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Five new lipopeptaibols (1–5) and eight new 19-residue peptaibols (8–15) along with two known lipopeptaibols, lipovelutibols C (6) and D (7) were isolated from Trichoderma strigosum. The planar structures of the newly discovered peptaibols (1–5, 8–15) were elucidated using 1D and 2D NMR, and UPLC-MS/MS data. The absolute configurations for new peptaibols (1–5, 8–15) were elucidated using the advanced Marfey’s method and GITC (2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl isothiocyanate) derivatization. Through analysis of CD spectra, these peptabols were found to have right-handed helical conformations. While most of the new compounds were significantly more active than the positive control, 9, 10, 12, and 15containing Ser and Leu at positions 10 and 11, respectively, were the most cytotoxic against MDA-MB-231, SNU449, SKOV3, DU145, and HCT116 cancer cell lines, and the 19-residue peptaibols were generally more potent than lipopeptaibols.

Tetramic acid-containing natural products are attracting significantly increasing attention from biologists and chemists due to their intriguing structures and biological activities. In the present study, two new tetramic acid alkaloids tolypyridone I (1) and tolypyridone J (2), together with five known ones (3–7), were isolated from cultures of a marine fungus Tolypocladium cylindrosporumFB06 isolate obtained from a marine sediment in Beaufort sea of North Alaska. Their structures were elucidated using 1D, 2D NMR, and HRESIMS. Their configurations were established on the basis of 1H coupling constants, ROESY correlations and DP4 calculations. Compound 2was isolated as mixtures of rotational isomers with C-3 to C-7 axis between 4-hydroxy-2-pyridone and 1-ethyl-3,5-dimethylcyclohexane, hindering rotation. In our unbiased screening to discover neuroprotective compounds in an in vitro Parkinson’s disease (PD) model, SH-SY5Y dopaminergic cells were treated with isolated compounds followed by treatment with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), a parkinsonian neurotoxin. Among tested compounds, F-14329 (7) significantly protected cells from MPP+-induced cytotoxicity. MPP+-mediated cell death is known to be related to the regulation of Bcl-2 family proteins, specifically the down-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and the up-regulation of pro-apoptotic Bax levels. Treatment with 2 mmol/L of MPP+for 24 h significantly reduced Bcl-2 levels compared to control treated with vehicle. However, treatment with F-14329 (7) attenuated such reduction. This study demonstrates that tetramic acid-motif compounds could be potential lead compounds for treating PD.

Multiwalled boron nitride nanotube (BNNT), as a catalyst support, has become one of the promising materials due to its high oxidation resistance and thermal stability. In this work, ruthenium (Ru) supported on BNNT catalysts with different metal loadings and treatment conditions was investigated for CO oxidation as a model reaction. To understand the physicochemical properties of the prepared samples, a suite of techniques, including FTIR, UV-Raman, SEM, TEM, and XPS, was utilized. The results showed that the RuOxspecies were located on both the interior and the exterior surfaces of the BNNT, and an increase in metal loading led to increased active sites. 1 wt% RuOx/BNNT (oxidized) exhibited better catalytic activity than 1 wt% Ru/BNNT (reduced), indicating that treatment conditions significantly affect the catalytic properties. Reaction conditions, such as GHSV and the O2/CO ratio, were varied to further investigate the external mass transfer limitations and reaction mechanism of the 1 wt% RuOx/BNNT catalyst. The peculiar tubular morphology of the BNNT resulted in negligible external mass transfer limitation, and the catalyst might primarily follow the Eley–Rideal (ER) mechanism over the Langmuir–Hinshelwood (LH) mechanism.

NiOx/CeO2catalysts have shown promising results in various catalytic reactions, including the NO reduction by CO. In this study, we investigated the effect of oxidation and reduction treatments on the NO reduction by CO over pretreated NiOx/CeO2catalysts. A series of oxidized and reduced supported NiOxcatalysts were synthesized in two steps: (1) the pretreatment of CeO2supports at different temperatures (400, 500, and 700 °C) under oxidizing and reducing conditions and (2) the synthesis of NiOx/CeO2catalysts by an incipient wetness impregnation method (IWI) with a fixed surface density of 5.3 Ni per nm2under specific conditions (oxidation/reduction) applied during the CeO2treatment. The prepared catalysts were characterized viaBET, ICP/OES, Raman, XPS, and XRD to understand their physicochemical properties. The results showed that as the pretreatment temperature increased, the physicochemical properties of NiOx/CeO2catalysts were changed: a decreased specific surface area (SSA), decreased oxygen vacancy/defect sites, and an increased crystallite size. The oxidized NiOx/CeO2catalyst at a lower pretreatment temperature displayed a better catalytic activity, indicating that the physicochemical properties of the catalysts were key factors in enhancing the catalytic activity. To understand the intermediate species and reaction mechanism during the NO reduction by CO, an in situDRIFTS study was performed and a possible reaction mechanism was also discussed.

The purpose of this article is to present the second type fundamental relationship between the generalized Fourier–Feynman transform and the generalized convolution product on Wiener space. The relationships in this article are also natural extensions (to the case on an infinite dimensional Banach space) of the structure which exists between the Fourier transform and the convolution of functions on Euclidean spaces.

A statistical modeling procedure is established for predicting the exo-olefin content in cationic polymerization. The model focuses on the molecular particle behavior on the microscopic level and derives the macroscopic results through statistics. The resulting model is expressed as a set of difference equations, which is consistent with the macroscopic mass-balance-derived differential equations. It is shown that the derived model of difference equations can significantly reduce the total calculation time compared to the differential equation model, which is helpful in parameter estimation and other tasks that require a large number of iterative model calculations. The exo-olefin content model of cation polymerization is integrated with the molecular weight model proposed in our previous studies, and the combined model is demonstrated through an experimental study of isobutylene involving a lab-scale batch polymerization reactor and a pilot-scale continuous reactor.

Bimodal reinforcement consisting of powders of large graphite flake(GF) and small graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) were used to fabricate (GF + GNP)/Cu composites to reduce the anisotropy of the thermal and mechanical properties in GF/Cu composites. In this study, we investigated the effects of GNP addition on the anisotropy of the thermal and mechanical properties and the deformation behavior of (GF + GNP)/Cu composites. The 2θ> value was used to evaluate the alignment of the reinforcing phases (GF, GNP), by which the variations in the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and thermal conductivity (TC) of the composites were analyzed. With increasing GNP volume fraction, the angle (θ) at which the GF deviated from the in-plane direction increased. As a result, the anisotropy of the CTE in the in-plane and through-plane directions increased, whereas the anisotropy of the TC and mechanical strength decreased. Cracking was observed in both the specimens compressed along the in-plane and through-plane directions, whereas kinking was observed only in the specimens compressed along the in-plane direction. The deformation behavior and mechanical properties of the composites with bimodal reinforcement in the in-plane and through-plane directions were strongly dependent on the change in the alignment of the GF with the addition of GNP. The results clearly revealed the role of bimodal reinforcement in controlling the anisotropy of the thermal and mechanical properties of the (GF + GNP)/Cu composite, providing guidelines for optimizing the thermomechanical properties of high-performance (GF + GNP)/Cu composites.

