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Fußballfans werden in Stadien und insbesondere in fußballbezogenen Projekten der Sozialen Arbeit mit unterschiedlichen Normalitätserwartungen konfrontiert. Daraus ergeben sich Herausforderungen für die Soziale Arbeit. Eine Herausforderung besteht darin, Normalitätserwartungen von Kindern, Jugendlichen wie Erwachsenen, die einer gelingenden Integration zuwiderlaufen, permanent zu reflektieren. Argumentiert wird in dem Beitrag, dass so ein souveränerer Umgang mit verschiedenen Sinnwelten und deren Normalitätserwartungen ermöglicht wird.

Der Beitrag rückt die Frage in den Mittelpunkt, wie in an (biographischen) Erzählungen interessierten Forschungen sozialpädagogischer und kriminologischer Provenienz mit dem Phänomen ‚ungeordneter‘ Forschungserzählungen umgegangen wird. In Rekurs auf aktuelle narrationstheoretische Diskurse wie auch auf empirisches Datenmaterial wird ein Verständnis von Erinnerungserzählungen skizziert, in dem die je spezifische Beschaffenheit nicht als Hindernis, sondern als Anlass erkannt wird, engführende und bisweilen normativ grundierte Erzählungs- und Erzählverständnisse zu überdenken, um auf diese Weise soziale Wirklichkeit(skonstruktionen) differenzierter aufzuschließen.

Purpose: Place branding is a discipline with high relevance for a city's policymakers and for hospitality and tourism management, and this is even more true in the context of creative cities. This article explores how the creative class contributes to a city’s brand identity and, by doing so, delivers valuable advice for marketing representatives of creative cities.Design/methodology/approach: Our study builds on a qualitative study, interviewing 18 members of the creative class in 3 diverse European cities. Our methodology was based on grounded theory: We simultaneously collected and analysed data and created analytic codes and categories.Findings: This article suggests that the creative class is an important enactment stakeholder in the identity formation process of a place, as well as destination marketing organizations (DMOs) and other stakeholders. Additionally, it is demonstrated that the creative class co-creates a city’s brand identity by bringing new rhythms and forms of expression to the cityscape.Originality: This article contributes to the fast-growing place brand identity literature by exploring the role of the creative class in the context of cities. It also intends to provide a better understanding of how the creative class co-creates and contributes to their city’s brand identity. Since similar studies do not exist, our article fills an important research gap.Research limitations/implications: Our study shares the limitations of qualitative studies, but the resulting conceptual model of brand management in the context of a creative city offers a springboard for future research in this regard.Practical implications: City representatives and tourist managers need to understand what is the value-in-use generated by the creative class in the brand identity process and must be aware that the creative class plays a key role in delivering the brand message.

Die Forderung nach einer leisen, leichten und effizienten Bahn erfordert Neuentwicklungen im Fahrwerksbereich von Schienenfahrzeugen. Der Beitrag stellt ein neuartiges Schienenrad mit Faserverbundkunststoffkomponenten vor. Ziel der Entwicklung war eine Reduzierung der ungefederten Massen und eine Minimierung der im Betrieb entstehenden Schallemissionen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung fertigungstechnischer Aspekte.

Polydimethylsiloxane-based optofluidics provides a powerful platform for a complete analytical lab-on-chip. Here, we report on a novel on-chip laser source that can be integrated with sample preparation and analysis functions. A corrugated sidewall structure is integrated into a microfluidic channel to form a distributed feedback (DFB) laser using rhodamine 6G dissolved in an ethylene glycol and water solution. Lasing is demonstrated with a threshold pump power of 87.9 µW, corresponding to a pump intensity of 52.7mW/cm^2. Laser threshold and output power are optimized with respect to rhodamine 6G concentration and core index and found to be in good agreement with a rate equation model. Additionally, the laser can be switched on and off mechanically using a pneumatic cell inducing positive pressure on the grating.

Over the past decades, the luxury sector has been constantly growing; consequently, luxury products have attracted the interest of many scholars. Nevertheless, only recently research has been started to investigate possible relations between luxury and activities in terms of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and sustainability. This development was overdue: as luxury products often act as industry models, a shift towards sustainable luxury can pave the way for more sustainable mass products on a broad scope as well. Thus, a profound understanding of the mechanisms behind the successful combination of luxury and sustainability can provide insights for both enhancing individual firm success and achieving a shift towards more sustainable products, which is desirable from a societal perspective. To foster this research stream, the present paper provides a systematic literature review on luxury and sustainability in a broader sense, which, based on an inductive approach, identifies the various areas covered by existing research. This allows critical reflection of what is still missing in the ongoing discussions and shows where priorities within research have been set. We identify several major blind spots within extant research and discuss possible further research paths to close them.

