts ,RETIREMENT policies ,GENDER ,RETIREMENT ,RETIREMENT income - Abstract
The growing weight being placed on self-directed retirement accounts within the United States retirement income policy framework, and the time inconsistency challenge of individuals, particularly women, tending to under-invest in retirement savings accounts motivated the current work. Using data from the United States Federal Reserve Board's Survey of Consumer Finances, for a period spanning from 1989 to 2019, 11 cross-sections of data, the paper investigated the role of gender in United States retirement risk-taking investment strategies of single (never married) individuals. The analysis documented increasing trends in the risk-taking of both single women and single men but recorded differences in the risk-taking profiles of the two groups, with single men taking more risk than single women in their retirement wealth building in most cross-sections, with the gender risk-taking gap dropping, nonetheless, algebraically in magnitude from 1989 to 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Challenges, coping responses and supportive interventions for international and migrant students in academic nursing programs in major host countries: a scoping review with a gender lens.
- Author
-
Merry, Lisa, Vissandjée, Bilkis, and Verville-Provencher, Kathryn
- Subjects
SEXUAL orientation ,CINAHL database ,PSYCHOLOGY information storage & retrieval systems ,SOCIAL support ,PSYCHOLOGY of college students ,DEVELOPED countries ,MEDICAL information storage & retrieval systems ,MEDICAL databases ,INFORMATION storage & retrieval systems ,TEACHING ,PSYCHOLOGY of refugees ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,MALE nurses ,PSYCHOLOGY of nursing students ,CULTURAL pluralism ,NURSING education ,SEX distribution ,GENDER identity ,EXPERIENCE ,PSYCHOSOCIAL factors ,RESEARCH funding ,STUDENTS ,ENGLISH as a foreign language ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,DECISION making ,NURSING research ,PSYCHOLOGICAL adaptation ,LITERATURE reviews ,NURSING students ,MEDLINE ,MANAGEMENT ,FOREIGN students ,PSYCHOLOGY of immigrants ,ERIC (Information retrieval system) ,CLINICAL education - Abstract
Background: International and migrant students face specific challenges which may impact their mental health, well-being and academic outcomes, and these may be gendered experiences. The purpose of this scoping review was to map the literature on the challenges, coping responses and supportive interventions for international and migrant students in academic nursing programs in major host countries, with a gender lens. Methods: We searched 10 databases to identify literature reporting on the challenges, coping responses and/or supportive interventions for international and migrant nursing students in college or university programs in Canada, the United-States, Australia, New Zealand or a European country. We included peer-reviewed research (any design), discussion papers and literature reviews. English, French and Spanish publications were considered and no time restrictions were applied. Drawing from existing frameworks, we critically assessed each paper and extracted information with a gender lens. Results: One hundred fourteen publications were included. Overall the literature mostly focused on international students, and among migrants, migration history/status and length of time in country were not considered with regards to challenges, coping or interventions. Females and males, respectively, were included in 69 and 59% of studies with student participants, while those students who identify as other genders/sexual orientations were not named or identified in any of the research. Several papers suggest that foreign-born nursing students face challenges associated with different cultural roles, norms and expectations for men and women. Other challenges included perceived discrimination due to wearing a hijab and being a 'foreign-born male nurse', and in general nursing being viewed as a feminine, low-status profession. Only two strategies, accessing support from family and other student mothers, used by women to cope with challenges, were identified. Supportive interventions considering gender were limited; these included matching students with support services' personnel by sex, involving male family members in admission and orientation processes, and using patient simulation as a method to prepare students for care-provision of patients of the opposite-sex. Conclusion: Future work in nursing higher education, especially regarding supportive interventions, needs to address the intersections of gender, gender identity/sexual orientation and foreign-born status, and also consider the complexity of migrant students' contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Masculinity attitudes in the United States across intersections of race/ethnicity, immigration status, and education.
- Author
-
Silva, Tony
- Subjects
MASCULINITY ,RACISM ,EMIGRATION & immigration ,EDUCATION - Abstract
How do American men's attitudes about masculinity differ across intersections of race/ethnicity, immigration status, and education? This paper uses the NSFG 2011-2019, a large survey (n = 17,944) representative of American men aged 15-44. It analyzes white men; Black men; non-immigrant Latinos; and immigrant Latinos, with each broken down by less than a bachelor's; a bachelor's degree; or an advanced degree, for a total of 12 intersections. Most differences between men of different races/ethnicities/immigration statuses were between men with less than a bachelor's. Several groups were more conservative on some attitudes but not others. For instance, among men with less than a bachelor's, white men were more conservative than Black men regarding an attitude about going to the doctor, but less conservative than Black men on attitudes about showing pain or men's sexual needs. Additionally, the attitudinal differences that emerged were distinct for different levels of education. Among men with less than a bachelor's, most significant differences emerged regarding the attitudes about going to the doctor and men's sexual needs. In contrast, among men with a bachelor's, most differences emerged regarding the attitude about showing pain. Among men with the same racial/ethnic identity and immigration status, men with lower levels of education were more likely to endorse conservative attitudes about masculinity. All three intersections are meaningfully related to attitudes about masculinity, and future research about masculinity attitudes should not analyze social identities/statuses separately but rather as they intersect with one another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Abortion as the Gateway to Recognizing Lived Female Experience.
- Author
-
Grill, Hillary
- Subjects
ABORTION ,REPRODUCTIVE rights ,LEGAL rights ,FEMALES ,APPELLATE courts - Abstract
For 49 years, the right to abortion was taken for granted—inhaled by every girl, every woman—by all people assigned female at birth in the United States. This right no longer exists. In 2022, with the Dobbs v. Jackson decision, the Supreme Court removed federal protection for the legal right to abortion and therefore women's agency over their bodies. This paper will contextualize abortion as part of a continuum that encompasses gender, motherhood and the meaning of reproduction and reproductive rights as sociocultural and intrapsychic phenomena. The expectation that mature female-bodied people are child-desiring women persists and is not conceptualized as optional. It is the original choice women do not have. The next choice women no longer have, if they become pregnant, is whether or not to continue a pregnancy. The Dobbs decision means the cultural reinstatement of female de-sexualization, along with the suffocating and silencing of agency—a negation of women's voices, desire, power and subjectivity—a recipe for psychological destabilization. Personal and clinical material will illustrate these points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Evolution of Sexual Harassment Law: How Do I Know a "Hostile Environment" When I See it ?
- Author
-
Thomas, John H.
- Subjects
SEXUAL harassment ,CIVIL Rights Act of 1964. Title VII ,PUBLIC opinion - Abstract
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Laws of the United States, 1964) defines two types of sexual harassment – quid pro quo (requesting sexual favors for a business advantage) and a "hostile environment." This paper examines the "hostile environment," since it is a subjective standard as to the perception by the employee of objectionable behavior. There are two clear trends identified here - the evolution of legal decisions in the courts toward a more protective view of the employee and the evolution toward more tolerance by younger employees as to acceptable sexual behavior but less tolerance of abusive behavior. Early court decisions in sexual harassment cases favored employers, requiring highly egregious behavior to justify a penalty. There was a pervasive attitude that sexual comments were excused as just flirting or normal social interaction and no actual harm was done unless there was physical contact. Even unwanted touching or staring was excused as harmless behavior. The public attitude toward sexual harassment has changed, as evidenced by the #MeToo movement and by punishment of high-profile men for sexual assaults and harassment. A younger judiciary and younger jurors probably also contribute to a less tolerant view of sexual harassment. This paper is about the shifting standards of the law regarding sexual harassment, particularly as to low-wage earners such as typically found in the restaurant industry. It is not a fixed standard, so employers must govern themselves by being aware of trends and recent decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Are there more women in the dentist workforce? Using an intersectionality lens to explore the feminization of the dentist workforce in the UK and US.
