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This document is a special issue of the Journal of Applied Logics, focusing on the frontiers of logic and computation in China. The authors highlight the increasing influence of logic in various fields, including mathematics, physics, computer science, philosophy, cognitive science, and linguistics. Chinese scholars have made significant contributions to logic and computation research, covering topics such as classical and non-classical logic, algebraic logic, temporal logic, probabilistic logic, and knowledge-based systems. The special issue features five contributions that explore different aspects of logic and computation, including the study of algebraic models of modal logic, similarity monadic fuzzy predicate logic, monadic operators on bounded L-algebras, ideals on pseudo equality algebras, and weak hyper filters in hyper BE-algebras. The editors express gratitude to the authors and reviewers for their contributions. [Extracted from the article]

The genus Phyllosticta has been reported worldwide and contains many pathogenic and endophytic species isolated from a wide range of plant hosts. A multipoint phylogeny based on gene coding combinatorial data sets for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), large subunit of ribosomal RNA (LSU rDNA), translation elongation factor 1α (TEF1α), actin (ACT), and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), combined with morphological characteristics, was performed. We describe three new species, P. fujianensis sp. nov., P. saprophytica sp. nov., and P. turpiniae sp. nov., and annotate and discusse their similarities and differences in morphological relationships and phylogenetic phases with closely related species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background--With the implementation of "The Opinions on Establishing and Improving the Value Realization Mechanism of Ecological Products" in 2021, the value realization of the ecological products is a bridge connecting the ecological protection and economic construction of the forest areas after the reform of the state-owned forest areas in Northeast China. (2) Methods--Based on the ecological niche theory, this paper took the understory ecological products in the state-owned forest areas of Northeast China as the research object, firstly sorted out and summarized the previous literature studies and relevant data, analyzed the current situation of the value realization of the understory ecological products from four aspects of resources, environments, demands and technologies ecological niches, then found out the dilemmas faced in the value realization of the understory ecological products, and finally innovatively put forward a new model to realize the value of the understory ecological products. (3) Results--From the perspective of ecological niche, this paper innovatively combines the ecological niche theory with the value realization of the understory ecological products in the state-owned forest areas of Northeast China, and analyzes the dilemmas encountered in the value realization of the understory ecological products from four aspects: resource niche, environment niche, demand niche and technology niche: the narrow resource niche and inadequate exploitation and utilization of the ecological product resources, environment niche to be improved and lack of specific development policies for the understory ecological products, inaccurate grasp of demand niche and uncoordinated value realization of the ecological products with economic development needs, few technology niche levels and lagging technological innovation of the ecological products in the stateowned forest areas, and then puts forward the new model of realizing the value of the understory ecological products in the state-owned forest areas of Northeast China. (4) Conclusions and Discussions--First, expand the width of resource niche and adopt the resource development model of "original ecological breeding + forest X". Develop the original ecological breeding model according to local conditions and strengthen the construction of hardware and software. Second, optimize the environment niche and gradually form the market transformation model of "EODF+ understory ecological products". Reconstruct the ecological network of the state-owned forest areas in Northeast China, establish a good ecological foundation, use EODF mode to bundle ecological environmental protection and restoration of the forest areas and management of the understory ecological products, improve the efficiency of market transformation of the understory ecological products, comprehensively calculate the joint development projects and implement internal regurgitation-feeding of the projects. Third, obtain the demand niche advantage and accurately adopt the demand expansion model of "scenic areas and cities integration + multi-core attraction". With the scenic areas in the forest areas as the core, form the scenic areas and cities integration system, implement cross-border linkage and multicore attraction to create the demand for the understory ecological products and avoid the phenomenon of ecological niche overlap based on the real market demand. Fourth, improve the level of technology niche and adopt the value realization model of "blockchain + understory ecological products". Manage and record the whole process of the understory ecological products from the forest areas to production in real time by using blockchain technology to ensure product quality and safety, and carry out the digital management of the understory ecological products in the state-owned forest areas of Northeast China by using blockchain technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome has attracted a lot of attention in the new century, and an increasing number of relevant studies have been published. Therefore, we performed a bibliometric analysis of these publications, hoping to show the current research hotspots and future research trends. Methods: The articles on were selected from the Web of Science Core Collection. Countries, authors, references and keywords in the field were visualized and analyzed using CiteSpace and VOSViewer software. Results: A total of 1014 articles on urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome were identified, with "chronic pelvic pain syndrome" being the most common keyword, with a strong association with "interstitial cystitis" and "chronic prostatitis". The hotspot of urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome research has gradually shifted from chronic prostatitis / urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome to cystitis/bladder pain syndrome over the past few years. Future research tends to focus on urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome etiology, including oxidative stress and inflammation. Conclusion: Research on urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome is steadily growing. The United States has made the most prominent contribution in this area, and the share of China's contribution is expected to grow further. The etiology of urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome, including inflammation and oxidative stress, have been the focus of current research and developmental trends in the future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cosmetic adverse reactions (CARs) are becoming