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Describes an efficient backtracking algorithm that allows a very fast program to play the SCRABBLE Brand Crossword Game. Efficiency achieved by creating data structures before the backtracking search begins; Focusing the search and making each step of the search fast.

States that although economists have harped for years on the need for a more highly skilled US workforce, the effort to build one is just starting. Obstacles; How much training should be done; Challenge to help workers upgrade their skills as jobs change; Various approaches to training.

Questions whether megamergers will really make the US economy more competitive. Consolidation has changed the landscape of major US industries; Cites various mergers including, Philip Morris Cos.' acquisition of food giant Kraft and General Foods; Presents various pros and cons of consolidation including opinions by Lester Thurow, John Sculley, and others; Historic distrust of corporate bigness; Continued consolidation craze; Concern. INSET: THE BARONS AND THEIR DOMAINS.

The article discusses the performance of top companies in the petroleum industry in the U.S. as of January 1958. It examines industry trends and business activities of companies including Atlantic Refining, Sun Oil and Gulf Oil. It presents the criteria used in measuring the management success of the companies which include profitability, corporate growth and the amount that management have to pay on average to borrow money. A chart showing the rankings is also presented.

The article looks at the finances of labor unions in the U.S. as of November 1949. According to "Business Week," 50 international unions representing about 75 percent of members have a combined net worth total of 339 million U.S. dollars. Among the richest are the 216,000-member Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen, Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen and United Mine Workers. Sources of union funds, union expenditures and finances of members of Congress of Industrial Organizations are discussed.

The article discusses problems involved in the processing and promotion of dehydrated foods. The American Home Products Corporation has reportedly dropped the entire program that uses the air-blast dehydration method developed by Clarence Birdseye. Consumer acceptance of dehydrated foods was much less than the company had anticipated. Problematic dehydration methods include freezing and dehydration under certain conditions. Successes include the dehydration of orange juice and vegetables in soup mixes, and General Foods Corporation's Minute Potatoes.

The article reports on diversification of the magazine distributors in the U.S. It is reported that the merchandising firm of David A. Christianson has created a wholesaler network that will handle small easy-to-display items on an exclusive basis. Under the business plan, in each major territory, one magazine distributor has an exclusive "Sno-Mist'' distribution franchise of drug, candy and confectionaries.

The article discusses the trials done on nondestructive industrial materials which will separate the good and damaged materials for possible re-applications. This testing has generate savings in production costs which could amount from 40% to a high of 80%. Details of the tests are also explored which include radiographic, fluoroscopic tests and magnetic-particle inspection.

The article offers information on the new Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement. It was signed by Harold Ickes, U.S. petroleum administrator for war and Emanuel Shinwell, U.S. minister of fuel and power. The agreement calls for an international conference in its preamble to write a world oil agreement. It does not settle any specific oil problems and no world oil or world market division is promised in the agreement.

The article offers information on the Canol Project, which is owned by the U.S. Army. It states that the project was launched with the concept that it would assist the defense of Alaska by giving emergency gasoline. According to Robert P. Patterson, the project is the first major venture of the U.S. government in oild production.

This article focuses on the proposed USA Standard, which presents control procedures for the data communication systems. This employs the USA Standard Code (SC) for Information Interchange. It is intended for systems that are controlled through the use of the communication control characters provided in USASCII. Other standards have been adopted or are being developed which prescribe the character structure, bit sequencing, signaling speed, message format, and other parameters vital to the communication of information in a data system. In the development of this standard both historical and present data communication practices were considered. In addition, consideration was given to the requirements for future systems and to the applicable standards being developed internationally. This standard is intended for systems that are controlled through the use of the communication control characters provided in USASCII. This standard specifies a variety of data communication control procedures to meet the needs of data communication links having different configurations or complexity.

The article focuses on recent developments in the field of information technology. Hebrew University in Jerusalem has decided to install a Control Data 6400 Computer System in July 1968 for use in teaching, administrative planning, and a variety of scientific research applications. Hebrew University has an enrollment of over 10,000 students, and its schools of medicine, law, and the humanities are well known. The computer system, to be installed in the University's Computer Department, will include a Control Data 6638 Disk File, 604 Magnetic Tape Transports, and a Control Data 512 High-Speed Line Printer. A new technique which could provide instant and unique identification of human tissue types and microbes with little or no laboratory preparation is now under development at Optics Technology Inc., California. The identification methods now in use require hours and sometimes days before positive results can be obtained. The new technique employs a laser light source and a small digital computer to accomplish the same result in minutes, saving both valuable diagnostic time and the extensive laboratory facilities required.

