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The article discusses the history of coins and paper money in China.

The article discusses the invention of paper money which was a substitute for coins that turned into a means for globalization. Topics include a historical overview of the use of banknotes in China during the Tang Dynasty from A.D. 618-907, their use during the copper shortage during China’s Song Dynasty, and how explorer Marco Polo’s visit to the Mongol Empire in the 1200s aided the circulation of paper currency which altered the global balance of power.

The article reports on the documents of Chinese leader Mao Tse-tung during the 1966-1968 Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. Accordingly, the document include the secret letters, speeches, and other writings of the great Chinese leader. It notes that the documents, owned by the U.S. State Department, show the interests of Mao Tse-Tsung on proverbs, folk tales, and metaphors.

The article discusses the evolution of Chinese coins, coinage traditions, and paper notes throughout the Ming Dynasty. Topics discussed include silver ingots as the monetary standard, the issue of cast bronze coins which began in the early years of the dynasty, the challenges of ensuring a steady supply of coins, and money counterfeiting which arose as a result of coin shortages.

This paper explores the dynamic interface of state-water users' relationships in large-scale surface irrigation in India and China, to inquire to what extent the issues encountered in large-scale irrigation management and governance are independent of regime characteristics. Though operating in very different overall political regimes, China and India exhibit strong similarities in the way a central state has attempted to relate with local water users, in the types of policy instruments deployed to shape that relationship, and in the problems encountered. Both China and India have a long history of state involvement in irrigation management. Both saw massive expansion after the late 1940s. The state then tried to extend its control in response to 'underutilisation' of the created infrastructure, revenue shortfalls and perceived inefficiencies and yield gaps. In recent decades the policy approaches have, at least rhetorically, emphasised water users' self-management and governance, including financial self-management/cost recovery. In both countries the instrument for this has been Water User Associations. Results have been mixed, to say the least, on all counts. Larger institutional and policy characteristics adhering to the problematic of the state-user interface subvert stated reform objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, while examining the contested maritime spaces and geopolitical uncertainties that obtain along the proposed Maritime Silk Route, also suggests ways and means to ensure the success of the venture. However, it warns that some countries perceive the new route promoted by China as part of an expansionistic, mercantile and strategic policy, especially as a retort to the US's "Asia pivot". In centuries past, China's seafaring ventures were not colonial in nature but rather aimed at building cultural and trade links. The new Silk Road Project likewise must be based on cooperation and trust between the nations of the region, particularly China and India, to prevent a new "Cold War" in the Pacific-Indian Ocean region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a summary of the "Seminar on editing and publishing modern Tianjin's financial history," held November 9-10, 2010, in Tianjin, China, and sponsored by the Tianjin Archive. More than 50 experts and scholars from Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, and other cities attended this meeting, and 40 papers were presented. The first part of the article summarizes the relationship between the financial industry and Tianjin as a financial center. The second part discusses currency, financial markets, and market trends. The third part discusses financial structure, bankers, and banks. The fourth covers location and characteristics of archival materials and other miscellaneous topics. The fifth covers key issues raised by the primary source materials.

The article reports on the changes in Beijing in the year 1933 to 1946 captured in the photographs of Hedda Morrison. This paper focuses o the descriptions of the city told by the black and white photographs documented by Morrison during her residence in Beijing. A brief history on her life and professional activity is also provided.

The article on reports the structures of the Palace Museum in Juanqinzhai in China. This paper focuses on the restoration and development projects that are under international collaboration to fully evict the history and the grand past of the palaces with red pillars, blue roofs and yellow and green tiles under the Qianlong emperor in his reign in 1771 in the Forbidden City in China.

The article presents a fact sheets about China. The fact sheets include the establishment of Ming legitimacy in China, diplomatic relations with Japan in trouble by mid 1550s, and the paper money in the mid 15th century. China is the most advanced and largest civilization in the world. Whole nations in barbarian Europe cannot equal in population one large Chinese city. The quality of the copper can't be tested without melting it down and the gold-silver ratio in Guangzhou is 1:5.5. Europe is a threat to China because it won't accept the Chinese tributary system.

