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The “Flatbread Mine” project, financed by PRIMA with European funds, is based on exploring new technologies, processing innovations and reformulations, which also include plant proteins, to develop healthy flatbreads for consumers in the Mediterranean region. Intermediate results of the project enabled the development of nutritionally improved flatbreads with the addition of 1) dry-fractionated pea protein concentrate; 2) oat and barley bran treated with an ultrasonic technique to reduce antinutrients; and 3) tocotrienol-rich oil extracted from durum wheat milling byproducts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial patterns of genetic variation compared across species provide information about the predictability of genetic diversity in natural populations, and areas requiring conservation measures. Due to their remarkable fish diversity, rivers in Neotropical regions are ideal systems to confront theory with observations and would benefit greatly from such approaches given their increasing vulnerability to anthropogenic pressures. We used SNP data from 18 fish species with contrasting life-history traits, co-sampled across 12 sites in the Maroni– a major river system from the Guiana Shield –, to compare patterns of intraspecific genetic variation and identify their underlying drivers. Analyses of covariance revealed a decrease in genetic diversity as distance from the river outlet increased for 5 of the 18 species, illustrating a pattern commonly observed in riverscapes for species with low-to-medium dispersal abilities. However, the mean within-site genetic diversity was lowest in the two easternmost tributaries of the Upper Maroni and around an urbanized location downstream, indicating the need to address the potential influence of local pressures in these areas, such as gold mining or fishing. Finally, the relative influence of isolation by stream distance, isolation by discontinuous river flow, and isolation by spatial heterogeneity in effective size on pairwise genetic differentiation varied across species. Species with similar dispersal and reproductive guilds did not necessarily display shared patterns of population structure. Increasing the knowledge of specific life history traits and ecological requirements of fish species in these remote areas should help further understand factors that influence their current patterns of genetic variation.

Les épisodes de canicule se multiplient d’année en année. Plusieurs études ont évoqué l’impact délétère de ces épisodes caniculaires sur le système cardiovasculaire, exposant au risque d’événement coronarien. Néanmoins, la relation canicule/infarctus aigu du myocarde n’est pas solidement démontrée. Elle dépend aussi du climat. Nous avons souhaité tester cette hypothèse sur une cohorte de patients de la région parisienne.

•RFW mainly consisted of vegetables (33.2%), meat (19.3%), rice (15.2%), and bread (11.0%).•Four types of waste including vegetables, meat, rice, and bread were tested separately for MAH efficiency.•Optimal conditions: 96.0 °C, microwave power of 340 W, 1.45 % HCl 1.45 %, and 11.1 min.•Fermentable sugars from RFW was highest in bread waste hydrolysate, reaching 125.18 g/L.

Dans la perspective de prise en charge des dispositifs médicaux (DM) par l’Assurance Maladie, le Service d’évaluation des DM (SED) au sein de la Haute Autorité de santé (HAS) instruit les dossiers médicotechniques déposés par les firmes. Eu égard aux délais réglementaires contraints, le SED a pour objectif d’instruire les dossiers en commission en 45jours. Si des informations incohérentes ou manquantes sont relevées, un complément est requis, ce qui conduit à une suspension des délais le temps que la firme apporte les éléments de réponses. Ce processus peut alors freiner la prise en charge des DM concernés. L’objectif est d’effectuer un bilan des suspensions de délai des dossiers déposés par les firmes pour les sensibiliser à anticiper les attentes de la Commission.

