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This article provides an overview of the current state of research on longevity and aging. It discusses the historical fascination with living longer and healthier lives and the scientific investigations into the biology of aging that have taken place in the 20th century. Key discoveries in cellular and molecular processes related to aging are highlighted, including the role of telomeres and the identification of genes and proteins that influence lifespan. Recent research focuses on molecules like NAD+ and resveratrol, as well as the effects of fasting and caloric restriction on aging. The article also explores the concept of a biologic clock and the importance of understanding these mechanisms for developing interventions to promote healthy aging. The role of lifestyle factors such as nutrition, exercise, fasting, and stress management in biological aging pathways is discussed, along with various therapeutic interventions being investigated in the field. The article acknowledges the ethical considerations of increasing lifespan and emphasizes the need for a broader societal discussion. Overall, the article expresses optimism about the future of longevity science and the potential for breakthroughs in the coming years. [Extracted from the article]

The article outlines the practice paper guide for National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (NEET) and Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) aspirants for the academic session 2023-24. It covers topics such as chapter-wise practice questions for CBSE exams, the structure of the question paper, and instructions for students. It also includes sample questions related to topics like glycolysis, photosynthesis, Krebs' cycle, Calvin cycle, and various aspects of plant physiology. 1 / 2.

The article provides an overview of cellular respiration, emphasizing its significance in energy production for Class XI students. It covers topics such as the types of respiration (aerobic and anaerobic), glycolysis, the link reaction, Krebs' cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. The article also touches on anaerobic respiration in organisms like yeast, which undergo fermentation, and concludes with a discussion on the respiratory quotient.

The article discusses metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), which affect a significant portion of the global population. These conditions are closely linked to obesity, poor diet, and lack of exercise, leading to fat accumulation in the liver, inflammation, and scarring. Researchers at EPFL have found that inhibiting the enzyme ACMSD can increase NAD+ levels in the liver, reducing inflammation, DNA damage, and fibrosis in mouse models of MASLD/MASH. This discovery suggests that blocking ACMSD could be a potential new therapy for these liver diseases, highlighting the importance of metabolic pathways in liver health. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Tanta University conducted a study on the inhibition of malate dehydrogenase in MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells using nanoselenium coupled with nanocellulose composite. The research aimed to explore the potential of these compounds as effective anticancer agents, demonstrating a significant decrease in cancer cell viability without harming normal cells. The study highlighted the promising therapeutic benefits of nanocellulose, nanoselenium, and their nanocomposite in breast cancer treatment, suggesting the need for further investigation into their mechanisms of action. The findings were published in Cancer Nanotechnology and funded by Tanta University. [Extracted from the article]

The clinical trial NCT06627868 aims to investigate the role of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) in human brown adipose tissue metabolism to potentially enhance whole-body insulin sensitivity and combat obesity-related conditions like type II diabetes. The study targets adults aged 30-55 with specific criteria for participation, focusing on NAD+ precursor supplementation and placebo intake over a 6-month period. Led by researchers at the University of Turku, this intervention aims to shed light on the decline in brown fat functionality with age and its implications for metabolic health. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Texas A&M University have discovered that oxidized carbon nanoparticles, known as nanozymes, can enhance cellular energetics, particularly in cases of traumatic brain injury with hemorrhage. These nanozymes promote a shift towards glycolytic and mitochondrial energy metabolism under impaired conditions, potentially reducing hemorrhage volumes and improving tissue resilience to injury. The study was supported by The Welch Foundation and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the USA, and the findings have been published in Advanced Healthcare Materials. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from R-Biopharm AG in Darmstadt, Germany discusses the validation of the Enzytec(TM) Liquid Citric Acid test kit for the determination of citric acid in selected foods and beverages. Citric acid is commonly used as an acidifier, antioxidant, and preservative in a wide range of food and beverage products. The test kit contains two ready-to-use components and is suitable for automation. The method was found to be specific to citric acid with no relevant interferences, and the test showed recoveries around 100% when spiked with various food matrices. The research concludes that the test kit has a shelf life of at least 24 months. This research has been peer-reviewed and published in the Journal of AOAC International. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from the University of Chicago explores the role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolism in gynecological cancers. NAD+ is a cofactor that plays a crucial role in regulating cellular processes and has been implicated in diseases such as cancer. The study highlights the importance of maintaining NAD+ levels for the function of cells in the tumor microenvironment and discusses ongoing efforts to target enzymes involved in NAD+ homeostasis as a potential therapeutic strategy for gynecological cancers. This research provides valuable insights into the biological functions and therapeutic potential of NAD+ metabolism in the context of gynecological cancers. [Extracted from the article]

