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L’inibizione del sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterone (RAAS) rappresenta un caposaldo del trattamento farmacologico dello scompenso cardiaco a ridotta frazione di eiezione ed è stato potenziato dall’arrivo degli inibitori del recettore dell’angiotensina e della neprilisina (ARNI) che combinano l’inibizione del RAAS con l’inibizione della neprilisina responsabile di un incremento delle attività favorevoli dei peptidi natriuretici. Sacubitril/valsartan ha dimostrato nello studio PARADIGM-HF un netto vantaggio rispetto ad enalapril in termini di riduzione di mortalità ed ospedalizzazioni per insufficienza cardiaca e numerosi altri trial randomizzati e studi clinici ne hanno testato l’efficacia in differenti contesti. Dai risultati di questi studi è derivata la raccomandazione di classe I per l’utilizzo del farmaco in pazienti con frazione di eiezione ridotta. La prima parte di questo position paper esplora la storia dell’inibizione del RAAS per passare poi ad una dettagliata analisi dei risultati ottenuti negli studi clinici con gli ARNI che ne supportano le raccomandazioni delle più recenti linee guida., Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) system inhibition is a mainstay of the pharmacological treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and has been implemented by the introduction of angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI), that combine RAAS inhibition with the inhibition of neprilysin, enhancing the favorable effects of natriuretic peptides. The PARADIGM-HF trial demonstrated a favorable effect of sacubitril/valsartan over enalapril in terms of mortality and heart failure hospitalization rate reduction. Then several randomized clinical trials and observational studies confirmed the favorable role of ARNI in different clinical scenarios, supporting the guideline class I recommendation for the use of sacubitrilvalsartan in patients with reduced systolic function. The first part of this position paper summarizes the history of RAAS inhibition and reports the results of ARNI trials that support the recommendations of the most recent guidelines.

Il trattamento con sacubitril/valsartan ha assunto un ruolo di primo piano nelle ultime linee guida sia europee che americane, ed è attualmente raccomandato in classe I per il trattamento dei pazienti con ridotta frazione di eiezione. Accanto ai ben noti effetti sulla mortalità, sacubitril/valsartan agisce positivamente sulla riduzione dei valori di NT-proBNP e su parametri di rimodellamento ventricolare sinistro, determinando un rimodellamento inverso riconosciuto come uno degli effetti meccanicistici del farmaco atto a spiegare in parte il suo effetto favorevole sulla prognosi. Un’attenta valutazione del profilo di ogni singolo paziente consente un utilizzo più mirato e meglio tollerato del farmaco, garantendo anche in ambito di insufficienza cardiaca la strada della medicina di precisione. La seconda parte di questo position paper esplora gli effetti meccanicistici degli inibitori del recettore dell’angiotensina e della neprilisina e il loro posizionamento nelle linee guida, proponendo in ultima analisi un uso di sacubitril/valsartan in specifici contesti clinici., The use of sacubitril/valsartan has been fully recognized in the most recent European and American guidelines that recommend in class I the prescription of this drug in heart failure patients with reduced systolic function. Besides the effects on cardiovascular mortality and heart failure hospitalization, sacubitril/valsartan significantly reduces NT-proBNP levels and improves cardiac remodeling, recognized as one of the mechanistic effects of the drug that is linked to favorable prognostic effects. A careful evaluation of the patients' clinical profile is needed to implement the use of sacubitril/valsartan into clinical practice and to make the treatment successful. This second part of the position paper focuses on the mechanistic effects of angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors and on its placement in current guidelines, also suggesting the use of sacubitril/valsartan in specific clinical settings.

Sacubitril/valsartan è la maggiore novità farmacologica degli ultimi 20 anni nell’ambito delle cure dei pazienti con scompenso cardiaco (SC) cronico a funzione sistolica ridotta. Capostipite di una nuova classe di farmaci, gli ARNI (inibitori del recettore dell’angiotensina e della neprilisina), sacubitril/valsartan, tramite un’azione congiunta di inibizione della neprilisina e di antagonismo dell’angiotensina II, rappresenta una originale ed innovativa potenzialità terapeutica, per la sua attività di neuro-modulazione integrata del sistema dei peptidi natriuretici e del sistema renina-angiotensina. Nello studio PARADIGM-HF, nei pazienti con SC e ridotta frazione di eiezione è stata osservata una riduzione del 20% del rischio di morte cardiovascolare e di ospedalizzazione per SC (endpoint primario), una riduzione del 20% del rischio di morte cardiovascolare, del 21-20% del rischio di prima ospedalizzazione per SC e del 16-20% della mortalità per ogni causa rispetto ai pazienti trattati con enalapril (p<0.001 per tutti). Successivamente alla pubblicazione dei risultati dello studio PARADIGM-HF, in cui sacubitril/valsartan si è rivelato significativamente superiore ad enalapril verso tutti gli endpoint previsti dallo studio, sia le linee guida europee che americane hanno inserito il farmaco con una raccomandazione di classe I, anche se con alcuni distinguo relativamente alla necessità di un pretrattamento con inibitori dell’enzima di conversione dell’angiotensina. Da circa 1 anno il farmaco è prescrivibile in Italia, regolamentato da uno specifico Piano Terapeutico. Nonostante le specifiche e limitate indicazioni ai pazienti ancora sintomatici per SC, le potenzialità terapeutiche di questa nuova classe farmacologica appaiono progressivamente più ampie e meritevoli di una revisione critica, in quanto alcune ancora non supportate da evidenze scientifiche. In questo position paper vengono descritte ed analizzate tutte le più comuni e possibili implicazioni terapeutich, Sacubitril/valsartan, the first-in-class angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), is the first medication to demonstrate a mortality benefit in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) since the early 2000s. Sacubitril/valsartan simultaneously suppresses renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation through blockade of angiotensin II type 1 receptors and enhances the activity of vasoactive peptides including natriuretic peptides, through inhibition of neprilysin, the enzyme responsible for their degradation. In the landmark PARADIGM-HF trial, patients with HFrEF treated with sacubitril/ valsartan had a 20% reduction in the primary composite endpoint of cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalization, a 20% lower risk of cardiovascular death, a 21% to 20% lower risk of a first heart failure hospitalization, and a 16% to 20% lower risk of death from any cause, compared with subjects allocated to enalapril (all p<0.001). Following the trial, new international guidelines endorsed sacubitril/valsartan as a class I recommendation for the management of patients with HFrEF who remain symptomatic despite optimal medical management. In Italy, sacubitril/valsartan is reimbursed by the National Health Service since March 2017 within criteria set by the Italian Medicines Agency subject to patient inclusion in a dedicated monitoring registry. Although numerous post-hoc analyses of the original trial suggested that the benefits of this innovative medication may extend across a variety of subgroups, many questions do not yet have an evidence-based answer. In this position paper, we discuss the current role of sacubitril/valsartan in the management of chronic HFrEF, treatment eligibility and the modulating role of patients' characteristics. Moreover, we address concerns elicited by the PARADIGM-HF study and shortcomings of this novel drug, to clarify the place of this new therapy in the context of global care of heart failure in I

