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On an aggregate level, individual consumer choices in a wide range of areas strongly shape a society’s environmental footprint. Decision-makers in policy, society, and industry who aim to promote more sustainable consumption patterns need a thorough understanding of how consumers make decisions in different consumption domains. The Swiss Sustainable Consumption Observatory (SSCO) is a synthesis activity of the National Research Programme NRP73 (Sustainable Economy). It investigates sustainable consumption patterns in Switzerland, focusing on three areas of consumption relevant from an environmental impact perspective and where individuals have considerable latitude regarding their behavior. These are food, consumer electronics, and textiles. The core of the SSCO consists of three waves of a repeated cross-sectional survey of Swiss residents. These were conducted between 2021 and 2023 across the major linguistic regions with about 1200 respondents each. Behavioral patterns and barriers were largely stable over the three waves. However, minor shifts can be observed, such as a shift in the purchasing channel of consumer electronics (increasing share of online purchases) and in the willingness of consumers to purchase secondhand electronic devices and clothes (increases slightly). More importantly, the findings show that behaviors and the perceived barriers to them differ considerably between the consumption domains (food, electronics, and textiles) and even within them (e.g., different food items). For instance, participants found it much easier to identify sustainable behavior when making food purchases rather than textiles or consumer electronics. This highlights the need to understand the specific issue and decision contexts to identify and implement measures that promote sustainable consumption.

Objective: This research aims to to assess the viability of Sukapura handwritten batik in the global market and its potential contribution to a sustainable economy in Sukapura Village and Janggala Village, located in Sukaraja District, Tasikmalaya Regency. Method: A qualitative case study approach was employed, utilizing the Miles-Huberman analysis model. This methodology was chosen to ensure the acquisition of valid and reliable results. Results: Sukapura's handwritten batik possesses the necessary potential to thrive amidst the challenges posed by global competition. Furthermore, it has the capacity to contribute to the development of a sustainable economy. However, for this potential to be fully realized, it is imperative that the government extends support in terms of human resource development, as well as marketing and promotion through online channels. Conclusion: The continued existence of Sukapura batik hinges upon the proactive involvement of the government and policy makers. It is crucial that they devise and implement strategies that enhance promotion and marketing efforts, particularly targeting the younger generation. By attracting and engaging the youth, Sukapura Village and Janggala Village can secure a new generation of batik makers, ensuring the longevity and prosperity of this traditional craft in Sukaraja District, Tasikmalaya Regency.

Dynamic global energy transition has been accelerating for the last decade. Interestingly, the energy transition is multidimensional and concerns both the dimensions of technique/ technology and the economic, social, institutional, and legal spheres. In this paper we are focused on enlarging our understanding of the relevant theoretical concepts in terms of the interconnections between the challenges resulting from fundamental technological, social, and systemic changes and economic problems faced by global society and the scientific community.

Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to discuss how value can be created in new ways by sharing or renting service (e g products). This new type of businesses contributes to creating sustainable value both for the customers as well as for the environment. Today, it is no longer considered sustainable to always buy products, especially when it comes to products that will be used a few times. As a result, therefore, a sharing economy has emerged. It is both about renting out existing products against payment, but there are also examples of establishments where products are rented out free of charge. Lovelock and Gummesson (2004) addressed the non-ownership paradigm orrental paradigm almost 20 years ago but there is still lack of research in this area. Study design/Methodology/Approach: The study was designed as a case study where eight different cases were selected in Sweden. The cases are all business in the outdoor and tourism industry. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with the managers as well as secondary data such as home pages, social media, and written materials. Findings: The study show that in particular the outdoor industry and tourism the phenomen on ofrenting seems to be well established for some type of service. There are some areas that have along history of renting meanwhile other is never. The result also show that some segments of customers seem to be more openminded to renting rather than buying. Originality/Value: Studies on the sharing economy is still a quite new phenomenon and this study contributes to a deeper knowledge. Practical implications: The study could be useful for business owners that are seeking new more sustainable ways to develop their industry from traditional selling products to renting them.