Describes the COPAK automatic data compressor. Component compressors of COPAK; Capabilities of the compressor; Functions of data compressors; Components that can be added to the COPAK compressor.

Highlights the Relational Data File computer system for data retrieval developed by RAND Corp. Capabilities of the system; Features of the system; Operational process of the system.

Describes a combination hardware/software monitor, called INT, designed to control a wide variety of real-time input/output (I/O) devices. Primary function of hardware and software; Set of meta-instructions which consists mostly of machine-language subroutine calls; Implementation of the monitor on a small general-purpose machine.

Features Nebula, a serial digital computer created under the sponsorship of Oregon State University Departments of mathematics and Engineering. Application of a glass delay line memory; Presence of command structure similar to large parallel machines; Capabilities of the machine.

Focuses on various socio-political developments in the U.S. Information on public hearings to be conducted by Republican Senators Ralph E. Flanders and Arthur V. Watkins and Representative George H. Bender in more than twenty cities on the price situation; View that it is votes instead of price facts the gentlemen are seeking; Description of ways and means of conserving electric power to overcome California power shortage; Information on growing anti-Semitic demonstrations by avowed Fascists in London's East End; Creation of a new insulin compound which may be of value to diabetics; Victory of Franklin H. Lichtenwalter, speaker of the Pennsylvania house, in the Eighth Pennsylvania congressional District elections; Opinion of state attorney general Eugene F. Black on the Callahan Act, Michigan's thought-control law, which makes it a crime to advocate any policy that might benefit a foreign power; Information on food export policy of the U.S.

Separate educational systems for whites and Negroes became the norm throughout the South and much of the North during the last third of the 19th century. Because the American tradition incorporates a deep and not easily ignored concern for equality and equal treatment under the law, and because there was something called a Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, the educational authorities had to assuage their consciences about a black school system. It was quite acceptable that it be separate, for that was in a hallowed educational tradition, but at least for the sake of appearances, it was necessary also to affirm that it was equal.

Focuses on the development of popular literature. Issues regarding contemporary novelists and poets; Methods and language of popular literature; Means of affecting the people's feelings and ideas through literature; Series of experiments in the domain of symbolic expression and imaginative values attained through the free combination of the elements of language.

The article features several notable executives in the U.S. in 1972. Topics discussed include the career background and accomplishments of John Doyle, chief executive of holding company Canadian Javelin Ltd., Bradford Mills, president of semigovernmental Overseas Private Investment Corp., Thomas R. Wilcox, vice chairman of investment bank Eastman Dillon, and Luciano Borrelli, manager of Banco di Roma's U.S. agency.

Comments on several issues relevant to foreign policy and domestic policies in the U.S. Prospects for an approaching peace after the war; Issuance by the California Industrial Welfare Commission of an order fixing minimum time and piece rates for women and minors employed in the canning industry; Votation on women suffrage in Iowa.

The article reports on the controversial approach of California State Polytechnic College president Doctor Julian A. McPhee to college education. His approach is considered an inversion of the curriculum as it starts with practice followed by theory. The college puts an emphasis on occupational experience, which can be seen in the project system of instruction. The final test of such an approach is the way in which its graduates meet the specifications of business and industry.

The article reports on book trade in the U.S. as of July 28, 1951. It highlights the complaint filed by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission against six publishing houses for engaging in unlawful practices giving book clubs an unfair competitive advantage over retail book stores. Some of the companies include Harper & Bros., Hougton Mifflin Co., Little Brown & Co., and Random House. According to the article, books on juveniles are booming while fiction is dragging. Better merchandising is needed to spruce up sales, according to the author.

The article focuses on the business strategy of Crandall Melvin, president of the Merchants National Bank & Trust Co. in Syracuse, New York. Melvin expanded the bank's farm business, both deposit and loan. Melvin has also focused on tbe city customers, especially those in the modest income brackets. Merchants was also the first bank to provide a 10 cents a check, no-minimum-balance accounts. Melvin also established New York's first complete drive-in branch.