- Author
-
Fleming, Eleanor, Neville, Patricia, and Muirhead, Vanessa Elaine
- Subjects
WOMEN physicians ,DENTISTS ,POPULATION geography ,RACE ,LABOR supply ,SEX distribution ,CONCEPTUAL structures ,PSYCHOSOCIAL factors ,INTERSECTIONALITY ,DENTISTRY ,ACADEMIC dissertations ,ANDROGEN-insensitivity syndrome - Abstract
In this paper, we seek to understand feminization of the dentist workforce moving beyond previous research that has looked at gender in isolation. We contend that little consideration has been given to how gender interacts with other important social identities such as race/ethnicity to influence the opportunities and barriers that female dentists encounter during their dental career. We argue that the scholarly debate about the feminization of the dentistry has not acknowledged the intersectionality of women's lives. Intersectionality describes how multiple social identities (such as race/ethnicity, gender, and class) overlap and interact to inform outcomes, creating disadvantages and/or privileges. Our thesis is that the increasing feminization of the dentist workforce is complicated and paradoxical, creating both opportunities for women and gender imbalances and blockages within the profession. To support our thesis, we critically reviewed the literature on feminization and analysed UK and US workforce data. While the female dentist workforce in both the UK and the US has increased significantly over the past decade, the growth in the number of female dentists was not equal across all racial/ethnic groups. The largest increase in the number of female dentists was among White and Asian women. Viewing the feminization of the dentist workforce through an intersectionality lens exposes the multiple and complex experiences of women, as well as the power dynamics in dentistry. Feminization in dentistry demonstrates the importance of presence, privilege, and power. Based on our assessment of the dentist workforce, dentistry may be less inclusive, despite being perceived as more diverse. Further research should explore how power and privilege may operate in dentistry. Dentistry should embrace intersectionality to provide an inclusive evaluation of equity in the workforce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Black Men in IT: Overcoming Digital Inequality in Pursuit of Career Goals.
- Author
-
Cain, Curtis C.
- Subjects
BLACK men ,HISTORICALLY Black colleges & universities - Abstract
The underrepresentation of Black men in Information Technology (IT) is at a critical and disturbing low juncture in the United States of America. The historic exclusion of underrepresented minorities in computing must be studied, and interventions recommended to reverse the trend. This paper presents pilot data from interviews conducted with Black men at a Historically Black University and Predominately White Institution. The findings add to the growing body of knowledge about obstacles and barriers faced by Black men pursuing degrees in IT. Additional research must be conducted to identify factors that inhibit minority participation in IT, determine how those factors may change and shift over time, and elucidate their continued impact on participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. America clearly is not ready for a female president: why?
- Author
-
Corrington, Abby and Hebl, Michelle
- Subjects
UNITED States presidential election, 2016 ,EQUALITY ,SEXISM ,GENDER inequality ,SEX discrimination - Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to highlight the ways gender influenced the 2016 presidential election, as well as ways in which the USA might progress to become a more gender-egalitarian nation.Design/methodology/approach Drawing on a combination of voter data, psychological theories – including sexism, social role theory, stereotype content model, group status threat, and system justification theory – and opinions, this paper explores the factors that drove the 2016 presidential election outcome.Findings This paper asserts that while there were reasons other than gender that people voted the way they did in the 2016 presidential election, these reasons were ancillary to the role that gender bias and stereotypes played. It concludes with a call to action, arguing that: more women need to enter into politics, each of us must recognize our own and make others aware of their overt sexism and subtle biases, the public must acknowledge and change the often double standards that exist for women but not men, and we must realize that a win for women is also often a win for men.Originality/value The value lies in introducing a social psychological lens focused on gender to the 2016 presidential election. This paper combines data, theory, and broader opinions to present a compelling perspective on the election in a way that, to our knowledge, has not been done before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Gender and resources' role in parents' time with children in South Korea and the United States.
- Author
-
Kramer, Karen Z., Gong, Qiujie, Bae, Hanjin, and Şahin, Esra
- Subjects
- *
TIME management , *PARENTS , *WORKING hours , *ALLOCATION (Accounting) , *GENDER , *FATHERS - Abstract
Objective Background Method Results Conclusion Implications Parental time with children varies across cultures but has mostly been studied in a European context. In this paper we estimate whether the association of work and gender with parental allocation of time is different in South Korea and the United States.We suggest that household level characteristics are associated with the time parents spend with their children, but that these associations are more gendered in South Korea than in the United States.We used data from the 2003–2018 American Time Use Survey (n = 38,562) and 2004–2014 Korean Time Use Survey (n = 12,828). Using ordinary least squares, we estimated the association of the intersection of gender and work in predicting parental time with children.Gender is an important factor in time allocation in South Korea, where education was positively associated and working hours were negatively associated with mothers', but not fathers', time spent with their children. In the United States, resources and work have a dominant role, as both parents tend to spend more time with their children if they have higher education and income and work fewer hours.In South Korea, a gendered regime is associated with the allocation of parental time only; mothers are influenced by their spouses' time allocation and resources. The United States follows a trade‐off regime, where resources are associated with time spent with children, whereas gender plays a smaller role in parental time allocation.Studying parental time allocation should account for the intertwined relationship of culture, resources, and gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Further Reflections on Sandra Lipsitz Bem's Impact.
- Author
-
Leaper, Campbell
- Subjects
GENDER & society ,HUMAN sexuality ,FEMINIST psychology ,SOCIOLINGUISTICS ,GENDER ,CHILD development ,ANDROGYNY (Psychology) ,HISTORY ,PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
Over 20 years since her last published new work, Sandra Lipsitz Bem's ideas continue to inspire and influence many contemporary researchers-as reflected in the many excellent papers appearing in the two special issues of Sex Roles. In my review, I highlight how Sandra Bem was repeatedly at the vanguard of the intellectual zeitgeist that shaped the psychology of gender over the last four decades. Notably, Bem was at the forefront of second-wave feminist psychology in the 1970s. In this regard, she challenged androcentric ways of thinking about gender and sexuality. Moreover, she helped to expand our notion of gender and gender identities beyond bipolar or dichotomous models. By extension, her androgyny and gender schema theories pushed people to consider the multifaceted features of gender and sexuality. Bem heralded the benefits of greater flexibility and gender equality for children as well as adults. In addition, she was one of the first psychologists to study how language and gender divisions are intertwined. Finally, she was on the forefront of researchers addressing heterosexism and genderism. The papers appearing in the two special issues are used to illustrate each of these important contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Perceptions, Help-Seeking, and High-Risk Domestic Violence in Black Communities.
- Author
-
Bent-Goodley, Tricia, Zonicle, Aaliah, and Romero-Chandler, Sakima
- Subjects
DISCLOSURE ,PUBLIC health laws ,FOCUS groups ,SOCIAL support ,GROUNDED theory ,VIOLENCE ,HELP-seeking behavior ,SOCIAL stigma ,INTIMATE partner violence ,GENDER ,PSYCHOLOGY of women ,DECISION making ,RESEARCH funding ,JUDGMENT sampling ,THEMATIC analysis ,AFRICAN Americans ,PUBLIC opinion ,POLICE - Abstract
One in four women report experiencing intimate partner violence. Yet, nearly 45% of Black women report experiencing this same crime. In addition, while Black women compose 14% of the U.S. population, they represent 31% of domestic violence fatalities and are three times more likely than White women to be killed by an intimate partner. This points to the continued need to better understand how the Black community perceives domestic violence and how their perception influences their help-seeking strategies. This paper reports on a project examining how Black communities perceive domestic violence, high-risk domestic violence, and how these perceptions impact their help-seeking strategies. The study was conducted between April 2020 and October 2020 with 128 participants that participated in focus groups in six geographically diverse U.S. cities including rural, urban, and suburban communities. The findings reaffirmed and presented new information about the perceptions of domestic violence, the impact of inadequate and negative systems' responses, the lack of cultural responsiveness and poor police interactions, and the calculated decision-making that survivors in the Black community use to determine who to tell, how to tell, and where to go in use of adapted help-seeking strategies. Implications are provided as to how to address these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Understanding and improving gender equity in conservation.