ABSTRACTIn the N-degron pathway, N-recognins recognize cognate substrates for degradation via the ubiquitin (Ub)-proteasome system (UPS) or the autophagy-lysosome system (hereafter autophagy). We have recently shown that the autophagy receptor SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1) is an N-recognin that binds the N-terminal arginine (Nt-Arg) as an N-degron to modulate autophagic proteolysis. Here, we show that the N-degron pathway mediates pexophagy, in which damaged peroxisomal fragments are degraded by autophagy under normal and oxidative stress conditions. This degradative process initiates when the Nt-Cys of ACAD10 (acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family, member 10), a receptor in pexophagy, is oxidized into Cys sulfinic (CysO2) or sulfonic acid (CysO3) by ADO (2-aminoethanethiol (cysteamine) dioxygenase). Under oxidative stress, the Nt-Cys of ACAD10 is chemically oxidized by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The oxidized Nt-Cys2 is arginylated by ATE1-encoded R-transferases, generating the RCOXN-degron. RCOX-ACAD10 marks the site of pexophagy via the interaction with PEX5 and binds the ZZ domain of SQSTM1/p62, recruiting LC3+-autophagic membranes. In mice, knockout of either Ate1responsible for Nt-arginylation or Sqstm1/p62leads to increased levels of peroxisomes. In the cells from patients with peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs), characterized by peroxisomal loss due to uncontrolled pexophagy, inhibition of either ATE1 or SQSTM1/p62 was sufficient to recover the level of peroxisomes. Our results demonstrate that the Cys-N-degron pathway generates an N-degron that regulates the removal of damaged peroxisomal membranes along with their contents. We suggest that tannic acid, a commercially available drug on the market, has a potential to treat PBDs through its activity to inhibit ATE1 R-transferases.Abbreviations:ACAA1, acetyl-Coenzyme A acyltransferase 1; ACAD, acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase; ADO, 2-aminoethanethiol (cysteamine) dioxygenase; ATE1, arginyltransferase 1; CDO1, cysteine dioxygenase type 1; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; LIR, LC3-interacting region; MOXD1, monooxygenase, DBH-like 1; NAC, N-acetyl-cysteine; Nt-Arg, N-terminal arginine; Nt-Cys, N-terminal cysteine; PB1, Phox and Bem1p; PBD, peroxisome biogenesis disorder; PCO, plant cysteine oxidase; PDI, protein disulfide isomerase; PTS, peroxisomal targeting signal; R-COX, Nt-Arg-CysOX; RNS, reactive nitrogen species; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SNP, sodium nitroprusside; UBA, ubiquitin-associated; UPS, ubiquitinproteasome system.

System marginal price (SMP) forecasting is essential for power generation companies or virtual transaction operators participating in the electricity market. In forecasting SMP, the load data is one of the most important pieces of information. Therefore, this paper presents a 2-Step method for SMP forecasting after load forecasting. This paper performed feature selection using Shapley additional explanations and Pearson correlation coefficient and adjusted the hyperparameters of the forecasting model by Grid search. Through this, the total load and SMP in 2021 were forecasted, and the forecasting results were presented through MAPE (mean absolute percentage error), nMAE (normalized mean absolute error), and nRMSE (normalized root mean square error). This paper used XGBoost for load forecasting and XGBoost, random forest, light gradient boosting machine, and linear regression for SMP forecasting. As a result of forecasting SMP, in the average of 2021, LGBM and RF ensemble models showed the best performance with 3.33% in MAPE. In addition, when the forecasting results were shown by dividing it into 4 seasons, the ensemble model of LGBM and random forest showed the best performance in MAPE except for spring.

Seismic studies have found fine-scale anomalies at the core–mantle boundary (CMB), such as ultralow velocity zones (ULVZs)1,2and the core rigidity zone3,4. ULVZs have been attributed to mantle-related processes5–10, but little is known about a possible core origin. The precipitation of light elements in the outer core has been proposed to explain the core rigidity zone3, but it remains unclear what processes can lead to such precipitation. Despite its importance for the outer core11, the melting behaviour of Fe–Si–H at relevant pressure–temperature conditions is not well understood. Here we report observations of the crystallization of B2 FeSi from Fe–9wt%Si melted in the presence of hydrogen up to 125 GPa and 3,700 K by using laser-heated diamond anvil cells. Hydrogen dramatically increases the Si concentration in the B2 crystals to a molar ratio of Si:Fe ≈ 1, whereas it mostly remains in the coexisting Fe liquid. The high Si content in the B2 phase makes it stable in a solid form at the outermost core temperatures and less dense than the surrounding liquids. Consequently, the Si-rich crystallites could form, float and be sedimented to the underside of the CMB interface, and that well explains the core side rigidity anomalies3,4. If a small amount of the FeSi crystals can be incorporated into the mantle, they would form dense low-velocity structures above the CMB, which may account for some ULVZs10. The B2 FeSi precipitation promoted by H in the outermost core provides a single core-driven origin for two types of anomalies at the CMB. Such a scenario could also explain the core-like tungsten isotope signatures in ocean island basalts12, after the materials equilibrated with the precipitates are entrained to the uppermost mantle by the mantle plumes connected to ULVZs.

Herein, bimetallic sulfide with sulfur vacancies and N, S co-doped reduced graphene oxide (Vs-CoxFe1-xS2/N,S-rGO) are synthesized and employed as bifunctional electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline media. Generation of sulfur vacancies into the bimetal sulfides not only modifies the electronic structure but enhances the surface charge and polarity, which is beneficial for the electrocatalytic performance in alkaline condition. Furthermore, homogeneously introduced heteroatom dopants in rGO provides numerous defect sites, leading to the effective adsorption of reactants for both ORR and OER. Based on the above features, the electrocatalyst exhibits exceptional performance with high half-wave potential and low overpotential for ORR and OER, respectively, outperforming precious metal-based catalysts. Also, the Vs-CoxFe1-xS2/N,S-rGO-based rechargeable Zn-air battery (ZAB) displayed outstanding battery performances with high specific capacity (754.8 mAh gZn−1) and superior long-term cyclability over 420 cycles. These findings highlight the Vs-CoxFe1-xS2/N,S-rGO catalyst as a promising candidate for high performance electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices.

The flammability of silicone rubber (SR) significantly limits its broad use in areas that require high flame retardancy. In this study, heptazine-covered Fe2O3, which exhibits effective flame retardancy, was prepared using simple ball milling and heat treatment, which are advantageous for large-scale production. The prepared filler was incorporated into SR. The addition of 7.02 wt% FM filler increased the thermal degradation onset temperature at 5 % weight loss from 492.5 °C for neat SR to 502.7 °C (FM 1:1 composite). Moreover, the peak heat release rate and peak smoke production rate of the FM 1:1 composite significantly decreased by 43.15 % and 68.42 %, respectively, indicating a significant enhancement in the fire safety and smoke suppression of the FM composites. The chemical, morphological, and electronic structures of the FM fillers, pyrolysis gas production, and char residue were thoroughly investigated to reveal the possible flame-retarding mechanisms of the SR composites.

This paper presents a methodology for forecasting hourly loads over seven days, using a separation of weekday and weekend data. The data used for the forecasting included the date, weather, and load data from January 1, 2021, with the forecast being conducted for four weeks from November 1 to 28, 2021. The methodology involved separating the data into weekdays and weekends, conducting separate forecasts for each, selecting features for use in each process, and optimizing the forecasting model's parameters through hyperparameter tuning. To select features, the Shapley Additional Explanations method was used to calculate feature importance, and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to measure linearity between features. This allowed for the selection of input features with high importance while avoiding those with high linearity with other features. The parameters of the forecasting model were optimized through Grid search, and the optimal combination of the XGBoost forecasting model's Learning Rate, n estimators, and Max depth was assessed. After all processes were completed, forecasting was performed, and the forecasting error was presented through Normalized Mean Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Percentage Error, and Normalized Root Mean Squared Error. The results obtained using the proposed algorithm were compared with those obtained without using it. In future studies, the authors plan to investigate forecasting for special dates, such as public holidays, and explore the use of forecasting algorithms that consider the probability of input data.