The article focuses on the Han Dynasty. The dynasty arose 2,200 years ago and lasted more than four Centuries. Today, ethnic Chinese still call themselves Han - an echo of a golden age in art, politics, and technology, when China rivaled the roman empire in power and prestige. Historians say that the Han era ended 18 centuries ago. Among the longest of China's major dynasties, it survived, with minor interruption, for more than four centuries. From its founding in 206 B.C., the Han state was as powerful and prestigious in East Asia as the Roman Empire. Like Rome, it expanded into 'barbarian' territory on its flanks. Like Rome, the dynasty spawned its share of weak rulers and sloughed into turmoil before collapsing, in A.D. 220.

The article evaluates the 1911 Chinese republican revolt against the imperial government of China's Qing dynasty. The author primarily focuses on the ways in which the revolt caused a period of suffering in the country. The revolt's similarity to an ethnic conflict between Han Chinese and Manchus is explained. The author notes that the revolt wasn't a populist one, but rather was influenced by Chinese landholders and middle class urbanites. The eventual election of army commander Yuan Shikai to the Chinese presidency is evaluated, with the author noting that his rule did not bring about the republican reforms sought for by revolutionaries.

Presents a history of the battle between the British and the Tibetan forces at Chumik Shenko, Tibet in 1904. Background of the British mission under the leadership of Colonel Francis Younghusband of the Indian Political Service and Brigadier General James Macdonald; Orders of Tibetan commander Depon Lhading; Number of Tibetan soldiers killed in the battle.

The article focuses on the shift of China's policy to Confucianism after Mao Tse-tung, former Chairman of China, has required to denounce the teachings of Chinese philosopher Confucius. It states that the shift was an initiative to change the effect of Mao's hatred for intellectuals and traditional learning. It states that elders during Mao's regime were required to chant against Confucius in public presentations and schools taught children to condemn the thinker while the Red Guards destroyed his shrine in Chu Fu village. China's paper "The People's Daily" claimed in 1974 that Confucianism is still extensive long after his death. It adds that Confucius is yet to be reinstated as China's new Chairman Hua Kuo-feng has begun to restructure the educational system of the country.

Explores the life and times of Agvan Dorjiev and the part he played in the Asian rivalry of Britain and Russia. Dorjiev's role in leading embassies from the Dalai Lama to Russia to express official greetings; The British invasion of Tibet, the Younghusband Mission of 1904; The question of how an `innocent' visit by a Buriat Lama could have initiated such havoc; More.

Looks at an expedition to China begun in 1792 and discusses why it failed. The undertaking by Lord George Macartney; Reasons for the journey; The East India Company; Macartney's refusal to kowtow to the Emperor of China; The incident as a lesson in the perils of cultural misunderstanding; More.

The article focuses on the 1970 negotiation between U.S. and China when the latter is looking for a counter threat to Soviet pressure. It notes that U.S. diplomat Henry Kissinger had an opportunity to compare the Soviet and Chinese negotiating styles because of the development at hand, a chance to establish foreign ties with China. In October 1970, President Richard Nixon asked Pakistani President Yahya Khan, who was about to visit Beijing, China, to inform the Chinese government that the U.S. was ready to improve foreign relations. On December 8, 1970, President Nixon received a letter from Chou Enlai declaring China has always been willing for a peaceful talk and that a special envoy of the president will be most welcome in Beijing.

The article focuses on the political events in China. It explores the counterrevolution incident that took place at T'ien An Men Square which led to the oust of then vice premier of the government and chief of staff of the army Teng Hsiao-p'ing. It details the promotion of Hua Kuo-feng whose pre-Premier post marked the first stage of the assault on Teng. It claims that the elevation of Hua to his post and Teng's dismissal appeared to be an attempt by the party leadership to ensure an untroubled succession to the reign of Mao Tse-tung. Details of Hua's contributions to the Chinese government are also offered.