- Author
-
Davis, Suzanne L.
- Subjects
SEX discrimination ,LABOR economics ,GENDER ,SOCIOLOGICAL research ,INDUSTRIAL management ,SEX discrimination against women ,GLASS recycling - Abstract
Copyright of Journal of the American Institute for Conservation is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Unpacking the monolith: Intersecting gender and citizenship status in STEM graduate education.
- Author
-
Miner, Michael A.
- Subjects
GRADUATE education ,STEM education ,COLLEGE students ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,GENDER - Abstract
Purpose: The term STEM often remains an undifferentiated category, especially at the graduate level. Conceptualizing STEM as a monolithic category, rather than as a combination of distinct fields, prevents researchers from understanding and documenting the full range of persistent inequality within scientific disciplines at the graduate level and throughout the lifespan. The purpose of this paper is to address two oversights prior to degree completion within the context of the USA by asking two specific questions: To what extent is gender associated with choice of discipline within STEM graduate education? In the USA, do gender differences in STEM fields depend on citizenship status? Design/methodology/approach: Using data from the 2015 International STEM Graduate Student in the US Survey, this study employs multinomial logistic regression analyses and presents predicted probabilities to assess differences of enrollment in STEM fields by gender and citizenship status. Findings: Results show that domestic women were less likely to enroll in computer sciences and engineering when compared to domestic men. However, in contrast to domestic students, there were no gender differences among international students' enrollment in engineering. Research limitations/implications: This paper shows the importance and complexity of how gender intersects with citizenship status in enrollment patterns in STEM graduate fields. The survey included the top 10 universities in the USA based on the total enrollment of international students, and it is unclear if there exists differences in these selected students and schools when compared to students at colleges and universities that enroll less international graduate students. Originality/value: The author makes the case to disaggregate STEM to better assess how specific fields can be modified to attract graduate students worldwide. This paper accentuates the significance of gender and citizenship status for understanding differences in choice of discipline among graduate students in STEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Social Justice and Physical Education in the United States: The Need for New Maps.
- Author
-
Landi, Dillon and Sutherland, Sue
- Subjects
PHYSICAL education ,SOCIAL justice ,SCHOLARLY method ,LANDSCAPE changes - Abstract
This paper is a reflection, a critique, and, hopefully, an inspiration to think about how future generations can reshape physical education in the United States. To do so, we first pay homage to our pioneers, who, we argue, were transformative leaders because they used research to respond to the sociopolitical issues of their time. In saying this, we reflect on how these ideas from that time were critically important but have also been developed for a different time, place, and demographic of people. We then trace the social justice research in the United States by highlighting the promises and pitfalls of current scholarship because it often asks "tough questions" but provides "weak solutions." To conclude, we believe that the future of physical education needs to be about allowing those "new voices" to become the future leaders of our field. In so doing, they will change the landscape of physical education knowledge, movement, and practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. A milestone in the pursuit of gender equality: Predicting first women presidents in U.S. higher education institutions, 1980–2018.
- Author
-
D'Apice, Hannah K., Song, Jieun, and Wotipka, Christine Min
- Subjects
WOMEN presidents ,UNIVERSITIES & colleges ,PRESIDENTS of the United States ,WOMEN'S education ,EVENT history analysis ,GENDER inequality ,LEADERSHIP in women - Abstract
While women's higher education enrollments and graduation rates have outpaced those of men in the United States and most countries around the world, women are less frequently included in academic leadership roles, including the higher education presidency. This paper asks what predicts whether and when a higher education institution has its first woman president, conceptualizing this event as a milestone of gender equality. We use a national probability sample of 234 four‐year U.S. universities and colleges, constructing a novel longitudinal dataset from 1980 to 2018. Employing event history analysis, we examine the potential mechanisms associated with when an institution has its first woman president over time. Our findings suggest that the demographic diversity of faculty and students, gender‐ and diversity‐supportive structures, and the broader environment in which institutions are embedded predict the likelihood that a woman will advance to the level of the presidency. In particular, the presence of gender studies programs and a higher proportion of women in state legislatures increase the likelihood that an institution will have its first woman president. At a time of growing challenges facing U.S. higher education, coupled with greater opportunities from having more diverse students and faculty, universities and colleges increasingly recognize the benefit of women leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Exploring the prevalence and characteristics of self-labelled identity, coping, and mental health among BDSM-practicing adults in the United States.
- Author
-
Dahl, Alicia A., Cramer, Robert J., Gemberling, Tess, Wright, Susan, Wilsey, Corrine N., Bowling, Jessamyn, and Golom, Frank D.
- Subjects
- *
CONFIDENCE intervals , *HUMAN sexuality , *MENTAL health , *GENDER identity , *T-test (Statistics) , *SEX customs , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *PSYCHOLOGICAL adaptation , *DATA analysis software , *EMOTION regulation , *ADULTS - Abstract
This paper aimed to explore BDSM involvement and its effects on mental health. The study had four objectives: (1) quantify frequencies of BDSM self-labels, (2) describe patterns of BDSM involvement subtypes (i.e. fantasy, behaviour, and identity), (3) compare BDSM-related involvement among two samples: members of the National Coalition for Sexual Freedom (NCSF) and a non-NCSF sample of adults interested in or practicing BDSM, and (4) understand whether BDSM identity specialty interest group membership is associated with enhanced health (i.e. coping). Data were drawn from archival survey data on sexuality and health. Participants (N = 1036) completed BDSM identity and behaviour measures. The most common BDSM identities were 'dominant' and 'submissive'. NCSF members adopted BDSM identity labels more frequently compared to general adult BDSM practitioners. Dominant and submissive fantasy and behaviour varied by gender, sexual orientation, and relationship status. For example, cisgender men reported elevated patterns of dominant and lowered submissive BDSM involvement. Compared to non-NCSF members, NCSF members reported higher dominant and submissive fantasies and behaviours, and better mental health and emotion regulation. Finally, submissive fantasy involvement displayed statistically significant, but weak, positive associations with psychological health. Potential implications for public health practice, theory development, and future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Informing measurement of gender differences in suicide risk and resilience: A national study of United States military veterans.
- Author
-
Smolenski, Derek J., McDonald, Katie L., Hoffmire, Claire A., Britton, Peter C., Carlson, Kathleen F., Dobscha, Steven K., and Denneson, Lauren M.
- Subjects
SUICIDE risk factors ,UNITED States armed forces ,VETERANS ,ATTEMPTED suicide ,WOMEN veterans - Abstract
Objective: To inform measure selection when examining gender differences in suicide risk, this paper evaluates measure performance for a set of gender‐relevant constructs and examines gender differences in mean scores. Methods: A national sample of veterans (n = 968) who had recently attempted suicide (past 6 months) completed measures assessing life experience‐, psychosocial‐, and health‐related constructs. A multigroup latent variable model was used to assess similarity of measurement properties between women and men. Results: Metric and scalar invariance indicated that the latent variables functioned similarly between women and men. Women had higher scores on negative coping, institutional betrayal, and social rejection; men had higher scores on self‐compassion, autonomy, and suicide ideation. Conclusions: Measurement properties and gender differences in mean values support the use of these measures for research on gender differences. Findings also suggest further investigation of social rejection, institutional betrayal, and negative coping among women veterans at risk for suicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Active Fathers in the United States: Caught Between De-Gendering Care and Caring Masculinities.