A patent application titled "Information Processing Method For Reprogramming Of Blood Cell" has been published online. The inventors, Harada, Ichiro; Okano, Mie; Sakurai, Yasuo; and Yamamoto, Yoji, filed the application on March 14, 2024. The application describes an information processing method for reprogramming blood cells to produce pluripotent stem cells. The method involves acquiring autofluorescence information on a subject blood cell and performing analysis based on this information to estimate the property of the cell after reprogramming or generate a recommended reprogramming condition. The invention aims to improve the efficiency and stability of reprogramming blood cells. [Extracted from the article]

According to a preprint abstract from biorxiv.org, a deficiency in mitochondrial complex I (CI) is responsible for approximately 30% of cases of primary mitochondrial disease. The molecular machinery required for CI assembly is not fully understood, but previous research has identified RTN4IP1 as a potential factor. This study confirms that RTN4IP1 deficiency leads to a CI assembly defect and also affects coenzyme Q biosynthesis. The findings suggest that RTN4IP1 plays a crucial role in both CI assembly and coenzyme Q metabolism, and that pathogenic variants of RTN4IP1 impair these functions in patients with mitochondrial disease. Please note that this preprint has not yet undergone peer review. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Poland have conducted a study on the antiproliferative activity of cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes. The study involved the synthesis of four new complexes and their characterization using various physicochemical methods. The researchers also investigated the cytotoxic properties of the complexes and their interactions with DNA and BSA. The study concluded with the evaluation of the cytotoxic activity of the complexes against different cell lines. This research provides valuable insights into the development of potential chemotherapeutic agents. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School in China has explored the use of fluorinated NAD precursors to enhance the effectiveness of the NAMPT inhibitor FK866 in treating glioblastoma, a type of brain tumor. The researchers found that the synthesized analogue of nicotinamide riboside (NR), ara-F nicotinamide riboside (F-NR), when combined with FK866, showed promise in inducing cytotoxicity in glioblastoma cells. The study also revealed the sequential nature of events leading to cell death, highlighting the potential for innovative therapeutic interventions in glioblastoma treatment. This research provides valuable insights into the molecular intricacies of glioblastoma cell death and proposes a promising strategy for enhancing the efficacy of FK866. [Extracted from the article]

This document provides information about a clinical trial, NCT06558201, which is an open-label extension study for individuals with first episode bipolar disorder who completed a previous study. The trial aims to investigate the effects of the ketogenic diet on these participants and assess outcomes such as changes in brain metabolites, insulin resistance, symptoms of psychosis, depression, and mania, as well as measures of body weight, lipid levels, and cognitive performance. The study is ongoing and is expected to be completed by September 30, 2027. The primary investigator is Dr. Virginie-Anne Chouinard from Mclean Hospital. [Extracted from the article]

This document provides information about a clinical trial in China that is investigating the use of Coenzyme I for Injection in patients undergoing stem cell transplantation for hematological malignancies. The trial aims to assess the safety and effectiveness of the intervention. The study involves 12 participants who will receive intravenous infusions of Coenzyme I for 21 consecutive days. The trial is currently recruiting participants, and the primary completion date is December 1, 2025. [Extracted from the article]

A patent has been issued to Albert Einstein College of Medicine for transdermal delivery formulations. The patent focuses on the use of transdermal formulations to deliver therapeutic agents to targeted sites in the body, such as the lungs or arthritic joints. The formulations aim to enhance nitric oxide levels, which can reverse inflammation and restore vascular homeostasis. The patent also discusses the role of CD38 in various diseases and conditions, and proposes the use of transdermal formulations to reduce CD38 activity and promote tissue repair. The formulations include curcuminoids and flavonoids, and can be delivered transdermally to bypass the gut and liver. [Extracted from the article]