The Earth’s core–mantle boundary presents a dramatic change in materials, from silicate to metal. While little is known about chemical interactions between them, a thin layer with a lower velocity has been proposed at the topmost outer core (Eʹ layer) that is difficult to explain with a change in concentration of a single light element. Here we perform high-temperature and -pressure laser-heated diamond-anvil cell experiments and report the formation of SiO2and FeHxfrom a reaction between water from hydrous minerals and Fe–Si alloys at the pressure–temperature conditions relevant to the Earth’s core–mantle boundary. We suggest that, if water has been delivered to the core–mantle boundary by subduction, this reaction could enable exchange of hydrogen and silicon between the mantle and the core. The resulting H-rich, Si-deficient layer formed at the topmost core would have a lower density, stabilizing chemical stratification at the top of the core, and a lower velocity. We suggest that such chemical exchange between the core and mantle over gigayears of deep transport of water may have contributed to the formation of the putative Eʹ layer.

Adiponectin-synthesis-promoting compounds possess therapeutic potential to treat diverse metabolic diseases, including obesity and diabetes. Phenotypic screening to find adiponectin-synthesis-promoting compounds was performed using the adipogenesis model of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. The extract of the endolichenic fungus Daldinia childiae047215 significantly promoted adiponectin production. Bioactivity-guided isolation led to 13 active polyketides (1–13), which include naphthol monomers, dimers, and trimers. To the best of our knowledge, trimers of naphthol (1–4) have not been previously isolated as either natural or synthetic products. The novel naphthol trimer 3,1′,3′,3″-ternaphthalene-5,5′,5″-trimethoxy-4,4′,4″-triol (2) and a dimer, nodulisporin A (12), exhibited concentration-dependent adiponectin-synthesis-promoting activity (EC5030.8 and 15.2 μM, respectively). Compounds 2and 12bound to all three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) subtypes, PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARδ. In addition, compound 2transactivated retinoid X receptor α, whereas 12did not. Naphthol oligomers 2and 12represent novel pan-PPAR modulators and are potential pharmacophores for designing new therapeutic agents against hypoadiponectinemia-associated metabolic diseases.

Light elements alloying with metallic Fe can change the properties and therefore play a key role in the structure and dynamics of planetary cores. Hydrogen and silicon are possible light elements in the rocky planets’ cores. However, hydrogen storage in Fe-Si alloy systems remains unclear at high pressures and high temperatures because of experimental difficulties. Taking advantage of pulsed laser heating combined with high-energy synchrotron X‑ray diffraction, we studied reactions between FeSi and H in laser-heated diamond-anvil cells (LHDACs) up to 61.9 GPa and 3500 K. We found that under H-saturated conditions the amount of H alloying with FeSi (0.3 and <0.1 wt% for the B20 and B2 structures, respectively) is much smaller than that in pure Fe metal (>1.8 wt%). Our experiments also suggest that H remains in the crystal structure of FeSi alloy when recovered to 1 bar. Further density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the low-H solubility likely results from the highly distorted interstitial sites in the B20 and B2 structures, which are not favorable for H incorporation. The recovery of H in the B20 FeSi crystal structure at ambient conditions could open up possibilities to understand geochemical behaviors of H during core formation in future experiments. The low-H content in FeSi alloys suggests that if a planetary core is Si-rich, Si can limit the ingassing of H into the Fe-rich core.

ABSTRACTThe N-degron pathway is a proteolytic system in which the N-terminal degrons (N-degrons) of proteins, such as arginine (Nt-Arg), induce the degradation of proteins and subcellular organelles via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) or macroautophagy/autophagy-lysosome system (hereafter autophagy). Here, we developed the chemical mimics of the N-degron Nt-Arg as a pharmaceutical means to induce targeted degradation of intracellular bacteria via autophagy, such as Salmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus pyogenesas well as Mycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb). Upon binding the ZZ domain of the autophagic cargo receptor SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1), these chemicals induced the biogenesis and recruitment of autophagic membranes to intracellular bacteria via SQSTM1, leading to lysosomal degradation. The antimicrobial efficacy was independent of rapamycin-modulated core autophagic pathways and synergistic with the reduced production of inflammatory cytokines. In mice, these drugs exhibited antimicrobial efficacy for S. Typhimurium, Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), and Mtb as well as multidrug-resistant Mtb and inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokines. This dual mode of action in xenophagy and inflammation significantly protected mice from inflammatory lesions in the lungs and other tissues caused by all the tested bacterial strains. Our results suggest that the N-degron pathway provides a therapeutic target in host-directed therapeutics for a broad range of drug-resistant intracellular pathogens.Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy-related gene; BCG: Bacillus Calmette–Guérin; BMDMs: bone marrow-derived macrophages; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CFUs: colony-forming units; CXCL: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; IL1B/IL-1β: interleukin 1 beta; IL6: interleukin 6; LIR: MAP1LC3/LC3-interacting region; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; Mtb: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; OPTN: optineurin; PB1: Phox and Bem1; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; S. Typhimurium: Salmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium; TAX1BP1: Tax1 binding protein 1; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; UBA: ubiquitin-associated.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2009.02.013 Byline: Sang-Oh Shim Keywords: Scheduling; Branch and bound algorithm; Parallel machines; Branching Abstract: A branch and bound algorithm (B&B) has been widely used in various discrete and combinatorial optimization fields. To obtain optimal solutions as soon as possible for scheduling problems, three tools, which are branching, bounding and dominance rules, have been developed in the B&B algorithm. One of these tools, a branching is a method for generating subproblems and directly determines size of solution to be searched in the B&B algorithm. Therefore, it is very important to devise effective branching scheme for the problem. In this note, a survey of branching schemes is performed for parallel machines scheduling (PMS) problems with n independent jobs and m machines and new branching schemes that can be used for identical and unrelated PMS problems, respectively, are suggested. The suggested branching methods show that numbers of generated subproblems are much smaller than that of other methods developed earlier and therefore, it is expected that they help to reduce a lot of CPU time required to obtain optimal solutions in the B&B algorithm. Author Affiliation: Department of Business Administration, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, South Korea Article History: Received 30 July 2008; Revised 2 February 2009; Accepted 27 February 2009 Article Note: (footnote) [star] This manuscript was processed by Area Editor Maged M. Dessouky.

In high‐resolution and wide‐viewing‐angle Microdisplay OLED(Micro‐OLED) with Color Filter (CF), the control of the color mixture between adjacent sub‐pixels is a method to reduce the color shift. With optic simulation, we analyze the dependency of the color mixture on design parameters of the pixel structure such as mainly pixel size, CF size, and CF location. Additionally, we propose the design methodology to minimize the angular color shift.