Der (Jugend‑)Strafvollzug ist eine rigide Institution: Die Tages- und Handlungsstrukturen sind minutiös durchgetaktet und werden von einer institutionellen Festschreibung auf eine gewünschte Identität grundiert, die durch die Anwendung eines differenzierten und sanktionsbewährten Regel- und Privilegiensystems zu erreichen versucht wird. Neben anderen Formen materieller sowie immaterieller Entbehrungen konfrontiert ein Freiheitsentzug die Inhaftierten mit der Notwendigkeit, sich in hierarchisch strukturierte Macht- und Kommunikationsbeziehungen einzufügen. Unter solchen Bedingungen erfahren wechselseitige Beobachtungen und Bewertungen – zwischen den Inhaftierten und dem Anstaltspersonal wie auch innerhalb der Gefangenengemeinschaft – eine gesteigerte Bedeutung: Nicht nur in Konfliktsituationen, sondern alltäglich stellt sich für Inhaftierte die Frage, ob die erfahrene Behandlung der eigenen Person als legitim oder ungerecht einzuordnen ist. Doch trotz der grundlagentheoretischen wie auch lebensweltlichen Relevanz von Unrechtsempfindungen in Haft hat sich die kriminologische sowie soziologische Forschung bislang nur unzureichend damit beschäftigt, in Erfahrung zu bringen, was (Jugend‑)Strafgefangene als ungerecht empfinden, was sie empört und wie diese Empörung von ihnen zum Ausdruck gebracht wird – oder auch nicht. Auf Basis eines 36 qualitative Interviews umfassenden Datenkorpus greift die vorliegende Studie dieses Desiderat auf und arbeitet vier unterschiedliche Muster der Deutung und Bewältigung der anstaltlichen Interaktionsordnung heraus: Im Zentrum des Deutungsschemas Versagte lebensgeschichtliche Transformationswünschesteht die Erfahrung, dass die durch den Freiheitsentzug geweckten Hoffnungen auf ein straffreies Leben nachhaltig enttäuscht werden, was die jungen Männer zu Praktiken verzweifelter Gegenwehr antreibt. Dahingegen erschöpfen sich die Deutungs- und Bewältigungsweisen im Muster Anpassung an widrige Umständeim persönlichen Rückzug sowie im Ausharren und Erdulden widriger Haftumstände. Während die zum Schema Adressieren von Ungerechtigkeitenzusammengefassten Inhaftierten erlebtes Unrecht aktiv und auf empirisch differente Weise angehen, zeigt sich im Schema Verschieben sozialmoralischer Konfliktliniendie entgegengesetzte Tendenz: Hier werden sozialmoralisch widrige Situationen des Vollzugsalltags von den jungen Männern plausibilisiert und legitimiert. (Juvenile) Prisons are rigid institutions: Everyday life is meticulously structured by the application of a differentiated system of rules, privileges, and sanctions in order to change the identity of prisoners. In addition to other material and immaterial deprivations, imprisonment confronts inmates with the need to fit into hierarchical institutional structures of communication and power. Under such conditions, mutual observations and evaluations—between convicts and prison staff as well as within the prisoner community—are highly important. Not only in conflict situations, but on a daily basis, for prisoners the question arises whether the experienced treatment is to be seen as legitimate or unjust. Despite their relevance for basic theoretical thought as well as for everyday life, experiences of injustice in prison have not been sufficiently addressed by previous research. So far, too little criminological and sociological attention has been paid to what (juvenile) prisoners experience as unfair, what causes outrage and how this outrage is expressed by them—or not. On the basis of a data corpus comprising 36 qualitative interviews, the present study picks up on this desideratum and elaborates four different patterns of interpretation and coping with the institutional order of interaction: At the heart of the pattern refused biographical transformationis the experience that individual hopes for a life without delinquency are lastingly disappointed, which drives the young men to a desperate protest. Contrary to this, the ways of interpretation and coping in the pattern adaptation to adverse circumstancesare restricted to a personal retreat and to acquiescence to even adverse prison conditions. While the inmates summarized in the pattern addressing injusticesproblematize experienced injustices actively and in empirically different ways, the opposite tendency becomes apparent in the pattern shifting social-moral boundaries: Here socially moral adverse situations of everyday life in prison are plausibilized and legitimized by the young men.