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Researchers at Nanchang University have conducted a study on the regulation of CD73 on NAD metabolism and its interplay with tumor immunity and tumor metabolism. CD73, a cell surface-bound nucleotidase, has been found to play a crucial role in immune escape, cell adhesion, migration, and adenosine production. The study reveals that CD73 is involved in the transport and metabolism of NAD, which regulates tumor biological processes and promotes growth and proliferation. The findings suggest that CD73 could be a potential target for cancer therapies. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from the Innovation Department at Sharon Personal Care Ltd. in Rehovot, Israel have conducted a study on the antimicrobial efficacy of niacinamide, a compound commonly used in the personal care industry. The study found that niacinamide can cause microbial cell cycle arrest, preventing the separation of cells into daughter cells. The researchers also discovered that niacinamide directly interacts with DNA, hindering successful amplification. These findings suggest that niacinamide could be used as a preservative in skincare products. The study was published in the journal Microorganisms. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the Chinese Academy of Sciences have developed a self-enhanced chemiexcited photodynamic therapy (PDT) system for the targeted and efficient treatment of deeply seated tumors. Traditional PDT is ineffective against these tumors due to limited penetration depth of external light. The new system, called NP3, utilizes nanoparticles that can be internalized by cancer cells and excited with the chemical energy produced by a reaction within the cells. This system effectively depletes intracellular NADH, inhibits ATP synthesis, increases H2O2 content, and produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) within cancer cells, resulting in efficient chemiexcited PDT activity against various cancer cells. The system also showed minimal cytotoxicity towards normal cells and demonstrated good therapeutic effects against subcutaneously implanted and lung metastatic tumors. This research provides new insights for the development of novel chemiexcited PDT. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the Shandong Eye Institute in Qingdao, China, has found that glaucoma, a condition characterized by elevated intraocular pressure, may be treated with NAD+ supplementation. The researchers discovered that glaucomatous trabecular meshwork (TM) cells exhibited abnormal mitochondrial function and decreased NAD+ levels. However, when NAD+ was supplemented, mitochondrial function and cellular viability improved. This study suggests that NAD+ supplementation could be a novel alternative approach for treating glaucoma. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at the University of Helsinki has provided new insights into Parkinson's disease. The study found that nicotinamide riboside (NR), a potential therapeutic for Parkinson's disease, initially alleviated symptoms in a proteasome inhibition mouse model of the disease. However, long-term NR treatment resulted in a decrease in dopamine and its related gene expression in the substantia nigra, suggesting that it may increase the risk of reduced nigrostriatal dopamine function. These findings highlight the complex effects of NR on Parkinson's disease and the need for further research in this area. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at Beijing Normal University in China has shed light on the role of Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) in regulating neutrophil functions during acute respiratory virus infection. The researchers found that SIRT2 deficiency inhibited the infiltration of neutrophils and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, leading to improved disease symptoms. Mechanistically, SIRT2 deficiency upregulated the production of quinolinic acid (QA), which limited viral infection by promoting the synthesis of NAD+. These findings provide new insights into the potential use of SIRT2 as a target for immunotherapy approaches. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from Sciences College discusses the role of NAD-dependent enzymes, such as CD38, PARP1, and SIRT1, in patients with different types of leukemia. The study found that the levels of these enzymes were significantly higher in leukemia patients compared to healthy individuals. The researchers concluded that these enzymes could serve as predictive indicators of the disease and potentially be used in future treatments. The full report can be accessed for free online. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study from the University of Mons (UMONS) in Belgium explores the role of mitochondrial sirtuins (SIRT3, SIRT4, and SIRT5) in renal cell metabolism and their implications for kidney diseases. The kidneys are metabolically active organs that require a large amount of ATP. Defective renal cell metabolism has been linked to conditions such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI). The study highlights the importance of SIRT3 in regulating mitochondrial function, antioxidative response, and antifibrotic response in the kidneys. The researchers suggest that understanding the role of mitochondrial sirtuins in kidney diseases could lead to innovative therapeutic interventions and improve the management of renal injuries. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Northeast Forestry University in Heilongjiang, China, has developed a highly efficient and low-cost biosynthetic process for producing 7-methylxanthine (7-MX), a derivative of caffeine. The production of 7-MX has been challenging due to poor yields and high costs associated with isolation and chemical synthesis. By optimizing gene expression, constructing a cofactor regeneration system, and engineering Escherichia coli for high-density fermentation, the researchers were able to achieve an unprecedented production of 8.37 g/L of 7-MX. This study provides valuable insights into synthesizing other methylxanthines and represents the most efficient method for producing 7-MX from caffeine to date. [Extracted from the article]