Backgrounds and Aims:Even if no systemic treatment is currently validated for unresectable hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CCA), tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and platinum-based chemotherapy are frequently used in clinical practice. Our study aims to describe the effectiveness of first-line systemic treatments in patients with cHCC-CCA. Patients and Methods:Patients with histological diagnosis of unresectable or metastatic cHCC-CCA confirmed by a centralized review (WHO classification 2019) and who received systemic treatment from 2009 to 2020 were included retrospectively in 11 centers. The outcomes of patients with cHCC-CCA were compared with patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated by sorafenib (n= 117) and with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA, n= 94) treated mainly by platinum-based chemotherapy using a frailty Cox model. The efficacy of TKIs and platinum-based chemotherapies in patients with cHCC-CCA was assessed using a doubly robust estimator. Results:A total of 83 patients with cHCC-CCA were included and were predominantly male (72%) with underlying cirrhosis (55%). 67% of patients had extrahepatic metastases and 31% macrovascular tumor invasion. cHCC-CCAs were more often developed on cirrhosis (55.4%) than iCCA (26.6%) but less frequently than HCC (80.2%) (p< 0.001). Both HCC (36.8% and cHCC-CCA (66.2%) had less frequent extrahepatic metastases than iCCA (81%) (p< 0.001). Unadjusted overall survival (OS) was better in iCCA (13 months) compared to cHCC-CCA (12 months) and HCC (11 months) (p= 0.130). In multivariable analysis, after adjustment by a Cox frailty model, patients with cHCC-CCA had the same survival as HCC and iCCA (HR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.37–1.22, p= 0.189 and HR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.43–1.02, p= 0.064, respectively). ALBI score (HR = 2.15; 95% CI: 1.23–3.76; p= 0.009), ascites (HR = 3.45, 95% CI: 1.31–9.03, p= 0.013), and tobacco use (HR = 2.29, 95% CI: 1.08–4.87, p= 0.032) were independently associated with OS in patients with cHCC-CCA. Among patients with cHCC-CCA, 25 patients treated with TKI were compared with 54 patients who received platinum-based chemotherapies. Patients treated with TKI had a median OS of 8.3 months compared to 11.9 months for patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy (p= 0.86). After a robust doubly adjustment on tumor number and size, vascular invasion, ALBI, MELD, and cirrhosis, the type of treatment did not impact OS (HR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.27–3.15, p= 0.88) or progression-free survival (HR = 1.24, 95% CI: 0.44–3.49, p= 0.67). Conclusions:First-line systemic treatments with TKIs or platinum-based chemotherapies have similar efficacy in patients with unresectable/metastatic cHCC-CCA. The ALBI score predicts OS.

•Examined long-term stability of fruit matrices post cryogenic and mechanical freezing.•Evaluated physicochemical attributes like pH, TSS, acidity, firmness, colour, and more.•Different responses in melon and apple tissues after freezing were observed.•Soluble protein content was higher in cryogenically frozen samples.•Cryogenic freezing reduced exudation, preserved microstructure and minimized colour change.

3D printing aims at building a three-dimensional object from a computer-aided design model. More recently, (4D)-printing has appeared; it adds to (3D)-printing, a transformation of the printed material over time. (3D)-printing applied to foods has a unique potential to create geometric complex structures, enabling mass production while having economic and environment benefits. It permits to create personalized food based with specific properties related to nutritional needs, calorie intake, specific shape, texture, color, or flavor, for example. Currently, four types of 3D food printing technology have been explored: extrusion, inkjet, binder jetting, and selective sintering. In the literature, most of the investigations focus on improving the quality of the resolution of printed food whereas very few studies focus on developing technology that will give access large scale production systems. This review proposes a state-of-the-art major recent investigations in the 3D food printing field and its future perspectives.

The adjustable localization operator method allows for the local analytical calculation of complex structures under multiaxial confined plasticity cyclic loadings. This study proposes a theoretical framework for the extension of the method to cover anisotropic yield surface materials. The application is carried out on steel tubes that have been axially compressed beforehand to create a bead that acts as a stress concentration factor during the fatigue loading process. The adjustable localization operator method is compared to the reference finite element anisotropic analysis at different steps of the fatigue design chain. Results have shown that, although a slight gap on the absolute strain values exists, the strain amplitude and thus the fatigue life are correctly predicted with a reduction of the calculation time by 100.