Nitrogen (N) is extremely depleted in the bulk silicate Earth (BSE). However, whether the silicate magma ocean was as N‐poor as the present‐day BSE is unknown. We performed multi‐anvil experiments at 20 GPa and 1,673−2,073 K to determine the dihedral angle of Fe−Ni−N alloy melt in ringwoodite matrix to investigate whether percolation of Fe‐rich alloy melt in the solid mantle can explain N depletion in the BSE. The dihedral angles ranged from 112° to 137°, surpassing the wetting boundary. Our experiments suggest that N removal from the mantle by percolation of Fe‐rich alloy melt to the Earth's core is unlikely. Therefore, besides N loss to space during planetesimal and planetary differentiation, as well as its segregation into the Earth core, the stranded Fe‐rich metal in the deep mantle could be a hidden N reservoir, contributing to the anomalous depletion of N in the observable BSE. Understanding how and when the present‐day inventory of nitrogen (N) in the bulk silicate Earth (BSE) was established is important to gain insights into Earth's habitability. A key question remains as to why N is strongly depleted in the BSE than carbon and hydrogen. Efficient segregation of N into the metallic core in the final stage of Earth's formation is postulated to be one of the primary causes behind this depletion. However, it is not clear whether the silicate magma ocean (MO) was as depleted in N as the present‐day BSE due to the uncertainties in the degree of metal‐silicate equilibration during the final stages of Earth's formation. Post‐MO crystallization, Fe−Ni alloy precipitated in the reduced mantle owing to the disproportionation of ferrous iron. We used high‐pressure experiments to examine whether this Fe−Ni alloy melt can trap the excess N and percolate through the solid mantle to the core. Our experiments show that the percolation of Fe−Ni−N melt is unlikely owing to its dihedral angle in silicate phases being larger than the wetting boundary. Instead, the Fe−Ni−N alloy stranded in the mantle can be a hidden N reservoir and the present‐day BSE may not be as N‐depleted as predicted. Dihedral angles of Fe‐Ni‐N melt in ringwoodite matrix ranged from 112° to 137°, surpassing the wetting boundaryPercolation of Fe−Ni−N melt through the solid mantle cannot explain N depletion in the bulk silicate EarthFe−Ni−N alloy can be a hidden N reservoir in the mantle if excess N was present in the Earth's mantle post core‐mantle differentiation Dihedral angles of Fe‐Ni‐N melt in ringwoodite matrix ranged from 112° to 137°, surpassing the wetting boundary Percolation of Fe−Ni−N melt through the solid mantle cannot explain N depletion in the bulk silicate Earth Fe−Ni−N alloy can be a hidden N reservoir in the mantle if excess N was present in the Earth's mantle post core‐mantle differentiation

While the water storage capacities of the upper 700 km depths of the mantle have been constrained by high-pressure experiments and diamond inclusion studies, the storage capacity of the lower mantle remains controversial. A recent high-pressure experimental study on CaSiO3perovskite, which is the third most abundant mineral in the lower mantle, reported possible storage of H2O up to a few weight percent. However, the substitution mechanism for H in this phase remains unknown. We have conducted a series of density functional theory calculations under static-lattice conditions and high pressures to elucidate hydration mechanisms at the atomic scale. All of the possible dodecahedral (Ca2+→ 2H+) and octahedral (Si4+→ 4H+) substitution configurations for a tetragonal perovskite lattice have very small energy differences, suggesting the coexistence of multiples of H configurations in CaSiO3perovskite at mantle pressures and temperatures. The dodecahedral substitutions decrease the bulk modulus, resulting in a smaller unit-cell volume of hydrous CaSiO3perovskite under pressure, consistent with the experimental observations. Although the octahedral substitutions also decrease the bulk modulus, they increase the unit-cell volume at 1 bar. The H atoms substituted in the dodecahedral sites develop much less hydrogen bonding with O atoms, leading to a large distortion in the neighboring SiO6octahedra. Such distortion may be responsible for the non-cubic peak splittings observed in experiments on hydrous CaSiO3perovskite. Our calculated infrared spectra suggest that the observed broad OH modes in CaSiO3perovskite can result from the existence of multiples of H configurations in the phase. Combined with the recent experimental results, our study suggests that CaSiO3can be an important mineral phase to consider for the H2O storage in the lower mantle.

Accurate knowledge of the mineralogy is essential for understanding the lower mantle, which represents more than half of Earth’s volume. CaSiO3perovskite is believed to be the third-most-abundant mineral throughout the lower mantle, following bridgmanite and ferropericlase1–3. Here we experimentally show that the calcium solubility in bridgmanite increases steeply at about 2,300 kelvin and above 40 gigapascals to a level sufficient for a complete dissolution of all CaSiO3component in pyrolite into bridgmanite, resulting in the disappearance of CaSiO3perovskite at depths greater than about 1,800 kilometres along the geotherm4,5. Hence we propose a change from a two-perovskite domain (TPD; bridgmanite plus CaSiO3perovskite) at the shallower lower mantle to a single-perovskite domain (SPD; calcium-rich bridgmanite) at the deeper lower mantle. Iron seems to have a key role in increasing the calcium solubility in bridgmanite. The temperature-driven nature can cause large lateral variations in the depth of the TPD-to-SPD change in response to temperature variations (by more than 500 kilometres). Furthermore, the SPD should have been thicker in the past when the mantle was warmer. Our finding requires revision of the deep-mantle mineralogy models and will have an impact on our understanding of the composition, structure, dynamics and evolution of the region.

Fourteen azaphilone-type polyketides (1–14), including nine new ones (1–6and 8–10), were isolated from cultures of Vitex rotundifolia-associated Penicilliumsp. JVF17, and their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis together with computational methods and chemical reactions. Neuroprotective effects of the isolated compounds were evaluated against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. Treatment with compounds 3, 6, 7, and 11–14increased cell viabilities of hippocampal neuronal cells damaged by glutamate, with compound 12being the most potent. Compound 12markedly decreased intracellular Ca2+and nuclear condensation levels. Mechanistically, molecular markers of apoptosis induced by treatment with glutamate, i.e., phosphorylation of MAPKs and elevated Bax/Bcl-2 expression ratio, were significantly lowered by compound 12. The azaphilones with an isoquinoline core structure were more active than those with pyranoquinones, but N-substitution decreased the activity. This study, including the structure–activity relationship, indicates that the azaphilone scaffold is a promising lead toward the development of novel neuroprotective agents.

In this study, we report on the preparation of uniform hollow-structured nanosphere which has abundant N, S co-doped CNT encapsulating heterostructured Co/CoS2nanoparticles (Co/CoS2/NSCNT). The bifunctional electrocatalytic performance of these materials for ORR and OER is significantly enhanced by the synergistic effect of strongly coupled heterojunctions in the Co/CoS2nanoparticles and abundant heteroatom dopants in the CNT shells. The Co/CoS2/NSCNT exhibits half-wave potential of 0.890 V vs. RHE and overpotential of 359 mV at 10 mA cm−2for ORR and OER, respectively. Moreover, rechargeable ZAB assembled with the Co/CoS2/NSCNT catalyst delivers a specific capacity of 746 mAh gZn−1and a peak power density of 156.8 mW cm−2, which exceed those values of precious metal-based ZAB (673 mAh gZn−1and 136.9 mW cm−2, respectively). Additionally, the heteroatom-doped CNT shell prevents the dissolution and aggregation of transition metal-based active species during the electrochemical reaction in alkaline condition, thereby contributing excellent long-term cyclability of rechargeable ZAB. These findings demonstrate the potential of Co/CoS2/NSCNTs as high-performance electrocatalysts for rechargeable ZABs, and provide insights into the design of efficient and cost-effective electrocatalysts for energy storage applications.

