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The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region's future. The United States, by virtue of Alaska, is an Arctic country and has substantial interests in the region. The seven other Arctic states are Russia, Canada, Iceland, Denmark (by virtue of Greenland), Norway, Sweden, and Finland. The Arctic Research and Policy Act (ARPA) of 1984 (Title I of P.L. 98-373 of July 31, 1984) "provide[s] for a comprehensive national policy dealing with national research needs and objectives in the Arctic." The National Science Foundation (NSF) is the lead federal agency for implementing Arctic research policy. The Arctic Council, created in 1996, is the leading international forum for addressing issues relating to the Arctic. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) sets forth a comprehensive regime of law and order in the world's oceans, including the Arctic Ocean. The United States is not a party to UNCLOS. An array of climate changes in the Arctic is now documented by observing systems, with more expected with future greenhouse gas-driven climate change. Observed physical changes in the Arctic include warming ocean, soil, and air temperatures; melting permafrost; shifting vegetation and animal abundances; and altered characteristics of Arctic cyclones. A monitoring report of the Arctic Council concluded in 2019 that "the Arctic biophysical system is now clearly trending away from its previous state [in the 20th century] and into a period of unprecedented change, with implications not only within but also beyond the Arctic." Following the end of the Cold War, the Arctic states sought to maintain the Arctic as a region of cooperation, low tension, peaceful resolution of disputes, and respect for international law. Over the past 10 to 15 years, the emergence of great power competition between the United States, Russia, and China has introduced elements of competition and tension into the Arctic's geopolitical environment. Russia's war in Ukraine beginning on February 24, 2022, has further affected the region's geopolitical environment by prompting the seven Arctic states other than Russia to suspend most forms of Arctic cooperation with Russia, by prompting Finland and Sweden to apply for NATO membership, and in other ways. The Department of Defense (DOD) and the Coast Guard are devoting increased attention to the Arctic in their planning, budgeting, and operations. Whether DOD and the Coast Guard are taking sufficient actions for defending U.S. interests in the region is a topic of congressional oversight. The Coast Guard has two operational polar icebreakers and through FY2023 has received funding for procuring two of at least three planned new heavy polar icebreakers. The diminishment of Arctic ice could lead in coming years to increased commercial shipping on two trans-Arctic sea routes-the Northern Sea Route close to Russia, and the Northwest Passage close to Alaska and through the Canadian archipelago-though the rate of increase in the use of these routes might not be as great as sometimes anticipated in press accounts. International guidelines for ships operating in Arctic waters have been updated. Changes to the Arctic brought about by warming temperatures will likely allow more exploration for oil, gas, and minerals. Warming that causes permafrost to melt could pose challenges to onshore exploration activities. Increased oil and gas exploration and tourism (cruise ships) in the Arctic increase the risk of pollution in the region. Cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters will be more difficult than in other areas, primarily because effective strategies for cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters have yet to be developed. Large commercial fisheries exist in the Arctic. The United States is working with other countries regarding the management of Arctic fish stocks. Changes in the Arctic could result in migration of fish stocks to new waters, and could affect protected species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change poses a clear danger to salmon and steelhead in the Columbia River basin. Rising water temperatures increasingly limit their ability to migrate, spawn, and successfully produce the next generation of fish. Steve Wondzell, a research ecologist with the USDA Forest Service's Pacific Northwest Research Station, conducted a study on the upper Middle Fork of eastern Oregon's John Day River. By using computer modeling, he and colleagues found that adding shade was the single most effective way to cool the water and preserve habitat for salmon into the future. With enough added shade, they found that future water temperature in the river could be cooler than today, even as air temperatures warm. Adding sufficient shade involves strategically planting streamside vegetation that will grow tall enough to shield long sections of the river from sunlight. The Forest Service and other federal agencies, the state of Oregon, and the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs are leading an effort to do just this. They are also working to reconfigure sections of the river that were artificially straightened in the past. Wondzell's research confirms the importance of coupling riparian planting with those efforts and is helping the different parties involved direct their efforts in a more strategic way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines whether increases in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere result from increasing emissions from fossil fuels. It notes that the factors related to human activities have increased relative to those of natural processes. It adds that major, collaborative, authoritative assessments were set up to compile, debate, and consider the strengths or weaknesses of scientific analysis concerning climate change to inform policymakers.

The article offers general information on geographic and atmospheric conditions of Nigeria including its population, average daily temperature and annual rainfall.

A chart is presented that shows the greenhouse gas rankings of the world's countries, including the U.S., China, and Russia.

The article focuses on the scientific and policy attention on climate change due to Arctic sea ice loss. Topics discussed include several physical changes in the Arctic such as melting permafrost, warming air temperatures, and shifting animal abundances and vegetation, the risks of changes on national security, food supply, and cultural losses, and the challenge of modelling greenhouse gas (GHG)-induced climate change.