Optical and optically assisted trapping has developed into an essential tool for studying and manipulating small objects with applications in numerous fields at the intersection of physics and the life sciences. Here, we report a waveguide-based optofluidic platform that restricts particle movement in two dimensions for full in-plane suppression of Brownian motion based on fluorescence tracking and application of an electrokinetic feedback force. Single-microbead trapping is demonstrated with confinement in two dimensions in a specially designed trapping volume. Tighter particle confinement and a 14× improvement in trap stiffness are achieved compared to 1D trapping along a fluidic channel. This paves the way for a chip-based high-throughput single-molecule analysis platform.

Aim To evaluate voxelwise computed diffusion-weighted imaging (vcDWI) for the detection of cytotoxic oedema in brain imaging and to quantify the benefit of lesion contrast in comparison to standard b = 1000 s/mm2by the example of acute ischaemic stroke.Materials and methods A retrospective evaluation of 66 patients (63 ± 15.9 years) suspected for acute ischaemic stroke who received diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence. A neuroradiologist evaluated all examinations for acute ischaemic stroke based on diffusion-weighted imaging, the apparent diffusion coefficient and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (reference standard) and 6 weeks later the vcDWI in a randomised manner. Time of analysis was noted. Signal intensities were acquired in lesions, in healthy tissue as well as in the cerebrospinal fluid. Contrast ratios and coefficients of variation were computed.Results A total of 218 lesions was found in 46/66 patients. vcDWI identified all patients and lesions correctly. The median evaluation time was 36 seconds (4–126 s) for the vcDWI and 44 seconds (9–186 s; P< 0.001) for the diffusion-weighted imaging/apparent diffusion coefficient reading. The contrast ratio in vcDWI (mean value 2.57, range 1.73–4.11) was higher than in b= 1000 s/mm2(2.33, 0.83–3.85, P= 0.03) and the apparent diffusion coefficient map (1.83, 1.00–3.00, P< 0.001), respectively. Coefficients of variation in lesions and tissue did not differ significantly between vcDWI and b= 1000 s/mm2(P= 0.81/P= 0.26). The signal intensity of cerebrospinal fluid was lower in vcDWI than in b= 1000 mm2/s (0.08 and 34.8, P< 0.001).Conclusion It could be shown that vcDWI has the potential to accelerate the detection of diffusion-restricted lesions in neuroimaging by improving the contrast ratios and reducing the T2 shine-through effect in comparison to standard diffusion-weighted imaging in brain imaging.

Liquid-core waveguide-based optofluidic devices have proven to be valuable tools for analysis of biological samples in fluid. They have enabled single bioparticle sensitivity while maintaining in-plane detection via light-induced fluorescence. The incorporation of multi-spot excitation with multimode interference (MMI) waveguides has enabled spatially and spectrally multiplexed detection of single viruses on an oxide-based optofluidic platform. Here, we introduce a new way of MMI-based multiplexing where multiple analysis channels are placed within a single multi-spot pattern. This stacked channel design enables both velocity and spectral multiplexing of single particles. The principle is demonstrated with differentiated detection of single H3N2 and H1N1 viruses on a polydimethylsiloxane platform.

The recent massive Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak illustrates the need for rapid and specific diagnostic techniques. Detecting ZIKV in biological samples poses unique problems: antibody detection of ZIKV is insufficient due to cross-reactivity of Zika antibodies with other flaviviruses, and nucleic acid and protein biomarkers for ZIKV are detectable at different stages of infection. Here, we describe a new optofluidic approach for the parallel detection of different molecular biomarkers using multimode interference (MMI) waveguides. We report differentiated, multiplex detection of both ZIKV biomarker types using multi-spot excitation at two visible wavelengths with over 98% fidelity by combining several analysis techniques.

Aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of the selection of measured b-values on the precision of cDWI in the upper abdomen as well as on the lesion contrast of PET-positive liver metastases in cDWI and vcDWI.