A new phenolic glucoside, (7E,9E)-3-hydroxyavenalumic acid-3-O-[6′-O-(E)-caffeoyl]-β-d-glucopyranoside (1), and three new acetylated flavone glycosides, acacetin-7-O-[β-d-glucopyranosyl(1″″→2″)-4‴-O-acetyl-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1‴→6″)]-β-d-glucopyranoside (3), acacetin-7-O-[6″″-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl(1″″→2″)-3‴-O-acetyl-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1‴→6″)]-β-d-glucopyranoside (5), and acacetin-7-O-[3″″,6″″-di-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl(1″″→2″)-4‴-O-acetyl-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1‴→6″)]-β-d-glucopyranoside (7), as well as 34 known compounds (2, 4, 6, and 8–38) were isolated from the aerial parts of Elsholtzia ciliata. The chemical structures of the new compounds were determined by spectroscopic/spectrometric data interpretation using NMR and HRESIMS. The neuroprotective effect of the isolated compounds was evaluated by a cell viability assay on HT22 murine hippocampal neuronal cells. Among them, 23 compounds, including new substances 1and 3, exhibited neuroprotective effects against glutamate-induced HT22 cell death. In particular, compounds 2, 16, 17, 20, 22, 28, 29, and 31presented potent neuroprotective effects with EC50values of 1.5–8.3 μM.

To understand the effects of H2O on the mineral phases forming under the pressure-temperature conditions of the lower mantle, we have conducted laser-heated diamond-anvil cell experiments on hydrous ringwoodite (Mg2SiO4with 1.1 wt% H2O) at pressures between 29 and 59 GPa and temperatures between 1200 and 2400 K. Our results show that hydrous ringwoodite (hRw) converts to crystalline dense hydrous silica, stishovite (Stv) or CaCl2-type SiO2(mStv), containing 1 wt% H2O together with Brd and MgO at the pressure-temperature conditions expected for shallow lower-mantle depths between approximately 660 to 1600 km. Considering the lack of sign for melting in our experiments, our preferred interpretation of the observation is that Brd partially breaks down to dense hydrous silica and periclase (Pc), forming the phase assembly Brd + Pc + Stv. The results may provide an explanation for the enigmatic coexistence of Stv and Fp inclusions in lower-mantle diamonds.

We report newly synthesized fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based green-, red-, and near-infrared (NIR)-emitting polymer dot (Pdot) probes. Fluorescent Pdots (∼60 nm) were prepared with a green-emissive conjugated polymer (PPDT-P, donor) alone or mixing the donor with a red- or NIR-emitting fluorophore (T-DCS or ITIC, acceptor), where an optically inert matrix polymer [poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride)] was mixed together to minimize the aggregation-caused quenching by diluting the fluorophores and surface functionalization for further bioconjugation with antibodies for active targeting. Highly fluorescent green-emissive PPDT-P Pdots were prepared with a photoluminescence (PL) quantum efficiency of ∼30% and the FRET-mediated red and NIR PL was intensified by 5.3–8.5 times (with high FRET ratios of ∼9) via the efficient energy transfer (FRET efficiency of 80–98%) and antenna effect, compared with the signals obtained via direct excitation of the fluorophores in Pdots. All three types of Pdot/antibody conjugates were simultaneously immunostained to COS-7 cells (showing minimal cross-reactivity), reducing the tedious sequential immunostaining process to a single step. Finally, we obtained high-contrast three-color cell images with little spectral leakthrough by exciting all the probes simultaneously at a single wavelength at 405 nm without the need for a complicated or expensive multiple-excitation setup.

Although tin monosulfide (SnS) is one of the promising earth-abundant semiconducting materials for photoelectrochemical water splitting, the performance of SnS photocathodes remains poor. Herein, we report a stepwise approach for the fabrication of highly efficient photocathodes based on SnS nanoplates via elaborate modulation of molecular solutions. It is demonstrated that phase-pure SnS nanoplates without detrimental secondary phases (such as SnS2and Sn2S3) can be readily obtained by adjusting the amounts of Sn and S in the precursor solution. Additionally, the orientation of SnS nanoplates is controlled by implementing different types of SnS seed layers. The orientations of the SnS seed layers are changed according to the molecular shapes of the Sn–S bonds in the molecular solutions, depending on the relative nucleophilicity of the molecular moieties formed by specific thiol–amine reactions. The molecular Sn–S sheets in the seed ink was obtained by the reaction in a solvent mixture of thiogylcolic acid and ethanolamine. By contrast, the short Sn–S molecular rods result from the reaction in a solvent mixture of 2-mercaptoethanol and ethylenediamine. Interestingly, the relatively short rodlike morphology of the SnS seed induces the growth of SnS nanostructures faceted by preferred (111) and (101) planes, leading to fast charge transport. With the formation of a proper band alignment with n-type CdS and TiO2, the preferred (111)- and (101)-oriented SnS nanoplate-based photocathode exhibited a photocurrent density of −19 mA cm–2at 0 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode, establishing a new benchmark for SnS photocathodes.

Ultra‐low velocity zones (ULVZs) are anomalous structures, generally associated with decreased seismic velocity and sometimes an increase in density, that have been detected in some locations atop the Earth's core‐mantle boundary (CMB). A wide range of ULVZ characteristics have been reported by previous studies, leading to many questions regarding their origins. The lowermost mantle beneath Antarctica and surrounding areas is not located near currently active regions of mantle upwelling or downwelling, making it a unique environment in which to study the sources of ULVZs; however, seismic sampling of this portion of the CMB has been sparse. Here, we examine core‐reflected PcP waveforms recorded by seismic stations across Antarctica using a double‐array stacking technique to further elucidate ULVZ structure beneath the southern hemisphere. Our results show widespread, variable ULVZs, some of which can be robustly modeled with 1‐D synthetics; however, others are more complex, which may reflect 2‐D or 3‐D ULVZ structure and/or ULVZs with internal velocity variability. Our findings are consistent with the concept that ULVZs can be largely explained by variable accumulations of subducted oceanic crust along the CMB. Partial melting of subducted crust and other, hydrous subducted materials may also contribute to ULVZ variability. Earth's core‐mantle boundary (CMB), the interface between the solid silicate mantle and the molten iron‐rich outer core, is associated with a range of anomalous structures, including ultra‐low velocity zones (ULVZs). While generally associated with reduced seismic wave velocities and sometimes increased density, prior studies have reported a wide range of ULVZ characteristics, leading to many questions regarding their origins. The lowermost mantle beneath the southern hemisphere provides a unique environment to study ULVZs because it is located away from regions of large‐scale mantle upwelling and downwelling. Our study uses core reflected P‐waves (PcP) recorded by seismic stations in Antarctica to investigate this portion of the CMB for ULVZ presence. We find widespread evidence for variable ULVZ structure. Some of the imaged ULVZs can be modeled with a single layer, but others are more complex. We suggest that the ULVZs beneath the southern hemisphere are predominantly associated with subducted oceanic crust that has variable accumulations along the CMB. In some regions, hydrated subducted materials may also experience partial melting, which may contribute to the complicated ULVZ structures imaged in some locations. Core‐reflected P‐waves are used to investigate ultra‐low velocity zones in the lowermost mantle beneath the southern hemisphereResults show widespread evidence for variable ultra‐low velocity zones, some of which may indicate layered or gradational structureVariable accumulations of subducted oceanic crust with localized partial melting can explain these anomalous structures Core‐reflected P‐waves are used to investigate ultra‐low velocity zones in the lowermost mantle beneath the southern hemisphere Results show widespread evidence for variable ultra‐low velocity zones, some of which may indicate layered or gradational structure Variable accumulations of subducted oceanic crust with localized partial melting can explain these anomalous structures

