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Retinoids, such as all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), are endogenous signaling molecules derived from vitamin A that influence a variety of cellular processes through mediation of transcription events in the cell nucleus. Because of these wide-ranging and powerful biological activities, retinoids have emerged as therapeutic candidates of enormous potential. However, their use has been limited, to date, due to a lack of understanding of the complex and intricate signaling pathways that they control. We have designed and synthesized a family of synthetic retinoids that exhibit strong, intrinsic, solvatochromatic fluorescence as multifunctional tools to interrogate these important biological activities. We utilized the unique photophysical characteristics of these fluorescent retinoids to develop a novel in vitrofluorometric binding assay to characterize and quantify their binding to their cellular targets, including cellular retinoid binding protein II (CRABPII). The dihydroquinoline retinoid, DC360, exhibited particularly strong binding (Kd= 34.0 ± 2.5 nM), and we further used X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of the DC360–CRABPII complex to 1.8 Å, which showed that DC360 occupies the known hydrophobic retinoid binding pocket. Finally, we used confocal fluorescence microscopy to image the cellular behavior of the compounds in cultured human epithelial cells, highlighting a fascinating nuclear localization, and used RNA sequencing to confirm that the compounds regulate cellular processes similar to those of ATRA. We anticipate that the unique properties of these fluorescent retinoids can now be used to cast new light on the vital and highly complex retinoid signaling pathway.

The article offers the author's insights on the historically informed performance of the "Violin Sonata No. 9" also known as the "Kreutzer Sonata," composed by Ludwig van Beethoven. The author says that performers must know the types of period instruments, which emulates the style of early 19th-century performance of Beethoven's music. She also mentions several factors in historically informed performance including the type of violin bow to be used, personal artistry, and the Sonata edition.

Sublimation is a unit operation that could receive much greater attention in the future as a purification method. From a frequent batch process used for simple separation of a desired volatile constituent from a nonvolatile impurity, sublimation can progress to continuous, multistage methods for fractionating materials of differing volatility on a large industrial scale. This will be particularly important for materials that decompose at temperatures below the melting point and that have low solubilities in common solvents. More experimental information, particularly as regards the factors influencing the condensation of solids from the vapor, would be of value in design of equipment.

Information on the SsangYong Turismo car is presented.

The article evaluates the Peugeot 2008 automobile.

The article presents a case study of repairing of a Ford 2008 Ka automobile following rusting. Whitney Warrior, a resident of Essex, England, found rust near the fuel cap and the tailgate of the car and took it to the local Ford Body Shop. She was told that repair would only involve rubbing back the tailgate damage and placing a cover over it.

The article looks at the history of some of automobile company logos. The Porsche logo was developed in 1952 and appeared on the 356 vehicle in 1954 with some changes over the years including slightly trimmed lettering and a smoothing over of the horse's contours. The three-pointed star of Mercedes-Benz logo symbolizes the use of Daimler engines on land. The initial Renault logo was designed in 1900 and consisted of the intertwined initials of the Renault brothers, Louis, Marcel and Fernand.

The article discusses the case study of reader Louise Cotton, from Suffolk, England, who experienced an unknown fault with her Fiat 500 automobile. Her car suddenly and sharply braked automatically when she was travelling at 40mph. Louise found others facing the same issue. She then got in touch with Fiat customer services, which said that it knew nothing of the fault.

The article discusses the case of a motorist who is planning to part-exchange his Renault Twizy for a Renault ZOE electric supermini. The motorist bought the Twizy for 7,000 British pounds from a dealer in East Sussex, England in early 2013. However, the car's value declined to 2,500 British pounds in less than a year. Renault explains that many dealers operate independently, thus part-exchange values could vary. Renault helped the motorist find another dealer with a higher part-exchange value.

The article discusses a case wherein a car insurance company refuses to pay for the damages that resulted from a car accident. The son of reader Chand Aujla was driving a VW Passat during the accident. The bodywork damage was fixed by a company, Car Cleaning, provided by insurer Direct Line. But Car Cleaning told the car owner that Direct Line will not pay for the damages because it found that it was present before the accident.

The article reports that the British government is reviewing sentences for motorists convicted of serious driving offences.

The article presents a case study of an automobile owner who asked replacement for a damaged engine. It notes that Chevrolet automobile broke down after it ran without oil. It adds that the owner asked for replacement but only certain parts are given, not the whole thing. It adds that Chevrolet has decided to offer him a new engine.