Oligometastatic prostate cancer comprises a wide spectrum of conditions, ranging from de novo oligometastatic cancer at diagnosis to oligometastatic castration-resistant disease, which are distinct entities in terms of biology and prognosis. In order to clarify and standardize the clinical role of ablative radiotherapy in oligometastatic prostate cancer, the Italian Association of Radiotherapy and Clinical Oncology (AIRO) formed an expert panel to review the current literature and develop a formal consensus. Oligometastatic prostate cancer was defined as the presence of up to three metastatic lesions involving bones or nodes outside pelvis. Thereafter, four clinical scenarios were explored: metastatic castration-sensitive disease at diagnosis and after primary treatment, and metastatic castration-resistant disease at diagnosis and during treatment, where the role of ablative radiotherapy was defined either in conjunction with systemic therapy or as the only treatment in selected cases. This paper summarizes the current literature about these issues and the proposed recommendations.

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) are mostly prescribed to prevent cardioembolic stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). An increasing number of guidelines recommend DOAC in AF patients with preserved renal function for the prevention of thromboembolism, and an increased use of DOAC in daily practice has been recorded also in elderly patients. Ageing is associated with a reduction in glomerular filtration rate, and impaired renal function, regardless of the cause, increases the risk of bleeding. Multiple medication use (polypharmacy) for treating superimposed co-morbidities is common in both elderly and chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and drug-drug interaction may cause accumulation of DOAC, thereby increasing the risk of bleeding. The safety profile of DOAC in patients with CKD has not been defined with any certainty, particularly in those with severely impaired renal function or end stage renal disease. This has been due to the heterogeneity of studies and the relative paucity of data. This document reports the position of three Italian scientific societies engaged in the management of patients with atrial fibrillation who are treated with DOAC and present with CKD.

Si tratta di un Book of Abstract, di cui abbiamo curato l'edizione come Editors

Si tratta di un Book of Abstract, di cui abbiamo curato l'edizione come Editors

Commento d.d.l. n. C-2798 Delega al Governo per la riforma del processo penale e dell'ordinamento penitenziario

Frame of the research: The Covid-19 pandemic has accelerated the megatrends reshaping the fashion industry and fashion retail companies are innovating, reshaping and revising their service-mix in order to respond to the new challenges of this dynamic and uncertain competitive context. Purpose of the paper: The purpose of this paper is to investigate fashion rental as a new alternative channel or a collateral channel to fashion retail from a business perspective. Methodology: Qualitative research was carried out in Italy, with semi-structured interviews with CEO founders of fashion rental enterprises and a case study on the Please Don’t Buy project launched by the Twinset luxury fashion company. Findings: The findings reveal the opportunities and challenges related to fashion rental as a new channel through which fashion companies can respond to the sustainable consumption patterns of consumers. Research limits: As the study is built on a qualitative research design and a single case study, the findings are not generalizable, although they allow for an in-depth analysis of the fashion rental channel. Practical implications: The study has managerial implications for established fashion brands wanting to collaborate with fashion rental platforms or to engage directly with fashion rental following in the steps of the Twinset project. It is also relevant for start-ups interested in launching their own digital rental platforms. Originality of the paper: This study is the first to examine fashion rental as a new channel alongside fashion retail, and to wonder if, in response to changing fashion consumption patterns, retail sales channels will continue to dominate the fashion industry or will gradually be replaced in part by these new rental channels.

The article analyses, from a unions’ perspective, how overwork performed re- motely contributes to hybridising employees’ status. More precisely, the paper studies how unions perceive remote overwork and examines the extent to which they find that this phenomenon blurs the boundaries between subordinated work and self-employment, lowers social protection, and challenges traditional forms of representation. The analysis is based on empirical data involving union officials and shop stewards of the quaternary sector in Milan. It was collected using a mixed-method approach that included a survey, eighteen interviews, and two participatory meetings. First, research participants stressed that overwork performed remotely undermines established social rights resulting from previous union achievements, such as the right to sick leave and breaks during the working day, while it also questions the remuneration of working time. Second, the article highlights the mechanisms identified by unions that contribute to working overtime when being remote, stressing that several of these factors correspond to characteristics of self-employment. Lastly, the paper analyses the extent to which remote overwork challenges unions, which not only see the deterioration of hard-won social rights but also find it difficult to create consensus and defend employees’ contrasting interests.

This paper discusses one paragraph of the Kitāb al-Barbariyya, a medieval Berber commentary on Abū Ġānim’s Mudawwana. The brief note examined is a comment on the answer to a legal question, which mentions the ancient Berber names of a constellation and of a plant, quoting two lines of Arabic poetry. The passage occupies seven lines (f. 126b, ll. 8-14) of the manuscript MS.ARA 1936 found at the Bibliothèque universitaire des langues et civilisations (BULAC) of Paris. The Berber words retrieved from this text are Amanar, the name of the constellation of Orion, and tabduɣt, the name of the cotton plant. Moreover, in this ancient text, the word (a)kermus, which in the contemporary Berber languages applies to some specific plants (figs, prickly pears, dates), and which, in this case, seems to mean simply ‘fruit’, which supports a possible etymology from the Greek karpós. A list of Arab authors quoted within the Kitāb al-Barbariyya is added at the end of the paper.

The engagement of central banks with the consequences of climate change has become not only the subject matter of academic debates, but also a regulatory reality, albeit in very heterogeneous shapes across jurisdictions. Against this backdrop, this paper aims at providing: (i) an up to date and comprehensive review of the relevant literature and (ii) a report of the regulatory and legislative approaches followed by some of the most influential central banks. With respect to (i), the paper initially establishes a shared framework for the addressed issues, presenting the outcomes of previous scientific works in a schematic manner. It then explores both the widely accepted ideas and the predominant viewpoints on the most debated topics. Regarding (ii), the paper proposes a classification of the tools used by central banks worldwide, building on earlier studies. The article looks subsequently at several central banks (the European Central Bank, the US Federal Reserve, the Bank of England, the Bank of Norway, the Bank of Japan, and the People’s Bank of China) and reports which of such tools are respectively implemented, such as climate-related financial risks stress testing and monetary operations.

