Masculinity attitudes in the United States across intersections of race/ethnicity, immigration status, and education.

How do American men's attitudes about masculinity differ across intersections of race/ethnicity, immigration status, and education? This paper uses the NSFG 2011-2019, a large survey (n = 17,944) representative of American men aged 15-44. It analyzes white men; Black men; non-immigrant Latinos; and immigrant Latinos, with each broken down by less than a bachelor's; a bachelor's degree; or an advanced degree, for a total of 12 intersections. Most differences between men of different races/ethnicities/immigration statuses were between men with less than a bachelor's. Several groups were more conservative on some attitudes but not others. For instance, among men with less than a bachelor's, white men were more conservative than Black men regarding an attitude about going to the doctor, but less conservative than Black men on attitudes about showing pain or men's sexual needs. Additionally, the attitudinal differences that emerged were distinct for different levels of education. Among men with less than a bachelor's, most significant differences emerged regarding the attitudes about going to the doctor and men's sexual needs. In contrast, among men with a bachelor's, most differences emerged regarding the attitude about showing pain. Among men with the same racial/ethnic identity and immigration status, men with lower levels of education were more likely to endorse conservative attitudes about masculinity. All three intersections are meaningfully related to attitudes about masculinity, and future research about masculinity attitudes should not analyze social identities/statuses separately but rather as they intersect with one another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]