The article discusses the victory of Democratic John Fritzgerald Kennedy of Massachusetts in November 1960 as the new president of the U.S. It offers information on how Kennedy won majority of the votes in the election and explores the economic policy of the new president. Also tackled are the economic problems facing President Kennedy, including the risk of inflation, monetary policies and the difficult competitive position of American goods, as he takes office in January 1961.

The article reports on the launch of the six-nation Common Market in 1958 and its impact on U.S. companies that are planning to established factories within the Common Market area. Some of the problems that an American employer may encounter if he will put a business in the Common Market area include the absence of freedom to implement labor terms and less productivity. The article also discusses labor conditions that U.S. businessman may encounter in each Common Market country including Italy, West Germany, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg and France.

The article discusses the changes instituted by Robert A. Magowan, chairman and president of Safeway Stores Inc., at the food chain in an attempt to increase the company's profit margin. The changes affect the company's basic policies in pricing, purchasing, merchandising and advertising, among others. Background on the problems the company faced is offered. Details of the consolidation of the brand's supply and service divisions are also provided.

The article focuses on the American labor press which has 600 publications with issues amounting to a total of 20 million, as of December 1956. About 50 years ago, labor papers and magazines were the only source for information on worker wages, working conditions, and union activities. In 1956 government agencies released reports on labor concerns and unions can access and use freely the tri-media. It is noted that despite media access, labor publications still flourish and is set-up similarly to company house organs.

The article reports on the challenges and growth of New York City in 1956. The problem with traffic volume in the city stem from the lack of new streets, increased number of trucks serving the residents and businesses, and old buildings with no adequate loading facilities. The history of racial diversity in the city is also mentioned. Various reasons for living in the city include employment, wanting to pursue big dreams, and intellectual or artistic stimulation.

The article reports on the approval of the 1956 Federal Aid Highway Act by the U.S. Congress which bolstered the revenues of the machinery and construction industries nationwide. The legislation created a 13-year public works program that is valued annually at 11.4 billion U.S. dollars, to provide relief to motorists who travel in roads prone to traffic jams. The highways that are eligible, qualify for 90 percent of financial assistance from the government.

The article discusses the increasing demand for engineering students in the U.S. as of May 1956. It states that the need for engineers far outstrips the available supply, and those who currently work are reluctant to pursue higher degrees because of the reduction of income this will entail, however temporarily. It reports that this is starting to change, as many universities are seeing a surge of enrollment in engineering courses. Further, it claims that some companies have begun sponsoring their engineers as they pursue a masters or doctorate degree.

The article focuses on the railcar designs of Budd Co. which were selected at a competition in 1956 for trains to be put on several U.S. railroads. It says that the designs include the hi-level which is to be built for Santa Fe, New Mexico, Budd Hot Rod for New Haven, Connecticut, and tubular train for Pennsylvania. Also, Budd Co. asserts that different railroads require different kinds of trains, noting the situations in urban areas and the issues of travel duration for distinct destinations.

This article focuses on prevailing political conditions in the U.S. and around the world, as of April 6, 1893. With the new administration of U.S. President Grover Cleveland coming to power, the wholesale removal of fourth-class postmasters will cause great regret among those who expected a considerable improvement in the concerned policy. No administration, therefore, which proposes reform of any kind can safely begin the work by doing moral wrong to a large number of people. Another development focuses on the question of ambassadors in the U.S. In the past U.S. had no ambassadors, that is, no officers of the first grade in the diplomatic hierarchy, to represent them at foreign courts.

The article discusses the concept of emotional maturity and presents criteria based on an association between self-expression and work performance. Emotional maturity is defined by the three key elements of expressing one's feelings or convictions and considering others' feelings and points of view without perceiving a threat in the communication of feelings. The concept can be used to select, develop, and evaluate executives and supervisors because emotional maturity is a measure of the ability to work effectively when under pressure. Five points relating to criterion for emotional maturity are highlighted in correspondence between United States President Abraham Lincoln and Major-General Hooker. Topics include a pilot study at Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration and communication in organizations.

The article discusses the difficulty of stabilizing the bituminous coal industry in the U.S. The article outlines the difficulties faced by the industry that are not a factor in other energy industries, such as unchangeable operating conditions, wages and collective bargaining agreements, and freight rates. The article addresses the efforts to exert control over the industry with the result being the passage of the Guffey-Vinson Act and formation of the National Bituminous Coal Commission within the Department of the Interior. The article outlines the provisions of the Guffey-Vinson Act, which established minimum and maximum prices and establishes a procedure for determining price. Further discussion of current problems of control and the effect of price regulation are considered.