A set of newly defined environmental principles can advance the sustainability performance of economic frameworks such as industrial ecology, cradle-to-cradle, and the circular economy. Currently, the environmental sustainability of these frameworks is mainly derived from the application of efficiency principles such as waste reduction, or closing and narrowing production, and consumption loops. However, these same principles can bring, in some cases, unintended outcomes that are detrimental to the environment. Efficiency principles also fall short of environmental sustainability aspirations, doing little to contribute to addressing the causes of current global environmental crises. This paper examines 7 widely applicable principles aimed at explicit environmental sustainability: doing no harm to nature, minimising environmental damage, restoring/remediating environmental damage, net-positive impact, no net loss, maintaining the health of ecosystems, and continual environmental improvement. These principles could markedly improve efforts to actively pursue sustainability and foster new economic forms that address our current unsustainable trajectories.

The economic analysis of each region in a country should take into account the specific interaction of natural, social and economic factors that ensure the uniqueness of a particular territory, its potential for self-development and interaction with other territories. The regional economic analysis should reveal the economic aspects of the spatial differentiation of the socio-economic development and the connections of the territories in the conditions of uneven distribution and limited mobility of the resources; the degree and type of availability of the production entities; trends in economic and social development; the mechanisms for solving inherited and permanently manifesting regional problems. This report is an attempt at an individual approach in the development of a rigorous algorithm for the full economic analysis of a region (?n the context of the regional analysis of the Bulgarian economy), for which a wide range of analysis methods has been applied.

La bioeconomía se conoce como la economía de base biológica que transforma el conocimiento de la ciencia y la biología en productos nuevos, sostenibles y eficientes es por esto que la bioeconomía es tomado como una de las estrategias más importantes para impulsar e implementar beneficios a un país, debido a que es una propuesta integral de desarrollo con sostenibilidad ambiental, social y económica.

This study identifies the trends in the literature related to Sustainable Finance by means of an exhaustive literature review and a bibliometric analysis of publications taken from the Web of Science database (WoS). A search in WoS for the associated terms came up with a total of 9294 entries, showing a particularly noticeable growth in scientific production in the aftermath of the Paris Agreement of 2015. The analysis of the bibliometric networks was performed using VOSviewer (VOSviewer is a software tool for constructing and visualizing bibliometric networks), from which the analysis of key words was obtained. Using this analysis five cluster groups were identified, showing the main themes of research: Climate risk and adaptation, Low carbon energy economy or Low carbon economy, Environment, finance and governance, Low carbon emission technologies, Economic model and social cost. Further research is recommended into the themes of Low carbon energy economy and Environment, social and governance, considered key issues in the future., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Much have been published about students cheating in higher education. Studies presented cover different theoretical areas, from psychology and criminology to philosophy and pedagogy. Some of these studies suggest that cheating students tend to develop into workforce with various kinds of unethical behaviour. For a sustainable working life, it is important that managers and workforce have a compass that leads them to behave ethically. This study, therefore, takes a deeper look into the area of ethics to find different aspects of ethics related to students cheating, working life and organisations. The contribution aims at creating academic knowledge about (un)ethical management in working life. We do this by conducting a systematic literature review about what cheating in higher education entails for working life and management. We use literature that has been initiated covering academic research published in peer-reviewed journals. First the material was collected. This was done by conducting a search in Scopus which resulted in a total of 673 articles. For this search we used the search string; ethic* AND (work* OR student*) AND (dishonest* OR cheat*). In a first sorting out, these articles were narrowed down to 352 articles about ethics and cheating from the perspective of the student or workforce. A second reading of the articles resulted in a reduced sample of articles studying cheating in higher education and working life, management, workforce, and co-worker including. Including words were student, professional, organization, company, authority, and leader. To sort the articles from the search we used Zotero as a tool. In the study we present descriptive data about the selected literature and categorize different perspectives used in the review literature. The article concludes with suggestions on policy recommendations and suggestions for future research.

Recycling of greenhouse gases to produce industrially valuable products has become one of the big pillars to achieve circularity. This study demonstrates for the first time the feasibility of producing ectoine with Halomonas stevensii with CO2 as the added carbon source, and CO2 and glucose. Initially, CO2 alone was fed to continuous reactors, adding thiosulphate as the energy source. Maximum CO2 elimination capacities of 24.2 mg CO2 L-1 h-1 were obtained, and ectoine contents up to 7.3% (g ectoineg biomass-1). To enhance ectoine production, CO2 conversion coupled with discontinuous glucose addition was implemented. The amendment of 0.5 g L-1 of glucose at the beginning of reactor operation enhanced CO2 removal to 37.1 mg CO2 L-1 h-1 and increased ectoine contents up to 22%. Our results represent the proof of concept for a CO2 biotransformation platform to produce ectoines, so far unexplored. This can foster the development of more sustainable microbial processes for the production of ectoines helping in the abatement of CO2.