The article reports on Rob Dumer, a consumer who bought his 2010 Hyundai Santa Fe automobile for the five-year warranty. However, the car started losing power while accelerating after around six months. The Hyundai dealer told Rob that the damage would not be covered under warranty because manufacturing defect could not be detected. Hyundai Motor co. agreed to replace the engine under warranty.

The article reports on the data from the Driving Standards Agency (DSA) in Great Britain regarding driving tests. It highlights a 28-year-old woman who failed the said test for 110 times which cost her £3,410. According to DSA chief examiner Peter Rodger, there are several factors which can affect the pass rates such as preparations, control, and concentration.

The article presents a case study of reader John Young who complained about his Land Rover Defender sport utility vehicle to his local dealer, Stratstone. It notes that the warranty of Young's 4x4, which started billowing black smoke and going into limp mode, was due to expire only four months later. It adds that the Young was told by the dealer that he is likely to get a new engine, but has not been entertained after that for two months.

A chart is presented which lists the best and the worst automobile dealers in Great Britain according to the seven categories in the 2013 Driver Power car survey including Lexus, Subaru and Jaguar Cars Ltd.

The article presents information on the case of a consumer Tracy Hildrew from Aylesford, Kent, whose BMW automobile had some engine problems, and the dealer quoted a high price for diagnosing the problem despite the customer's claims that the car was always serviced there.

The article presents a reader's question and its answer related to the cancellation of a car booking.

The article presents a case study of a customer Stuart Bruce who started noticing problems in alloys of his SEAT Leon Cupra automobile, only four months after picking up the car from SEAT Letchworth in Hertfordshire, England. The article also presents news briefs related to the automobile industry in Great Britain including motorists' views on banning smoking while driving, increase in the number of cars fitted with digital radio, and slow sale of electric vehicles in Britain.

The article describes the case of "Auto Express" reader Malcolm Watts who purchased a Porsche Boxster car from Stuttgart, Germany that had a mapping system that was out-of-date. According to the author, Porsche updated the system but only for customers who had purchased their car in August 2012, a month after Watts collected his Boxster.

The article examines which class of vehicles is cheaper, petrol or diesel. The author compared petrol and diesel versions of 10 mainstream petrol and diesel engines based on running costs. The author also calculated each model's tax and fuel costs over three years and 30,000 miles. The engines that were evaluated include the Zetec 1.0 EcoBoost, 1.6 Acenta, and the Mercedes E250.

The article describes the case of how a misprint for a used car sale advertisement led to customer complaint. The customer bought a car based on an advertisement released via Vauxhall's Network Q scheme. The advertisement clearly identified that the car has a DAB radio. Upon receipt of the used car, the buyer realized that the DAB radio feature was not present. Vauxhall stated that it was willing to install a DAB radio if the customer is willing to pay.

The article discusses the case of Cheshire, England-based Phil Butler, who asked for offers for two Chevrolet Captiva tyres at online retailer Mytyres.co.uk. He was quoted 88.20 pounds per tyre, but after 24 hours, the price offer was raised to 100.50 pounds with a 3% discount. The opinion of a spokesperson from the British Department for Business, Innovation & Skills on the case is also cited.

The article explores the case of Tony Halls of Leominster, Herefordshire who misfueled his 2010 Subaru Forester automobile. Halls spent 14,000 British pounds to recover the warranty for his car, which was the cost of replacing the car's fuel system. Mike Hind of CAP explained that the value of Halls' Subaru would only be reduced if he tried to sell it while the car should still be covered or if major faults arise after the warranty period.

The article presents information on data from comparison website Moneysupermarket.com, which showed that motorists living in rural areas in Great Britain are more likely to have a drink or drug-driving conviction as those based in urban areas. It was found that 1.51in every 1,000 quotes in north Scotland were for drivers with convictions, while the rate is double for Greater London area. Drivers in Manchester have the lowest conviction rate.

Letters to the editor are presented on topics related to the automobile industry in Great Britain and in response to articles published in previous issues including the popularity of the Qashqai automobile, problem regarding diesel particulate filters and the restructuring at the Highways Agency.

The article evaluates the i10 city car from Hyundai Motor Co.

The article reports on the plans to make the Highways Agency, a government-owned company in Great Britain to create long-term savings for taxpayers. Roads minister Robert Goodwill proposes the creation of an independent watchdog which will ensure that the agency is delivering motorists' wants and needs. Some of other proposed changes in the agency include improved efficiency, long-term thinking and reforms to the legal framework.