New research conducted at the First Affiliated Hospital in Shandong, China has discovered a potential treatment for acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) using ultrasmall polyphenol-nad+ nanoparticles. These nanoparticles have a small size and pH-responsiveness, allowing them to pass through the glomerular filtration membrane and deliver nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to the injured renal tubules. The nanoparticles restore renal function, immune microenvironment homeostasis, and mitochondrial homeostasis, and also exhibit antifibrotic effects. This research shows promise for the efficient and safe treatment of AKI and CKD. [Extracted from the article]

A preprint abstract from biorxiv.org discusses the role of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in regulating glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCAC), and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in cancer cells. The study found that individual LDH A or B knockouts had minimal impact on these processes, but combining LDH knockout with LDH inhibitor GNE-140 significantly suppressed them. Inhibition of LDH disrupted glycolysis, leading to impaired TCAC and mitochondrial respiration. Under hypoxia, LDH inhibition had a stronger effect, inducing energy crisis, redox imbalance, and cancer cell death. The study highlights the intricate control of LDH over metabolic pathways and the interplay of enzyme kinetics and thermodynamics in metabolic regulation. However, it is important to note that this preprint has not been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine in China have reported on their findings regarding breast cancer. The researchers focused on targeting the metabolism of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), a molecule crucial for cancer cell survival and growth, as a potential anticancer strategy. They designed and synthesized eleven novel NAMPT/PARP1 dual-target inhibitors, with one compound, DDY02, showing promising inhibitory activities against both NAMPT and PARP1. In vitro evaluations demonstrated that treatment with DDY02 resulted in proliferation inhibition, NAD depletion, DNA damage, apoptosis, and migration inhibition in breast cancer cells. The researchers concluded that DDY02 could be a promising lead compound for the development of breast cancer therapy. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Jiangxi Normal University in China have published a new report on one-carbon group transferases, specifically focusing on Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase (NNMT). Aging is a complex process that leads to a decline in cell and tissue function, increasing the risk of disease and death. NNMT has been identified as a potential target for combating aging and age-related diseases. The research highlights the role of NNMT in depleting nicotinamide (NAM) and increasing homocysteine (Hcy), which are important factors in the aging process. While there have been advances in RNA interference (RNAi) therapies and small-molecule inhibitors targeting NNMT, further research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms and develop targeted pharmaceutical interventions. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences have conducted a study on diabetic nephropathy, a complication of diabetes that affects the kidneys. The study focused on the role of nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT) in the development of diabetic nephropathy. The researchers found that NMNAT1 deficiency in mice led to an excess of mitoribosomes, which hindered the translation of proteins involved in mitochondrial function. They also discovered that NMNAT1 overexpression preserved mitoribosomal function and had a protective effect against diabetic nephropathy. This research provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying this condition. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Tianjin University of Commerce in China conducted a study to observe the effects of different doses of glucose and fructose on human metabolism and cellular communication. Volunteers were given low, medium, and high doses of glucose and fructose, and their serum cytokines, glucose levels, lactate levels, and metabolic enzymes were measured. The results showed that excessive intake of fructose can lead to excessive inflammatory responses, allergic reactions, and autoimmune diseases. Therefore, it is recommended to reduce the consumption of fructose to avoid these negative health effects. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Imperial College London has shed light on the role of NAD metabolism in glioblastomas (GBM), a type of brain cancer. The study found that GBM cells rely on high levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) for various cellular processes, including DNA repair and cell cycle regulation. Inhibition of the enzyme NAMPT, which is involved in NAD biosynthesis, showed promising anti-neoplastic activity. The researchers also discovered that the expression of key genes involved in NAD biosynthesis varies across GBM tumors, suggesting that NAMPT inhibitors could be considered for GBM treatment, with patients stratified based on their expression of these genes. The study further demonstrated that NAMPT inhibitors can enhance the effects of radiation and chemotherapy in GBM. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Wuhan, China, explored the potential therapeutic effects of Enoyl coenzyme A hydratase 1 (ECH1) on calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). The researchers found that ECH1 was predominantly expressed in valve interstitial cells and was significantly reduced in calcified aortic valves. Overexpression of ECH1 reduced aortic valve calcification in mice, while ECH1 silencing had the opposite effect. The study also identified the Wnt5a/ca2+ pathway as a potential mechanism through which ECH1 exerts its anti-calcific actions. The findings suggest that targeting ECH1 may be a potential therapeutic strategy for preventing CAVD development. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Camerino in Italy has explored the role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) cofactor metabolism in cancer development. The researchers synthesized novel NAD analogues and tested their inhibitory activity against human NMN-adenylyltransferase isoforms. They found that one particular analogue, 2'-C-methyl-NAD analogue 1, showed potent and selective inhibition of hNMNAT-2. In addition, computational studies were conducted to further understand the bioactivity and selectivity of these analogues. This research provides valuable insights into potential therapeutic approaches for cancer treatment. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Missouri has provided new insights into pain and the central nervous system. The study focused on aldehyde dehydrogenase 7A1 (ALDH7A1), an enzyme involved in lysine catabolism. The researchers analyzed two missense mutations of the ALDH7A1 gene that cause pyridoxine dependent epilepsy (PDE), a rare neurometabolic disorder. The mutations were found to significantly reduce the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme and affect its oligomerization. The study adds to our understanding of the molecular determinants underlying PDE. [Extracted from the article]