- Author
-
Adler, Marina A.
- Subjects
MASCULINITY ,CULTURE ,CHILD care ,FATHERS' attitudes ,CHILD rearing ,WORK ,MULTIVARIATE analysis ,AGE distribution ,HUMANITY ,PARENTING ,SURVEYS ,FATHER-child relationship - Abstract
The United States occupies a unique position among OECD countries because the US provides little policy support for working parents. Despite the resulting extreme time scarcity, US fathers perform similar amounts of child care as European fathers under more family-friendly policy conditions. Using recent national time use survey data, this paper examines whether time scarcity among American working parents, coupled with limited access to affordable child care and traditional masculine identity ideas, is associated with American fathers' involvement in the daily care of their young children. Results show that fathers do one third of all care activities, contribute one third of the care time, and perform over one half of the 10 activities analyzed here daily. Multivariate analysis indicates that time scarcity, lack of alternative child care options, and traditional masculine identity affect the degree of fathers' involvement in daily care activities with their under five year olds. Implications for the development of caring masculinities are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Trans death at Rikers Island: sites of (in)visibility and reframing mass incarceration.
- Author
-
Montano, Nicolas
- Subjects
CORRECTIONAL institutions ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,HEALTH services accessibility ,MORTALITY ,PSYCHOLOGY of LGBTQ+ people ,TRANSACTIONAL sex ,VIOLENCE ,HOUSING stability ,GENDER ,CRIME victims ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,INSTITUTIONAL racism ,GOVERNMENT policy ,DEATH ,HOMELESSNESS ,GENDER inequality - Abstract
On June 7
th , 2019, Layleen Xtravaganza Cubilette-Polanco, a transgender woman from New York, died at Rikers Island while in solitary confinement. According to officials from the Department of Corrections, Layleen's death was a result of a series of interrelated health problems.. Trans, queer, and gender non-conforming people, especially youth of colour and Black trans women, face heightened rates of homelessness, violent victimisation, barriers to housing, employment, and healthcare. These social conditions are tied to heightened engagement in survival sex work, over-policing, and surveillance of their communities. As a result, Trans and queer people are disproportionately impacted by mass incarceration, and must contend with the nexus of a system that functions on racist and colonial legal construction of gender, making carceral spaces sites of (in)visibility and death. The death of Trans people within these carceral spaces are followed by multiple discursive deaths, including the use of dead names in media, misgendering, and transphobic political debate. This paper aims to highlight and explore carceral settings as sites of death and (in)visbility for Trans and queer people and how reframing allows us to identify how (neo)liberal reforms meant to protect Trans people only entrench mass incarceration in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Lesson learned from the pandemic for learning physics.
- Author
-
Al‐Zohbi, Gaydaa, Pilotti, Maura A. E., Barghout, Kamal, Elmoussa, Omar, and Abdelsalam, Hanadi
- Subjects
ONLINE education ,STATISTICS ,NATIONAL competency-based educational tests ,INFERENTIAL statistics ,PHYSICS ,PROBLEM solving ,COMPUTER assisted instruction ,ONE-way analysis of variance ,CURRICULUM ,FISHER exact test ,LEARNING ,ACADEMIC achievement ,SEX distribution ,MATHEMATICS ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,DATA analysis ,CLUSTER analysis (Statistics) ,STUDENT attitudes ,COVID-19 pandemic - Abstract
Background: Valuable safeguards against fast‐spreading conjectures about learning in times of fear and uncertainty are evidence‐based approaches to the assessment of the impact of sudden and unforeseen disruptions on learning practices. The present research focused on physics learning in such times because conceptual and computational literacy in physics is critical to the development of a scientifically and technologically literate society. Objectives: The present research aimed (a) to offer an objective assessment of whether performance differences in a physics course of the general education curriculum existed between the face‐to‐face medium (familiar mode of instruction) and the online medium (unfamiliar mode of instruction) for both male and female students, and then (b) to develop a response to the evidence collected to ensure a quality education for all parties involved. The research intended to fill two critical gaps in the extant literature: mixed findings concerning students' performance in the face‐to‐face and online mediums as well as scarce coverage of specific domains of knowledge that are critical to STEM learners. Methods: Students' performance was examined as a function of the type of assessment (formative and summative), instructional mode (online and face‐to‐face), and gender. An understudied student population of STEM students of Middle Eastern descent without prior formal exposure to online instruction was targeted. Results and Conclusions: In both formative and summative assessments, male students performed better online than face‐to‐face, whereas the performance of female students was either higher online or equivalent between instructional mediums. The evidence collected suggested that consideration be given to remedies that foster academic success in the face‐to‐face instructional medium, particularly for male students. Takeaways: An evidence‐based approach to learning dismantled emotion‐driven expectations regarding the impact of the online medium on physics learning, and encouraged new perspectives about instruction. Lay Description: What is already known?: Ongoing debates on the impact of the pandemic on students' learning shape decisions regarding future reliance on the online medium for instruction. What this paper adds: The extant literature is mixed concerning performance in the face‐to‐face and online mediums, including particular domains of knowledge critical to STEM learning.This study focused on physics learning in an understudied population of STEM students who were unaccustomed to online instruction.Performance was higher online than face‐to‐face, but gender differences emerged. Implications for practice: Lessons learned focused on the flexibility of online learning and on the need to develop materials to enhance learning in males enrolled in face‐to‐face or hybrid/blended classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. How US Women in STEM Feel in Male-Dominated Study and Work Cultures.
- Author
-
Hamrita, Takoi K., Hall, Jori N., Fling, Holly, and Mendoza, Maria
- Subjects
PSYCHOLOGICAL well-being ,PSYCHOLOGICAL factors ,FEMININE identity ,SELF-efficacy - Abstract
Women in STEM study and work in male-dominated environments with cultures based on masculine values and white male primacy. STEM women strain to conform to these cultures, and any failure to properly advance is often blamed on them. The struggles these women face and the impact on their psychological well-being and professional STEM lives remain mostly untold. The Global Women in STEM Leadership Summit (GWiS) is a multigenerational, multi-sector conference that, among other things, empowers women in STEM to explore and articulate their struggles in male-dominated study and work cultures, to discuss how these experiences hinder their progress and affect their well-being, and to recognize their unique contributions. This paper leverages data collected at the 2019 GWiS to (1) expose, amplify, validate and elevate the severely underrepresented female identity and perspective in STEM, (2) reveal struggles women in STEM face and uncover underlying root causes in male practices that hinder women in STEM, and (3) illustrate the value of counterspaces, such as GWiS, in validating women's identities and perspectives, creating empowering experiences, and countering negative feelings. If widely implemented, this shift in perspective is the first step toward dismantling one-sided systems and co-creating more balanced work environments that benefit all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
25. Opening Doors to Resilience and a Gender-Diverse Pastoral Theology.
- Author
-
Rubano, Craig A.
- Subjects
PASTORAL theology ,TRANSGENDER people ,BINARY gender system ,PSYCHOLOGICAL resilience ,GENDER - Abstract
A statistically significant group in the United States (conservatively, 6% of the population) is engaged in a migration away from prescribed gender strictures and into a realm of what psychologist and preeminent expert in treating gender-diverse youth and their families Diane Ehrensaft has coined "gender creativity." Given the pathology of cultural reactions to transgender and gender-nonconforming persons, this group is also at high risk for developing psychosocial adversities that threaten health, safety, and life itself. This paper argues that a pastoral theology opening doors to genuine gender-diverse dialogue and care creates congregational and seminary environments primed to enhance the resilience needs of gender-creative individuals, such as those who self-reported in a landmark phenomenological study led by Anneliese A. Singh. Moving to affirmative pastoral ministries beyond gender binaries is not only essential for embodying the kinds of expansive care needed in an increasingly gender-diverse world, it also puts all caregivers on migratory trajectories of gender liberation and expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Mutual Profiteering: Sensational Journalism, Society Columns, and Mrs James Brown Potter's Theatrical Debuts.