BackgroundTo satisfy the increasing demand of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for acute ischemic stroke treatment, new organizational concepts for patient care are required. This study evaluates time intervals of acute stroke management in two stroke care models, including one based on transportation of the interventionalist from a comprehensive stroke center (CSC) to treat patients in two primary stroke centers (PSC). We hypothesized that time intervals were not inferior for the ‘drip-and-drive’ concept compared with the traditional ‘drip-and-ship’ concept.MethodsPatients treated with MT at the PSC (‘drip-and-drive’, ‘D+D group’) were compared with patients transferred from PSC to CSC for MT (‘drip-and-ship’, ‘D+S group’) with regard to time delays. Time intervals assessed were: symptom onset to initial CT, to angiography, and to recanalization; time from initial CT to telephone call activation, to arrival, and to angiography; and time from telephone call activation to arrival and from arrival to angiography.Results42 patients were treated at the PSC after transfer of the interventionalist, and 32 patients were transferred to the CSC for MT. The groups did not differ with regard to median Onset–CT and CT–Phone times. Significant differences between the groups were found for the primary outcome measure CT–Arrival time (‘D+D group’: median 121 (IQR 108–134) min vs 181 (157–219) min for the ‘D+S group’; P<0.001). Time difference between the groups increased to more than 2 hours for median CT–Angio times (median 123 (IQR 93–147) min vs 252 (228–275) min; P<0.001).ConclusionTime intervals for the ‘D+D group’ were not inferior to those of the ‘D+S group’. Moreover, under certain conditions, the ‘drip-and-drive’ concept might even be superior.

Over the past decade, optofluidics has established itself as a new and dynamic research field for exciting developments at the interface of photonics, microfluidics, and the life sciences. The strong desire for developing miniaturized bioanalytic devices and instruments, in particular, has led to novel and powerful approaches to integrating optical elements and biological fluids on the same chip-scale system. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in optofluidic research with emphasis on applications in bioanalysis and a focus on waveguide-based approaches that represent the most advanced level of integration between optics and fluidics. We discuss recent work in photonically reconfigurable devices and various application areas. We show how optofluidic approaches have been pushing the performance limits in bioanalysis, e.g. in terms of sensitivity and portability, satisfying many of the key requirements for point-of-care devices. This illustrates how the requirements for bianalysis instruments are increasingly being met by the symbiotic integration of novel photonic capabilities in a miniaturized system.

Supplemental digital content is available in the text.

The highly selective nitrogen donor ligand CyMe4BTBP for An(III) separation by solvent extraction was irradiated in a 60Co γ-source under varying conditions. Organic solutions of 10 mmol/L ligand in 1-octanol were contacted with different concentrations of nitric acid to observe the influence of an aqueous phase during irradiation. In subsequent liquid-liquid extraction experiments, distribution ratios of 241Am and 152Eu were determined. Distribution ratios decreased with increasing absorbed dose when irradiation was performed in the absence of nitric acid. With addition of nitric acid, initial distribution ratios remained constant over the whole examined dose range up to 300 kGy. For qualitative determination of radiolysis products, HPLC-MS measurements were performed. The protective effect of nitric acid was confirmed, since in samples irradiated with acid contact, no degradation products were observed, but only addition products of the 1-octanol molecule to the CyMe4BTBP molecule.

The stabilization of fine sediments via biofilms (‘biostabilization’) has various economic and ecological implications but is presently unaddressed within lotic waters. To investigate natural biofilm growth and functionality in freshwater sediments under controlled boundary conditions, a unique mesocosm was constructed that combines established know-how from engineering and natural sciences and consists of six straight flumes. To test the comparability of biofilm growth within one flume and between the flumes, extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs), microbial biomass and microbial community composition were closely monitored over time and space as well as in relation to biofilm adhesiveness (proxy for biostabilization). Most importantly, biofilm development and biostabilization capacity revealed no significant differences within flume regions or between the flumes and the biofilms significantly stabilized the substratum as compared to abiotic controls. However, interesting temporal successions in biofilm growth phases became visible in shifting abundance and diversity of bacteria and microalgae resulting in varying EPS secretion and biostabilization. These findings demonstrated the importance of biostabilization for fine sediment dynamics in freshwaters. Secondly, this unique setup allows comparable biofilm growth under controlled environmental conditions, an important requisite for future research on the ecological significance and impact of biostabilization for ecosystem functioning at varying environmental scenarios.

