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The article discusses the upstream conflict prevention, a long-term approach which is taken to understand and respond to causes of conflict and instability before they lead to violence by citing the example of Sierra Leone. Topics discussed include the support provided by the British Department for International Development to drive security sector reforms, role of population in decision making process for the success of upstream conflict prevention and development of justice sector.

The article focuses on the differences in the approach taken to manage the security sector reform in Sierra Leone by new government formed by the political party All People's Congress during 2010-2013. Topics discussed include impact of 2012 general election on the security system, increase in the annual gross domestic product growth due to iron-ore exports and development of community relations with Sierra Leone Police.

The article discusses the formation of new government in 2007 under leadership of President Ernest Bai Koroma from major political party All People's Congress in Sierra Leone. Topics discussed include termination of the Sierra Leone Security Sector Reform Programme in 2008, withdrawal of financial support to security sector reform by the British Department for International Development and emergence of tension between President office and national security co-coordinator after 2007 elections.

The article reflects on the implications of the government-defence industry relationship in three countries including the U.S., Germany and Great Britain. It informs that the Defence and Security Organisation (DSO) promotes the export of British goods and services. It mentions that the defense industry should be responsive towards national-security threats and there is a need of integration between civil and military technologies.

The article focuses on the control and regulation of defence industries in three countries including Germany, the U.S. and Great Britain. It informs that the british government controls the exports of military products by the Import, Export and Customs Powers (Defence) Act 1939 and the German government uses the War Weapons Control Act for exports of military equipment. It also mentions that the Arms Export Control Act (1976) controls the export of military equipment in the U.S.

The article focuses on the government-defence industrial relationship in three countries including Great Britain, the U.S. and Germany. It informs that the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) contracts for 50-billion U.S. dollars of services each year to the industry. It also mentions the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) in Sweden, the Customer Product Management (CPM) process and Federal Acquisition Regulations (FARs).

The article reflects on the important dimensions of government's role as the customer of the defence industry in three countries including the U.S., Germany and Great Britain. It informs that the British military operations in the Balkans, Iraq and Afghanistan stimulated the readiness of the British Ministry of Defence to be a customer and the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) meet operational demand of armed forces. It mentions the Customer Product Management System in Germany.

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various articles within the issue on topics including the state-defence industrial relationship, governmental policies related to the defence industry and the analysis of the impact of government-defence relationship.

The article focuses on the Defence Reform Commission (DRC) that develops legislation for establishment of state-level command over armed forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). It mentions that the Dayton Agreement created a constitutional order in BiH which was accepted by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). It states that the NATO accepted a separate entity armed forces on certain conditions including security policy, transparency in defence plans and common training standards.

The article focuses on the implementation of defence-reform agreement in 2005 and commitments of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) within the framework of the partnership for peace (PfP), a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) program. It states that the 2005 law on defence provided an expert team to defence minister for immediate implementation of the reform. It also examines the implications of BiH's commitments to PfP resulting in a campaign to address new strategic concepts of the NATO.

The article focuses on defence reform and the role of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in ending the conflict of 1992-1995 in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and declaring BiH to be the third independent republic in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). It states that the NATO organized an air campaign as a peace enforcement operation to end the conflict in BiH. It also mentions that BiH became an autonomous district after signing the Dayton agreement on December 14, 1995.

The article focuses on current activities which aim to resolve and contain the Iranian nuclear crisis. It discusses the negotiation in Moscow, Russia in June 2012, wherein Western countries demand a "stop, shut, ship" proposal that would stop Iran's enrichment of uranium and exportation of its existing stocks in exchange for nuclear fuel and aircraft parts. It also mentions the cyber-warfare against the nuclear programme of Iran and the military option of attacking Iran's nuclear facilities.

The article discusses Iran's nuclear trajectory and the factors underlying the nuclear ambitions of the country. It mentions how Iran responded to pressures regarding the threat to the Iranian regime. It discusses the nuclear activities of the country in the two decades following the 1979 Islamic Revolution which had brought a nuclear crisis to the country. It also presents the nuclear developments in the context of Iran's broader foreign and security policies.

An introduction is presented in which the author discusses various topics within the issue including Iran's nuclear trajectory, activities to resolve the Iranian crisis, and Iran's nuclear weapons.

The article focuses on a study which concludes that nuclear disarmament exist but is far behind from practice. It mentions that if the U.S. and Russia reduce their deployed strategic arsenals by 50 per cent by 2020, they would still have nuclear arsenals for their security. It mentions that the Great Britain and France have no plans to increase their nuclear weapons in future. It informs that most states gave up nuclear-weapons programmes due to the international non-proliferation norms.

The article focuses on mutual nuclear restraint by creating a stateof affairs in which all seven nuclear-armed states will decide that whether their nuclear arms are sufficient for their own security. It mentions that if the U.S. and Russia will start disarmament then smaller countries will follow them. It informs that further restrain will be on long range ballistic missiles and on warheads that possess risk of mutual vulnerability.