- Author
-
Curley, Eileen
- Subjects
ACTRESSES ,AMERICAN theater ,AMATEUR theater ,JOURNALISM ,19TH century drama ,THEATER history ,SCANDALS - Abstract
In 1887, amateur theatrical performer Cora Urquhart Brown Potter turned professional amid a maelstrom of international newspaper coverage. Newspapers picked up the story of her career, feeding a desire for salacious gossip at the expense of the elite celebrity cast as a fallen woman. Yet, Potter and the press developed a symbiotic relationship, as her non-traditional path to the stage required that she transform her personal celebrity into a professional one in order to attract audiences and bookings. The papers obliged and, as the story developed and her celebrity transformed, they shifted their coverage of Potter's journey from society columns, to theatrical columns, to sensational front-page spreads. Potter's early career paralleled and capitalised on such new developments in the newspaper industry and its messaging. While the press continued to sell her scandal, Potter used the papers to profit from her society past while forging her future as a theatre professional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Women in public policy and public administration?
- Author
-
Johnston, Karen
- Subjects
GOVERNMENT policy ,PUBLIC administration ,GENDER inequality ,SEGREGATION ,EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
This paper explores the persistence of gender inequality in public administration in the UK and globally. The implications for the continued under-representation of women are explored. The data reveals vertical and horizontal occupational gender segregation which the paper argues, drawing upon representative bureaucracy research, has policy outcomes for beneficiaries of public services. The recent social movement campaigns and media coverage about sexual violence against women (for example MeToo) have highlighted the prevalence of this egregious issue; the publication of the gender pay gaps in UK organizations, despite the Equal Pay Act (1970), demonstrates continued inequalities; and as this paper demonstrates the data on women in public administration reveals the persistence of gender inequality in public sector employment. This has implications for public administration institutions. The paper argues that the lack of representation of women and other minorities has policy outcomes for the legitimacy, trust, integrity in public institutions, and public policy productivities and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Straight Identity and Same-Sex Desire: Conservatism, Homophobia, and Straight Culture.
- Author
-
Silva, Tony J
- Subjects
HETEROSEXUAL identity ,HOMOSEXUALITY ,LESBIAN-straight relations ,CONSERVATISM ,GAY men's relationships with heterosexuals ,CULTURE ,HOMOPHOBIA ,YOUNG adults' sexual behavior - Abstract
This paper uses the 2013–2015 NSFG, a representative US-based dataset of individuals 15–44, to explore predictors of straight identification among all women and men and among subsets with substantial same-sex activity and/or attraction. After controlling for attractions and sexual practices, homophobia predicted straight identification in all groups. Among both groups of women, one femininity attitude and motherhood also predicted straight identification. One attitude reflecting alignment with normative masculinity significantly predicted straight identification among men with substantial same-sex activity and/or attraction. This paper also uses two waves of Add Health, a representative survey of young adults, to examine change to sexual identity over six years. Results show that among individuals who changed sexual identities between waves, heightened religiosity and political conservatism across waves were associated with increased odds of changing to a straight identity for women, but not for men. This suggests but does not prove a directional association between attitudes and identification for some individuals. Latent class analyses also found distinct groups of straight-identified men and women with substantial same-sex activity and/or attraction, indicating that it is a heterogeneous population in terms of attitudes, including homophobia. This suggests that straight identification is due partly to embeddedness in straight culture and enjoyment of straight privilege, not simply homophobia. While impossible to determine causality, the results show that straight identification is strongly related to non-sexual social factors, including religiosity and attitudes about sexuality and gender, in addition to attractions and sexual practices. The results also suggest that homophobia is related to identity formation for women, as well as men, but that there is substantial within-group variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Diminished citizenship in the era of mass incarceration.
- Author
-
Sered, Susan Starr
- Subjects
UNITED States citizenship ,MASS incarceration ,IMPRISONMENT ,IMPRISONMENT rates ,WOMEN criminals - Abstract
This paper lays out a model of diminished citizenship as a tool for understanding the experiences of the large population of people who, at least in part by virtue of their relations with criminal justice apparatuses, do not benefit from the full complement of responsibilities and rights associated with citizenship in a modern democracy. The frame of diminished citizenship places mass incarceration within a larger historical and social context, moving ideas about "criminals" away from the individual focus of mainstream criminology and providing a useful framework for considering how a variety of marginalized groups navigate the American landscape. At the same time, the frame of mass incarceration offers insights into a crucial mechanism for constructing, diminishing and enforcing citizenship in the United States. Our argument draws on our decade-long ethnographic research with a cohort of women who had been released from prison in Massachusetts in 2007–2008. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Gender, Millennials, and leisure constraints: exploring golf's participation decline.
- Author
-
McGinnis, Lee Phillip, Gentry, James W., and Haltom, Trenton M.
- Subjects
SPORTS participation ,GOLF ,CONCEPTUAL structures ,GENDER ,LEISURE - Abstract
This paper addresses the dearth of research regarding why the golf industry, specifically in the United States, is stagnating and, in some cases, losing participants. We focus on why Millennials are not playing golf to the same extent as previous generations. This is a conceptual paper, drawing upon literature in sports, leisure, gender, and marketing to track the current trends in sports participation, leisure, and household production to determine the constraints that might limit golf participation. In this paper, we highlight gender as an important social structure and conceptual lens for understanding social changes, particularly among Millennials, which could also contribute to the reductions in golf participation. We offer practical solutions for the golf industry to grow, especially among the Millennial audience. We suggest, among other actions, that golf should improve its appeal to the entire family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Antidiscrimination Laws, Artificial Intelligence, and Gender Bias: A Case Study in Nonmortgage Fintech Lending.
- Author
-
Kelley, Stephanie, Ovchinnikov, Anton, Hardoon, David R., and Heinrich, Adrienne
- Subjects
SEX discrimination ,ARTIFICIAL intelligence ,ANTI-discrimination laws ,MACHINE learning ,LOANS ,MORTGAGE loans ,FINANCIAL technology - Abstract
Problem definition: We use a realistically large, publicly available data set from a global fintech lender to simulate the impact of different antidiscrimination laws and their corresponding data management and model-building regimes on gender-based discrimination in the nonmortgage fintech lending setting. Academic/practical relevance: Our paper extends the conceptual understanding of model-based discrimination from computer science to a realistic context that simulates the situations faced by fintech lenders in practice, where advanced machine learning (ML) techniques are used with high-dimensional, feature-rich, highly multicollinear data. We provide technically and legally permissible approaches for firms to reduce discrimination across different antidiscrimination regimes whilst managing profitability. Methodology: We train statistical and ML models on a large and realistically rich publicly available data set to simulate different antidiscrimination regimes and measure their impact on model quality and firm profitability. We use ML explainability techniques to understand the drivers of ML discrimination. Results: We find that regimes that prohibit the use of gender (like those in the United States) substantially increase discrimination and slightly decrease firm profitability. We observe that ML models are less discriminatory, of better predictive quality, and more profitable compared with traditional statistical models like logistic regression. Unlike omitted variable bias—which drives discrimination in statistical models—ML discrimination is driven by changes in the model training procedure, including feature engineering and feature selection, when gender is excluded. We observe that down sampling the training data to rebalance gender, gender-aware hyperparameter selection, and up sampling the training data to rebalance gender all reduce discrimination, with varying trade-offs in predictive quality and firm profitability. Probabilistic gender proxy modeling (imputing applicant gender) further reduces discrimination with negligible impact on predictive quality and a slight increase in firm profitability. Managerial implications: A rethink is required of the antidiscrimination laws, specifically with respect to the collection and use of protected attributes for ML models. Firms should be able to collect protected attributes to, at minimum, measure discrimination and ideally, take steps to reduce it. Increased data access should come with greater accountability for firms. History: This paper has been accepted for the Manufacturing & Service Operations Management Special Section on Responsible Research in Operations Management. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.1108. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Tax Progressivity of Personal Wages and Income Inequality.