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Cereal products, and in particular bread, are the main source of salt in human diets. However, salt is a critical ingredient in breadmaking, and its reduction can have a negative impact on bread quality. In order to respond to the World Health Organization (WHO)’s recommendation to reduce dietary salt intake, this research aims to develop a bread recipe "reduced" in salt (sodium chloride or SC) by -50 % and partly substituted by choline chloride (CC). The effect of CC on the properties of bread was studied during baking, cooling and storage of bread. It was observed that partially substituting SC with CC led to an improvement in bread texture. Indeed, CC bread was technologically similar to the control bread. In aqueous solution, CC behaves like an ionic liquid and causes a reorganization of the internal structure of the starch grain. As a result, the staling study highlighted the positive effect of CC on bread texture and on the starch retrogradation. CC limited amylopectin recrystallization by reducing water availability in the medium, consequently slowing down the staling of the bread.

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), identified as a regulator of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), plays a major role in cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Recently, Pep2-8, a small peptide with discrete three-dimensional structure, was found to inhibit the PCSK9/LDLR interaction. In this paper, we describe the modification of this peptide using stapled peptide and SIP technologies. Their combination yielded potent compounds such as 18that potently inhibited the binding of PCSK9 to LDLR (KD= 6 ± 1 nM) and restored in vitro LDL uptake by HepG2 cells in the presence of PCSK9 (EC50= 175 ± 40 nM). The three-dimensional structures of key peptides were extensively studied by circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance, and molecular dynamics simulations allowed us to compare their binding mode to tentatively rationalize structure–activity relationships (SAR).

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Heating of K2ZrF6room temperature monoclinic Form I reveals a complex polymorphism investigated by synchrotron powder temperature-dependent diffraction. The first thermal event at 240 °C corresponds to the quasi-simultaneous apparition of four different phases (noted II–V), of which only three could be indexed and two completely characterized structurally. Form II (structure unrefined) is very probably hexagonal (a= 6.4473(1) Å, c= 3.8606(1) Å at 264 °C, Z= 1). Form III is cubic (space group Fm3̅m, a= 9.0804(1) Å at 264 °C, Z= 4), related to K3ZrF7. Form IV remains unindexed, presenting broad diffraction peaks. Form V is present as a weak impurity at this stage, increasing in proportion after the second thermal event at 288 °C where a new Form VI is built. Form V is tetragonal (space group P4/nmm, a= 6.3281(1) Å, c= 9.3671(2) Å at 295 °C, Z= 2), and Form VI is orthorhombic (space group Cmcm, a= 6.40840(5) Å, b= 20.7697(2) Å, c= 19.9888(2) Å, at 295 °C, Z= 16). At 317 °C, Form VI transforms into Form V. At 449 °C, a different orthorhombic Form VII is disclosed (space group Pnma, a= 10.3084(1) Å, b= 6.0291(1) Å, c= 23.8023(2) Å, at 495 °C, Z= 8), coexisting with the cubic Form III. On cooling, Form VII, of which an approach of the crystal structure is provided, returns to Form V at 411 °C, which looks stable down to 139 °C giving Form I back. Isolated ZrF6octahedra are present in Forms III, V, VI, and VII. Form VI contains also dimeric entities Zr2F12built from a ZrF7monocapped trigonal prism sharing a corner with a ZrF6octahedron. Form VII structure is related to Form V by quadrupling the tetragonal aparameter, and the reversible V ↔ VII transition is very probably topotactic. The coexistence of several phases at each temperature above the first transition at 240 °C was observed. Peak multisplitting is observed at many temperatures, which suggests the occurrence of coexisting microphases. The parallel existence of several phases was observed also by 19F MAS NMR spectroscopy measured from 250 °C → 410 °C → room temperature.

The possibility of using near infrared hyperspectral imaging spectroscopy to quantify the water content in commercial biscuits was investigated. Principal component analysis was successfully applied to hyperspectral images of commercial biscuits to monitor their water contents. Variables were selected and water contents quantified using analysis of variance, followed by multiple linear regression, and the results were compared with those obtained with variable importance in projection partial least squares. Initially equal to 212, the number of variables after application of analysis of variance was equal to 10. Analysis of variance–multiple linear regression gave better results: the coefficient of determination (R2) was higher than 0.92 and the root mean square error of validation was less than 0.015. The “prediction images” obtained were very relevant and can be used to study biscuit defects. The methodology developed could be implemented at the industrial level for biscuit quality control and for online monitoring of the uniform distribution of water in the superficial layer of biscuits.