The modern history of Manchuria began when Japan seized Korea from China in the Sino-Japanese war of 1894-95 and was balked of the Liaotung peninsula in South Manchuria only by the intervention of Russia, France and Germany. Russia thereupon acquired the con- cessions Japan had coveted and at the turn of the century built the `Chinese Eastern Railway and opened the port of Dalny (Dairen). The Russo-Japanese war of 1904-5 followed and Japan took over the Russian lease of the Liaotung peninsula, including Dairen and all Russian concessions and privileges in South Manchuria as far as Changchun, including the corresponding portion of the South Manchurain Railway, the coal mines and Fushun and various subsidiary enterprises.

The article reports on the social and economic condition in China in 1961. It highlights some of the country's economic problems during the year including the lack of sufficient food for its people, the shortage of electric supply and its dispute with other countries worldwide. It notes that some of its citizens decided to flee in Hong Kong and Macao to escape their ill-condition in the country.

The article features Chinese communist leader Mao Tse-tung and describes the capabilities of his Army in Korea. The leader is considered as the most successful warlord in China since Kublai Khan. The military power of the Chinese Red army is cited as the special creation and the pride and joy of Mao Tse-tung. One advantage of his army over the United Nations forces is its number.

The article discusses the alliance between Great Britain and Japan, focusing on the period 1902 to 1952. It examines European interests in Asia and reflects on how the relationship between Great Britain and Japan was impacted by relations with other countries, particularly China, Russia, France, and the United States. Topics explored by the author include the Russian occupation of Manchuria, China, Great Britain's "open door" trade policy in China, and international relations in the post-World War II period.

A recent study conducted by researchers at Rutgers University explores the evolution of China's diplomatic strategy, specifically its shift from a peaceful and low-profile approach to a more assertive and confrontational style known as "wolf warrior diplomacy." The study examines the motivations behind this transition and its implications for international relations, regional politics, and global governance. The researchers analyze three case studies during the COVID-19 pandemic, including conflicts with the U.S., Australia, and Sweden, to gain insights into the dimensions of China's wolf warrior diplomacy. The study highlights China's assertive rhetoric, challenge to traditional diplomatic norms, and the use of economic power for political purposes. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the demonstrations in Hong Kong, China against the Hong Kong government's efforts to establish a patriotic education curriculum in 2012. An overview of research on the psychological aspects associated with educational curriculum change in China from 2004 through 2010 is provided. INSET: TUEZLE, S'IL VOUS PLAÎT.

The article discusses the efforts by China to claim ownership of large portions of the South China Sea. Topics discussed include the ways in which this move impacts China's foreign relations with countries including Japan, Vietnam, and the U.S., the establishment of an air defense zone by China over the waters between the country and Japan, and the dispute between China and Japan over the Senkaku Islands.

The article previews Taoist objects featured at the exhibition "Ming: 50 years that changed China" on view at the British Museum in London, England from September 8, 2014-January 5, 2015. The article also discusses in further detail topics including Taoist thought and practices, art patronage, and politics in Ming China.

The article discusses about the maritime claims of the South China Sea. The People's Republic of China (PRC) claim the right for HYSY 981 drilling rig upon Exclusive Economics Zone justification against Vietnam, the dispute between PRC and Vietnam is ongoing as the situation is complicated but PRC is hopeful of a positive outcome in its favour.

The article presents research on the Uighur terrorist movement in line with the destruction of China by the British Empire. Noted is the use of the terrorist movement as an irregular warfare against the country, which is different from that of the al-Qaeda. It is pointed out that outlining British operations is unparallel.

The article explores on the concept of incarnation in the fulfillment of salvation in Christian doctrine wherein incarnation is the core of the gospel and Latin theologians for gospel motif. Topics discussed include the importance of theology to incarnation of the Chinese Protestant church, the development of the Protestant churches and the biblical interpretation of Christian doctrine.