How does the relationship between business and profit affect social and ecological sustainability? Many sustainability scholars have identified competition for profit in the market as a key driver of social exploitation and environmental destruction. Yet, studies rarely question whether businesses and markets have to be profit-seeking. The widespread existence of not-for-profit forms of business, which approach profit as a means to achieving social benefit, suggests that there are other ways of organizing business and markets that might be more sustainable. In this thesis, I use a critical institutional economics lens and systems thinking to synthesize existing theory and knowledge about how business, markets, and profit affect sustainability outcomes, in order to explain how alternative approaches to these institutions might produce different outcomes. The result is a new theory about how relationship-to-profit (the legal difference between for-profit and not-for-profit forms of business) plays a key role in the sustainability of an economy, due to the ways in which it guides and constrains actors’ behavior, and drives larger market dynamics. In Paper 1, I develop a conceptual framework for understanding the tradeoffs and synergies between profit and social-ecological sustainability. I show how profit-seeking strategies can be examined to assess whether they derive profit from: efficiency gains; willing and informed contributions from social stakeholders; or exploitation of social or ecological stakeholders. These bounded sources of profit imply limits to profit. Therefore, in order for businesses and markets to be sustainable, they should treat profit as a means rather than an end in itself. In Paper 2, I explain that whether profit is treated as a means or an end manifests through both voluntary objectives (i.e., if a business explicitly pursues profit as a goal) and financial rights (i.e., the right or obligation to distribute profit to private owners). Some fo, AdaptEconII, Université Clermont Auvergne

[ES] El comercio es un organismo en constante movimiento, vivo y con respuesta a todo reto que le procure el devenir, al acecho de los retos que puede afrontar cada día. Es por eso, que a lo largo del trabajo se estudia el movimiento evolutivo que han ido experimentado los espacios comerciales. El comercio ha evolucionado de acuerdo a los diferentes procesos de transformación social, económica y tecnológica, desde el neolítico, pasando por la Edad Media y la Revolución Industrial, hasta lo que conocemos en el actual siglo XXI, un amplio abanico de tipologías que nada tiene que ver con los primeros espacios donde se llevaba a cabo la actividad comercial. Además de este recorrido histórico, el presente trabajo estudia las tipologías que se pueden encontrar hoy en día y los aspectos más importantes que caracterizan a esos establecimientos. Lejos de terminar con el análisis en el estado actual del comercio, se lleva el asunto más allá, poniendo el foco en el futuro, en cómo estos espacios deben afrontar las nuevas exigencias que demanda tanto la sociedad como el propio planeta. Aspectos tales como la gestión ambiental en la lucha por el cuidado del medio ambiente, de los que el retail no se puede, ni queda al margen. Es por ello que al final del trabajo se plantean dos casos de estudio de los despuntantes centros comerciales actuales en materia de sostenibilidad, analizando sus características para extraer conclusiones y aspectos de interés para el diseño de futuros centros comerciales en el marco de la sostenibilidad económica y ambiental., [EN] Commerce is an organism in constant movement, alive, that responds to every challenge that the future proposes, on the lookout for the challenges it can face daily. That is why, throughout this work, the evolutionary movement that commercial spaces have undergone is studied. Commerce has evolved according to the different processes of social, economic and technological transformation, from the Neolithic, through the Middle Ages and the Industrial Revolution, to what we currently know in the 21st century, a wide range of typologies that have little to do with the first spaces where commercial activity was carried out. In addition to this historical journey, this work studies the typologies that can be found today and the most important aspects that characterize these establishments. Far from ending the analysis on the current state of trade, the matter is taken further, focusing on the future, and on how these spaces must face the new demands presented by both society, and by the planet itself. Aspects such as environmental management in the fight to safeguard the environment, from which retail cannot be, and in fact is not, a bystander. That is why at the end of the work there are two case studies on groundbreaking current shopping centers in terms of sustainability, in which their characteristics are analyzed in order to be able to draw conclusions and aspects of interest for the design of future shopping centers within the framework of economic and environmental sustainability.