A new flavone glucoside, acacetin-7-O-(3″-O-acetyl-6″-O-malonyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside (1), two new phenolic glucosides, (3R,7R)-tuberonic acid-12-O-[6′-O-(E)-feruloyl]-β-d-glucopyranoside (14) and salicylic acid-2-O-[6′-O-(E)-feruloyl]-β-d-glucopyranoside (15), and two new phenylpropanoid glucosides, chavicol-1-O-(6′-O-methylmalonyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside (17) and chavicol-1-O-(6′-O-acetyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside(18), as well as 26 known compounds, 2–13, 16, and 19–31, were isolated from the aerial parts of Agastache rugose. The structures of the new compounds were established by spectroscopic/spectrometric methods such as HRESIMS, NMR, and ECD. The anti-inflammatory effect of the isolated compounds was evaluated by measuring their inhibitory activities on prostaglandin E2(PGE2) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. New compounds 1, 15, 17, and 18inhibited LPS-induced PGE2production with IC50values of 16.8 ± 0.8, 33.9 ± 4.8, 14.3 ± 2.1, and 48.8 ± 4.4 μM, respectively. Compounds 5, 7, 9−11, 13, 19, 20, 22, and 27–30showed potent inhibitory activities with IC50values of 1.7–8.4 μM.

Amine-functionalized graphene was synthesized via a one-step solvothermal method and used as a metal-free cathode for non-aqueous lithium–oxygen batteries. The material delivered an outstanding specific capacity of 19,789 mAh/g at a current density of 200 mA/g as well as better cycling stability than graphene without the amine functional group. This improvement was attributed to the electron-donating effect of the amine groups and appropriate mesopore volume, which can promote the penetration of oxygen, electrons, and lithium ions, as well as accommodate more discharge products, Li2O2in Li–O2batteries. Amine-functionalized graphene has an amine functional group on the carbon surface, which improves the electrical conductivity of carbon and provides electrochemical active sites for oxygen absorption reactions.

Glutamate neurotoxicity has been implicated in neuronal death in both acute CNS injury and in chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Five unique cyclic depsipeptides with neuroprotective activity, colletotrichamides A–E (1–5), were isolated from cultures of a halophyte Suaeda japonica-associated fungus, Colletotrichum gloeosporioidesJS419. Spectroscopic analysis revealed that they were glycosylated cyclic lipodepsipeptides. Their relative configurations were determined by ROESY and J-based configuration analysis, and absolute configurations were established by chemical reactions including modified Mosher’s method, advanced Marfey’s method, and sugar derivatization. This is the first report of a glycosylated dimethyl-trioxygenated dodecanoyl moiety, and the relative as well as absolute stereochemistry was elucidated herein for the first time. Colletotrichamide C exhibited strong neuroprotective activity against glutamate in hippocampal HT22 cells.

There have been many attempts to widely utilize built-up H sections to secure flexibility in structural design. Much research into the structural strengths and limit states of built-up H sections, therefore, has been carried out. However, a practical redesign methodology taking advantage of built-up H beams has yet to be introduced into the offshore industry. In this study, a comprehensive investigation into built-up H sections is carried out, based on which, a new redesign procedure for weight reduction herein is suggested. First of all, on the basis of the ANSI/AISC 360-10, the differences between the rolled H and built-up H sections are investigated in terms of their various strengths. Then, a secondary-member redesign procedure is established as a means of reducing structural weight by replacing rolled H sections with built-up H sections. In that procedure, the built-up H section cross-section is modified according to the failure modes of reference rolled H sections. The redesign procedure is verified by a nonlinear finite element analysis and four-point bending test. Through the nonlinear finite element analysis and experiment on the reference rolled H section and built-up H section obtained by the redesign procedure, it is observed that the weight of the built-up H section is reduced by about 15% while a flexural strength similar to that of the reference rolled H section is maintained. The suggested redesign procedure is then applied to three floating production storage offloading (FPSO) topside modules for demonstration purposes. In the results, the total structural weights of the reference topside modules are reduced by approximately 3%–5% by employing built-up H sections in secondary members in lieu of rolled H sections. The results indicate that, in many cases, built-up H sections can be used as secondary members to reduce the structural weight of topside modules.

We have synthesized pyrite-type PtO2(py-PtO2) at 50–60 GPa and successfully recovered it at 1 bar. The observed O–O stretching vibration in Raman spectra provides direct evidence for inter-oxygen bonding in the structure. We also identified the O–H vibrations in py-PtO2synthesized from the low-temperature areas, indicating hydrogenation, py-PtO2Hx(x≤ 1). Diffraction patterns are consistent with a range of degrees of hydrogenation controlled by temperature. We found that py-PtO2has a high bulk modulus, 314 ± 4 GPa. The chemical behaviors found in py-PtO2have implications for the hydrogen storage in materials with anion–anion bonding, and the geochemistry of oxygen, hydrogen, and transition metals in the deep planetary interiors.

High-level heteroatom, N and S, dual-doped graphene with an improved mesoporous structure was fabricated via facile in situ carbonization and used as metal-free cathode for non-aqueous lithium oxygen batteries. The prepared cathode delivered an ultrahigh specific capacity of 22,252 mAh/g at a current density of 200 mA/g as well as better cycling reversibility because of the larger and copious mesopores, which can promote the penetration of oxygen, electrons, and lithium ions and the ability to accommodate more discharge products, e.g., Li2O2, in Li–O2batteries. The material had a high level of heteroatom co-doping in the carbon lattice, which enhanced the electrical conductivity and served as active sites for the oxygen reduction reaction.

This paper addresses an augmented polynomial guidance law developed to control the terminal velocity of unpowered aerial vehicles. This problem can be formulated as a guidance problem subject to terminal speed and path angle constraints. This paper utilizes the augmented polynomial guidance method to guide the vehicle Technology, Daejeon to the destination and to control the terminal speed. An efficient prediction method is proposed to calculate the terminal speed and its sensitivity in terms of the bias term of the guidance law. The prediction procedure is made computationally efficient by changing the independent variable from time to downrange and integrating only the speed along a polynomial path. If the desired speed is reachable by an augmented polynomial guidance law, the conditions for finding the solution are all satisfied. Even if the desired speed is not achievable, the algorithm minimizes the terminal speed error. Numerical simulation demonstrates the performance of the proposed algorithm.

Roots of Glehnia littoralishave been used to heal stroke as a traditional medicine. Even though many studies on this plant have been conducted, the secondary metabolites produced by its endophytes and their bioactivities have not been investigated thus far. Therefore, a new meroditerpenoid named sartorypyrone E (1) and eight known compounds (2–9) were isolated from extracts of cultured Neosartorya fischeriJS0553, an endophyte of G. littoralis. The isolated metabolites were identified using spectroscopic methods and chemical reaction, based on a comparison to literature data. Relative and absolute stereochemistries of compound 1were also elucidated. To identify the protective effects of isolated compounds (1–9) in HT22 cells against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity, we assessed inhibition of cell death, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and calcium ion (Ca2+) influx. Among the isolates, compound 8, identified as fischerin, showed significant neuroprotective activity on glutamate-mediated HT22 cell death through inhibition of ROS, Ca2+influx, and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, including c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and p38. The results suggested that the metabolites produced by the endophyte N. fischeriJS0553 might be related to the neuroprotective activity of its host plant, G. littoralis.