- Author
-
Papanikolaou, Nikolaos
- Subjects
INCOME inequality ,DEMOGRAPHIC surveys ,GENDER ,INCOME tax ,PROGRESSIVE taxation - Abstract
The paper examines tax progressivity and income inequality using Census Bureau Current Population Survey (CPS) personal income data. The Kakwani index is used to derive tax progressivity for All, Male, Female, White and African American personal wage income of CPS respondents, respectively. The tax progressivity results show a tax system that is partly progressive and mostly regressive. Due to its regressive nature, the tax system did not display tax progressivity for the entire period under analysis for personal wage income respondents as well as when broken-down by race and gender in the United States for years 1996 to 2011. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Health care access issues among young African American and Hispanic men.
- Author
-
Johnson-Bibbs, LaTasha
- Subjects
BLACK people ,CONCEPTUAL structures ,HEALTH services accessibility ,HEALTH status indicators ,HELP-seeking behavior ,HISPANIC Americans ,INTERVIEWING ,RESEARCH methodology ,CASE studies ,MEN'S health ,RACE ,STATISTICAL sampling ,SEX distribution ,QUALITATIVE research ,THEMATIC analysis ,DATA analysis software - Abstract
Purpose: This paper aims to clarify the relationship between characteristics that contribute to health care access issues and individual behavior seeking health care. It proposes the different contexts of why African American and Hispanic men are not accessing health care. The study findings provided the target audience with past and present literature to contribute to the future resolution of racial and ethnic health care disparity, as well as health care access. Design/methodology/approach: The paper opted for a descriptive case study using a one-on-one face-to-face semi-structured approach of a case study, including 10 depth interviews representing African American and Hispanic men who are experiencing health care access issues. The data were complemented by archival data analysis, description of personal accounts of the African American and Hispanic men and articles pertaining to racial and ethnic health disparities. Findings: The paper provides insights into how change is brought about the improvement of health care for all races and ethnicity. It suggests that leaders act as "integrating forces" on two levels: integrating the important elements of improved health care coupled with communication, language and health care cost and mediating between the health care structures and the individual. Originality/value: This paper fulfills an identified need to study the characteristics that contribute to health care access issues among African American and Hispanic men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Visualizing Data to Engage Intra-active Art: Unsettling Gender Roles and Promoting Educational Responsibility.
- Author
-
Ward, Amber
- Subjects
GENDER expression ,SOCIAL distancing ,GENDER ,ACTIVE learning ,RESPONSIBILITY ,ART education ,FLIPPED classrooms ,GENDER role - Abstract
This paper introduces Sweep it Under the Rug as an exhibition that occurred at a university gallery in the Southeastern United States during February 2020. The exhibition aimed to unsettle gender roles and promote educational responsibility by visualizing data from survey participants and installation collaborators on the topic of gender. The survey addressed the role of personal and cultural expectations on gender expression through a series of questions about family, language, and more. The author shares memories from and writing about the exhibition and thinks with Karen Barad's concept of intra-action to explore how visualizing data might engage intra-active art as creative discourse between artwork and stakeholders that makes knowledge (visible) to effect change. The author suggests that intra-active art provokes feeling (loving), thinking (learning), and doing (becoming ethical and experimenting ethically) in (in)formal art education spaces, especially in a time of physical distance, and closes by wondering/wandering on about literal and abstract together-apartness in our current and future times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
35. Gender, workplace support, and perceived job demands in the US and Indian context.
- Author
-
Banerjee, Dina and Doshi, Vijayta
- Subjects
SOCIAL impact ,WORK environment ,GENDER ,WOMEN employees - Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore the under-researched dynamics of gender, workplace support, and perceived job demands in two different contexts, the United States and India. Design/methodology/approach: The paper draws from two studies conducted in different contexts (the United States and India) via different methodological approaches (quantitative and qualitative, respectively). In Study I of this paper, data was collected using questionnaires from a nationally representative sample of adult workers in the United States. In Study II, interviews were conducted with 48 workers in India, selected using convenience sampling. Findings: It was found that both in the United States and India, women perceived considerably greater job demands than men. In terms of workplace support, both the studies found that workplace culture and supervisors' support influenced the perception of job demands, but the same was not true for coworkers' support, which mainly helped in coping rather than actually reducing the perception of job demands. Research implications: The article contributes to research by concluding that job demands as a construct are not clearly segregated from gender demands or expectations, especially in the way women "perceive" it. Women construct job demands as "job-family" demands and workplace support as "job-family" support. Moreover, being a woman in the workplace, women feel the "burden" of gender. Practical implications: It would be useful for organizations and policy makers to understand that women remain "conscious" of their gender in the workplace, and for them, the meaning of job demands and workplace support are "job-family" demands and "work-family" support, respectively. Social implications: This research intends to contribute toward thinking about gender relations and empowerment of people within organizational and work settings from a new light. Originality/value: The present study provides an alternative way of thinking about gender, job demands, and workplace support. Its value underlies in the way it raises the voices of women workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Fostering Protective Assets Among Syrian Refugee Girls Who Experience Child Marriage: Findings from a Formative Program Evaluation.
- Author
-
Whiting-Collins, Lillian, Tawk, Mona, Karp, Celia, Robinson, W. Courtland, and Metzler, Janna
- Subjects
MARRIAGE ,EVALUATION of human services programs ,FOCUS groups ,CONFIDENCE ,PSYCHOLOGY of refugees ,INTERVIEWING ,VIOLENCE ,QUALITATIVE research ,GENDER ,SPOUSES ,HEALTH literacy ,DECISION making ,CONTENT analysis ,WOMEN'S health ,REPRODUCTIVE health - Abstract
The International Rescue Committee's Life Skills Tailored Package for Early Marriage focuses on engaged, married, and divorced Syrian refugee girls aged 13–18 living in Lebanon. This paper details findings from a qualitative program evaluation. In-depth interviews (IDIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) explored participants' viewpoints about program components. IDIs engaged program staff and adolescent girls. FGDs included adolescent girls, husbands/fathers, and mothers/mothers-in-law. Data were audio-recorded, transcribed, and assessed using inductive content analysis. Three themes emerged: (1) engaging influencers with discretion facilitated girls' participation, (2) reaching out to vulnerable girls required foresight and flexibility, and (3) participation fostered development of personal resources and adaptive capacities among adolescent girls, who described improvements in self-confidence for decision-making/time management, reproductive health knowledge, emotional regulation/understanding of healthy relationships, and self-protection. Efforts to improve psychosocial and reproductive health of refugee adolescent girls experiencing child marriage should integrate lessons learned through this program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. What Can We Learn from the Study of Mexican-Origin Families in the United States?
- Author
-
Updegraff, Kimberly A. and Umaña ‐ Taylor, Adriana J.
- Subjects
FAMILY assessment ,HISPANIC Americans ,RESEARCH methodology - Abstract
Copyright of Family Process is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Glass Ceiling, Paper Floor: Gender Differences Among Top Earners, 1981-2012.