Social policies predate the welfare state and have left their mark on the genesis and development of the welfare state in different countries, that testifies to the importance of historical and ideological path-dependencies of social policies in different countries. The political/political-economy ecology literature links theories of social welfare and welfare state to environmental issues like resource use through the relationship between economic growth and sustainability. Orthodox mainstream neo-classical and Keynesian economics rely on economic growth in order to raise living standards but using different channels and mechanisms. It is this reliance on economic growth and its depletive effect on enviro

This review aims to compile and summarize the research currently carried out associated with obtaining by-products generated from solid urban waste (MSW) using various processes within the concept of biorefineries. A bibliographic search was performed using the DIALNET, SCIENCEDIRECT, GOOGLE SCHOLAR and ACADEMIC databases, of which articles in English and Spanish published between July 2008 and June 2020 were included. Articles from previous years were expelled, articles that did not report by-products, topic reports and book chapters. This review showed that several products can be generated from MSW that have great value both for the manufacture of products and in commerce, therefore, more research is recommended in this regard. Among the products generated, biogas, biomethane, bioethanol, biohydrogen, volatile fatty acids, lactic acid, Biofertilizers and agricultural amendments are mentioned. Furthermore, most of the studies analyzed on the production of by-products have been carried out in a discontinuous way, obtaining a single product, so it is not part of the biorefinery concept. The idea is to provide new alternative knowledge to implement the development and implementation of a large-scale biorefinery using urban solid waste as raw material that is mainly composed of proteins, acetic acids, lignin among others, which through the union of several biochemical processes it is possible to obtain biofuels, chemical products and nutrients such as biogas, bioethanol, biohydrogen, lactic acid, volatile fatty acids, biofertilizers, achieving positive environmental, ecological, social, economic and technical impacts., Esta revisión tiene como objetivo recopilar y resumir las investigaciones llevadas a cabo actualmente asociadas a la obtención de subproductos generados a partir de los residuos sólidos urbanos (RSU) empleando diversos procesos dentro del concepto de las biorrefinerías. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica utilizando la base de datos DIALNET, SCIENCEDIRECT, GOOGLE SCHOLAR y ACADEMIC de los cuales se incluyeron artículos en inglés y español publicados entre julio del 2008 de junio del 2020. Se expulsaron los artículos de años anteriores, artículos que no informan subproductos, informes de los temas y capítulos de libros. Esta revisión mostro que a partir de los RSU se puede generar varios productos que tienen un gran valor tanto para la fabricación de productos como en el comercio, por lo tanto, se recomiendan más investigaciones al respecto. Dentro de los productos generados se mencionan el biogás, biometano, bioetanol, biohidrógeno, ácidos grasos volátiles, ácido láctico, Biofertilizantes y enmiendas agrícolas. Además, la mayoría de los estudios analizados sobre la producción de los subproductos se han realizado en modo discontinuo obteniendo un solo producto, por lo que no se enmarca dentro del concepto de biorrefinería. La idea es proporcionar nuevos conocimientos alternos para implementar el desarrollo y la implementación de una biorrefinería a gran escala usando como materia prima los residuos sólidos urbanos que están compuestos principalmente por proteínas, ácidos acético, lignina entre otros, que por medio de la unión de varios procesos bioquímicos es posible obtener biocombustibles, productos químicos y nutrientes tales como biogás, bioetanol, biohidrógeno, ácido láctico, ácidos grasos volátiles, biofertilizantes, logrando impactos positivos ambientales, ecológicos, sociales, económicos y técnicos.

The replacement of potentially hazardous synthetic dyes with natural dyes and pigments are of great interest for a sustainable economy. In order to obtain cost-efficient, environmentally friendly and competitive products, improvements in the cultivation and extraction of pigment-producing organisms and in dyeing processes are necessary. In our study, we were able to scale up the production of xylindein by Chlorociboria aeruginascens from 3 to 70 L bioreactor cultivations. We have identified important bioprocess parameters like low shear stress (150 rpm, tip speed <0.5 m/s) for optimal pigment yield (4.8 mg/L/d). Additionally, we have demonstrated the potential of laetiporic acid production by Laetiporus sulphureus in various cultivation systems and media, achieving dried biomass concentrations of almost 10 g/L with a 7 L bioreactor cultivation after 17 days. Extractions performed at 70°C and 15 min incubation time showed optimal results. To the best of our knowledge, we have described for the first time the use of this pigment in silk dyeing, which results in a brilliant hue that cannot easily be produced by other natural pigments. © 2020 The Authors. Engineering in Life Sciences published by Wiley-VCH GmbH