Le délai de reperfusion myocardique conditionne le pronostic du syndrome coronaire aigu avec sus-décalage du segment ST (SCA ST+). Depuis 2006, un appel précoce au Samu est préconisé. Pour autant, nombre de patients échappent à cette prise en charge « idéale ».

The article discusses how the training bread dough is controlled by kneading geometry. It notes that kneading is the first and most important step in the bread-making process. It states that the bread dough forms a network of gluten incorporating air bubbles whose quality will be reflected in the bread. It adds that the amount of air included during kneading varies with the number of tool turns that is applied as well as with the shear rate.

Hepatocellular adenomas (HCA) are rare benign hepatocellular tumors occurring mainly in women taking oral contraceptives with 2 major complications: severe bleeding and malignant transformation that can be avoided if nodules exceeding 5 cm are resected. This simple attitude has been challenged in the recent years with HCA in men, in young adolescent, in aged persons, and complications in hepatocellular adenomas below 5 cm. The discovery of specific mutations leading to specific phenotypes has modified the clinical spectrum of the disease. The phenotypic immune classification of HCA based on the molecular classification is being widely used in liver referral centers. The aim of this snapshot is to briefly present for each subtype the clinical, pathological, immuno-pathological criteria as well as the risk of complications and guidelines for treatment and management.

Un faisceau d’arguments moléculaires, histopathologiques et expérimentaux a amené à considérer la trompe de Fallope comme étant à l’origine de la plupart des cancers de l’ovaire (en particulier les cancers séreux de haut grade).

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an inflammation-associated cancer arising from viral or non-viral etiologies including steatotic liver diseases (SLDs). Expansion of immunosuppressive myeloid cells is a hallmark of inflammation and cancer, but their heterogeneity in HCC is not fully resolved and might underlie immunotherapy resistance. Here, we present a high-resolution atlas of innate immune cells from patients with HCC that unravels an SLD-associated contexture characterized by influx of inflammatory and immunosuppressive myeloid cells, including a discrete population of THBS1+regulatory myeloid (Mreg) cells expressing monocyte- and neutrophil-affiliated genes. THBS1+Mregcells expand in SLD-associated HCC, populate fibrotic lesions, and are associated with poor prognosis. THBS1+Mregcells are CD163+but distinguished from macrophages by high expression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM1), which contributes to their immunosuppressive activity and promotes HCC tumor growth in vivo. Our data support myeloid subset-targeted immunotherapies to treat HCC.

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•Stopping oral contraceptives following nodule detection usually prevents further hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) growth.•Rare cases of HCA growth have been reported leading eventually to a second intervention.•Growth is only observed in rare HNF1 alpha-inactivated adenomatosis.•Size of nodules may increase, probably in part through coalescence of micro-H-HCAs.•A second intervention due to HCA expansion has to be evaluated; liver transplantation is still not an option.

Biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma (BSNS) is a locally aggressive tumor occurring in the sinonasal region. It harbors both myogenic and neural differentiation and is characterized by PAX3rearrangement with MAML3as the most frequent fusion partner, but the partner of PAX3remains unidentified in a subset of cases. About 70 cases have been reported so far. In this study, we report a series of 41 cases with clinical, pathologic, and molecular description. Twenty-five (61%) patients were female individuals, and the median age was 49 years. Tumors arose predominantly in the nasal cavity and ethmoidal sinuses. Local recurrences occurred in 8 cases of the 25 (32%). Histologic features were characteristic of BSNS, with 5 cases showing focal rhabdomyoblastic differentiation. Immunohistochemistry showed a constant positivity of S100 protein and PAX3 and negativity of SOX10. MyoD1 was focally positive in 91% of cases, whereas only 20% were positive for myogenin. Molecular analysis showed a PAX3-MAML3transcript in 37 cases (90%). RNA sequencing was performed in the 4 negative cases for PAX3-MAML3fusion, and it showed that 1 case harbored a PAX3-FOXO1fusion, as previously described in the literature, and 2 novel fusions: PAX3-WWTR1fusion in 2 cases and PAX3-NCOA2fusion in 1 case. RNA sequencing results were confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and Sanger sequencing. The PAX3-NCOA2-positive case showed focal rhabdomyoblastic differentiation. In conclusion, we report 2 novel fusions (PAX3-WWTR1and PAX3-NCOA2) in BSNS and show that MyoD1 is more sensitive than myogenin for demonstrating myogenic differentiation in this tumor.