Optical manipulation of small particles in the form of trapping, pushing, or sorting has developed into a vast field with applications in the life sciences, biophysics, and atomic physics. Recently, there has been increasing effort toward integration of particle manipulation techniques with integrated photonic structures on self-contained optofluidic chips. Here, we use the wavelength dependence of multi-spot pattern formation in multimode interference (MMI) waveguides to create a new type of reconfigurable, integrated optical particle trap. Interfering lateral MMI modes create multiple trapping spots in an intersecting fluidic channel. The number of trapping spots can be dynamically controlled by altering the trapping wavelength. This novel, spectral reconfigurability is utilized to deterministically move single and multiple particles between different trapping locations along the channel. This fully integrated multi-particle trap can form the basis of high throughput biophotonic assays on a chip.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency and characteristics of artifacts in segmentation-based attenuation correction maps (-maps) of positron emission tomographymagnetic resonance (PETMR) and their impact on PET interpretation and the standardized uptake value (SUV) quantification in normal tissue and lesions.

International attention is increasingly being drawn to Social Entrepreneurial Businesses (SEOs). Basically, these new types of businesses aim to solve social, environmental or societal problems by using modern management practices and means of innovation. Compared with traditional non-profit organizations, many SEOs strive to work profitable: They have earned income strategies or are even profit-driven. Their founders are commonly called Social Entrepreneurs.

The scope of this work was to systematically evaluate the reproducibility of diffusion-weighted imaging and the impact of b values used for apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) calculation as well as the echo time (TE) on the resulting ADC in phantom studies. We attempted to find a minimum upper b value needed for reliable ADC measurements. In addition, we were able to investigate these impacts not only for different diffusivities but also for different T2 relaxation times. The influence of different b values on ADC calculations for different organs was also assessed in a volunteer study.

In dem hier vorgestellten Dissertationsprojekt werden die Deutungsschemata sozialmoralischer Verwerfungen, wie sie sich jungen Männern des Jugendstrafvollzuges darstellen, in ihrer individual-biographischen Bedingtheit rekonstruiert. Neben den kriminologischen Bezugspunkten, der grundlegenden Forschungsfrage sowie methodologischen Überlegungen skizziert der Beitrag auch erste Ergebnisse der Arbeit, der 36 problemzentrierte Interviews mit Strafgefangenen des nordrhein-westfälischen und thüringischen Jugendstrafvollzugs als Datenbasis zugrunde liegen.

A potential major application of simultaneous avalanche photodiode–based positron emission tomography (PET)magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems are quantitative brain studies for cerebral blood flow measurements in combination with blood-oxygen-level–dependent or perfusion MRI, requiring a high performance for both modalities. Thus, we evaluated PET quantification accuracy and homogeneity for 2 different simultaneous PETMRI systems (whole–body and brain scanner) compared with those of a state-of-the-art PET detector (PETcomputed tomography) using phantom studies. In addition, we investigated the long-term stability of PET and quality of functional MRI measurements of a clinical whole-body PETMRI scanner.