The article discusses foreign securities in the U.S. money market from 1914-1930. At the outset of World War I the U.S. industrial sector was able to satisfy the production needs of the domestic economy. As a result there was a surplus of funds to invest in foreign securities. The disruption caused by the War on the foreign exchange market made borrowing on the U.S. markets a necessity for warring and neutral nations. The U.S.' banking system in the 1929 Depression era is based on intermittent lending based on the degree to which capital can be absorbed domestically.

The article discusses the role that the retailer plays in the price movement as well as steps that the retailer can take to reduce the costs of his share of the distribution process and decrease the loss he suffers during active price changes. The author points out that retailers cannot stop price fluctuations, but they can help by merchandising their products in the best way possible and operate their stores so as to minimize the inevitable initial losses. He then suggests a merchandising plan to account for business conditions, and calls for better statistical data from retailers.

The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) came to an "understanding," that in keeping with the U.S. tradition, the Administration would proceed on the assumption that private enterprise should lead the nation into the space-communications era. The conclusion drawn by House members otherwise eager for a fight on the issue was that the Administration approved the agreement which, in effect, said that the way to effective free enterprise was through capitalistic monopoly. The conclusion seemed substantiated when, subsequently, U.S. President John F. Kennedy demanded only that certain "safeguards" be written into the bill. Then even certain of these safeguards were rejected by the legislators.

The article presents information related to several socio-political issues. After being dismissed for the hundredth time by the Imperialists as impracticable folly little short of treason, independence for the Philippines again comes forward as a political issue. This time it stands clear of party, and drops old controversies. The external debt of Russia is still largely held abroad. The internal debt was placed in Russia. About $300,000,000 of it went originally, to the nobility, as indemnity for lands taken at the liberation of the serfs, but many of these bonds are now owned outside of Russia.

The article offers information on the applied research and technology developed by Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc. in addressing problems related to telecommunication. The company has developed millimeter waveguides that will carry as radio waves a quarter-million telephone conversations at one time, over seven times the present capacity of the best cable. Another development in communication will be over laser beams transmitted through cables of fiber-optic glass strands.

The article presents information about various political developments taking place in the U.S. Figures of the vote at the last election in New York State on the Constitutional amendments have been coming in very slowly, but they leave no room to doubt that amendment number two has been ratified by a heavy majority. A decided reaction from the first fine frenzy of the militant eugenists is revealed in the latest literature on the subject. It is a reaction based less on the fundamental principles of the new "science" than on the application of such principles; based less on the contention that eugenics is utterly wrong than on the contention that people do not know enough of the subject to justify in formulating definite rules of conduct for individuals or the state.

The article looks at why yachts are sinking for no apparent reason.

The article presents the professional library and information science terminology that does not serve the librarians well. These include the term access services which means controlling the use of library. It notes the word system which gets used to identify library-related materials than catalogs. It mentions the word resource which refers something in the library collection.

The article discusses the different types of reactions among technical services staff to the changing library priorities. It states the zombie approach of becoming increasingly disengaged from the surrounding. It notes the masquerade which refers to pretending to go along with the change happening around. It mentions the need of librarians to advocate for collections-related initiatives that support common good.

A table is presented that offers information on the profitability and growth performance of various industries in the U.S. as of 1977 including the energy, chemicals and industrial equipment sectors.

Several letters to the editor are presented in response to previous articles including "U.S. import rights: Going once, going twice" in the March 9, 1987 issue, "Congress is closing in on a plant-closing law" in the July 27 issue and "Should drug use be legalized?" in August 17 issue.

The article provides information on the attractions at the Weston community in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The main attraction of the community were the homes and home sites developed by Arvida Corp. However, the delight from the children at the sight of Disney characters at the Weston Hometown Fair opening.

The article presents information about the book "China Hands: The Adventures and Ordeals of the American Journalists Who Joined Forces With the Chinese Revolution," by Peter Rand. "A passionate if tormented obsession for China," according to the author of the uneven book is what distinguishes the "China Hand," from ordinary reporters. Rand's heroes are drawn mainly from the "adventurous dreamers" who set out for China in the twenties and thirties, when after Chiang Kai-shek turned on the Left Kuomintang in 1927 "a dark night of terror and war descended on the Chinese people."