L’inizio del XX secolo costituisce un periodo assai significativo per il dibattito sull’educazione e sull’istruzione femminile in Italia. Il saggio si propone di riflettere in particolare sulla questione della coeducazione fra maschi e femmine: in merito si palesarono posizioni varie e articolate, che esaminavano i vantaggi e gli svantaggi delle dinamiche relazionali fra ragazzi e ragazze, la possibilità di curricoli uguali o diversificati, gli sbocchi professionali offerti. Il presente contributo analizza come il dibattito su questo tema è presente nelle pagine della rivista La Coltura Popolare., The beginning of the twentieth century is a very significant period for the debate on women’s education in Italy. The paper aims to reflect in particular on the issue of coeducation between males and females: in this regard, various and articulate positions were revealed, which examined the advantages and disadvantages of the relational dynamics between boys and girls, the possibility of equal or diversified curricula, and professional opportunities offered. This paper analyses how the debate on this theme is present in the pages of the magazine La Coltura Popolare.

L’obiettivo di un modello di rischio di credito e` quello di sviluppare una regola accurata in grado di distinguere tra osservazioni buone e cattive. In questo lavoro le aziende sono le nostre osservazioni, in particolare ci concentriamo sulle Piccole e Medie Imprese (PMI), come la maggior parte dei lavori nella letteratura finanziaria, dato il loro contributo all’economia dell’Unione Europea sia per il val- ore aggiunto sia per la creazione di posti di lavoro. Lo scopo dell’articolo e` duplice: esplorare l’uso degli indicatori ottenuti dal web per migliorare le previsioni di in- solvenza delle imprese e confrontare le prestazioni dei modelli alimentati con tali indicatori rispetto a quelli costruiti con le informazioni finanziarie standard. I risul- tati, ottenuti su un campione di aziende spagnole, includeranno anche un focus sulla capacita` degli indicatori web di riconoscere le aziende insolventi non comuni., The objective of a Credit Risk model is to develop an accurate rule that can distinguish between good and bad instances. In this work instances are firms, specif- ically we focus on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), as most of the papers in the financial literature, thanks to their contribution to the European Union economy for both value added and the creation of jobs. The aim of the paper is twofold: to explore the usage of the web-scraped indicators to improve firms’ default predic- tions and to compare the models’ performances fed with the web-based indicators with the ones built with the standard financial information. The results, obtained on a sample of Spanish companies, will also include a focus about the ability of the web features in recognizing uncommon defaulted firms.

In this paper I argue that there is a need to reconnect with the question of purpose in education, particularly in the light of a recent tendency to focus discussions about education almost exclusively on the measurement and comparison of educational outcomes. I first discuss why the question of pur-pose should always have a place in our educational discussion. I then explore some reasons why this question seems to have disappeared from the educational agenda. The central part of the paper is a proposal for addressing the question of purpose in education—the question as to what constitutes good education—in a systematic manner. I argue that the question of purpose is a composite question and that in deliberating about the purpose of education we should make a distinction between three functions of education to which I refer as qualification, socialisation and subjectification. In the final section of the paper I provide examples of how this proposal can help in asking more precise questions about the purpose and direction of educational processes and practices.

In the early months of 2020, Italy had to face the spread of Covid-19, by intensifying the preventive public health and social distancing measures initially in some restricted areas, and gradually extended to the entire territory, up to the lockdown on 11 March 2020. The pandemic and the lockdown have changed people's lives with important economic, social and health implications. In this paper we present the experience of a pilot study that aimed at measuring the impact of the pandemic and the lockdown on the socio-economic behaviour of the Italian population in the short and medium term, by conducting a survey with a smartphone APP. The research design is proposed as a framework to collect longitudinal data, in order to measure the impact of an event as a change over time in the behavioural profile of individuals in everyday life. The survey has detected some sociodemographic variables related to the pre and post lockdown. At each measurement, both the current attitude/behaviour and the expected one in the short (two-month window) and long term (two-year window), have been detected. The survey is composed of two questionnaires: the first must be filled in just the first time, and the second questionnaire is proposed each time the respondent decides to participate. In November 2021 a first extraction from the data set counts 330 responses, corresponding to 189 individuals. In this paper we present some analyses od these data, with only illustrative purposes of the potentiality of the framework proposed. The potentiality of the tool is supported by the results of some analyses: socio-demographic characteristics of people (working, being female, and having experienced the event on oneself) determine the magnitude of the impact on loneliness; over time, the negative impact of the lockdown on the expectations tends to reduce, confirming the hypothesis of adaptation to critical circumstances; optimism about the future demonstrates the desire for resilience in the face of

This paper examines the indivisible reserves in the Italian cooperatives, which should characterize all cooperatives in the world according to the International Cooperative Alliance. The issue is dealt with from the point of view not only of company law but also of accounting and tax law. The paper examines all the spaces left by the law to the contractual freedom in order to design an effective and efficient financial structure of the cooperative thanks to all its reserves, divisible and indivisible.

In this paper we aim to investigate how family members, and young sons and daughters in particular, do family and actively take part in doing family through space and the body. By viewing family relations from a culturalist perspective, we aim to shed light on how these embodied family practices form, operate and change, from a spatial perspective. In more depth, we are interested in exploring how family boundaries change depending on the spatial proximity or distance among family members, configurations in which the (im)materiality of body and embodied family practices are significant. The paper is based on two empirical studies regarding young Italians - one on a group still living in the family home with their parent(s) and the other on a group of Italians living abroad. Our analysis, based on biographical narrative interviews with 40 young Italian men and women (aged 22 to 30), shows that while family boundaries are continuously being actively reshaped by (real and virtual) spatial interactions among family members, proximity and distance work quite similarly when it comes to doing family, especially considering the implications of, and reactions to, the parental gaze (Morgan 2011b).

This paper deals with the new EU regulatory framework concerning medical devices and in vitro diagnostic medical devices, which essentially comprises of Regulation (EU) 2017/745 (“MDR”) and Regulation (EU) 2017/746 (“IVDR”). Preliminarily, the essay analyzes the background and the underlying reasons that prompted the lawmaker to alter the legal frame of reference, as well as to employ a different legal instrument (a regulation instead of a directive). Following a brief overview of the former regulatory regime, based on the so-called MDDs (the three medical device directives), the paper focuses on the key changes introduced by the new Regulations and certain critical interpretive issues, as well as the main challenges that they pose to professionals working in the medical device manufacturing and trade field. Abstract (IT) Il presente lavoro ha ad oggetto la nuova normativa UE dei dispositivi medici e dei dispositivi medico-diagnostici in vitro, costituita dal Regolamento (UE) 2017/745 (“MDR”) e dal Regolamento (UE) 2017/746 (“IVDR”). In via preliminare, viene analizzato il background di riferimento e le ragioni che hanno spinto il legislatore a cambiare il quadro giuridico del settore di riferimento, nonché ad utilizzare un diverso atto strumento legislativo (regolamento in luogo della direttiva). Dopo una breve trattazione del precedente assetto normativo, basato sulle cosiddette MDD (le tre direttive sui dispositivi medici), il saggio si concentra sui cambiamenti chiave introdotti dai nuovi Regolamenti, su talune criticità interpretative, e sulle principali sfide che essi pongono agli operatori attivi nel ciclo della produzione e del commercio dei dispositivi medici.