When constructing geotechnical barriers (drift or shaft seals) in rock salt, the excavation damaged zone (EDZ) needs to be taken into account. For this reason, comprehensive studies on the permeability of the EDZ have been carried out, while the intact rock salt was considered impermeable. Studies on the barrier integrity of rock salt revealed that the very low permeability of rock salt increases when the pore pressure pflin the salt is close to the minimum principal stress σmin, so that the minimum effective principal stress σ'min= σmin– pflapproaches zero. The corresponding relation can be described as a permeability-effective stress function k = f(σ'min). Assuming that at low porosities the boundary between intact and damaged salt is seamless, it was further assumed that such a function can also be applied to the EDZ. To verify this assumption, existing experimental results were re-analysed. The analysis showed a function profile that was similar to that of intact salt, especially at σ'min= 0, although at a higher permeability level. At a pore pressure of pfl= 0, this permeability-effective stress function can be systematically converted into the fluid pressure criterion, which is conventionally used for assessing the EDZ. Then σ'min= σminapplies, which corresponds to the requirement σmin> pflfor the fictious pore pressure. Beim Bau von geotechnischen Barrieren (Abdichtbauwerken) im Salzgestein ist die Auflockerungszone (ALZ) als möglicher Transportpfad zu berücksichtigen. Deshalb haben umfangreiche Untersuchungen zur Permeabilität der ALZ stattgefunden, während das intakte Salzgestein als hydraulisch undurchlässig galt. Im Zusammenhang mit Untersuchungen zur Barrierenwirksamkeit von Salzgestein wurde erkannt, dass die sehr geringe Permeabilität von Salzgestein ansteigt, wenn im Salz ein Porendruck pflherrscht, der nahe der kleinsten Hauptspannung σminliegt, sodass die minimale effektive Hauptspannung σ'min= σmin– pflsich null nähert. Der zugehörige funktionale Zusammenhang kann als Permeabilitäts-Effektivspannungsbeziehung k = f(σ'min) formuliert werden. Unter der Annahme, dass der Übergang zwischen intaktem Salz und geschädigtem Salz bei niedrigen Porositäten fließend ist, wurde die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass eine Permeabilitäts-Effektivspannungsbeziehung auch für die ALZ angesetzt werden kann. Zur Prüfung der Hypothese wurden vorhandene Versuchsergebnisse neu ausgewertet. Die Auswertung zeigte einen dem intakten Salz vergleichbaren Funktionsverlauf, insbesondere im Bereich σ'min= 0, wenn auch auf einem höheren Permeabilitätsniveau. Diese Formulierung lässt sich für den Porendruck pfl= 0 systematisch in das Fluiddruckkriterium überführen, das klassisch zur Bewertung der ALZ herangezogen wird. Es gilt dann σ'min= σminund entspricht der Forderung σmin> pflfür den fiktiven Porendruck.

We theoretically investigate atomic cooling using a spatially varying AC Stark shift to compensate for the changing Doppler shift of an unchirped cooling beam. An integrated approach using waveguide-based atom photonics is ideal to achieve the required spatial tailoring of the AC Stark beam intensity. We present two examples of the design procedure to cool sodium atoms in hollow-core antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides over tens of centimeters resulting in final velocities comparable to a Zeeman slower. The methods presented here are applicable to other experimental arrangements and atomic species.

Solid-state nanopores can be fabricated in a variety of ways and form the basis for label-free sensing of single nanoparticles: as individual nanoparticles traverse the nanopore, they alter the ionic current across it in a characteristic way. Typically, nanopores are described by the diameter of their limiting aperture, and less attention has been paid to other, fabrication-dependent parameters. Here, we report a comprehensive analysis of the properties and sensing performance of three types of nanopore with identical 50 nm aperture, but fabricated using three different techniques: direct ion beam milling, ion beam sculpting, and electron beam sculpting. The nanopores differ substantially in physical shape and chemical composition as identified by ion-beam assisted cross-sectioning and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Concomitant differences in electrical sensing of single 30 nm beads, such as variations in blockade depth, duration, and electric field dependence, are observed and modeled using hydrodynamic simulations. The excellent agreement between experiment and physical modeling shows that the physical properties (shape) and not the chemical surface composition determine the sensing performance of a solid-state nanopore in the absence of deliberate surface modification. Consequently, nanoparticle sensing performance can be accurately predicted once the full three-dimensional structure of the nanopore is known.

Hybrid whole-body magnetic resonancepositron emission tomography (MRPET) systems are a new diagnostic tool enabling the simultaneous acquisition of morphologic and multiple functional data and thus allowing for a diversified characterization of oncological diseases.

The pattern generation for nano-optics raises high demands on resolution, writing speed and flexibility: nearly arbitrary complex structures with feature sizes below 100 nm should be realized on large areas up to 9 inches in square within reasonable time. With e-beam lithography the requirements on resolution and flexibility can be fulfilled but the writing time becomes the bottle neck. Acceleration by Variable Shaped Beam (VSB) writing principle (geometrical primitives with flexible size can be exposed with a single shot) is sometimes not sufficient. Character Projection (CP) is able to speed up the writing drastically because complex pattern of a limited area can be exposed by one shot [1]. We tested CP in the Vistec SB350 OS for optical applications and found a shot count reduction up to 1/1000, especially for geometries which are hard to approximate by geometrical primitives. Additionally, the resolution and the pattern quality were influenced in a positive way. Another benefit is the possibility to spend a part of the gain in writing speed to the use of a high resolution but low sensitive resist like HSQ. The tradeoff between speed and flexibility should be compensable by a large number of characters available.