The article discusses the support of readers of the "Auto Express" magazine to a series of British government's measures to lower the cost of motoring. Such measures include the British Ministry of Transport's price freeze and a review of the cost of the practical and theory driving tests. Users of social networking site Facebook expressed their support for the measures.

The article reports on a study by Swiftcover that one person over the age of 50 was charged with drink-driving every hour in 2012 and among elderly motorists, drunk driving is on the rise in Great Britain. It is noted that 232 over-75s driving over the legal limit in 2012 were found by police forces and 280 people were killed in drink-drive accidents.

The article reports on Tamsin Langdon from Stevenage in Herts, England, buying Volkswagen Touran car from Car Giant and opting for a premium warranty.

The article reports on the arrival of the new 63 plate for automobiles on September 1, 2013 in Great Britain.

The article presents research results indicating that some parents are not using child seats and highlighting the dangers posed by used seats in Great Britain in 2013.

The article reports that the Liberal Democratic Party in Great Britain has proposed to allow only hybrid and electric vehicles by 2040 and prohibit the use of petroleum and diesel cars.

The article offers information on a report by the Institute of Advanced Motorists (IAM) which reveals that more than 226,000 motorists, most of them aged between 25 and 35, have points on their licence for driving without insurance in Great Britain.

The article reports on the results of a study by automobile warranty firm Warranty Direct which revealed that high-technology automobiles are making common do-it-yourself maintenance jobs harder to conduct at home and are costing motorists millions in maintenance bills.

The article reports that according to a study by Castle Cover insurance, Great Britain is not one of the top ten most expensive countries in terms of petrol prices. It says that the most expensive country for petrol is Norway, followed by Turkey, and Britain is on the 14th place. However, it is said that the trend may be reversed with the dollar regaining momentum.

The article reports on West Mercia police area in England as the top spot of hit and run cases across Great Britain in 2012 with 170 recorded violations along with 152 of the Metropolitan police and 141 for West Yorkshire. It states that West Mercia also recorded a highest number of convictions by 170 cases for 2012 as compared to 150 in 2011. It mentions on the released of the data from the Ministry of Justice following a request of the Freedom of Information.

This article reports on the announcement by British Transport Secretary Patrick McLoughlin that the 80 miles per hour-speed limit planned by the British government is not a high priority in the agenda.

The article reports that Ford Motor Co. is offering young motorists free extra training under the Driving Skills for Life (DSFL) programme to cope with situations which often lead to accidents due to the lack of experience. Kevin Clinton, head of road safety of Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA) said that DSFL would help raise awareness of road safety among young people.

The article discusses the results of research which found that up to 2.6 million drivers in Great Britain have failed to update their address on their driving licence. The study also found that three percent of married women still have their maiden name on their licence. Two percent of the drivers have admitted that they should have informed the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) of a medical condition such as physical disability or visual impairment.

The article reports on the cut in motability payments for disabled patients in hospital longer than 28 days in Great Britain. It is noted that disabled drivers and their carers are allowed to get mobile by exchanging their higher rate of Disability Living Allowance (DLA) under the Motability scheme. According to Labor Member of Parliament (MP) Rosie Coope, many patients will remain worried about losing their car and their deposit under the new scheme.

The article discusses research report published by the British Parliamentary Advisory Council for Transport Safety (PACTS) regarding child pedestrian deaths in Great Britain.

The article focuses on the emission targets for automobiles in Great Britain.

The article reports that according to the European Commission (EC), major oil companies including BP PLC, Shell and Statoil may have been involved in price fixing for more than a decade, thus increasing the fuel prices for motorists. These firms were accused of 'colluding' to rig crude prices by distorting prices of oils and biofuels.

The article focuses on the strict liability rule for cyclists that would make motorists automatically at fault following any accident involving a bicycle and a car.

The article reports on the Transport Research Laboratory report that found extra safety equipments in automobiles allows drivers to take more risks when driving.

The article reports on the developments in the petroleum industry, particularly in Great Britain. The Her Majesty (HM) Revenue and Customs claimed that petrol sales in January 2013 dropped to a record low of 1.465 billion litres. The opinion of Automobile Association (AA) president Edmund King on the developments is also cited.

The article presents a report published by the European Commission (EC) which claims that makers of automobiles could have manipulated testing methods which result in 11 per cent lower carbon dioxide figures that in real-world driving conditions.

The article reports that motorists are demanding action due to rise in bans for poor eyesight. In 2011, about 5,285 car and motorcycle licences were revoked due to poor eyesight. A driver need to be able to read a car registration plate from 20 metres away. The British Government has said that it will not introduce mandatory eye examinations for drivers.