widespread in China. However, a comprehensive analysis of data is lacking. Objective: To analyse the clinical characteristics of patients with reported adverse reactions to cosmetics in Chongqing, China. Methods: Cases with CARs reported to the Chongqing Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring Centre System from 2017 to 2021 were analysed. Results: A total of 23 245 cases were identified, of which 94.5% were women. Contact dermatitis (84.3%) was the most common diagnosis of CARs, followed by acne (3.1%). The most frequently reported clinical signs were erythema (70.1%), followed by papules (35.5%). The majority of CARs were reported to be due to ordinary cosmetics (87.9%), of which 81.0% were skin care products and 7.1% were makeup products. Cosmetics with special functions constituted 12.2%, of these, skin whitening (54.0%) and sunscreen (28.0%) products were most frequently reported. Conclusion: Our results suggest that adverse reactions to cosmetics are of concern in China, and dermatologists should actively identify and diagnose CARs. In addition, we should establish a convenient and effective model for collecting, reporting, and evaluating CARs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The marine environment is the material basis for the survival and development of fishery resources, and changes in the marine environment affect the fishery economy. Therefore, against the background of sustainability and environmental uncertainty, it is important to investigate the development of the marine environment and the marine fishery economy to improve the quality of both. Taking the panel data for 11 coastal cities in China from 2011 to 2020, we use several methods, including the entropy method, a coupling harmonious degree model, and a Tobit model, to measure the marine-environment quality and marine-fishery-economy quality, their coordination, and the factors affecting that coordination. We find that (1) the marine-environment quality and marine-fishery economy quality show a significant upward trend over time, but they are spatially unbalanced, with obvious interprovincial differences. (2) Coordination between the marine-environment quality and marine-fishery-economy quality has risen steadily, but the level of coordination is still low, remaining at the primary level in most areas. (3) The important factors affecting coordination between the marine-environment quality and marine-fishery-economy quality include the strength of the marine fishery industry, scale of the marine fishery economy, production capacity of marine fisheries, marine-environment quality, and quality of the marine environment and its resources. In light of these findings, we should increase the coordination between the marine-environment quality and marine-fishery-economy quality by upgrading the marine fishery industry, modernizing marine fisheries, linking the environmental governance of marine and land areas, and strengthening the ecological construction of the marine environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heart failure (HF) is an epidemic disease affecting a large population worldwide. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is playing an increasingly important role in the clinical treatment of HF. According to the TCM theory, HF could be classified into Yang deficiency and Qi-yin deficiency; however, there are few objective and biological lines of evidence for differentiation of TCM HF syndromes to date. In this study, data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry was applied to comparatively analyze the protein expression in serum samples obtained from 12 Yang deficiency patients, 12 Qi-yin deficiency patients, and 12 healthy volunteers. Compared to the healthy controls, a total of 121 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) (77 upregulated and 44 downregulated proteins) were identified in Yang deficiency samples, while 59 DEPs (49 upregulated and 10 downregulated proteins) were detected in Qi-yin deficiency samples. Enrichment analyses of these DEPs based on the GO and KEGG databases revealed functional clusters associated with the immune system, signal transduction, and infectious disease. Several previously reported HF biomarker proteins were found to be the hub proteins in a protein-protein interaction network analysis. Three novel hub DEPs were identified as potential biomarkers for differentiation between different TCM syndromes of HF. The results provide biological insight into the differences of different TCM HF syndromes and an opportunity for specific biomarker identification for different TCM HF syndromes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Elderly people are susceptible to atrial fibrillation (AF) and ischemic stroke (IS); however, less information is known about the association between AF and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in elderly population with IS. We aimed to investigate the features of AF among aged people with IS and to illustrate whether AF accounted for CVD mortality. Methods: At baseline, 790 patients with IS were enrolled from the general northeast Chinese elderly population (>60 years) between September 2017 to March 2019. The prevalence, awareness, and treatment of AF in each age group were analyzed, as well as major-related cardiovascular risk factors. The population was followed until July 31, 2021, and information on CVD death was obtained. Results: A total of 25 people had AF, and the prevalence of AF in the elderly population with IS was 3.2%. The AF prevalence grew along with age from 1% (60–64 years) to 4.3% (70–74 years) and 4.2% (≥75 years), which was higher in the urban residents than in the rural residents (5.7 vs. 2.2%, P = 0.014). The awareness and treatment rates of patients with AF were 80 and 8%. After a median follow-up period of 3.3 years, 58 subjects died due to CVD and 5 subjects were accompanied with AF (rate 70.6/1,000 person-years). Elderly IS patients with AF had a 3.65-fold increased risk of CVD death in the fully adjusted model when compared with non-AF participants. Conclusion: The AF prevalence increased with age among the elderly population with IS. Moreover, elderly patients with IS in northeast China with AF had a higher CVD mortality. Therefore, early screening and prompt management of AF in elderly population with IS in northeast China are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rushan is a traditional dairy product consumed by the Bai people in the Yunnan Province of China, and its production still follows the traditional procedure of backslopping. However, how the microbial composition of raw materials and processing shape the microorganisms in rushan have not been systemically reported. In this study, high-throughput sequencing technique was applied to analyze the microbial compositions of raw milk, fresh rushan, curd whey, acid whey, and dry rushan at the phylum, family, genus, and Lactobacillus species levels. The results indicated that Lactobacillus , Lactococcus , and Streptococcus were dominant genera in rushan, whereas Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens and Lactobacillus helveticus were the 2 abundant species at the Lactobacillus species level. The network analysis indicated that raw milk mainly contributed to the microbial diversity of rushan, whereas acid whey made a great contribution to shaping the relative abundance of