This paper discusses the empirical findings concerning the visual aesthetic experience in a neurological context. Accordingly, the aim of this paper is to shed light on the common ground across neuroscience, psychology, and philosophy to pave new roads for empirical research. Cognitive models posit that the brain employs neural networks mediating bottom-up and topdown processes, and in effect, engenders emotion and reward throughout the visual aesthetic experience. Likewise, empathy and its corresponding recruitment of bodily processes may facilitate the understanding of a visual artwork's depicted emotion, which may allow the viewer to engage with the visual artwork from a psychological distance and, consequently, to experience pleasure regardless of the visual artwork's emotional content. In conclusion, empathetic processes may be central to the visual aesthetic experience and should be considered by future empirical research investigating the visual aesthetic experience.

The paper selectively overviews extant research on coworking in order to illustrate: i) the role assigned to technology in coworking settings; and ii) how a more comprehensive account of technology could provide a richer interpretation of the future of work. Drawing on the framework originally proposed by Orlikowski and Iacono (2001), the article identifies current themes and trends in the coworking debate. The main finding is that the role of ICTs (Information and Communication Technologies) is not only under-represented, but that two key elements are noticeably absent from the discourse: the autonomy-control linkage and the temporal-spatial configuration of work. The paper illuminates those areas of the coworking puzzle in which new politics of time and space call for further investigation, positing that the scholarly spotlight needs to retrain on the role of technology.

L’alto grado di interazione uomo-tecnica nella contemporaneità sfida una definizione univoca di corporeità e delinea corpi in trasformazione. La prospettiva postumanista appare particolarmente significativa sia per leggere i processi di mutamento che investono i soggetti nell’attuale orizzonte di vita, sia per mettere in discussione la dicotomia naturale-artificiale in favore di una visione relazionale, in cui la corporeità è in divenire e aperta all’ibridazione. Il paper, a partire da questo sfondo teorico, intende presentare una ricerca sul rapporto uomo-tecnica nell’autogestione del diabete per riflettere sulle implicazioni pedagogiche del corpo come ibrido bio-tecnologico. L’intensa interazione bio-tecnologica che caratterizza l’individuo diabetico, in quest’ottica, rappresenta un caso emblematico in cui il corpo diventa un crocevia di relazioni (in)stabili con l’altro da sé, producendo una soggettività differente che incarna potenzialità e contraddizioni del tempo presente., The high degree of human-technical interaction in the contemporary world challenges an univocal definition of corporeity and configures bodies in transformation. The posthumanist perspective appears particularly significant both to read the processes of change that affect subjects in the current horizon of life, and to question the natural-artificial dichotomy in favor of a relational vision in which corporeity is becoming and is open to hybridization. From this theoretical background, the paper aims to present a research on the human-technical relationship in the diabetes self-management so to reflect on the pedagogical implications of the body as a bio-technological hybrid. The intense bio-technological interaction characterizing the diabetic subject, from this view, represents an emblematic case in which the body becomes a crossroads of (in)stable relations with the otherness, producing a different subjectivity embodying potentialities and contradictions of current times.

The paper aims to highlight the role of the territorial dimension in the diffusion of social innovation initiatives, specifically the case of “Rete 3B”, developed within the URBANA event, an event promoted by the Department of Sociology and Social Research of the University of Milan Bicocca. The specific reason for the interest in this topic has been inspired by the growing centrality of universities in the diffusion of a knowledge-based approach to urban development. Starting from the peripheral positioning in the city of Milan, Bicocca University, leader of the initiative, involved Politecnico di Milano and Università IULM to take part at the event. The sharing of the same territorial experiences and the same reasons that led to its genesis, allowed to encourage the creation of a network between the three universities. Since the Covid-19 pandemic occurred just before the kick-off of the activities, “Rete 3B” has been put on stand-by and none activity has been yet organized. Another complication come from the total exclusion of students in the Italian universities, which lasted until few months ago. For these reasons, the paper is not intended to offer data about the effects put in place by the universities’ activities, but to offer an in-depth overview of the processes underlying the connections between the three academic institutions by using qualitative data collected during the event “URBANA 2019”. The sharing of the same type of positioning in the urban context and the strong connection with the neighborhoods made possible a smooth collaboration within Bicocca, Politecnico and IULM, casting the right path to start, as soon as possible, the setting-up of shared activities of local social innovation.

This paper analyses the relationship between academic engagement and external patenting of university inventions at the international level. Drawing on agency theory and exploiting an original dataset, the paper develops and empirically tests a conceptual framework that evaluates the role of university-firm relationships in the exploitation of university inventions. The paper uses multivariate regression analysis based on a logit estimator that draws upon survey and archival data concerning more than 500 research projects spawning a patent application. Our results show that patents developed in the context of direct scientist-firm relationships are more likely to be commercialized through non-university channels. The external patenting of inventions developed with the use of university resources determines a loss of financial resources that a university could invest in future research or teaching activities. The provision of outcome-based rewards to get university scientists involved in technology transfer and the pursuit of research partnerships at the organizational level may mitigate the effect of academic engagement on external patenting.

Il p-value, strumento adottato da Sir Ronald Fisher per fare inferenza, oggi è molto utilizzato, anche se alcuni sostengono che l’alternativa al p-value sia il Bayes factor, strumento adottato da Sir Harold Jeffreys. La contrapposizione tra p-value e Bayes factor è ancora argomento di discussione pur essendo trascorsi quasi cento anni dall’origine della disputa. Sul p-value si susseguono prese di posizione e si organizzano convegni per individuare possibili procedure alternative. Il Bayes factor è tenuto in secondo piano anche se è sempre più spesso utilizzato in letteratura, soprattutto in ambito psicologico. Alcuni autori hanno cercato di conciliare p-value con Bayes factor adottando posizioni diverse. Due prospettive sembrano di particolare interesse, costruire il Bayes factor in funzione del p-value o, seguendo le proposte di Matthews e Held, valutare la credibilità del p-value tramite il ricorso a strumenti bayesiani. Nel presente lavoro si discutono queste due proposte ponendo particolare riguardo alla credibilità per la quale viene suggerita una misura., The p-value, namely a tool put forth by Sir Ronald Fisher to make statistical inference, is currently used in the applications. Some statisticians argue that the alternative to the p-value is the Bayes factor, i.e., a tool proposed by Sir Harold Jeffreys. The contrast between the p-value and the Bayes factor is still a matter of discussion, even though almost 100 years have passed since the origin of the dispute. As to the debate on the p-value, position papers have been written and conferences have been organized to identify possible alternative procedures. The Bayes factor is kept in shadow even if it has become more used in the literature, especially in the psychological field. Some authors tried to reconcile the p-value with the Bayes factor. It has been proposed to view the Bayes factor as a function of the p-value or, following the proposals of Matthews and Held, to assess the credibility of the p-value itself through the use of Bayesian tools. In this paper, we review these two positions with particular regard to the analysis credibility, for which a measure is put forward.