In this paper, the author aim to present a threat and risk-driven methodology to security requirements engineering. The chosen approach has a strong focus on gathering, modeling, and analyzing the environment in which a secure ICT-system to be built is located. The knowledge about the environment comprises threat and risk models. As presented in the paper, this security-relevant knowledge is used to assess the adequacy of security mechanisms, which are then selected to establish security requirements.

ABSTRACTGuillain-Barre´ syndrome (GBS) is a postinfectious autoimmune polyradiculoneuropathy. The most frequent antecedent pathogen is Campylobacter jejuni, followed by cytomegalovirus. However, more than 40% of GBS cases currently cannot be attributed to triggering events. This might be due to the shortcomings of the serological assays used for diagnosing infections, in particular for C. jejuni. In our study investigating 36 patients with acute GBS, standard serological methods identified the triggering viral or bacterial etiology in only 25% of cases. However, using a highly specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on two recombinant outer antigens encoded by C. jejunigenes Cj0017 (P39) and Cj0113 (P18), we found serological evidence of a preceding C. jejuniinfection in 80.6% of the patients but in only 3.5% of the controls. We conclude that the role of C. jejuniin triggering GBS has been greatly underestimated.

This paper provides a structural analysis of hollow silicon dioxide micro-channels that have applications in microfluidics and photonics. A specific fabrication method is highlighted that uses aluminum as a sacrificial material. Possible causes of failures that occur during fabrication are investigated, and internal pressure produced during the fabrication process is identified as the most likely failure mechanism. Three models are developed for the fabricated micro-channels. Models based on elementary beam theory and energy methods verify a nonlinear finite element model. Design parameters in the finite element model are varied to investigate which have the greatest effect on structural strength and ultimate failure. Experimental results are used with the model to estimate the pressure at failure. Finally, based on the model and experimental results, a rule is developed for the design of the hollow micro-channels described in the paper: maintain the width-to-thickness ratio below 35.

The effect of CSF filtration on inflammation and neuronal damage was studied in experimental Streptococcus pneumoniaemeningitis. New Zealand white rabbits received either antibiotic therapy alone (ceftriaxone i.v., 20 mg/kg bolus, 10 mg/kg maintenance dose; n= 10) or ceftriaxone plus CSF filtration (n= 11) 12 h after intracisternal infection. Immediately after the onset of antibiotic therapy 300 μl cisternal CSF was removed, passed through a miniaturized CSF-1 filter at a constant flow of 20 μl/min, and then reinjected. This procedure was repeated six times at intervals of 20 min. Antibiosis plus CSF filtration caused a transient reduction in CSF bacterial titers and leukocyte counts compared with antibiosis alone (P= 0.04 and 0.02 5 h after initiation of therapy). CSF lipoteichoic acid concentrations were not reduced. The concentration of neuron-specific enolase in CSF and the density of apoptotic neurons in the dentate gyrus were almost equal 12 h after the onset of treatment. Adjuvant CSF filtration accelerated the elimination of viable bacteria from CSF in comparison to antibiotic treatment alone. Parameters of neuronal destruction, however, were not reduced.

Copolymerizations of several isopropylidene-protected vinyl sugars with styrene, methyl methacrylate, and acrylonitrile were carried out in solution and in bulk. Reactivity ratios of the vinyl sugars with these comonomers (ratio of the rate constant for adding its own monomer to that for adding the other monomer) were determined. Copolymers with varying composition were obtained. After eliminating the hydrophobic protecting groups from the copolymer surfaces by acid hydrolysis, these surfaces become hydrophilic owing to newly formed hydroxyl groups. This heterogeneous reaction is carried out on samples in the form of plates, films, or powders. Water contact angle measurements clearly showed the hydrophilic properties of surfaces and the removal of isopropylidene groups from the surfaces. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) demonstrated the change of the chemical surface composition. Dyeability and surface conductivity of the copolymers were improved by forming OH groups at the surfaces. Vinyl sugars with C—C linkages between vinyl groups and sugar segments had a better stability to treatment with hydrochloric acid than those with ester linkages. Vinyl sugars with an open-chain structure were more efficient in improving the hydrophilicity of the copolymer surfaces than those with cyclic structures.

Fruit-bodies of Anthracophyllum species contain acetates of cycloleucomelone, cyclovariegatin and atromentin in high concentrations. The cycloleucomelone derivatives are responsible for the green colour reaction with aqueous alkali both on surface. Cyclovariegatin has been synthesized via pyrandione intermediates.