Persistent drought and economic collapse in Zimbabwe have seen most, if not all, rural women shifting from the receiving end to the giving end. Rural women have since initiated several livelihood activities to make ends meet, as they are the most vulnerable whenever they are left to look after children at home. The paper aims to examine rural livelihoods and how they contribute to economic production in Ward 5 of Bikita district. A mixed design in the form of a case study was employed in this study. Systematic random sampling was used to select 40 households, which provided data for the study out of 409 households in Ward 5. The study used questionnaires and semi-structured interviews as data collecting instruments. Several livelihood activities were noted in the ward including seasonal farming, gardening, community-based and money lending and saving schemes (fushai), informal trading, and petty trading as selling thatch grass and firewood, among others. However, climate change and drought, economic crisis, lack of capital and poor soils and poor farming methods were some of the constraints faced in rural livelihoods. The paper concludes with several recommendations for eradicating rural livelihood challenges.

[EN] Non-financial information and, more specifically, information related to the company's social and environmental impacts are an emerging trend in business reporting. In fact, European and Spanish legislation have recently increased the obligations of large companies in relation to the disclosure of this information and the preparation of the Non-financial Information Statement. However, SMEs are the businesses with many barriers to develop these practices. Thus, taking as a sample the companies benefiting from aid for the promotion of the sustainable economy of the Generalitat Valenciana, this work aims to shed light on the profile of pioneering SMEs in this field, as well as information practices on sustainability that they develop., [ES] La información no financiera y, más concretamente, la relacionada con los impactos sociales y medioambientales de la empresa son una tendencia emergente en el reporting empresarial. De hecho, la legislación europea y española han incrementado recientemente las obligaciones de las grandes empresas en relación a a divulgación de esta información y a la elaboración del Estado de Información No financiera. No obstante, las pymes son el segmento empresarial donde más barreras se presentan para el desarrollo de estas prácticas. De este modo, tomando como muestra a las empresas beneficiarias de las ayudas para la promoción de la economía sostenible de la Generalitat Valenciana, este trabajo persigue arrojar luz sobre el perfil de las pymes pioneras en este ámbito, así como de las prácticas de información sobre sostenibilidad que éstas desarrollan.

This conceptual article contributes to the post-growth strand of political ecology literature, which seeks to find sustainable ways of organizing the economy that do not require economic growth. It explores the idea that transitioning to post-growth societies requires a transition in the relationship-to-profit of business. I first conceptualize relationship-to-profit as the intersection of purpose, investment, and ownership of firms. Specifically, for-profit business structures entail a financial gain purpose, private ownership, and unlimited returns on investment; whereas not-for-profit business structures have a social benefit purpose, collective ownership, and limited returns on investment. I then outline ideal types of for-profit and not-for-profit economies, based on the differences between these two kinds of relationship-to-profit. The first ideal type shows how the for-profit business structure drives consumerism, economic growth, and ecological harm, as well as inequality and political capture, preventing post-growth transitions. These dynamics might be slowed down by businesses that seek to balance private financial gain with social benefit (known as dual-purpose businesses). The second ideal type describes the dynamics that might be expected in an economy consisting of not-for-profit businesses, which have a legal mandate to pursue only social benefit. This analysis explains how transitioning from for-profit to not-for-profit forms of business might change some of the most problematic dynamics of the economy, allowing for post-growth transformations. A brief discussion of the possible shortcomings of a not-for-profit economy is also offered., Funding is acknowledged from the Marie Sklodowska Curie Fellowship Action in Excellent Research (grant agreement no. 675153), AdaptEconII

This paper discusses tradeoffs between sustainability objectives and profit, examining the implications of the argument that sustainable businesses should see profit as a means, not an end. It highlights that there are two main ways in which a business can see profit as a means: first, by maintaining its focus on a different end (namely social and ecological objectives); and secondly, by ensuring that profit is not an end in itself by excluding private financial rights. These two criteria are applied to examine a range of theoretical approaches, incorporation structures, and third-party certifications that have been developed with the aim of making business sustainable. The discussion highlights inconsistencies, ambiguities, and shortfalls of these approaches and outlines ways to advance the theory and practice of sustainable business., Funding is acknowledged from the Marie Sklodowska Curie Fellowship Action in Excellent Research (grant agreement no. 675153), AdaptEconII