The claim –attributed to Leonardo da Vinci– that “painting is mute poetry and poetry is blind painting”, authoritatively sums up the topic of this paper. Unlike literary languages, figurative visual arts draw on body language as a medium comprising expressions, postures, gestures, and signs representing gestures. Based on a conceptualization of gesticulation as a universally intelligible form of communication, we examine dictionaries of gesticulatory movements such as that developed by Bruno Munari or the choreographic projects of Virgilio Sieni, which are both rooted in the transposition of movement into images. In choreography, the act of transposing into images, conventionally signs or drawings, is termed notation and is the instrument via which artistic projects are communicated to dancers and handed down to posterity. It involves marking out an idea, knowledge, or simply a state of mind, fixing it on paper by means of a gesture. The nature of gesturing as a medium and a tool for immediate transposition underpins its valuable role in the field of education.

Il presente contributo vuole riflettere sulle affinità e sulle diversità tra le proposta dell’Éducation nouvelle e il percorso intrapreso da Giuseppina Pizzigoni in Italia, che proprio nel 1927, dopo aver sperimentato fin dal 1911 un nuovo modo di intendere e praticare il processo di insegnamento-apprendimento, aveva inaugurato la scuola Rinnovata, con un metodo didattico sperimentale e innovativo (Pizzigoni, 1911a; 1911b; 1911c;1920; 1921; 1931; 1956). I punti di contatto tra le due prospettive si possono sintetizzare nell’attenzione costante all’ambiente, nel valore attribuito al contesto esterno, nell’importanza dell’esperienza diretta dei bambini, che attraverso percorsi di condivisione arrivano a costruire la conoscenza. L’ultima parte dello scritto è dedicata a una riflessione legata alle potenzialità che ancora oggi queste riflessioni possono offrire con un particolare riferimento all’esperienza attuale della scuola Rinnovata, a metodo Pizzigoni., This paper explores the similarities and differences between the Éducation Nouvelle movement and the journey undertaken by Giuseppina Pizzigoni, who founded her New School (Scuola Rinnovata) in 1927, after experimenting with a novel way of understanding and practicing the teaching-learning process from 1911 onwards (Pizzigoni, 1911a; 1911b; 1911c; 1920; 1921; 1931; 1956). The points of contact between the two perspectives include a focus on the environment, the outdoor context, children’s direct experience, and their shared pathways towards constructing knowledge. The final section of the paper looks at the potential value of these emphases, which can also inform the present-day implementation of the (Rinnovata) New School approach and the Pizzigoni method.

The paper aims to understand the possible effects of the PNRR on the Italian Small Islands. The relationship between insiders and external actors, as well as the relationship of interdependence with the mainland, highlight the Italian Small Islands as a promising “laboratory” for investigation, not only as case studies but also as a complex and articulated spatial and territorial context in which some of the general dynamics tend to be emphasised. The peripheral dimension of the Italian Small Islands (Turco, 1980) has meant that since the Second World War they have been included among the “underdeveloped areas” and subject to the interventions of the Cassa per il Mezzogiorno. Within this scenario, the smaller islands were the subject of specific funding or actions, in some cases emphasising their dependence on the mainland. This dependence has also been recorded in the policies of the National Strategy for Internal Areas (SNAI), which classifies island municipalities as peripheral or ultraperipheral, without however taking into account deeper local dynamics that effectively cancel out these conditions of peripheralisation. The PNRR proposes some missions explicitly addressed to small island territories, such as the achievement of a circular economy, forms of development that dialogue between tourism and sustainability, but also more general actions aimed, for example, at the mitigation of territorial gaps. The paper seeks to connect PNRR, tourism development and the challenge of Small Islands' seasonal geographies.

L’articolo commenta la sentenza della Corte europea dei diritti dell’uomo nel caso Advance Pharma sp. z o.o v. Poland ponendola nel contesto della giurisprudenza polacca ed europea relativa all’indipendenza del potere giudiziario in Polonia. La prima parte dell’articolo si concentra sulle riforme che, negli ultimi anni, hanno compromesso l’autonomia del sistema giudiziario polacco. In particolare, la procedura per la nomina dei giudici non assicura più le garanzie minime di indipendenza da quando il Consiglio nazionale della magistratura è divenuto un organo la cui composizione è decisa nella quasi totalità dalla maggioranza politica; e tale situazione ha provocato una forte opposizione giudiziale sia a livello nazionale che da parte della Corte di Giustizia. La seconda parte del contributo descrive la decisione Advance Pharma e, più in generale, l’approccio della Corte EDU alla questione. Alla luce dei criteri stabiliti nella sua più recente giurisprudenza, la Corte di Strasburgo ha stabilito la violazione del diritto della ricorrente a un “tribunale costituito per legge”, diritto che ricomprende il rispetto delle regole fondamentali per la procedura di nomina dei giudici. L’articolo sottolinea come questo approccio valorizzi anche parametri diversi da quelli strettamente convenzionali, posto che esso richiede in primo luogo il rispetto del diritto nazionale, così riconoscendo un ruolo cruciale alla giurisprudenza dei giudici nazionali e della Corte di giustizia., The paper examines the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights in the case Advance Pharma sp. z o.o v. Poland in the framework of the Polish and European case-law concerning the independence of the judges in Poland. The first part deals with the reforms that in recent years undermined the autonomy of the Polish judicial system. Specifically, the procedure for the appointment of judges doesn’t provide the minimum guarantees of independence since the National Council of the Judiciary has become a body nominated by the political majority; this situation has led to a strong judicial opposition at both Court of Justice’s and national levels. The second part of the paper describes the Advance Pharma judgement and more generally the ECoHR approach to the issue. In the light of the criteria laid down in its most recent case-law, the Court declared the violation of the applicant’s right to a “tribunal established by law”, which includes compliance with the fundamental rules of procedure for the appointment of judges. The paper underlines how this approach values parameters other than the conventional ones, since it primarily requires the respect of domestic law, thus emphasizing the role of national courts as well as of the Court of Justice.