microbes in rushan and dramatically increased acid-producing genera, such as Lactobacillus and Acetobacter. The variation in microbial composition led to an increase in the relative abundance of pathways related to energy supply, acid production, fatty acid accumulation, cysteine, methionine, and lysine accumulation. The volatile profile of rushan was rich in esters and acids, and the high relative abundance of Lactobacillus might be associated with reduction of amino acid metabolism, degradation of unpleasant flavored xylene, and accumulation of decanoic, dodecanoic, and tetradecanoic acids in the products. The accumulation of medium long-chain fatty acids might result from the relative abundance of FabF , FabZ , and FabI , particularly from Lactobacillus amylolyticus and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a major chronic bacterial disease in cattle and is the major economic and animal welfare issue in the world. Although the economic costs and public health safety risks associated with the disease are considerable, the overall epidemiology of the Chinese yak (Bos grunniens) bTB is unclear. To fully reveal the basic prevalence of yak bTB in different regions of China, we searched five databases including PubMed, Science Direct, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), Wanfang and Chongqing VIP. Based on the incidence and prevalence of yak tuberculosis in China from 1982 to 2020, a meta-analysis of yak bTB in China was established for the first time. By formulating the search formula, 97 studies were searched in five databases. According to the established exclusion criteria and excluded comments and repeated and irrelevance research, we finally selected 19 cross-sectional studies, which showed the prevalence of bTB in Chinese yaks. Random-effect meta-regression model analysis showed that the estimated prevalence of 122,729 yaks in China was 1.0 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.0-1.0). The regional prevalence varies greatly, northwest China prevalence rate 0. 39% (95% CI: 0.2-0. 64) and southwest China prevalence rate 2.59% (95% CI: 1.94-3.34); in terms of province level, the prevalence was highest in Tibet 2.59% (95% CI: 1.94-3.34), followed by Xinjiang 2.36% (95% CI: 0.86-4.58), and Shanxi has the lowest 0.00% (95% CI: 0.00-0.98). This systematic review and meta-analysis identified the estimated prevalence of bTB in Chinese yaks and estimated the underlying factors associated with bTB, including geographic location, sampling year, age, and TB detection method. Provide evidence to plan corresponding disease control strategies for policymakers and to assess future economic risks accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The epidemiology on the human papillomavirus (HPV) among females in Southern China is not well-established. Baseline data on the prevalence of HPV infection in China prior to mass prophylactic HPV vaccination would be useful. Thus, this study aims to determine the type-specific HPV prevalence and distribution among females from Southern China prior to mass HPV vaccination.Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study employing 214,715 women attending ChenZhou NO.1 People's Hospital for cervical screening during 2012-2018 was conducted prior to widespread HPV vaccination. HPV genotype was detected using nucleic acid molecular diversion hybridization tests. The overall prevalence, age-specific prevalence, type distribution, and annual trend were analyzed.Results: The overall HPV prevalence was 18.71% (95% confidence interval [CI], 18.55-18.88%) among Southern China females. During 2012-2018, the prevalence of HPV infection showed a downward tendency, from 21.63% (95% CI, 21.07-22.20%) in 2012 to 18.75% (95% CI, 18.35-19.16%) in 2018. Age-specific HPV distribution displayed a peak at young women aged less than 21 years (33.11, 95% CI, 31.13-35.15%), 20.07% (95% CI, 19.70-20.44%) among women aged 21-30 years, 17.29% (95% CI, 17.01-17.57%) among women aged 31-40 years, 17.23% (95% CI, 16.95-17.51%) among women aged 41-50 years, 21.65% (95% CI, 21.11-22.20%) among women aged 51-60 years, and 25.95% (95% CI, 24.86-27.07%) among women aged over 60 years. Of the 21 subtypes identified, the top three prevalent high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) genotypes were HPV52 (5.12%; 95% CI, 21.11-22.20%), - 16 (2.96%; 95% CI, 2.89-3.03%), and - 58 (2.51%; 95% CI, 2.44-2.58%); the predominant low-risk HPV (LR-HPV) genotypes were HPV81 (1.86%; 95%CI, 1.80-1.92%) and - 6 (0.69%; 95% CI, 0.66-0.73%) respectively. Incidence of HR-HPV only, LR-HPV only and mixed LR- and HR-HPV were 15.17, 2.07 and 1.47% respectively. Besides, single HPV infection accounted for 77.30% of all positive cases in this study.Conclusions: This study highlights 1) a high prevalence of HPV infection among females with a decreasing tendency towards 2012-2018, especially for young women under the age of 21 prior to mass HPV vaccination; 2) HPV52, - 16 and - 58 were the predominant HPV genotypes, suggesting potential use of HPV vaccine covering these HPV genotypes in Southern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: About 83,000 COVID-19 patients were confirmed in China up to May 2020. Amid the well-documented threats to physical health, the effects of this public health crisis - and the varied efforts to contain its spread - have altered individuals' "normal" daily functioning. These impacts on social, psychological, and emotional well-being remain relatively unexplored - in particular, the ways in which Chinese men and women experience and respond to potential behavioral stressors. Our study investigated sex differences in psychological stress, emotional reactions, and behavioral responses to COVID-19 and related threats among Chinese residents.Methods: In late February (2020), an anonymous online questionnaire was disseminated via WeChat, a popular social media platform in China. The cross-sectional study utilized a non-probabilistic "snowball" or convenience sampling of residents from various provinces and regions of China. Basic demographic characteristics (e.g., age and gender) - along with residential living arrangements and conditions - were measured along with psychological stress and emotional responses to the COVID-19 pandemic.Results: Three thousand eighty-eight questionnaires were returned: 1749 females (56.6%) and 1339 males (43.4%). The mean stress level,as measured by a visual analog scale, was 3.4 (SD = 2.4) - but differed significantly by sex. Besides sex, factors positively associated with stress included: age (< 45 years), employment (unsteady income, unemployed), risk of infection (exposureto COVID-19, completed medical observation), difficulties encountered (diseases, work/study, financial, mental), and related behaviors (higher desire for COVID-19 knowledge, more time concerning on the COVID-19 outbreak). "Protective" factors included frequent contact with colleagues, calmness of mood comparing with the pre-pandemic, and psychological resilience. Males and females also differed significantly in adapting to current living/working, conditions, responding to run a fever, and needing psychological support services.Conclusions: The self-reported stress of Chinese residents related to the COVID-19 pandemic was significantly related to sex, age, employment, resilience and coping styles. Future responses to such public health threats