Copyright of IAA Industries Agro-Alimentaires is the property of Ste Ad hoc and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of IAA Industries Agro-Alimentaires is the property of Ste Ad hoc and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ObjectiveThe latest model of vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) automatically selects M or XL probe according to patients’ body built. We aim to test the application of a unified interpretation of VCTE results with probes appropriate for the body mass index (BMI) and hypothesise that this approach is not affected by hepatic steatosis.DesignWe prospectively recruited 496 patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease who underwent VCTE by both M and XL probes within 1 week before liver biopsy.Results391 (78.8%) and 433 (87.3%) patients had reliable liver stiffness measurement (LSM) (10 successful acquisitions and IQR:median ratio ≤0.30) by M and XL probes, respectively (p<0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves was similar between the two probes (0.75–0.88 for F2–4, 0.83–0.91 for F4). When used in the same patient, LSM by XL probe was lower than that by M probe (mean difference 2.3 kPa). In contrast, patients with BMI ≥30 kg/m2had higher LSM regardless of the probe used. When M and XL probes were used in patients with BMI <30 and ≥30 kg/m2, respectively, they yielded nearly identical median LSM at each fibrosis stage and similar diagnostic performance. Severe steatosis did not increase LSM or the rate of false-positive diagnosis by XL probe.ConclusionHigh BMI but not severe steatosis increases LSM. The same LSM cut-offs can be used without further adjustment for steatosis when M and XL probes are used according to the appropriate BMI.

TiO2nanorods (diameter of 6–8 nm) with the rutile-type structure have been investigated by Raman spectroscopy under high pressure. Additional bands in the Raman spectrum at ambient pressure are interpreted as resulting from defects that break the Raman selection rules as the simulated vibrational density of states (vDOS) is in good agreement with the experimental spectrum. Under pressure, the rutile structure transforms to the baddeleyite one at P∼ 16 GPa. After the pressure cycle, the α-PbO2phase is recovered. The sequence of phases is discussed in terms of thermodynamics and kinetics based on crystallographic relationships. In contrast to other one-dimensional TiO2nanomaterials that adopt a metastable structure, the nanorods studied in this work show little impact of the morphology on the phase transitions sequence compared to that of the bulk TiO2.

•The principles of the electric field assisted freezing have been summarized.•Recent studies of elecro-freezing application on food have been presented.•Electro-freezing of food products found to improve the frozen food quality.

The protein p27Kip1plays roles that extend beyond cell-cycle regulation during cerebral cortex development, such as the regulation of neuronal migration and neurite branching via signaling pathways that converge on the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons. Microtubule-dependent transport is essential for the maturation of neurons and the establishment of neuronal connectivity though synapse formation and maintenance. Here, we show that p27Kip1controls the transport of vesicles and organelles along the axon of mice cortical projection neurons in vitro. Moreover, suppression of the p27Kip1ortholog, dacapo, in Drosophila melanogasterdisrupts axonal transport in vivo, leading to the reduction of locomotor activity in third instar larvae and adult flies. At the molecular level, p27Kip1stabilizes the α-tubulin acetyltransferase 1, thereby promoting the acetylation of microtubules, a post-translational modification required for proper axonal transport.

The article focuses on the use of ohmic heating (OH) concept in rindless bread production for increasing the energy consumption. Topics discussed include growth of sandwich bread market in France, major competitors in the region, equipments used in breadmaking, production of crustless bread and its fermentation.

To investigate the technical feasibility of optical biopsy (probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy [pCLE]) during laparoscopy and by the vaginal route in the exploration of pelvic gynecological cancers.