Le cripto-attività rappresentano un’importante innovazione per il mercato unico digitale dell’Unione Europea (UE), perché promuovono l’inclusione finanziaria e riducono i costi e la velocità delle transazioni. Allo stesso tempo, possono trarre in inganno investitori inesperti e facilitare l’evasione fiscale e il riciclaggio di denaro. Il presente scritto considera che il bilanciamento tra vantaggi e svantaggi di tali innovazioni tecnologiche vada calibrato attentamente dal legislatore, alla luce delle caratteristiche specifiche di ogni ordinamento, ma che debba necessariamente condividere alcuni elementi. Dopo aver analizzato dunque i rischi delle cripto-attività e gli elementi comuni ad una possibile risposta regolamentare, questo contributo analizza l’atteggiamento del legislatore nei confronti delle cripto attività nell’UE ed in alcune giurisdizioni chiave nel resto del mondo. L’analisi rivela dunque che l’approccio alle cripto-attività è pluri-focale e che, mentre si stanno consolidando tre approcci regolatori (UE, USA e Cina) profondamente diversi, l’UE, anticipando i tempi, può rappresentare un importante punto di riferimento., Crypto assets are important in driving innovation in the EU digital single market. They can promote financial inclusion, reduce the costs of financial transactions, and improve their speed. At the same time, however, they can be dangerous instruments for investors and facilitate tax evasion and money laundering. This paper argues that the right way to balance these competing needs is a calibrated regulatory response, which considers the peculiarities and market situation of each jurisdiction but also shares common fundamental features. After analyzing the risks of crypto assets and the common features of an effective regulatory response, this paper gives an account of the approach to crypto assets in the EU and in the rest of the world. This analysis shows that the regulatory approach to crypto assets is a pluri-focal one, where three legal orders (the EU, the US and China) have emerged and where the EU can represent an important source of inspiration for other jurisdictions.

Il presente contributo vuole riflettere sulle affinità e sulle diversità tra le proposta dell’Éducation nouvelle e il percorso intrapreso da Giuseppina Pizzigoni in Italia, che proprio nel 1927, dopo aver sperimentato fin dal 1911 un nuovo modo di intendere e praticare il processo di insegnamento-apprendimento, aveva inaugurato la scuola Rinnovata, con un metodo didattico sperimentale e innovativo (Pizzigoni, 1911a; 1911b; 1911c;1920; 1921; 1931; 1956). I punti di contatto tra le due prospettive si possono sintetizzare nell’attenzione costante all’ambiente, nel valore attribuito al contesto esterno, nell’importanza dell’esperienza diretta dei bambini, che attraverso percorsi di condivisione arrivano a costruire la conoscenza. L’ultima parte dello scritto è dedicata a una riflessione legata alle potenzialità che ancora oggi queste riflessioni possono offrire con un particolare riferimento all’esperienza attuale della scuola Rinnovata, a metodo Pizzigoni., This paper explores the similarities and differences between the Éducation Nouvelle movement and the journey undertaken by Giuseppina Pizzigoni, who founded her New School (Scuola Rinnovata) in 1927, after experimenting with a novel way of understanding and practicing the teaching-learning process from 1911 onwards (Pizzigoni, 1911a; 1911b; 1911c; 1920; 1921; 1931; 1956). The points of contact between the two perspectives include a focus on the environment, the outdoor context, children’s direct experience, and their shared pathways towards constructing knowledge. The final section of the paper looks at the potential value of these emphases, which can also inform the present-day implementation of the (Rinnovata) New School approach and the Pizzigoni method.

This short philosophical-legal analysis focuses on sustainable development and the rights of Nature as mutually integrated legal ways to protect Nature. It is divided into three parts and is based on the conceptual analysis and on a thought-provoking rethink of the relationship between Law and Nature as a way to successfully achieve effective sustainable development. In the first part, the paper reconstructs the legal history of sustainable development to recognize the original ethical vision that should have inspired the current legal regulations on environmental issues. The endeavor is to highlight the promises and the unfulfilled expectations arising because of the current reductionist implementation of sustainable development as against what was originally envisioned. In the second part, the paper addresses the increasing attempts to recognize the rights of Nature by referring to court decisions and constitutional changes in different countries around the world. The paper aims at supporting this emerging legal trend, which is increasingly shared also in Europe, as testified by the 2019 Study by the European Economic and Social Committee titled Towards an EU Charter of the Fundamental Rights of Nature. In the conclusive remarks, it is argued that the abovementioned trend is not alternative but complementary to the best implementation of sustainable development. It deserves attention as its global acceptance could produce virtuous effects for the implementation of sustainable development in line with the original ethical vision. Thus, it can significantly contribute to elevating moral standards, which are a prerequisite for any moral change in our attitudes towards the environment.

The paper explores Poland’s troubled relationship with the European Union and the Council of Europe on the justice’s reform package. Starting from the two recent judgements of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal, with which it has declared the unconstitutionality of articles 1, 2 and 19 TEU and article 6 paragraph 1 ECHR, the paper analyses the possible evolution of Poland’s membership in the two Organizations.

The current COVID pandemic crisis made it even clearer that the solutions to several questions that public health must face require the access to good quality data. Several issues of the value and potential of health data and the current critical issues that hinder access are discussed in this paper. In particular, the paper (i) focuses on "real-world data" definition; (ii) proposes a review of the real-world data availability in our country; (iii) discusses its potential, with particular focus on the possibility of improving knowledge on the quality of care provided by the health system; (iv) emphasizes that the availability of data alone is not sufficient to increase our knowledge, underlining the need that innovative analysis methods (e.g., artificial intelligence techniques) must be framed in the paradigm of clinical research; and (v) addresses some ethical issues related to their use. The proposal is to realize an alliance between organizations interested in promoting research aimed at collecting scientifically solid evidence to support the clinical governance of public health.