This study investigates the microstructure evolution and texture development of friction stir processed (FSP) AA6061-T6 Al-Mg-Si matrix composites reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets. Using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), we studied changes in grain boundary characteristics and texture components. As heat input increases, the Zener-Hollomon parameter decreases, causing grain size to grow. Particles, including those of Fe-rich and Mg2Si nature, also coarsen from average sizes of 0.9 to 1.4 μm, and 0.2 to 0.5 μm, respectively. Higher heat input and plastic strain lead to a reduction of the fraction of low-Σ boundaries, while increasing high-Σ boundaries suggest activation of other deformation mechanisms, i.e., from dislocation slip to twinning, respectively, as a function of dislocation generation and recovery kinetics. Grain orientation spread (GOS) and kernel average misorientation (KAM) values also decrease, indicating a higher homogeneity and smaller local disorientations under the excess heat. The higher texture indices observed in the composite samples suggest that frictional heat and graphene addition collectively enhance preferred orientations, potentially leading to higher anisotropy. Principal texture components shift from {101}<1>, {}<634>, {111}<1 0>, {332}<3>, {013}<21>, and {214}<1> in the base metal to {011}<12>, {011}<0>, and {112}<10> in composites. Components such as {101}<00> remains unaffected.

We report the first confirmed records of four alien plants belonging to the families Poaceae, Cyperaceae, and Fabaceae in South Korea. Bromus rubensL. originated in the Mediterranean area and adjacent regions and was first discovered in the port area of Gunsan-si. This species is known as an invasive species in the Americas, Australia, parts of Europe, Japan, and Africa and is designated as an Alert Alien Species in Korea. Eriochloa contractaHitchc., native to the United States, is classified as a weed harmful to crops and has been identified in an open area near the coast of Geoje-si. Carex oklahomensisMack., which is indigenous to the central and eastern United States, was first identified in Sacheon-si, appearing to be the first recorded appearance in Asia. Finally, Chamaecrista nictitans(L.) Moench., a plant native to the Americas and introduced to Japan, was identified for the first time in Tongyeong-si. This study presents the distribution of introduced alien plants in Korea and provides information on their habitats, morphological details, accompanied with photographs. Additionally, this study establishes an important baseline for enhancing knowledge regarding alien plants primarily introduced through ports and coastal areas.

ABSTRACTMacroautophagy is induced under various stresses to remove cytotoxic materials, including misfolded proteins and their aggregates. These protein cargoes are collected by specific autophagic receptors such as SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1) and delivered to phagophores for lysosomal degradation. To date, little is known about how cells sense and react to diverse stresses by inducing the activity of SQSTM1. Here, we show that the peroxiredoxin-like redox sensor PARK7/DJ-1 modulates the activity of SQSTM1 and the targeting of ubiquitin (Ub)-conjugated proteins to macroautophagy under oxidative stress caused by TNFSF10/TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor [ligand] superfamily, member 10). In this mechanism, TNFSF10 induces the N-terminal arginylation (Nt-arginylation) of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-residing molecular chaperone HSPA5/BiP/GRP78, leading to cytosolic accumulation of Nt-arginylated HSPA5 (R-HSPA5). In parallel, TNFSF10 induces the oxidation of PARK7. Oxidized PARK7 acts as a co-chaperone-like protein that binds the ER-derived chaperone R-HSPA5, a member of the HSPA/HSP70 family. By forming a complex with PARK7 (and possibly misfolded protein cargoes), R-HSPA5 binds SQSTM1 through its Nt-Arg, facilitating self-polymerization of SQSTM1 and the targeting of SQSTM1-cargo complexes to phagophores. The 3-way interaction among PARK7, R-HSPA5, and SQSTM1 is stabilized by the Nt-Arg residue of R-HSPA5. PARK7-deficient cells are impaired in the targeting of R-HSPA5 and SQSTM1 to phagophores and the removal of Ub-conjugated cargoes. Our results suggest that PARK7 functions as a co-chaperone for R-HSPA5 to modulate autophagic removal of misfolded protein cargoes generated by oxidative stress.

Apios americanais an important food crop producing edible tubers with high nutritional and medicinal values and is widely cultivated in many countries. Despite its usefulness, research on its secondary metabolites and biological activities has been limited. In the present study, a new coumaronochromone, (2R,3S)-3,7,4′-trihydroxy-5-methoxycoumaronochromone (1), and two new isoflavone glucosides, 7,2′,4′-trihydroxy-5-methoxyisoflavone-4′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (3) and 5,7,4′-trihydroxyisoflavone-7-O-β-d-gentiotrioside (5), were isolated from the tubers of A. americanavia chromatographic separation. Seventeen known compounds (2, 4, and 6–20) were also obtained from this plant part. The chemical structures of 1, 3, and 5were determined by the interpretation of spectroscopic data. The absolute structure of the new compound 1was established from experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism spectra. This is the first study to determine the absolute configuration of a 3-hydroxycoumaronochromone derivative. The potential anti-inflammatory activity of the 20 isolates obtained was evaluated by measuring their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Among the isolates, seven compounds (1, 3, 6–8, 15, and 20) showed substantial inhibition of nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells, with the most active being compound 1(IC50value of 0.38 ± 0.04 μM).

Colletotrichumsp. JS-0367 was isolated from Morus alba(mulberry), identified, and cultured on a large scale for chemical investigation. One new anthraquinone (1) and three known anthraquinones (2–4) were isolated and identified using spectroscopic methods including 1D/2D-NMR and HRESIMS. Although the neuroprotective effects of some anthraquinones have been reported, the biological activities of the four anthraquinones isolated in this study have not been reported. Therefore, the neuroprotective effects of these compounds were determined against murine hippocampal HT22 cell death induced by glutamate. Compound 4, evariquinone, showed strong protective effects against HT22 cell death induced by glutamate by the inhibition of intracellular ROS accumulation and Ca2+influx triggered by glutamate. Immunoblot analysis revealed that compound 4reduced the phosphorylation of MAPKs (JNK, ERK1/2, and p38) induced by glutamate. Furthermore, compound 4strongly attenuated glutamate-mediated apoptotic cell death.

This paper proposes a maneuver algorithm for the agent performing target tracking with bearing angle information only. The goal of the agent is to estimate the target position and velocity based only on the bearing angle data. The methods of bearings-only target state estimation are outlined. The nature of bearings-only target tracking problem is then addressed. Based on the insight from above-mentioned properties, the maneuver algorithm for the agent is suggested. The proposed algorithm is composed of a nonlinear, hysteresis guidance law and the estimation accuracy assessment criteria based on the theory of Cramer–Rao bound. The proposed guidance law generates lateral acceleration command based on current field of view angle. The accuracy criteria supply the expected estimation variance, which acts as a terminal criterion for the proposed algorithm. The aforementioned algorithm is verified with a two-dimensional simulation.

To find the thermodynamically stable crystal structure of CaSiO3perovskite (CaPv) at high pressure and 300 K, we have conducted synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) on thermally stress-annealed samples in a Ne pressure medium in the diamond-anvil cell at 28–62 GPa. Rietveld refinements of the diffraction patterns are significantly improved in fitting the positions and intensities of the split lines of CaPv if the starting model is a tetragonal perovskite-type structure with the SiO6octahedral rotation around the tetragonal c-axis. The result is in contrast with other previous experiments, but is consistent with first-principles calculations, reconciling the discrepancy between computations and experiments on the crystal structure of CaPv. We attribute the observed difference to the formation of the thermodynamically more stable phase under improved stress conditions in our experiments. Our fitting shows that the bulk modulus of CaPv is 223 ± 6 GPa when its pressure derivative fixed to 4, which is also consistent with first-principles calculations. The previous observations of the diffraction patterns of CaPv inconsistent with the first-principles studies could be due to the formation of a metastable crystal structure of CaPv under elevated deviatoric stresses.