The article offers information on the climatic changes (CC) in Nepal. Research studies show increase in temperature in recent years as evidenced by pronounced warming in higher altitudes and decline in the annual frequency of cold days and nights. Studies forecast that the summer monsoon from June to August will become more intense. Researchers mention the increasing glacial melting that may lead to glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), which may damage the country's agriculture.

The article discusses several key concepts of the global environment, including the atmospheric greenhouse effect, the relationship between global warming and greenhouse gases, and the use of advanced energy sources and technologies in implementing environmental policy.

The article discusses several key concepts of the global environment, including the atmospheric greenhouse effect, the relationship between global warming and greenhouse gases, and the use of advanced energy sources and technologies in implementing environmental policy.

The article presents information on the meteorological data recorded by automatic weather stations of Yukidori Zawa, Langhovde, Kizahashi Hama, Skarvsnes and Skallen of the Soya Coast of East Antarctica under the project "Monitoring of terrestrial ecosystems". Also included are continuously monitored air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, photosynthetically active radiation and air pressure.

The article provides information on the reports on micrometeorological data from various habitats of terrestrial photosynthetic organisms at Yukidori Zawa, Langhovde. Also included are information about measurement of air temperature, humidity, photosynthetically active radiation and organism temperature.

The Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index, or SPEI (Figure 1), is a helpful index we use to combine both temperature and precipitation into one number, giving us a quick overview of conditions. Latent heat is limiting how warm the air temperature can get and increasing the likelihood for more precipitation. A dry ground will release more sensible heat energy, which acts to further warm the air right above it and limits the generation of precipitation. [Extracted from the article]

The article offers information on the multiple definitions of the Arctic region. Topics include the definition of the Arctic Circle, definition of the Arctic in the Arctic Research and Policy Act (ARPA) of 1984, and definitions of the Arctic based on various factors including average temperature, extent of permafrost on land, and extent of sea ice on the ocean.

SpiceJet will provide the air connectivity for temperature controlled distribution of the COVID-19 vaccines across India as well as internationally [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SpiceJet will provide the air connectivity for temperature controlled distribution of the COVID-19 vaccines across India as well as internationally [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents economic indicators in relations to chain store sales in the U.S. as of August 5, 2014. Topics discussed include the ICSC-Goldman Sachs (ICSC-GS) chain store sales index for the week ending August 2, 2014, which shows a 0.2% increase in chain store sales, the U.S. average national temperature for the week ending August 2, and the decline in the nationwide average price of regular-grade unleaded gasoline.

The article presents information on basic data on New Caledonia. It has a land area of 19,103 square kilometers and a population of 245,580 based on the 2009 census. The climate is tropical and it has an average annual temperature of 23 ° Celsius. The official language is French, but may local languages are also in use.

The article presents basic data on New Caledonia. The country's land area is 19,103 square kilometers and has a population of 245,580 as of 2009. Its climate is tropical and has an annual temperature of 23 ° Celsius with little variation. The official language is French, but many local languages are also in use.

The article presents key facts regarding Montenegro as of 2011. It states that the country has a population of 620,029 based from the census in 2011. It mentions that the condition of weather includes an average air temperature of 27.4 degrees Celsius in summer and 13.4 degrees Celsius in winter. Among the public holidays in Montenegro include New Year in January 1, Victory Day in May 9, and Republic Day in November 29-30.

The article offers information on Venezuela. Its total land area if 912,050 square kilometers. Main towns include Caracas, Zulia and Carabobo. It has a tropical climate, with the rainy season lasting from May to November. The hottest months are from May to September, while the coldest month is January. Information on the language, measures, currency and public holidays in the country is also provided.

This article provides basic data about the Republic of Iran. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Iran's population was 73.3 million as of 2008. The country's climate is continental, with extremes of atmospheric temperature. Many holidays in the republic are religious and are mostly based on the Islamic year.

The article presents an overview of the geographical attributes of Germany. The country has a total land area of 356,970 square kilometers, wherein 56% is agricultural land while 29% is forest. It has a temperate climate which hottest month is July with a temperature of 15-20°°C and the coldest is January with minus 1-3°C. Its main cities are Berlin, its capital, Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurth am Main, and Dortmund.

The article offers information on the attributes of the physical geography of Norway. As of January 1, 2009, the country's population is 4,799,300. It has a temperate, cold inland and arctic in the north. The country's main towns include Oslo, Bergen, Stavanger and Trondheim. Its hottest month is July with a temperature of 16.4°C while its coldest is January with a temperature of -4.3°C.

The article presents basic data about Bulgaria. Its total area is 111,002 square kilometers (sq km), and its population as of December 2008 is 7.61 million. Its hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 21 degrees Celsius, while its coldest is January. Bulgarian is the country's national language and it is two hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) in winter and three hours ahead in summer.