Aim: The diagnosis, severity and extent of a sterile inflammation or a septic infection could be challenging since there is not one single test able to achieve an accurate diagnosis. The clinical use of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging in the assessment of inflammation and infection is increasing worldwide. The purpose of this paper is to achieve an Italian consensus document on [18F]FDG PET/CT or PET/MRI in inflammatory and infectious diseases, such as osteomyelitis (OM), prosthetic joint infections (PJI), infective endocarditis (IE), prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE), cardiac implantable electronic device infections (CIEDI), systemic and cardiac sarcoidosis (SS/CS), diabetic foot (DF), fungal infections (FI), tuberculosis (TBC), fever and inflammation of unknown origin (FUO/IUO), pediatric infections (PI), inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), spine infections (SI), vascular graft infections (VGI), large vessel vasculitis (LVV), retroperitoneal fibrosis (RF) and COVID-19 infections. Methods: In September 2020, the inflammatory and infectious diseases focus group (IIFG) of the Italian Association of Nuclear Medicine (AIMN) proposed to realize a procedural paper about the clinical applications of [18F]FDG PET/CT or PET/MRI in inflammatory and infectious diseases. The project was carried out thanks to the collaboration of 13 Italian nuclear medicine centers, with a consolidate experience in this field. With the endorsement of AIMN, IIFG contacted each center, and the pediatric diseases focus group (PDFC). IIFG provided for each team involved, a draft with essential information regarding the execution of [18F]FDG PET/CT or PET/MRI scan (i.e., indications, patient preparation, standard or specific acquisition modalities, interpretation criteria, reporting methods, pitfalls and artifacts), by limiting the literature research to the last 20 years. Moreover, some clinical cases were required from each

This paper discusses the role of gender budgeting in promoting gender equality in academia and research institutions. The elaboration of tools like the Gender Budget Report (Bilancio di Genere) is a significant starting point to promote gender equality. This empirical tool produces gender-sensitive data and statistics, crucial elements in the process of planning, monitoring and reviewing equal opportunities policies. In the Italian context, the culture of gender budgeting has only recently developed. This paper addresses the specific case of the University of Milano-Bicocca, established in 1998 and located in the Northeast of Milan. The first edition of the University of Milano-Bicocca Gender Budget Report was published in 2018. The document contained data specifically collected and analysed to critically assess the state-of-play of the local academic context − in terms of gender differences and inequalities − and to identify possible solutions to tackle gender imbalances. Gender budgeting is a crucial tool to detect gender bias and to implement policies that are sustainable, equitable and inclusive.

L'obiettivo di questo lavoro è quello di studiare in profondità il rapporto tra corpo, mascolinità e cura educativa. Le autrici riprendono il loro percorso teorico e lo approfondiscono attraverso una nuova fase di indagine empirica, svolta durante il primo lock down in Italia (a causa della pandemia Covid-19). Abbiamo redatto questo articolo scegliendo di adottare uno stile di scrittura che cerca di trasmettere anche le emozioni, e valorizzando, piuttosto che nascondendo, la nostra personale postura, in quanto (anche se non solo) donne e madri. Consapevoli della difficoltà di svolgere il lavoro sul campo con metodi tradizionali, a causa delle misure di emergenza sanitaria, abbiamo coinvolto - con tre diverse tecniche (questionario online e interviste semi-strutturate, intervista in profondità) - padri e madri, educatrici ed educatori: i primi alle prese con l'iper-presenza del corpo dei loro bambini e bambine; i secondi privati di quei corpi dalla chiusura dei nidi per alcune settimane. L'attenzione specifica sul corpo maschile - tema di grande attualità all'interno dei Men's Studies - è sviluppata a partire dal dibattito sulla 'miseria del corpo maschile', in relazione alla cura educativa, arrivando a teorizzare il corpo maschile come possibile risorsa nella vulnerabilità condivisa., The aim of this paper is to study in deep the relationship between the body, masculinities and educational care. The authors resume their theoretical path and deepen it through a new step of empirical investigation, carried out during the first lockdown in Italy (because of Covid-19 pandemics). The authors wrote this paper choosing to adopt a writing style that also tries to transmit the emotions, and enhancing, rather than concealing, their personal posture, as (though not only) women and mothers. Being aware of the difficulty of carrying out the fieldwork with traditional methods, due to the health emergency measures, we involved – using three different techniques (online questionnaire and semi-structured interviews, in-depth interview) – fathers and mothers, female educators and male educators: the former dealing with the hyper-presence of their boys’ and girls’ bodies; the latter deprived of those bodies by the closure of the crèches for a few weeks. The specific attention on the male body – a topical issue of Men’s Studies – has developed, starting from the debate on the ‘misery of the male body’, in relation to educational care, getting to theorize men’s body as a possible resource in shared vulnerability.

The proposed paper will use data gathered during the initial phase of an anthropological fieldwork research in a mining area affected by economic collapse and deindustrialization. The locality lies in the middle of the mountains visible from where the present conference is being held. The paper will reflect on differentiated politicized forms of nostalgia (both in Herzfeld’s sense and not) and the structural conditions for the emergence of specific arrangements of contentious relationships between capital and labour. Italian Alps have notoriously been interested by crippling depopulation patterns during the 20th century. The province of Trento has shown a partly contrasting tendency to this general logic. A centuries-old focus on the administration of a territory centred around mountains compelled institutions to the creation and protection of industries through policies that developed since the 1950s. This induced attraction of capital and creation of heavy infrastructures even in the furthest valleys most prone to isolation and emigration. These, in turn, required workers, creating the possibility for the inhabitants of these valleys to offset the emigration outflows already underway. One of the larger and longer-lasting industries of the region developed in the mining of porphyry stone It grew from commons with community-based rights of use to a hierarchy of enterprises that exported half of the extracted material in global markets, managing to provide up to 20% of global porphyry stone production. Various industrial periods have been characterized by different modes of workforce inclusion processes. Natives, internal migrants from southern Italy and more recent international ones experienced what Glick Schiller and Çaglar call differently structured ways of emplacement. Differentiated structures of opportunities in which those pathways of inclusion have been rendered possible, also meant different modalities of conflict in the relationship between capital and l

Lo studio delle domande dicotomiche usate per controllare la veridicità o falsità di ipotesi è un tema a cavallo tra la psicologia cognitiva e la statistica, con formalizzazioni matematiche anche complesse, che possono scoraggiare il lettore interessato ma esterno a quelle discipline. In questo modo si perde di vista l’utilità pratica degli importanti risultati che quell’area di studi ha conseguito per chi più li troverebbe più utili: chi le domande di controllo di ipotesi le deve fare per professione, come magistrati, investigatori, avvocati, ma anche medici e politici. In questo articolo adotto un livello di formalismo minimo, ma sufficiente a cogliere i principali risultati di questi studi, a fini pratici. Dopo aver fornito le coordinate per classificare le diverse tipologie di domande, se ne descrivono le proprietà logiche e i possibili trabocchetti psicologici in cui possono indurre, formulando alcuni suggerimenti su come evitarli., Research on dichotomic questions for testing hypotheses is a mature field of study jointly pursued by cognitive psychology and statistics. Currently, it encompasses highly sophisticated mathematical formalizations, which can disincentive readers that have an interest in the topic, but do not have an expertise in those disciplines. Consequently, most of the practical usefulness of hypothesis-testing studies is not conveyed to people who more than everyone else could capitalize on their findings, including everyday professionals of hypothesis-testing: judges, detectives, lawyers, but also medics and politicians. In this paper I use the minimal possible amount of formalism, strictly limited to what is necessary to grasp the main findings of practical import. After setting the basic coordinates for classifying and recognizing the different typologies of hypothesis-testing questions, the paper describes their logical properties and the psychological biases that they can cause, with some advice on how to avoid them.