may wish to provide sex- and/or age-appropriate supports for psychological health and emotional well-being to those at greatest risk of experiencing stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to investigate physicochemical properties of nano‐scaled fish bone (NFB) and micro‐scaled fish bone (MFB) during heating and improve their valorization by promoting their calcium release. For MFB, heating promoted its calcium release (from 0.7% to 2.2%) and solubility (from 4.6% to 11%) mainly by reducing the particle size (from 20.51 to 17.85 μm). However, the FT‐IR and XRD of MFB spectra showed small change during heating. For NFB, heating hardly changed its particle size but further destroyed the crystal and chemical structure of NFB. The solubility was significantly increased from 9.8% to 14.0%. After heating at 90°C, the sharper diffraction peaks of hydroxyapatite were also observed. The calcium release was significantly promoted from 9.0% to 14%. The results showed heating could more effectively promote the calcium release of fish bones when the particle size was reduced to nanoscale. Practical applications: Grass carp is the most productive freshwater fish in China. Fish bones are the main by‐product from fish processing. Fish bones can be added to food as a natural calcium sources. The aims of our research are to improve the calcium release of fish bones and promote application of fish bones in food fields. After the particle size was reduced to the nanoscale using wet ball milling, heating at common cooking temperature could significantly promote the calcium to release from fish bones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Climate change has posed great challenges to rice production. Temperature and solar radiation show significant variations in central China. This study aims to analyze the responses of different rice genotypes to the variations of temperature and solar radiation in central China, and to find the way of identifying the optimal sowing date to improve and stabilize rice production. For this end, four rice genotypes (two Indica and two Japonica cultivars) were cultivated at two locations under irrigation conditions in 2 years with six sowing dates. RESULTS: We investigated variations of rice grain yield, resource use efficiency, average daily temperature and solar radiation during different phenological stages. Rice grain yield could increase by about 2–17% in central China. Compared with solar radiation, temperature was a more important factor affecting rice grain yield in central China. The grain yield showed great correlation with the means temperature during different phenological stages, especially during the first 20 days after heading (GT20). Besides our results demonstrated that the grain yield displayed slender variations when the GT20 was within 24.9–26.4 °C. However, GT20 was higher than 26.4 °C in most cases, which became more frequent due to climate changes. Analysis of climate change during the last 25 years revealed that the frequency of GT20 within 24.9–26.4 °C was increased by the delay of sowing date. CONCLUSION: We propose that delaying sowing date to achieve the optimal GT20 (24.9 °C–26.4 °C) can be an effective strategy to stabilize and improve rice grain yield and resource use efficiency in central China. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research reported that fermented yak milk had a diverse microbial composition. For this study, raw yak milk, qula, and fermented yak milk samples were collected from the Aba Tibetan autonomous region of China. The genus and species microbial composition of these samples were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA and groEL gene amplicons, and the volatile profile of the samples was quantified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The results indicated variation in abundance of microbiota at the genus level among the fermented yak milk samples, with Lactobacillus as the most abundant genus in the majority of samples, ranging from 41.6 to 98.3%. The volatile profile of the samples varied among those collected from different villages. Correlations between bacterial composition and volatile compounds of the samples were also observed. Lactobacillus displayed a significant correlation with volatile compounds such as benzaldehyde, 2,3-pentanedione, ethanol, and ethyl acetate, whereas the samples with relatively high abundance of Streptococcus and Lactococcus displayed relatively low contents of volatile compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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China's view on the sanctity of state sovereignty has slowly but inexorably been transformed, and the country has found it difficult to continue to adhere to the principles of non-interference and non-intervention with the same degree of rigour as during the Cold War era. This special section will explore what the principles mean to China today; why and how Beijing has become active in peacebuilding and conflict mediation; and what implication China's approach to the principles has for its position in the global liberal order. This article sets the scene by firstly demonstrating that defining the principles has always been a political act, and secondly offering new discussions about how China's expanding economic power forced the country to more actively engage in politics of conflict-affected regions. Finally, it offers a conceptual framework to explain why and how China has become increasingly active in peacebuilding and conflict mediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Women in many countries are breaking through the gender barrier and are working in positions where they have a major impact on the buying and selling activities in business-to-business relationships. A number of studies have investigated the role gender plays in driving perceptions of sales representatives in the USA, however, little research has been undertaken on this important topic in China, one of the largest and most influential countries. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to examine whether the gender of both the buyer and seller, affects perceptions of expertise, trust and loyalty in business relationships. Design/methodology/approach: A survey instrument was developed, tested and used on individuals with purchasing responsibility in China. Confirmatory factor analysis was used in the pre-test and the final study data to develop and refine measurement instruments, assessing construct validity, identifying method effects and evaluating factor variance across groups. Independent t-tests were used to compare male and female buyers on their evaluation of sales reps. Findings: The results indicate that the gender of the sales person does not seem to be a consideration for male buyers in evaluating reps in any of the variables tested. However, female buyers consistently give less favorable evaluations to female sales people than male sales representatives. The possible implications of these findings are discussed. Research limitations/implications: First, this research uses a quantitative methodology in both the collection and analysis of the data. Thus, future studies may want to use a qualitative data set to gain a more in-depth understanding of the business-to-business relationships between men and women in the workplace. Also, as the study was concentrated on a relatively small