The article reports on China's attempts to live up to former leader Mao Tse-Tung's educational philosophy of enabling students' moral, intellectual, and physical development and supporting their growth into workers with both socialist consciousness and culture. The author reports that, in 2007, Chinese students still struggle with long school days, excessive homework and tests, little physical activity, and few opportunities for socialization. The author describes the historical and social events that prevented China's education system from letting go of its dependence on standardized testing. The reforms that began in 1999 and have brought about changes leading to quality education, the curriculum restructuring, and the government's criteria for student's moral development are described.

The article focuses on the history of making ink in China. According to the article, ink is made by combining animal glue with either carbon obtained from burning pine wood or lamp-black from burning vegetable oil. It is blended through pounding, shaped into the desired figure and then allowed to harden in straw ash. It notes that animal, herbal and mineral ingredients are added to enhance the colour and the odor of the final product.

The article discusses the effect of national movements toward economic self-sufficiency on the value of exports from the United States in 1931. Topics mentioned include statistics for American exports in 1914, 1930, and 1931, the statement of the Indian Merchants' Chamber commercial association urging consumers in India to buy only Indian-made products, and the establishment of a central planning commission in China after the Soviet model.

Manchuria, China is the place where the Russian and Chinese revolutions come together. If the bond between them is made secure, the world's political balance will clearly be tipped toward communism. If, however, the Chinese and Russian Communists take different paths, the resulting controversy will make Yugoslavian Prime Minster Josip Broz Tito's heresy seem small potatoes indeed. The test is certain to come in Manchuria because there China's and Soviet Union's national interests clearly overlap. China cannot hope to industrialize itself within the next generation without the full use of Manchuria. At the same time the Soviets have an unmistakable economic and strategic stake in the region.

The article presents a profile of the city of Beijing, China, focusing on its function as the capital of the country as well as its status as a global city. The article provides a brief history of Beijing's growth as an industrial city under the leadership of Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong, examines the political and cultural elements of the city, and discusses the country's transition from a planned to a market economy under Chinese politician Deng Xiaoping. It also discusses urban density and pollution within the city, comments on the village origins of Beijing, and analyzes the importance of Beijing in comparison to the city of Shanghai, China.

Presents reprints from past issues of "Forbes." Comments from an article in 1920 which recommends the presence of women on corporate boards of directors; View that female stockholders should be represented by female board members; Examination of China's economic policies in an article from 1985; Comments on potential changes to China's exchange rate policies; Profile of businessman Kirk Kerkorian in an article from 1995; Role of Kerkorian in purchasing stock in Chrysler Corp.

Presents news related to history as of March 2002. Discovery of two ancient Buddhist temples in north western China; Discovery of a home movie of Charlie Chaplin filming his 1940 satirical film, 'The Great Dictator' in his former home in Switzerland; Placement of the former home of civil rights activist, Rosa Parks on the National Register of Historic Places.

The article presents a speech given by Iranian social worker Dr. Fatemah Hashemi Rafsanjani regarding the trade route named Silk Road. The Silk Road extends from China to North Africa and Spain. Topics include Iran's role in the Silk Road, the Islamic Renaissance at the beginning of the Second Millennium and the possible extension of the Silk Road to Europe.

Information is presented about the "International Symposium: Chinese Export Ceramics in the 16th and 17th Centuries and the Spread of Material Civilisation" symposium sponsored by the Chinese Civilisation Centre of the City University of Hong Kong, China and the Museu de Arte de Macau (MAM), China and held from May 28-30, 2011. The symposium featured scholars including Dashu Qin, Bing Zhao, and Min Li and covered topics related to the history of Chinese porcelain trade.

The article discusses the attempt of the food processing company H. J. Heinz to enter Asian markets, focusing on the the invitation to produce fortified dry infant cereal in China. Other topics include the history of baby food production by H. J. Heinz, the introduction of glass jars for baby foods during the baby boom, and booklets and filmstrips produced by H. J. Heinz to offer nutritional and parenting advice.

Focuses on several Chinatowns in cities including San Francisco, California, Singapore, New York City, and Toronto, Canada. Popularity of the last name of Zheng in Chinese history.