Il passaggio all’insegnamento e all’apprendimento a distanza d’emergenza dovuto alla pandemia Covid-19 ha esasperato numerose vulnerabilità e disuguaglianze preesistenti nei sistemi educativi. Questo documento di posizione illustra nuove esigenze e opportunità per l’ulteriore sviluppo della formazione degli insegnanti e dell’organizzazione scolastica in seguito all’attuale crisi sanitaria. Concepito durante i lavori della Summer School SIREF 2020, esso costituisce il risultato di una ricerca collettiva interdisciplinare che incorpora prospettive dalla didattica generale, dalla media education e dalla pedagogia speciale. A partire dall’approfondimento delle molteplici disparità che interferiscono con la partecipazione orientata all’equità prospettata dall’Agenda 2030, il documento sostiene l’urgenza, da parte dei sistemi scolastici e dei docenti, di accettare nuove sfide in formazione, organizzazione di ambienti inclusivi e ampliamento dei programmi di studio verso la promozione di capacità sociali, digitali e critiche di tipo collettivo., The switch towards emergency distance teaching and learning due to the COVID-19 pandemic has magnified numerous preexisting vulnerabilities and inequalities within the educational systems. This position paper disentangles new needs and opportunities for a further development of teacher education and school organization after the present health crisis. It was conceived during the SIREF Summer School 2020 and represents the result of a collective interdisciplinary inquiry, incorporating perspectives from general didactics, media education and special education. Starting from the deepening of multiple disparities which interfere with the equal participation envisioned by the Agenda 2030, the paper highlights the urgency for school systems and teachers to accept new challenges of training, providing inclusive environments and expanding curricula towards the promotion of collective social, digital and critical capabilities.

La riflessione sulla formazione degli insegnanti fu, nei primi due decenni del Novecento, particolarmente accesa e vide la partecipazione vivace e significativa di una pluralità di attori. Anche Maria Montessori partecipò attivamente a questo dibattito e l’incontro con la Società Umanitaria a Milano e in particolare con Augusto Osimo si rivelò molto fecondo su questi temi. Uno specchio fedele e interessante di questo rapporto e delle molteplici riflessioni e iniziative che ne scaturirono è costituito dalla rivista specialistica La Coltura Popolare, che, da un lato, si fece promotrice della propagazione del metodo montessoriano, dall’altro offrì uno spazio di dialogo e di confronto di tutte le voci più innovative e vivificanti della riflessione pedagogica del tempo. Il paper propone una prima e parziale ricostruzione del significativo ruolo che La Coltura Popolare, svolse, negli anni 1911-1922, nel sollecitare l’attenzione del suo pubblico sul problema della formazione degli insegnanti, nel diffondere il metodo montessoriano, nello stimolare un confronto non fazioso e preconcetto fra differenti approcci, sperimentazioni e sguardi sull’infanzia., In the first two decades of the Twentieth Century, reflections on teacher training were particularly rich, implying the lively and significant participation of a plurality of actors. Even Maria Montessori actively participated in this debate and the meeting with the Humanitarian Society in Milan, and with Augusto Osimo primarily, proved to be very fruitful on these issues. The specialist magazine La Coltura Popolare represents a faithful and interesting mirror of this relationship and of the many reflections and initiatives arose from it, promoting the propagation of the Montessori method and offering at the same time a space for dialogue and comparison of all the most innovative and vivifying voices of the pedagogical reflection of the time. This paper proposes a first and partial reconstruction of the significant role that La Coltura Popolare played, from 1911 to 1922, in soliciting the attention of its public on the topic of teacher training, in spreading the Montessori method, in stimulating a not biased and preconceived comparison between different approaches, experiments and views on childhood.

Background: The majority of currently available cognitive screening tools show low to moderate ecological validity, limiting their capability to detect real-life impairments. Virtual Reality (VR) technology emerged as a possible solution as it can simulate everyday tasks maintaining a standard setting in almost any possible situation [1]. Objective: The project aims to achieve incremental evidence toward the feasibility of using 360° photos and videos in the neuropsychological assessment and to create a screening test for a valid and reliable clinical application. Methods: We are developing a screening test (The 360° Mental Screening - MS-360°) that, instead of using model-based environments as scenarios, employs 360° photos and videos to generate an innovative, highly immersive VR environments. This media can simulate real-life situations in a more photorealistic fashion, providing ecological stimuli and recording meaningful behavioral measures [2]. The MS-360° uses videos recorded with an omnidirectional camera as virtual environments, which can be administered wirelessly using a portable head-mounted display and a 5GHz Wi-Fi network. The test includes fourteen different scenarios: in each of these, the participant is asked to perform some ecological tasks aimed to elicit specific cognitive functions. We quantify the accuracy in each specific task as a measure of outcome. We are studying two groups at the current stage: patients reporting subjective cognitive impairment and healthy controls matched for age and education. We analyze differences and correlations between the score obtained at the MS-360° test and scores obtained in other established paper-and-pencil screening tests [3]. Results: Data collection is in due course. We expect to find correlations between our test and the paper-and-pencil screening tools. Finally, we expect that the MS-360° will be able to distinguish patients’ and control’s performances. Conclusions: VR is emerging as a valid tool to des

This paper addresses the current state of Italian higher education. On the one hand, the Covid-19 emergency revealed some vulnerabilities in Italian universities while, on the other hand, it enhanced their resiliency: in a short time, most of them were able to ensure the continuity of teaching activities, replacing face-to-face experiences with online ones. Teaching is one of the main aims of higher education, but it is often taken for granted and undervalued, while research activities receive far more attention. The pandemic had the advantage of bringing teaching activities back to the center of attention. It became fundamental to redesign teaching activities using distance learning methods even if stakeholders (including university lecturers) were not prepared to do so. Indeed, in addition to the difficulties of accepting and using information technologies, lecturers faced the challenge of planning and designing new forms of teaching that would ensure students’ attendance and guarantee their level of learning. In the beginning, distance learning represented an emergency "solution" introduced in response to the restrictions imposed by the pandemic. Its implementation required a significant investment in digital skills, including the learning of new software and the procurement of adequate supporting hardware. Generally, a crisis like the one we are currently facing leads us to deeply reflect on our future and on lessons learned that might give value to the emergency. Now the question is whether, in the aftermath of the health emergency, the outcomes of this digital investment can become an integral part of our educational offer and the new teaching strategies can endure. This paper reflects on the experience of the University of Milan Bicocca, discussing the outcomes of a survey administered to university lecturers using the CAWI methodology. The survey was distributed to the lecturers’ institutional email addresses through the Qualtrics web platform. It is part of