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Large Marine Ecosystems located around the margins of the continents provide a countless number of goods and services that sustain and fulfill human life and activities: seafood; habitats; energy sources; nutrient cycling and primary production; weather and climate regulation; coastal protection; water detoxification; sediments trapping; and cultural and economic services, among others. Of 66 Large Marine Ecosystems, ten LMEs are located along the coasts of Latin America – California Current, Gulf of California, Gulf of Mexico, Pacific Central American Coastal, Caribbean Sea, Humboldt Current, Patagonian Shelf, South Brazil Shelf, East Brazil Shelf and North Brazil Shelf. Each one possesses different characteristics that make it unique and essential for local populations. Unfortunately, these Large Marine Ecosystems are threatened by several factors such as coastal population growth, pollution, overexploitation and climate change, but most of all poor governance practice. The concept of Ecosystem Based Management aims to consider ecosystems health and importance in all aspects of the recovery and sustainability of LME goods and services. This chapter introduces a general description of the Large Marine Ecosystem approach to sustainable development of coastal ocean resources, presents the concept of Ecosystem Based Management, describes some goods and services provided by Large Marine Ecosystems and draws a picture of each Latin American Large Marine Ecosystem.

RHO guanosine triphosphatases are important eukaryotic regulators of cell differentiation and behavior. Plant ROP (RHO of plant) family members activate specific, incompletely characterized downstream signaling. The structurally simple land plant Physcomitrium patensis missing homologs of key animal and flowering plant RHO effectors but contains a single CRIB (CDC42/RAC interactive binding)-domain-containing RIC (ROP-interacting CRIB-containing) protein (PpRIC). Protonemal P. patensfilaments elongate based on regular division and PpROP-dependent tip growth of apical initial cells, which upon stimulation by the hormone auxin differentiate caulonemal characteristics. PpRIC interacts with active PpROP1, co-localizes with this protein at the plasma membrane at the tip of apical initial cells, and accumulates in the nucleus. Remarkably, PpRIC is not required for tip growth but is targeted to the nucleus to block caulonema differentiation downstream of auxin-controlled gene expression. These observations establish functions of PpRIC in mediating crosstalk between ROP and auxin signaling, which contributes to the maintenance of apical initial cell identity.

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The duration of untreated psychosis is negatively associated with long-term outcomes. General practitioners play a key role in the pathway to care but they have difficulties managing an acute psychiatric crisis such as first-episode psychosis. Therefore, the objective of this meta-review was to provide clinical practical guides on the management of first-episode psychosis, aimed to general practitioners.

Le corps des organismes vivants se structure suivant des axes, des plans de rotation, de translation ou des symétries, en réponse aux contraintes imposées par l'environnement. Des processus cellulaires et moléculaires assurent la mise en place de cette structuration corporelle. Cette revue a pour objectif de présenter les mécanismes moléculaires qui régissent les principales symétries chez les végétaux. Plusieurs gènes, codant pour des facteurs de transcription, ont été identifiés chez les plantes terrestres (notamment Arabidopsis thaliana), qui contrôlent la mise en place des axes apico-basal et adaxial-abaxial, principalement. La mise en place de ces axes permet de générer des symétries radiale ou bilatérale selon les organes végétaux. Ces processus apparaissent dans la plupart des cas comme étant initialement sous le contrôle d'une hormone végétale, l'auxine. Chez les algues brunes, végétaux marins multicellulaires, les plans de polarité sont moins évidents que chez les plantes terrestres. L'algue brune modèle Ectocarpus siliculosusfait actuellement l'objet d'études de développement. Son architecture est filamenteuse, et les premières observations montrent que la formation des embranchements le long de l'axe principal ne s'effectue pas de façon stéréotypée et régulière selon les individus, bien que globalement centrée. Cependant, des études de morphométrie plus détaillées, suivies d'analyses probabilistes, ont révélé que, sur l'ensemble d'une population d'individus, les organismes obéissent à des contraintes biologiques non encore identifiées, qui affinent une symétrie radiale au fur et à mesure de la croissance de l'organisme. Le rôle de cette symétrie dans l'adaptation de cet organisme à son environnement, ainsi que les acteurs moléculaires impliqués, font actuellement l'objet de nos recherches.