- Author
-
Gorman, Linda
- Subjects
GENDER ,RICH people ,INCOME ,INCOME tax ,AGE groups ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
The article discusses a study which examined the how the gender composition of top earners in the U.S. has changed over the last three decades. Topics covered include the representation of women in the top earnings group, the age group wherein lifetime top earners recorded faster earnings growth, and the factors behind the rise in the share of females among top earners.
- Published
- 2015
39. Unmooring Gender: Shifting Medical Conceptualizations of Gender Identity.
- Author
-
Gonsalves, Tara
- Subjects
GENDER ,FACE ,GENDER studies ,FEMININE identity ,FEMININITY ,INSURANCE ,GENDER identity ,TRANSSEXUALISM - Abstract
In this paper, I examine shifts in medical etiologies of gender identity, focusing on the role of medical authorities in defining gender. Drawing from a qualitative analysis of an original, archival dataset, I examine the ways in which medical conceptualizations of transness have shifted over time More specifically, I closely read and code every mention of the term "transgender" and the more dated terms "transsexual" and "transvestite" in four top medical journals published in the United States. Reading references to these terms in top medical journal articles illuminates the ways in which they are understood in medical parlance and how conversations about transgender patients contribute to the medical and social construction of gender. Based on my analysis of medical journal articles, I argue that: (1) There has been a shift in the locus of gender from external genitalia an early socialization to the brain (self-conception), (2) The shift results in an unmooring of gender from sex and a medical institutionalization of Butler's formulation of the relationship between sex and gender (sex was really gender all along); (3) The gendering of facial features and external genitalia paves the way for the marketization of racialized gender essentialism: feminine and masculine features become incorporated in a fee-for-service model. In the quest for being socially affirmed and recognized as one's gender, such a transformation has crucial, life-changing and life-saving possibilities for people whose bodies do not align with their sexes. The shift also empowers medical providers and insurers to define idealized femininity and masculinity and limit access to such services through widely varying insurance coverage. Drawing from both medical and gender studies, this paper offers insights for medical sociologists interested in the medicalization and biomedicalization of society as well as gender and sexuality scholars interested in the complex relationship between gender, sex, and the body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
40. Gender Structure Which Causes Immigration: Postwar Immigrant Japanese Women and Gender Discrimination in Japan.
- Author
-
Yuko Nakanishi
- Subjects
SEX discrimination ,WOMEN immigrants ,JAPANESE women ,GENDER ,EMIGRATION & immigration - Abstract
Introducing gender perspective into international migration studies has been considered very important since the end of the 20th century. However, there is not much discussion on how the gender structure of home country causes immigrants' international migration. Classical studies on international migration have revealed that economic and political disparity between home country and host country causes international migration. In this paper, the author clarifies that the disparity of gender structure between two countries may motivate women's international migration. This study focuses on women who moved to the United States from postwar Japan. The proportion of women in the Japanese people who immigrate to the United States far exceeds the national average. The characteristic of Japanese female immigrants is that there are few women who migrated to the US with their families. Many have migrated alone. In this paper, the author will analyze the interview data for the Japanese female immigrants who live in single metropolitan areas in the West Coast of the United States. The author analyzes the data of 15 women who have migrated to the United States alone, collected by the interview research held from 2011 to 2014. Many Japanese informants in the study reported resistance to gender structure in Japanese society. In any case, it is clear that "gender structure" difference between the home country and the host country becomes an important factor which cause women's international migration. As classical studies on immigration shows that economic and political gap between the home country and the host country causes international migration, this paper disclosed that the disparity of gender structure between two countries may motivate women's international migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
41. Sexual orientation and gender identity differences in perceptions and product appeal in response to e-cigarette advertising.
- Author
-
Liu, Jessica, Patterson, Joanne G., Keller-Hamilton, Brittney, Donghee N. Lee, Chrzan, Kirsten R., and Stevens, Elise M.
- Subjects
SEXUAL orientation ,STATISTICS ,FLAVORING essences ,ELECTRONIC cigarettes ,SMOKING cessation ,CONSUMER attitudes ,ADVERTISING ,GENDER identity ,SEX distribution ,SEXUAL minorities ,RESEARCH funding ,TOBACCO products ,SMOKING ,STATISTICAL sampling ,DATA analysis ,HEALTH promotion - Abstract
INTRODUCTION E-cigarette use is disparately high among sexual minoritized populations. As e-cigarette advertising may influence product appeal, this study tested sexual orientation- and gender-based differences in response to e-cigarette advertisement exposure on advertisement perceptions and product appeal. METHODS We recruited 497 adults (mean age=31.9 years, 45.1% women, 54.3% heterosexual, 71.2% Non-Hispanic White) living in the United States via the crowdsourcing platform Prolific. Participants viewed two randomly selected e-cigarette advertisements (from n=173 advertisements). Post-exposure, participants rated the perceived advertisement effectiveness, relevance, and product use intention. Associations between sexual orientation and outcomes were estimated using multivariable linear mixed-effects models. We tested interaction effects between sexual orientation, gender, and advertisement feature (e.g. presence of humans, flavors, and product packaging), and ran Tukey post hoc tests for pairwise comparisons. RESULTS Post-exposure, heterosexual women, sexual minoritized men, and sexual minoritized women (reference group: heterosexual men) rated perceived advertisement effectiveness and relevance lower after viewing advertisements featuring flavors (vs no flavors; all p<0.001). Sexual minoritized men and sexual minoritized women rated perceived advertisement relevance lower after viewing advertisements featuring humans (all p<0.001) or fruit (all p<0.001). Heterosexual women, sexual minoritized men, and sexual minoritized women reported lower product use intention after viewing advertisements featuring an e-liquid bottle (vs no e-liquid bottle; all p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Sexual minoritized women and men reported lower e-cigarette advertisement appeal and product use intentions than heterosexual men. More evidence is needed to understand advertisement perceptions and product appeal in this group to inform e-cigarette advertising regulations and anti-tobacco messaging campaigns that aim to reduce tobacco-related health inequities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. A systematic review of sociodemographic reporting and representation in eating disorder psychotherapy treatment trials in the United States.
- Author
-
Burnette, C. Blair, Luzier, Jessica L., Weisenmuller, Chantel M., and Boutté, Rachel L.
- Subjects
TREATMENT of eating disorders ,ONLINE information services ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,TREATMENT effectiveness ,SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC factors ,MEDLINE ,PSYCHOTHERAPY - Abstract
Copyright of International Journal of Eating Disorders is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Catholic Seminarians on "Real Men", Sexuality, and Essential Male Inclusivity.
- Author
-
Barnes, Medora W.
- Subjects
HETEROSEXUALITY ,HOMOPHOBIA ,SEMINARIANS ,GENDER inequality ,CATHOLICS ,MASCULINITY ,BIOLOGICAL models ,MALES - Abstract
This paper is based on an empirical study using in-depth qualitative interviews that examines how Roman Catholic undergraduate seminarians in the United States understand gender, sexuality and masculinity. The findings describe how seminarians reject interactionist and social constructionist models of gender, and rely on a strict biological based model where sex/gender are seen as a unified concept. This leads them to adopt an "essential male inclusivity", where they argue that all people assigned male at birth have equal claim to "manhood", which eases pressures on them to act in gender normative ways. The social-psychological and identity-based motivations of these beliefs are examined in connection to their life in the seminary and other anticipated occupational characteristics. In contrast, the seminary's mandates around both celibacy and compulsory heterosexuality, make sexuality more fraught than gender for seminarians. The larger consequences of these perspectives are also explored in regard to gender inequality, homophobia, and the lack of acceptance for the LGBTIQ+ community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. GENDER AND IT-USAGE IN THE GOVERNMENT WORKFORCE: AN INVESTIGATION USING TWO THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES.