The article discusses the contribution of nuclear restraint at low numbers to international security. It mentions that the International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament established by Japan and Australia submitted its report in December 2009, which supported continued delegitimisation of nuclear weapons. It informs that disarmament policy adopted by Barack Obama, President of the U.S. faced resistance from the U.S. and members of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

The article focuses on the risk associated with the nuclear weapons following their use on Japan in the end of Second World War. It states that under nuclear deterrence nuclear weapons are not used in military strikes over the last sixty-seven years. The U.S. has provided the benefits of nuclear deterrence to North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and its Asian allies. It states that there is possibility that nuclear weapons may be used in civil conflict in Pakistan or China.

The article focuses on nuclear restraint at low numbers in seven nuclear-armed states. It mentions that Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) provides a platform for discussions between its nuclear and non-nuclear members regarding the nuclear arm reduction. It mentions that among non-armed states Israel have arsenals comparable in size to India and Pakistan ranging around 100 warheads. It states that nuclear arms are threat to international security.

The article presents author's views on Afghan deployment decisions of Great Britain in 2005 and 2006. As stated, during that time Great Britain lacked a credible longterm strategy for the region, and the Foreign Office was never able to answer the question regarding its long-term interests and relative priorities for Pakistan and Afghanistan. The author mentions that the national operational plan that was produced lacked credibility among the military.

The article discusses how deterioration of security conditions on the ground in Helmand, Afghanistan forced the British military to extend the scale of its kinetic operations in 2006. It states that this operational decision affected the efforts of Great Britain in Helmand Province. It also mentions the Joint Plan for Helmand, which was introduced in 2005 and was perceived as a real opportunity to contribute to effective Great Britain strategy for nation-building.

The article focuses on the controversy surrounding the military operations of Great Britain in Afghanistan since 2006. It states that the outcome of Afghanistan operation will have a major effect on the burgeoning debate about national and military strategy now underway in the Great Britain. It states that the threat posed by improvised explosive devices (IEDs) is a good indicator of the changing nature of the operation.

The article focuses on the core challenges and issues regarding the newly renewed Global Partnership (GP) multilateral threat reduction programme. It says that the challenges include changing the role of the GP Working Group and moving the GP beyond the Group of 8 (G8) to be engage with other key countries such as India and China. It highlights the importance of the completion of ongoing GP projects in Russia and expansion of former Soviet Union (FSU) beyond 2012.

The article focuses on the operation of Global Partnership (GP), a key international policy on the terrorist acquisition in the Group 8 countries, such as Great Britain, in working levels. It discusses several spin-off benefits of GP in reducing chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) risks, such as trust and heightened awareness. It also explores the establishment of a strong network of officials and technical experts drawn from across the GP community.

The article focuses on the launch of Global Partnership (GP) in the Group 8 (G8) countries, such as the U.S. as a key international policy on the terrorist acquisition of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) proliferation following the terrorist attacks at the World Trade Center in New York on September 11, 2001. It states that GP allows resources of many countries to be focused on terrorist tasks. It adds that further problem of GP has been the failure of some G8 countries.

The article presents information on the Arctic Ocean. Geographically it is centered over the North Pole at 90 degrees North and is an ocean basin surrounded by continents. The International Hydrographic Organization has defined the boundaries of the Arctic Ocean and the various seas associated including Bering Sea. Various states which have sovereignty rights includes Canada, Denmark and Finland. Also various charts and diagrams related to Arctic Ocean are presented.

The article discusses the challenges arising from the change of the Arctic Ocean from permanent sea-ice cap to a seasonally ice-free sea. This change is considered as the most profound climate change impact on earth. The European Union in November, 2008 stated that it is inextricably linked to the Arctic region and highlighted the Little Ice Age period from 1150 to 1460. The first International Polar Year as the original international co-ordinated climate research programme is highlighted.

The article discusses the security related matters concerning the Arctic region. The transformation of the sea-ice boundary of the Arctic Ocean will have both positive and negative outcomes. The ex-president of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, suggested six principles to address the political, economical and cultural instabilities in Arctic Ocena including nuclear-free zone in Northern Europe, restricting naval activities and cooperation in development of the resources of the Arctic region.

The article focuses on departmental reforms which established changes in the department levels and the centre in Great Britain. It states that the transition of the Overseas Development Administration (ODA) to Department for International Development (DFID) was the most significant change in the British government since 1997. Furthermore, information on the Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre (JTAC), which was formed in 2003 and focuses on international terrorism, is presented.

The article discusses how unity are attained by Whitehall departments and agencies in the government of Great Britain. It says that the Department for International Development (DFID) program plays an important role in bringing coherence in departmental sections in the country. It also adds that ambassadors must be responsible and should act as the representative present in all National Security Council (NSC) meetings which will watch and direct the execution of the coherence strategy.

The article discusses the individual and institutional development, with emphasis to the required personal qualities and skills from the civil service and military government in Great Britain. It highlights how human resource reforms and British policy impacted the supply of people and encouraged greater cross-government working. It provides information on stabilisation capability and how to address the gaps and establish a stronger sense of community with those working on national security.