A preprint abstract from biorxiv.org discusses the role of ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) in cardiac function and metabolism. The study found that ACLY gene expression is reduced in human failing myocardium, and this reduction may impact cardiac function and metabolism. ACLY inhibitors, which are being developed for cancer and other disorders, may have implications for cardiac health. The study also found that ACLY levels are most reduced in obese patients with heart failure and preserved EF, potentially worsening cardio-metabolic reserve. However, it is important to note that this preprint has not been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

A recent research report from the University of the Incarnate Word discusses the role of alcohol oxidoreductases, specifically malate dehydrogenase (MDH) enzymes, in cellular metabolism. The report highlights the potential of MDH as a therapeutic drug target in various diseases, including metabolic and neurological disorders, cancer, and infectious diseases. The research identifies several antagonists that have been studied in the context of human malignancies and parasitic MDH, with the aim of developing more effective small-molecule drug leads for clinical applications. For more information, readers can refer to the journal article titled "Malate dehydrogenase as a multi-purpose target for drug discovery" in Essays in Biochemistry. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Shanghai Jiao Tong University have conducted a study on the role of NADH/NAD+ redox balance in cellular metabolism. Through a genome-scale RNA interference (RNAi) screen, they identified the HES4 gene as a negative regulator of the NADH/NAD+ ratio. HES4 was found to be crucial for maintaining mitochondrial electron transport chain activity and pyrimidine synthesis. Additionally, increased levels of HES4 were associated with EGFR-driven tumor growth and poor prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma. This study provides insight into the intersection between serine and choline catabolism and highlights the physiological importance of HES4 in tumor metabolism. [Extracted from the article]

A patent application titled "Compositions For Raising Nad Levels And Methods And Uses Thereof" has been published online by the US Patent and Trademark Office. The patent application, filed by inventors Boying Dun and Jin-Xiong She, is assigned to Accuri LLC. The inventors explain that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells and plays a crucial role in various biological functions. The patent application describes a composition for increasing NAD levels in individuals, which includes NAD precursors such as nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) or nicotinamide riboside (NR), as well as other ingredients like D-ribose or creatine monohydrate. The composition aims to optimize NAD levels and improve health conditions affected by NAD levels. The patent application also mentions the potential benefits of NAD optimization, such as increased energy, better sleep, improved performance, reduced inflammation, and improved liver function. However, the efficacy of these products is still largely unknown and may vary from person to person. The patent application highlights the need for novel products that can efficiently elevate NAD levels and provide benefits to a wide range of individuals. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Gettysburg College explored the relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and mitochondrial stress. The study focused on the role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) in mitochondrial function and energy production. The researchers found minor differences in NAD concentration and protein expression in skeletal muscle and liver tissues of rat models with ADHD-like behaviors. These findings suggest potential differences in mitochondrial function in these tissues. Further research will investigate the effects of increasing nicotinamide riboside in skeletal muscles to observe the effects on NAD functioning. This study was supported by funds from the Cross-Disciplinary Science Institute at Gettysburg College and a Gettysburg College Professional Development Grant. [Extracted from the article]