- Author
-
Jain, Abhijit
- Subjects
INFORMATION technology ,FEDERAL employees (U.S.) ,HUMAN capital ,ORGANIZATIONAL research ,CIVIL service ,UNITED States politics & government, 1989- - Abstract
In the U.S. government workforce, across all levels of government in the U.S., women use information technology (IT) more than men. Two different theoretical perspectives are used to investigate this finding, namely 1) the human capital perspective and 2) the sociological perspective. This paper finds that differences in IT-usage among the genders persist even after controlling for human capital factors. Thus the human capital theoretical perspective may not provide sufficient explanation for the differences observed. Further analysis reveals significant differences among the genders in the kinds of occupational roles filled by them. This new finding suggests that the sociological theoretical perspective may be more appropriate in accounting for the differences in IT-usage among the genders. This paper concludes that higher usage of IT by women is not necessarily evidence of progress for women, and instead may point to deeper, underlying, problematic issues such as the persistence of stereotypical occupational gender roles in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Cuban and Afro-Caribbean immigrants: an analysis of intermarriage and subsequent assimilation among second-generation Caribbean immigrants.
- Author
-
John, Mauricia
- Subjects
INTERMARRIAGE ,CHILDREN of immigrants ,IMMIGRANT children ,RACE identity ,CUBANS ,GENDER identity - Abstract
This paper uses the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study to examine the effects of race, class and gender on the intermarriage of Cuban and Afro-Caribbean second-generation immigrants in the United States. Results indicate that gender and racial identity are significantly related to intermarriage for this group of immigrants. Interestingly, the immigrants' socioeconomic status and family's social class have a very minimal impact on intermarriage. Using Cuban white, Cuban Hispanic and Caribbean black as racial categories, the study shows that Caribbean black men are the least likely group to intermarry, and Cuban white men are the most likely to intermarry. Cuban Hispanic men are less likely to intermarry compared to their Cuban white counterparts. Lastly, Cuban white women are the most likely to intermarrycompared to Cuban white males for this sample population. A structural explanation for these patterns posits that differences in the relative size of each racial group in marriage markets affect their chances for intermarriage. From an assimilation perspective, the literature also suggests that differences in social distance with whites influence the propensity for co-ethnic intermarriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Work Time Matters for Mental Health: A Gender Analysis of Paid and Unpaid Labor in the United States.
- Author
-
Piovani, Chiara and Aydiner-Avsar, Nursel
- Subjects
UNPAID labor ,LABOR policy ,MENTAL health ,MEN'S mental health ,GENDER inequality ,VOLUNTEER fire departments ,SUPPORT groups - Abstract
Based on Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) survey data for 2013–14, this paper examines the association between work time (inclusive of both paid and unpaid work time) and the mental health outcomes of men and women in the United States, controlling for economic and social buffers, education, and demographic factors. In the United States, even though women constitute close to half of the paid labor force, they still perform the lion's share of unpaid work. The findings indicate that total work time is positively related with emotional distress for women, while there is no statistically significant relationship for men. For women, the relationship between work time and mental health is primarily driven by unpaid work rather than paid work. Evaluating the relationship between mental health and both productive and reproductive work is critical to develop effective public policies toward gender equity and social well-being. JEL classification : I14, J16, J01 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Landscapes of impunity and the deaths of Americans LaVena Johnson and Sandra Bland.
- Author
-
Dowler, Lorraine and Christian, Jenna
- Subjects
VIOLENCE against women ,BLACK Lives Matter movement ,FEMINIST ethics ,BLACK feminists ,IMPUNITY ,WOMEN of color ,DEATH - Abstract
On July 19th, 2005, American Army Private First Class LaVena Johnson died in Balad, Iraq, just 8 days shy of her 20th birthday. On July 13th, 2015, almost 10 years later, 28-year-old Sandra Bland's life came to an abrupt end in a jail cell in Waller County, Texas. Both women's deaths were ruled suicides, and both women's families and friends reject these judgments. Instead, they insinuate foul play by the state, which directly governed the militarized spaces within which the women both died. At first glance, these women appear to have had very different life trajectories, one a United States soldier and the other a Black Lives Matter activist. However, in both of their cases, the ruling of the suspicious deaths as suicides illustrates the state's attempt to render their deaths banal, and thereby diminish the state's own culpability. In understanding the unremitting acts of violence, on women's bodies, especially women of color, this paper focuses on how a Black feminist praxis extends feminist notions of an ethics of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Reframing masculinity: structural vulnerability and HIV among black men who have sex with men and women.
- Author
-
Mackenzie, Sonja
- Subjects
MASCULINITY ,BLACK men ,GENDER ,HUMAN sexuality ,MEN who have sex with men ,BISEXUALITY ,COMPARATIVE studies ,ETHNOLOGY ,GROUNDED theory ,HIV infections ,HOMOSEXUALITY ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,RACISM ,RESEARCH ,PSYCHOLOGY of Black people ,QUALITATIVE research ,EVALUATION research - Abstract
This paper calls for a critical reframing of masculinity as an intersectional construct in the HIV epidemic and in public health. In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with a sample of 56 Black men who have sex with men and women in the San Francisco Bay Area. Men described their sexual identities and practices via complex narratives of masculinity that drew on subordinated and resourceful adaptations to the structural effects of racism, economic marginalisation and homophobia. By focusing on men whose experience of masculinity operates outside fixed identity categories, the paper draws attention to the intersectionality that is, by necessity, constitutive of men's lived experiences. Findings suggest the value of an integrative framework for understanding Black masculinities as processes and practices simultaneously informed by structural inequalities (racism, economic marginalisation and/or homophobia, in particular) and cultural meanings of gender. By utilising an intersectional approach, public health and sociology can better understand the concurrent resilience and vulnerability of masculinities, while building an interdisciplinary understanding of the symbolic role of Black masculinities in the USA, as well as a means by which to promote health and well-being in and through these gendered contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Homeownership trends among the never married.
- Author
-
Mundra, Kusum and Uwaifo Oyelere, Ruth
- Subjects
HOME ownership ,SINGLE people ,MARRIED people ,PROBABILITY theory ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors - Abstract
In recent years, the population of unmarried single adults has grown globally especially in the developed world. In this paper, we explore homeownership among never married singles in the US from 2000 to 2013 using a sample from the Current Population Survey. In particular, we investigate potential differences in the relationship between several homeownership determinants for the never married in comparison to the married. We also test for heterogeneous effects across education levels and ethnicity in homeownership determinants for the never married. Our results show that age, gender and number of children affect the probability of homeownership differently for singles compared to those who are married. We also find that while on average there is a higher probability of homeownership from 2007 onwards for singles, there are significant gender, education and racial differences. In particular, our results show that among the never married, those with at least a college education reverse the gender gap in homeownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Barriers to AV Bus Acceptance: A National Survey and Research Agenda.
- Author
-
Esterwood, Connor, Yang, X. Jessie, and Robert, Lionel P.
- Subjects
AUTONOMOUS vehicles ,BUS travel ,GENDER ,INDIVIDUAL differences ,BUSES ,FORECASTING ,BUS transportation - Abstract
Automated Vehicle (AV) buses hold great potential, yet it is not clear if Americans will choose to ride them. Trust and attitudes, often influenced by individual differences, are vital predictors of technology acceptance and AVs are no exception. To deepen our understanding of individual differences as they pertain to AV buses, this paper presents the results of a national survey of 401 participants located in the United States of America. Findings from this survey indicate that individual differences influenced trust, attitude, and intention to ride AV buses. Specifically, trust in AV buses differed by individual's age and bus riding frequencies while attitude toward AV buses differed by individual's age, ethnicity, and bus riding frequency. Finally, intention to ride an AV bus differed by age, gender, ethnicity, and bus riding frequency. Based on these results, we propose a research agenda that seeks to inform future research on acceptance of AV buses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.