number of business professionals from only one area in China, subsequently researchers should consider increasing the geographic domain where respondents are sampled, to help improve the generalizability of the results. Practical implications: The gender bias by female buyers found in this study has several important implications for businesses in China. Specifically, the suggests that female buyers may carry with them a "collective negative bias" against other women, in this case, female sales reps. The solution to this problem is not to avoid assigning female sales reps to female buyers, rather, it is to change the negative collective social-esteem identity preconceptions. Organizations can do this through training by making women aware of their own predisposition to unfairly evaluate women that they interact with in the workplace. Originality/value: It has been argued that gender plays a small role in perceptions of sales representatives in buyer-seller relationships. While this seems to be true in the USA, it has not (until now) been empirically tested in China. Somewhat surprisingly, the gender differences we did uncover are not from male buyers in their assessments, but from female buyers in their evaluation of women sales representatives. This result provides some interesting insight into Chinese business relationships and how some women in positions of power are more critical of other women within their sphere of influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hong Kong is located at the southern margin of a Mesozoic igneous belt in Southeast China, where voluminous magmatism formed during the Early Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. The final phase of volcanism formed the rhyolitic High Island Formation, which shows geochemistry similar to A‐type granite. For example, these rocks have high content of SiO2 and alkali (e.g., high K2O + Na2O, with K2O/Na2O ratios greater than 1.0) and are characterized by weakly enrichment in high‐field‐strength elements (HFSEs) and rare‐earth elements (REEs) (except for Eu) and extreme depletion of Ba, Sr, P, Ti, and Eu, with high 10,000× Ga/Al ratios. Zircon U–Pb dating for three porphyroclastic rhyolite samples from the High Island Formation yielded weighted mean 206Pb/238U ages of 140.0 ± 0.8, 139.8 ± 0.7, and 139.1 ± 1.1 Ma. These zircons have εHf(t) values of −9.0 to +0.4, with two‐stage Hf model ages (TDM2) of 1,763–1,172 Ma, indicating a magma source that involved melting of predominantly Palaeoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic continental crust with a minor juvenile mantle component. The ~140 Ma A‐type magmas in Hong Kong area were probably formed in response to rollback and/or break‐off of the Palaeo‐Pacific Plate. Previous studies indicate that the tectonic transformation from the Palaeo‐Tethys to Palaeo‐Pacific tectonic domain occurred at >165 Ma. Hong Kong underwent a repeated slab subduction and rollback process involving (a) Palaeo‐Pacific Plate subduction formed I‐type granites and continental margin arc volcanic rocks at 165–161 Ma; (b) slab rollback lead to the formation of A‐type granites at 161–159 Ma with minor magmatism formation during the rollback stage at ~159–148 Ma; (c) renewed slab subduction formed continental margin arc rocks at 148–141 Ma; and (d) renewed slab rollback resulted in the formation of A‐type volcanic rocks at 141–139 Ma (e.g., High Island Formation). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitogenome sequence of Ochotona coreana was determined using long PCR. The genome was 17,283 bp in length and contained 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 1 origin of L strand replication, and 1 control region. The overall base composition of the heavy strand is A (31.5%), C (28.7%), T (26.2%), and G (13.6%). The base compositions present clearly the A–T skew, which is most obviously in the control region and protein-coding genes. Mitochondrial genome analyses based on MP, ML, NJ and Bayesian analyses yielded identical phylogenetic trees. This study verifies the evolutionary status of O. coreana in Ochotonidae at the molecular level. The mitochondrial genome would be a significant supplement for the O. coreana genetic background. The seven Ochotona species formed a monophyletic group with the high bootstrap value (100%) in all examinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitogenome sequence of Blarinella griselda was determined using long PCR. The genome was 16,947 bp in length and contained 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 1 origin of L strand replication and 1 control region. The overall base composition of the heavy strand is A (33.1%), C (22.6%), T (31.6%) and G (12.7%). The base compositions present clearly the A–T skew, which is most obviously in the control region and protein-coding genes. Mitochondrial genome analyses based on MP, ML, NJ and Bayesian analyses yielded identical phylogenetic trees. This study verifies the evolutionary status of Blarinella griselda in Soricidae at the molecular level. The mitochondrial genome would be a significant supplement for the Blarinella griselda genetic background. The three Blarinella species formed a monophyletic group with the high bootstrap value (100%) in all examinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across the globe, the development of any organization, the leader is the emerging important element of the core competitiveness of its construction that shaping the competitive world edge. This is one of the key ideas that have a very important significance integrated the view of the origination with leadership confidence and innovation. In many of the leaders, the core competence of the leader is a key role in different situations can do uniquely well and become more effective leaders. Through analyzing and summarizing the existing leadership related research and defines the concept of core competence of leaders, extracted from the 20 leaders’ core competence by using the critical incident interviews that aspiring leaders with developing the competencies, skills, and abilities that are associated with leadership effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the growing research interest in green human resource management (green HRM) in the context of hospitality and tourism, little is known about its effects on team nongreen hospitality performance. To address this gap, this paper examines the relationship between team perceptions of green HRM and team nongreen performance in hotels. Drawing on social exchange theory (SET) and convergence and emergence in organization theory, we propose that green team behaviors in hotels, such as in-role and extra-role green team behaviors, mediate the relationship between team perceptions of green HRM and team nongreen performance. Analyses of multisourced data from 63 teams in four hotels in China support our hypotheses. The findings of this paper provide novel implications for green HRM research in the hospitality and tourism literature. • Team perceptions of green HRM are positively related to team performance. • Team perceptions of green HRM are positively related to team performance through in-role green team behaviors. • Team perceptions of green HRM are positively related to team performance through extra-role green team behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has a long history of producing and consuming