L’évaluation de la vision fonctionnelle chez un enfant autiste apporte des éléments cliniques indispensables pour apprécier les capacités sensorielles du jeune et pour optimiser les prises en charge rééducatives. Mais comment mener à bien cet examen clinique ophtalmologique ? Dans quel contexte peut-on le réaliser ? Quels tests peut-on utiliser ? Comment mobiliser l’attention d’un enfant présentant un trouble majeur de la relation ? Nous proposons quelques suggestions, reflets de l’expérience clinique de notre équipe.

Étudier la faisabilité de la salpingectomie prophylactique lors d’hystérectomies par voie vaginale d’indication bénigne et la prévalence des lésions tubaires occultes.

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The qualification and the maintenance of the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF) source directions are currently based on global statistics regarding the complete data set of VLBI observations of extragalactic radio sources. The founding hypothesis in the selection of extragalactic objects to access a quasi-inertial reference system is that their directions are fixed in space. Therefore the study of the time variability of the sources is an important step in the process of checking and improving the reliability of the ICRF, in view of high precision applications such as Earth rotation studies or the unification with future space astrometry results. In this paper we investigate the systematic and random behaviours in time series of individual determinations of coordinates for several hundred sources over 1987-1999. New criteria for the qualification of sources in a future revision of the ICRF are proposed.

La problématique de la qualité a évolué au cours des dix dernières années dans des termes qui interrogent fortement les liens entre production et territoire, et ce pour trois raisons principales. Une première raison est la segmentation croissante des marchés de clientèle organisée par les industriels et la grande distribution pour dépasser la concurrence par les prix. Elle se traduit par une exigence accrue de différencier les matières premières et, à travers la floraison des cahiers des charges, par des conséquences sur la répartition des cultures dans les territoires. Une deuxième tendance récente est l’accroissement du recours à l’origine comme instrument de garantie pour le consommateur, à travers des outils comme la traçabilité, alors que cette référence était jusqu’ici essentiellement réservée aux produits d’appellation *1+. Enfin, une troisième raison de cette liaison entre territoire et qualité est liée à la superposition de segmentations liées en particulier à la production (aire d’appellation, bassin de collecte, etc.) et à l’environnement (zone vulnérables de la directive nitrate, zones de captation d’eau, etc.) qui nécessite l’élaboration de compromis entre différents usages d’un même territoire *2+. S’interroger sur la maîtrise agronomique de la qualité implique non seulement de considérer cette dernière comme un ensemble de critères finalisant la production d’une culture mais aussi de s’interroger sur l’organisation des pratiques qui conduisent à un niveau qualitatif donné et permettent a priori de garantir l’atteinte de ce niveau ou du moins de certifier que l’on a tout mis en oeuvre pour y parvenir. Cette dichotomie produit/organisation, croisée avec les trois tendances exposées ci-dessus (multiplicité des cahiers des charges, origine et multi-usage de l’espace), débouche sur cinq questions auxquelles les agronomes contribuent à répondre.– Quelle est la maîtrise de la qualité à l’échelle de bassins d’approvisionnement d’entreprises qui collectent et/ou transforment l’offre des agriculteurs ?– Comment évaluer et contrôler les risques pour la qualité des interférences entre espaces voisins dédiés à différentes filières dans un territoire donné ?– Comment établir le lien à l’origine d’un produit et quelle garantie de qualité ce lien offre-t-il ?– Quelles sont les conséquences des procédures de coordination entre acteurs visant la qualité des produits sur l’organisation du territoire des exploitations agricoles et sur l’organisation du territoire d’action d’une appellation, d’une entreprise utilisatrice ?– Comment s’organisent les compromis entre la gestion spatiale de la qualité des produits et les autres fonctions portées par un même territoire ? Ces questions articuleront le propos de cet article et seront illustrées par des travaux de recherche récents. Ceux-ci ouvrent sur de nouvelles questions à la recherche agronomique qui seront discutées en conclusion.