This paper proposes a guidance law which considers the constraints of seeker field-of-view (FOV) as well as the requirements on impact angle and time. The proposed guidance law is designed for a constant speed missile against a stationary target. The guidance law consists of two terms of acceleration commands. The first one is to achieve zero-miss distance and the desired impact angle, while the second is to meet the desired impact time. To consider the limits of FOV and lateral maneuver capability, a varying-gain approach is applied on the second term. Reduction of realizable impact times due to these limits is then analyzed by finding the longest course among the feasible ones. The performance of the proposed guidance law is demonstrated by numerical simulation for various engagement conditions.

Developing highly active and cost-efficient electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial for practical water electrolysis, which is an ideal technique for obtaining high-purity hydrogen without causing environmental pollution. In this study, we propose a composite material of bimetallic CoFe-layered double hydroxide (LDH) and oxygen vacancy-rich Co3O4on carbon support (CoFe-LDH/Vo-Co3O4@C), which is synthesized using co-precipitation, thermal treatment, and facile ultrasonic treatment methods. By efficiently modulating surface electronic structure and introducing abundant structural defect sites, the CoFe-LDH/Vo-Co3O4@C exhibits remarkable OER activity and long-term stability. Specifically, the CoFe-LDH/Vo-Co3O4@C has a low overpotential of 296 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2, and a very small Tafel slope of 60.2 mV dec−1, which are much superior values than those of the precious metal-based RuO2(331 mV and 73.7 mV dec−1). Furthermore, the excellent electrocatalytic durability of the CoFe-LDH/Vo-Co3O4@C for over 100 h in alkaline solution suggests its potential for industrial applications of water electrolysis.

Recent studies have shown that mineral end-member phases (δ-AlOOH phase, phase H, and stishovite) with rutile-type or modified rutile-type crystal structures and solid solutions between them in the MgO-Al2O3-SiO2system can store large amounts of water and can be stable at high pressures and high temperatures relevant to the Earth’s lower mantle. The Al-H charge-coupled substitution (Si4+→ Al3++ H+) has been proposed to explain the storage capacity found in some of these phases. However, the amount of H+found in some recent examples does not match the expected value if such substitution is dominant, and it is difficult to explain the larger water storage in stishovite with such a mechanism alone. An octahedral version of the hydrogarnet-like substitution (Si4+→ 4H+) has been proposed to explain the incorporation of protons in Al-free, water-rich stishovite. Yet, the high-pressure structural behavior of OH in this phase has not yet been measured. In this study, we report high-pressure Raman spectroscopy measurements on Al-free hydrous stishovite with 3.2 ± 0.5 wt% water up to 55 GPa. At ambient pressure, we find that the OH stretching modes in this phase have frequencies lying in between those in low-water aluminous stishovite and those in δ-AlOOH, suggesting a strength of the hydrogen bonding intermediate between these two cases. After decompression to 1 bar, we observe modes that are similar to the IR-active modes of anhydrous and hydrous stishovite, suggesting that the existence of Si defects in the crystal structure can activate the inactive modes. For both lattice and OH-stretching modes, our data show a series of changes at pressures between 24 and 28 GPa suggesting a phase transition (likely to CaCl2-type). While some of the lattice mode behaviors are similar to what was predicted for the AlOOH polymorphs, the OH mode of our hydrous stishovite shows a positive frequency shift with pressure, which is different from δ-AlOOH. All our spectral observations suggest that water-rich pure dense silica has a distinct proton incorporation mechanism from aluminous low-water stishovite and δ-AlOOH, supporting the proposed direct substitution.

The conventional unstable and expensive hole transporting materials (HTM) has been replaced by cost effective modified carbon hole extraction layer. Herein, we demonstrated a new recipe toward air stable and waterproof modified carbon hole extraction layer for efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The commercial available carbon ink modified with methylammonium lead iodide (MAI) has been used as hole extraction layer for ambipolar perovskite solar cells. The fabricated optimized perovskite solar cell having Glass/FTO/mp-TiO2/MAPbI3-xClx/carbon + MAI/Carbon configuration exhibited η = 13.87% power conversion efficiency (PCE) with open circuit voltage (VOC) 0.997 V, current density (JSC) = 21.41 mAcm−2and fill factor (FF) 0.65. Furthermore, the air stability were tested at room temperature in open atmosphere. The water proof stability was tested under water flushing. Our results revealed that, although our carbon based devices show lower PCE (η = 13.87%) compared to spiro-MeOTAD HTM (η = 15%), the fabricated PSCs could even retain >90% after water exposure >20 times and ambient air stability more than 160 days. Further the large area device (>1 cm2) device shows 13.04% PCE with Jsc = 21.47 mAcm−2, VOC = 0.996 V and FF = 0.61. We have also demonstrated >13% efficiency for large area device (>1.1 cm2), demonstrating that the developed method is simple, cost effective and promising towards large area device fabrication. The developed methodology based on low cost carbon hole extraction layer will be helpful towards waterproof and air stable perovskite solar cells for large-area devices.

Hexagonal close‐packed (hcp) structured Fe‐Ni alloy is believed to be the dominant phase in the Earth's inner core. This phase is expected to contain 4%–5% light elements, such as Si and H. While the effects of individual light element candidates on the equation of state (EoS) of the hcp Fe metal have been studied, their combined effects remain largely unexplored. In this study, we report the equations of state for two hcp‐structured Fe‐Si‐H alloys, namely Fe0.83Si0.17H0.07and Fe0.83Si0.17H0.46, using synchrotron X‐ray diffraction measurements up to 125 GPa at 300 K. These alloys were synthesized by cold compression of Fe‐9wt%Si in either pure H2or Ar‐H2mixture medium in diamond‐anvil cells. The volume increase caused by a H atom in hcp Fe‐Si‐H alloys is approximately eight times greater than that by a Si atom. We used the improved data set to develop a composition‐dependent EoS that covers a wide range of compositions. Our calculated density and bulk sound velocity of hcp Fe‐Si‐H alloys suggest a large trade‐off between Si and H contents in fitting the seismic properties of the inner core. Combining our new EoS with geophysical and geochemical constraints, we propose 1.6–3 wt% Si and 0.15–0.6 wt% H in the Earth's inner core. The Earth's inner core is believed to be made up of solid iron and nickel alloys, but there are also some lighter elements alloyed in. We studied how silicon and hydrogen affect the density and sound wave velocity of the iron alloys in the inner core. We combine our new data with existing datasets to create a model that shows that the inner core likely contains around 1.6%–3% silicon and 0.15%–0.6% hydrogen. These amounts can explain the density and sound velocity of the inner core as observed through seismic measurements. Equations of state are measured for Fe0.83Si0.17H0.07and Fe0.83Si0.17H0.46alloys in hexagonal close‐packed structuresInclusion of a H atom in hcp Fe‐Si‐H alloys results in a volume increase approximately eight times greater than that by a Si atomComparison of laboratory results with seismic data suggests that the Earth's inner core may contain 1.6–3 wt% Si and 0.15–0.6 wt% H Equations of state are measured for Fe0.83Si0.17H0.07and Fe0.83Si0.17H0.46alloys in hexagonal close‐packed structures Inclusion of a H atom in hcp Fe‐Si‐H alloys results in a volume increase approximately eight times greater than that by a Si atom Comparison of laboratory results with seismic data suggests that the Earth's inner core may contain 1.6–3 wt% Si and 0.15–0.6 wt% H