fermented dairy products, and these traditional fermented dairy products (TFDP) have made important contributions to social development and human health. A detailed review of their characteristics is crucial to understand the functions of the various microorganisms that shape and define TFDP and the microorganisms' correlations with nutritional value, flavour and texture profile, and health benefits. This review focuses on the basic composition, microbial diversity, flavour profile, and health benefits of Chinese TFDP, and discusses the latest advancements in the understanding of their microbial ecology and flavour profiles. This review also examines the limitations of existing studies on the health benefits of these foods, to encourage the establishment of population-based diet and health databases, as well as randomised controlled trials addressing the mechanisms of health outcomes associated with the consumption of Chinese TFDP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapidly increasing transportation energy use in China poses challenges to national energy security and the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. Meanwhile, the development of automobile oriented neighborhood structures, such as superblock housing, currently dominates urban expansion, and construction in Chinese cities. This research takes an empirical approach to understanding the relationship between neighborhood type and household travel energy use in Jinan, China, by examining nine neighborhoods that represent the four types of urban community commonly found in Chinese cities: traditional, grid, enclave, and superblock. After conducting a survey, we derive disaggregate household transport energy uses from the' self-reported weekly travel diaries. Comparative analysis and two-step instrumental variable models are employed. Results show that, all else being equal, households located in superblock neighborhoods consume more transportation energy than those in other neighborhood types, because such households tend to own more cars and travel longer distances. Proximity to transit corridors and greater distance from the city center are also associated with higher household transport energy use in these neighborhoods, although both impacts are minor, partially because of the offsetting effects of car ownership. Overall, the analysis suggests that, to help chart a more energy-efficient future in urban China, policymakers should (1) examine past neighborhood designs to find alternatives to the superblock, (2) focus on strategic infill development, (3) encourage greater use of bicycles and e-bikes as a substitute for larger motorized vehicles, (4) improve the efficiency of public transportation, and (5) consider ways to shape citizens' preferences for more energy-efficient modes of travel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When Keynesianism received renewed interest in the global financial crisis, some economists regarded China’s response as exemplary of effective Keynesian counter-cyclical strategy or even a non-crisis development strategy. At the same time, there have been critical voices against China’s Keynesian measures. This article therefore asks: To what extent was China’s response to the global financial crisis Keynesian? What factors determined the Chinese characteristics of Keynesian policy both in design and in implementation? It points out that China did follow a Keynesian formula in its crisis response, boosted infrastructure construction, GDP growth and created some employment. However, Chinese Keynesianism is a vulgarised version that is merged with its developmental state model. It simply boasted a big state and massive deficit spending, and socialised investment without really benefiting consumers or the private sector. This article also provides an analysis of how ideational and institutional politics in China vulgarised Keynesianism and exacerbated socio-economic problems. Ideational politics included the dominance of Keynesian discourse at the beginning of the crisis and an obsession with short-term results. Institutional factors included ‘firework’ local government politics, the state being captured by state-owned enterprises and a concentration of central distributive power without proper monitoring over implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Total yield of rice in China has been greatly improved in recent decades. However, this yield improvement is excessively dependent on the input of nitrogen (N) fertilizer. In recent years, since the demand for rice quantity has basically been met, consumers pay more attention to rice quality, especially the eating quality. Increasing N application improves the yield of rice, but it changes the protein and amylose content in rice, generally reducing the eating quality. It is necessary to establish a more reasonable N management to balance yield and eating quality for rice sustainable development in China. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of various N managements on rice yield and eating quality by meta-analysis. Under traditional N management, increasing the amount of total N and late-stage N applications weaken the yield increase and decrease the eating quality with the significant increase in protein and amylose content in rice. By reducing total N and late-stage N application input, eating quality and N use efficiency could be significantly improved. Further, conditional inference tree analysis indicated that adjusting the amount of late-stage N application was a major measure to improve traditional N fertilization, since it could increase agronomic N use efficiency in rice production and balance yield maintenance and eating quality improvement. Our supplementary experiment results further confirmed that adjusting N management could improve the rice yield and eating quality with less N input. Thus, we propose the following adjusting N management strategies for rice sustainable production in China: (1) Decreasing the traditional high N rate is absolutely necessary, although it will slightly decrease rice yield, but significantly improve rice eating quality and N use efficiency; (2) Reducing the amount of late-stage N application appropriately could improve the rice eating quality; (3) Improving agronomic N use efficiency is the key to balance rice yield and eating quality. Our results provide an important reference for the future N management in rice production for the purpose of achieving high yield and better eating quality. • Rice yield and quality under various N management were assessed using meta-analysis. • Amount and proportion of N application significantly affected rice yield and eating quality. • Improving agronomic N use efficiency is key to balance rice yield and eating quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to elucidate the prevalence of blaCTX-M-27-producing Escherichia coli and transmission mechanisms of blaCTX-M-27 from swine farms in China. A total of 333 E. coli isolates were collected from two farms from 2013 to 2016. Thirty-two CTX-M-27-positive E. coli were obtained, and all were multidrug-resistant. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) profiles indicated a wide range of strain types that carried blaCTX-M-27, and the sequence type ST10 predominated. Conjugation, replicon typing, S1-PFGE and hybridization experiments confirmed that 28 out of 32 CTX-M-27 positive isolates carried blaCTX-M-27 genes on plasmids F18:A-:B10 (16) and F24:A-:B1 (12).The blaCTX-M-27 genes for 24 isolates were transmitted by plasmids with sizes ranging from 40 to 155 kb. A comparative analysis with blaCTX-M-27-plasmids indicated that the tra-trb region of F24:A-:B1 plasmids was destroyed by insertion of a complex region (eight isolates) and a novel structure containing blaCTX-M-27 in the F18:A-:B10 plasmids (12 isolates). The novel structure increased the stability of the blaCTX-M-27 gene in E. coli. This study indicated that the predominant vehicle for blaCTX-M-27 transmission has diversified over time and that control strategies to limit blaCTX-M-27 transmission in farm animals are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a direct modelling approach to evaluate household travel energy consumption and CO 2 emissions based on the spatial form of neighborhoods and streets. It integrates one multinomial logit model and four double hurdle models to predict travel outcomes: vehicle ownership portfolio choice, car travel distance, bus travel distance, motorcycle travel distance and ebike travel distance. The energy consumption and CO 2 emissions are then estimated using these travel outcomes. A full application of the modelling approach is demonstrated through a pilot project in Jinan, China. A holdout validation is also performed to address the over-fitting problem of models calibrated from the training set data. Results show that the proposed approach is operational and appropriate for sketch planning applications to promote clean energy and low carbon city planning in urbanizing China. • A direct modelling approach to evaluate household travel energy consumption and CO 2 emissions is presented. • The approach assesses the impact of the spatial form of neighborhoods and streets. • A holdout validation is performed to address the over-fitting problem of calibrated models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the lack of understanding of the protective effects and safety of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) in immune-deficient populations, the vaccination rate of PPV23 among HIV-infected patients is still very low in China. The main objectives of this study were to determine whether the efforts to assess measures for the prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia are still worthwhile, and provide designated vaccination program of HIV-infected persons for government policy based on. 60 HIV-infected adults in Lanshan county who had never been vaccinated with any pneumococcal vaccine were enrolled in this study, voluntary vaccination of PPV23 and One-year follow-up after vaccination can be completed. 76.67% patients (46/60) had serologic response at 12 months after vaccine, CD4 count(≤500 cells/ul or > 500 cells/ul) and Month from diagnosis to first antiviral therapy (≤1 month or > 1 month) were related to antibody responses (p < 0.05).In this study, PPV23 was well tolerated, no adverse reaction was reported.11 Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia (9.17%,11/120) occurred in the Unvaccinated group and 1 case(1.67%,1/60)in the vaccination group within one year after vaccination(Fisher's exact probability, P = 0.225). The VE was 81.79%. The per capita benefit was 39.32 dollars, the benefit-cost ratio = 1.19. There are significant statistical differences between the vaccinated group and the non-vaccinated group in outpatient costs (p < 0.05, 95 %CI: 9.29–32.11), Medicine costs (p = 0.017, 95 %CI: 2.47–24.44), and disease related indirect costs (p = 0.038, 95 %CI: 0.93–33.63) within one year of vaccination. Our study results showed that PPV23 can be safely and effectively administered to HIV-1 infected individuals and effectively preventing Streptococcal pneumonia. Considering the cost-benefit of vaccination among HIV-infected persons, as it has been reported in our study, it is necessary to promote the widespread use of the vaccine among HIV-infected persons in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The monophasic variant of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium with the antigenic formula 1,4,[5],12:i:- is one of the most common pathogenic bacteria causing global food-borne outbreaks. However, the research on molecular characteristics and evolution of monophasic S. typhimurium in China is still lacking. In the current study, 59 monophasic S. typhimurium strains were isolated from food animals and food products in South China between 2011 and 2018. A total of 87.5 % of monophasic S. typhimurium isolates were grouped into one independent clade with other monophasic S. typhimurium strains in China distinct from other countries by phylogenomic analysis. These isolates possess variable genotypes, including multiple ARGs on plasmid IncHI2, diverse evolutions at the fljAB locus, and virulence factors. Our results suggest that the monophasic S. typhimurium isolates currently circulating in China might be an independent epidemic subtype. • Monophasic S. Typhimurium isolates were obtained from various sources. • 81.3% of monophasic S. Typhimurium isolates harbored the MDR plasmid IncHI2. • Diverse evolution at the fljAB locus in the MDR monophasic S. Typhimurium isolates. • Monophasic S. Typhimurium isolates currently circulating in China might be an independent epidemic subtype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genesis of the Makeng Fe deposit, located in Fujian Province in southeastern China, has been the focus of numerous studies. Recent studies have revealed that the mineralization and alteration of the deposit may have occurred during the intrusion of granitic magma. In this study, we focus on the magmatic activity that has occurred in the region, as well as the geological context of the Makeng and similar deposits. We have divided the magmatic activity that occurred in the Makeng and adjacent areas into four main stages: the first occurred during the early Yanshanian at ~195 Ma, the second occurred from 150 to 170 Ma (related to Cu–Au–Fe mineralization), the third occurred from 140 to 120 Ma (related to Fe Mo mineralization and producing the Makeng and Longfengchang plutons), and the fourth occurred from 90 to 110 Ma (related to Ag–Cu–Mo mineralization). We propose that the formation of the Makeng Fe deposit was both spatially and temporally related to local granitic magmatism, and that the granitic magma transported Fe during the formation of the deposit. The Juzhou and Dayang plutons also played important roles in the transport and enrichment of other metals during the formation of the Makeng Fe deposit. The Makeng Fe deposit is a concealed or semi-concealed type of granite mineralization, and its ore genesis was due to multiple coupling, critical transformation, and boundary mineralization processes. The contact areas between the granite and the surrounding rocks, as well as the interfaces between the host rock carbonates and silica-rich sediments, are important targets for future prospecting. • Magmatism in the Makeng region can be divided into four stages. • Granite was the source of Fe and mineralizing fluids for the Makeng Fe deposit. • The Makeng Fe deposit is a concealed mineralization-type deposit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The overall performance of rail TOD is better than that of BRTOD in China. • The rail-based TOD index correlates negatively with air quality measured