According to a preprint abstract from biorxiv.org, researchers have found that the stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD1) enzyme plays a role in regulating the replication of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) by modulating host cell lipid metabolism and the formation of replication complexes. The study showed that overexpression of SCD1 or the addition of oleic acid (OA), a product of SCD1 activity, increased FMDV replication in certain cells. Inhibition of SCD1 activity also suppressed replication of other positive-sense RNA viruses. These findings suggest that SCD1 could be a potential target for developing drugs against positive-sense RNA virus infections. However, it is important to note that this preprint has not yet undergone peer review. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the First People's Hospital in Glaucoma, China, explored the effects of NADPH and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on chronic ocular hypertension-induced neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. The researchers found that the combination of NADPH and NAC reduced apoptosis, axonal damage, and peroxidation in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and inhibited p38/MAPK pathway activation in Muller cells. Additionally, the combination treatment improved RGC electrophysiological function and prevented Muller cell gliosis. These findings suggest that NADPH and NAC could be used as a neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory treatment for glaucoma and other neurodegenerative diseases. [Extracted from the article]

The patent application titled "Compositions And Methods For Treating Neurodegenerative Disorders" discusses improved methods for treating neurodegenerative disorders, specifically Alzheimer's disease (AD). The inventors have developed a drug repurposing pipeline that analyzes data from post-mortem brain tissues to identify natural compounds that can modulate cellular pathways associated with AD. In experiments, three natural compounds (NAD+, NADH, PEITC) showed promising effects in protecting neurons and promoting phagocytosis. The patent application discusses the composition and method for administering these compounds, which can be derived from natural plants and seeds such as watercress, cruciferous vegetables, mustard, and other members of the Brassicaceae family. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Hebei University of Technology in Tianjin, China, has revealed new findings about the Gram-Negative Bacteria Pseudomonas. The researchers focused on the synthesis of ethyl (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutyrate, an intermediate compound used in pharmaceutical industries. They successfully obtained a robust alcohol dehydrogenase from a Pseudomonas bacterium, which showed excellent tolerance to high substrate and product concentrations. The study also explored the substrate scope of the alcohol dehydrogenase and achieved the synthesis of other chiral alcohols with high optical purity. This research has been peer-reviewed and provides valuable insights into the asymmetric synthesis of chiral alcohols. [Extracted from the article]

A patent application has been submitted for a transdermal formulation that delivers active agents to treat diseases associated with elevated CD38 levels and decreased NAD+ levels. The formulation aims to reduce CD38 activity, increase NAD+ levels, and promote the activity of NAD+-dependent sirtuins. It can be used to treat inflammatory diseases, endothelial dysfunction, and age-related decline. The application also discusses a method for preparing blood samples with delayed onset or progression of storage lesions in red blood cells using a curcuminoid solution. Additionally, transdermal formulations are mentioned for delivering therapeutic agents for various chronic diseases and conditions. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on the multifaceted benefits of NADH for cellular health, including its role in energy metabolism, neural function, and antioxidation. It highlights how NADH supplementation can enhance physical and mental performance, combat fatigue-related conditions, and potentially slow down aging processes.

A study conducted by investigators from the University of Delhi in India has examined the role of a protein called PPE15 (Rv1039c) in modulating cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The researchers discovered that PPE15 is a secretory protein that downregulates ROS generation in macrophages. They also found that PPE15 possesses a eukaryote-like SH3 domain that interacts with cytosolic components of NADPH oxidase (NOX), inhibiting NOX assembly at the cell membrane. These findings provide insights into Mtb's defense mechanisms and may contribute to the development of improved therapeutics for tuberculosis treatment. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Jeonbuk National University explores the role of macrophages in Japanese encephalitis (JE), a severe neuroinflammation in the central nervous system. The study focuses on the polarization of macrophages into M1 or M2 phenotypes and the impact of NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) on JE progression. The findings suggest that ROS generated by NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) suppress M1 macrophage polarization, leading to increased viral replication and neuroinflammation. The study highlights the significance of ROS-mediated macrophage polarization in JE progression and suggests potential therapeutic strategies for controlling the disease. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by Codexis Inc. in Redwood City, California, explores the use of imine reductases (IREDs) as biocatalysts for the synthesis of chiral amines. The researchers focused on enhancing the imine reductase activity of a glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) through directed evolution. The evolved variant of GDH demonstrated high productivity and achieved 99% conversion over 3 hours. Early process development studies also yielded the desired product with high purity and stereoisomer selectivity. This research has been peer-reviewed and provides valuable insights into the scalable manufacturing of a chiral neprilysin inhibitor precursor. [Extracted from the article]