The article focuses on the utilization of money by Great Britain as a response to promote stability under economic and social crisis. It examines the role of military intervention in promoting any kind of development. It says that Great Britain's federal aid to Iraq and Afghanistan proves that military action is not the only solution to shift the attitude of people towards development, instead providing services and job opportunities will promote peace and lessen possibilities of rebellion.

The article discusses the progress in giving generic guidance to fragile states in Great Britain. It ensures the timely application of the lessons learned from experience and the ability to manage and communicate knowledge in all departments. It highlights the contribution to and drawing from lessons produced by others in the international community. It offers recommendations on the better understanding of guidance for each department, cross-departmental communications, and knowledge management.

The article focuses on the challenges associated with Europe's plans to open a fourth energy corridor between the Caspian basin and Europe to diversify energy supply and reduce dependency on Russia. It states that the project, operated by Nabucco Gas Pipeline International GmbH, will bring Turkey as Europe's energy bridge to the Middle East and Caspian. It focuses on various phases of the planned project, and discusses various political and financial strategies to make the project successful.

The article focuses on the need for the protection of the Critical National Infrastructure (CNI) or Critical Energy Infrastructure (CEI) in Europe in order to improve energy security. It states that the infrastructure, including telecommunications, energy and transportation, is vulnerable to threats such as human error, climate change and terrorist attacks. It discusses the importance of co-operation, both domestically and internationally, in order to enhance oversight and increase security.

The article focuses on various issues related to the development of a right energy policy for securing energy supply in Europe. It discusses the need for member states of the European Union (EU) to engage in energy diplomacy, fostering diplomatic relationships with future energy producers, and the mutual energy relationship between Europe and Russia. It also discusses the need for a single European energy market and the British energy policy that focuses on investments in the renewable sector.

The article focuses on the challenges of the European Union (EU) in securing long-term energy supplies, and discusses the need for the European foreign policy agenda that emphasize the energy security. It discusses Europe's energy dependencies on external energy sources, and the need for diplomatic relationships with energy producers in view of an increased domestic demand in producer countries, resource nationalism, and the production shortfalls due to the global financial crisis.

The article focuses on the role of Russia in the current world order. It cites a series of post cold-war political initiatives by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) that led to the August 2008 invasion of Georgia by Russia. It opines that though Russia may not economically strong as it was in the past, it will be unwise to count it out of the world equation. It also adds that from the cold war period, the NATO has transformed itself from a threat community to a community at risk.

The article focuses on the factors that led to the alliances of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) with several East European countries like Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia. However, initially, the post Cold War NATO enlargement in the year1999 is stated to have shown not much co-ordination between the European Union (EU) countries and NATO. The article further informs that NATO enlargement emerged as a result of the cold relations between Russia and the West Countries.

The article focuses on the argument that globalization and high levels of inequality contribute to high levels of violence, which further deepens the "inequality trap." In developing countries including in Latin America and the Caribbean, Sub-Saharan Africa, and the Middle East, evidences show inequalities, such as injustice and discrimination, lead to higher incidences of conflicts and crimes. However, international communities can help to build a better society where change is possible.

The article focuses on how should Great Britain address challenges posed by inequalities, globalization, and climate change. In tackling climate change, a new international institution is required to establish and monitor the implementation of obligations of global communities. There is also a need to deepen international cooperation within international communities to undermine high levels of inequality and the country has a substantial part in shaping international responses to these issues.

The article focuses on several factors impacting the success of crisis management in Macedonia. It says that teamwork among various organization has helped in crisis management including North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), European Union (EU), and Organization for Security & Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). It cites that teamwork is impossible without common aims of every organization. Moreover, the use of military power has also deter opposition and prevent fighting.

The article discusses on how political crisis in Macedonia was addressed. It says that international negotiators and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) have helped in managing the political process and demonstrations in the country through an amnesty. It mentions that an Ohrid agreement was achieved which gave peace in the country and more rights to Albanians and has respected the needs of ethnic Macedonians.

The article focuses on the deal between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATOs) and Europe (EU). It states that the grand coalition of all main political parties in Macedonia was the most visible achievement by EU's Javier Solana and NATOs George Robertson. It says that patience and persistence were required to achieve the deal.

The article reports on the faces of climate security. It states that one of the sources of confusion in the climate security debate has been caused by the fact that it has two distinct faces. The first face involves a general discussion about the fundamental threats climate change poses to prosperity and security. The other face involves the specific challenges this poses to the interests and objectives of the security community.

The article reports on the ability of a nation to respond to a changing geo-political landscape. It states that responding to climate change will call for fundamental changes in the practice of international relations and will change much of the focus of international security policy. The article also mentions the basic taxonomy of strategic responses which countries can adopt: buffering, isolation, reaction, prevention.

The article reports on the climate-change-driven conflicts. It states that the role of climate change in the increasing geo-political tensions can be seen in situations such as the border disputes in the Arctic. The author notes that extreme climate change scenarios would cause large levels of economic and social disruption which would induce conflicts that includes armed violence.