by AQI. • The regular bus coverage and the BRT-based TOD index show no significant impact. Abstract In this paper, we aim to see whether transit-oriented development (TOD) in Chinese cities is associated with better air quality. We first identify 37 Chinese cities with existing urban rail transit and/or bus rapid transit (BRT) systems. For each of these cities we generate performance-based TOD indicators – including measures such as urban area coverage, population coverage, street network density and land use mix within station catchment areas – and construct composite TOD indices for each city using those indicators. We also collect daily air quality index (AQI) data from the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China over the entire year 2014 for 152 cities and calculate annual and seasonal average AQIs for each city. Regression models provide some evidence that rail-based TOD is associated with better air quality, after controlling for meteorological, demographic and economic characteristics. BRT-based TOD shows no significant relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An integrated study of zircon U-Pb geochronology and geochemistry, together with Nd-Hf isotopes, have been carried out on the rhyodacite and rhyolitic tuff of the Jingtan Formation in the eastern part of the Jiangnan orogen. SIMS zircon U-Pb dating of two samples yielded weighted mean 206 Pb/ 238 U ages of 784 ± 6 Ma and 788 ± 6 Ma, respectively. Geochemically, they are peraluminous (A/CNK mostly around 1.2) and are characterized by enrichments in Rb, Th, REEs and HFSEs (e.g. Zr and Y) but depletions in Ba, Sr, P, Eu and Ti. The volcanic rocks show a clear A-type granite geochemical signature with high total alkalis (K 2 O + Na 2 O = 5.3–7.64 wt%), FeO t /MgO ratios and low CaO, MgO and TiO 2 contents. They have negative whole-rock ε Nd (t) (−4.2 to −1) and positive zircon ε Hf (t) (+1.26 to +11.6) values, illustrating decoupled Nd-Hf isotopes which may be genetically related to their petrogenesis process. The positive ε Hf (t) values and juvenile T Hf DM1 (0.89–1.3 Ga) of zircons indicate that the volcanic rocks may have been derived from the partial melting of the Neoproterozoic to late Mesoproterozoic crustal materials. Combined with the occurrence of significant volumes of contemporary bimodal volcanic rocks in eastern section of the Jiangnan orogen, it is inferred that the Jingtan felsic volcanic rocks formed during post-collisional extension shortly after the final amalgamation of Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with the environmental protection policies becoming strict in China, the air pollution control devices (especially selective catalytic reduction (SCR)) are widely equipped in coal-fired power plants. The installation and run of these devices will inevitably affect mercury (Hg) species distribution in coal fired by-products such like fly ash (FA) and gypsum. In this work, a new on-line coupling system based on atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) with a home-made chromatographic workstation was successfully developed to identify Hg species through thermal programmed desorption (TPD). The influences of matrix, furnace temperature, and carrier gas flow on analytical performance were investigated and the parameters were optimized. The FA and gypsum samples from coal-fired power plants equipped with SCR were collected and the mercury species were analyzed by the developed coupling system. HgCl 2 and HgO were the main species in FA, while Hg 2 Cl 2 and HgO were the main species in gypsum. All of Hg species in the studied FA and gypsum samples were released below 400 °C. A sequential extraction procedure was applied to further verify the operational Hg species including mobile and non-mobile fractions in FA and gypsum samples. This study demonstrated that AFS coupled with TPD procedure was an effective method to analyze Hg species in coal combustion by-products from power plants. [Display omitted] • A thermal desorption-atomic fluorescence spectrometry on-line coupling system was successfully developed to identify Hg species in coal-fired by-products. • Different mercury species were found in fly ash and gypsum from the plants equipped with selective catalytic reduction system. • Sequential extraction analysis verified the mobile and non-mobile mercury in fly ash and gypsum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transferring soil organic carbon (SOC) to the SOC pool fractions is an essential process in soil carbon sequestration. How the application of nitrogen (N) fertilizers can change the SOC functional groups and affect the SOC turnover in the microorganism-driven SOC pool are unclear. A 4-year field experiment with four application rates of N fertilizers (0, 120, 240, and 360 kg N ha−1) was conducted in a rice–wheat rotation system. Applying N fertilizers markedly increased the phospholipid fatty acids of bacteria by 25.3–50.2 % and actinomycetes by 11.1–29.5 %, with larger variations at a higher application rate of N fertilizers compared with no N fertilizer. N fertilization decreased the fungi-to-bacteria ratio. The application of N fertilizers increased O-alkyl C proportion by 18.0–30.7 % and labile SOC content (carbohydrates by 28.9–50.0 %, protein by 23.1–43.0 %, and lipids by 41.5–53.7 %) but decreased aromatic C proportion by 16.0–31.3 %. N fertilizers significantly enhanced the SOC stock in the intra-microaggregate organic matter (iPOM) by 11.4–43.2 %. The highest SOC stock in iPOM was observed at 240 kg N ha−1. The structural equation modeling showed that applying N fertilizers improved the labile SOC functional groups and chemical compounds, and promoted the SOC sequestration in more stable fractions by improving soil microbial abundance. • Nitrogen fertilizers increased bacterial PLFAs, but did not affect fungal PLFAs. • Nitrogen fertilizers decreased aromaticity but improved labile soil organic carbon. • Nitrogen fertilizers promoted the transfer of SOC to more stable aggregate fractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the emergence of information technology, mobile-based public participation (MPP) has been introduced into urban planning practices. How to evaluate this new approach of public participation is important for supporting decision-making process and achieving effective public participation. Integrating traditional evaluation criteria and Internet product operation strategies, this study proposes an evaluation framework for MPP, which includes seven indicators from three dimensions: preparation, process and outcome. Taking PinStreet, a widely-used MPP platform in China, as a case, this study evaluates the effectiveness of seven pilot projects with a variety of themes and scales. The evaluation results show that factors lying in the aspects of environment, participant and organizer have a significant impact on the effectiveness of MPP. Finally, policy suggestions are proposed to promote the development of MPP. • An evaluation framework for mobile-based public participation (MPP) is proposed. • Seven pilot projects base on PinStreet, an emerging MPP platform in China, are studied. • Government mobilization and acquaintance society largely improves the outcome of MPP. • The performance of MPP is affected by the physical quality of the site as well as participants' attachment of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]