The COVID-19 crisis has elicited an immediate and forceful economic policy response. With the height of the crisis behind us, the Governor has set out priority economic measures for the post-lockdown phase. He calls for the urgent launch of an ambitious, comprehensive, permanent and assessable strategy of structural reforms and fiscal consolidation. In this second, gradual-recovery phase, laying the foundations for sustainable and balanced growth will involve the economic policy response combining two objectives: to support the recovery and to provide for structural adjustment. And, in this scenario, public finances sustainability must be ensured. Three elements are needed to boost the credibility and effectiveness of this initial response and of the entire reform strategy. First, the fiscal expansion in the short term should go hand-in-hand with a plan to restore health to public finances in the medium term, once the economy resumes a sound growth path. Second, structural reforms should be expedited so they positively affect spending, investment and hiring decisions in the very short term. And third, political consensus must ensure the durability of the strategy over several legislatures. In the short run, the policies supporting the recovery should be attuned to the health situation and economic circumstances. That will involve maintaining monetary and financial measures geared to preserving appropriate access to financing. It will further entail extending and recalibrating income support and furlough schemes. New measures will also be needed, namely: active labour market and training policies for the unemployed; enhanced business restructuring and insolvency procedures; and a fiscal impulse for the restructuring of the productive system through investment in technological capital, education and training. In the medium term, the Spanish economy’s main challenges will determine the structural reform agenda needed to increase our potential growth over the coming yea, Una vez superada la etapa más aguda de la crisis del Covid-19, que ha supuesto una respuesta inmediata y contundente de la política económica, el gobernador plantea las medidas económicas prioritarias en la fase siguiente a la hibernación y la puesta en marcha, de manera urgente, de una estrategia ambiciosa, integral, permanente y evaluable de reformas estructurales y de consolidación fiscal. En esta segunda fase de reactivación paulatina, la respuesta de la política económica, para sentar las bases de un crecimiento sostenible y equilibrado, tiene que combinar dos objetivos: apoyar la recuperación y facilitar el ajuste estructural. Y, en ese escenario, la sostenibilidad de las finanzas públicas debe estar garantizada. Para potenciar la credibilidad y efectividad de esta respuesta inicial y de toda la estrategia de reformas: i) la expansión fiscal en el corto plazo debe presentarse acompañada de un plan de saneamiento de las cuentas públicas en el medio plazo, que procederá cuando la economía recupere una senda de crecimiento sólido; ii) las reformas estructurales deben acelerarse, para generar efectos positivos a muy corto plazo sobre las decisiones de gasto, inversión y contratación; iii) el consenso político debe garantizar la permanencia de la estrategia durante varias legislaturas. En el corto plazo, las políticas de apoyo a la recuperación deberán acomodarse a la evolución de la situación sanitaria y la coyuntura económica. Ello supondrá mantener medidas monetarias y financieras orientadas a preservar el acceso adecuado a la financiación, extender y recalibrar el sostenimiento de rentas y expedientes de regulación temporal de empleo, nuevas medidas, como políticas activas de empleo y de formación de los desempleados y mejores procedimientos de reestructuración e insolvencia empresarial, y un impulso fiscal a la reestructuración del tejido productivo a través de la inversión en capital tecnológico, educación y formación. En el medio plazo, los principales desaf

Una vez superada la etapa más aguda de la crisis del Covid-19, que ha supuesto una respuesta inmediata y contundente de la política económica, el gobernador plantea las medidas económicas prioritarias en la fase siguiente a la hibernación y la puesta en marcha, de manera urgente, de una estrategia ambiciosa, integral, permanente y evaluable de reformas estructurales y de consolidación fiscal. En esta segunda fase de reactivación paulatina, la respuesta de la política económica, para sentar las bases de un crecimiento sostenible y equilibrado, tiene que combinar dos objetivos: apoyar la recuperación y facilitar el ajuste estructural. Y, en ese escenario, la sostenibilidad de las finanzas públicas debe estar garantizada. Para potenciar la credibilidad y efectividad de esta respuesta inicial y de toda la estrategia de reformas: i) la expansión fiscal en el corto plazo debe presentarse acompañada de un plan de saneamiento de las cuentas públicas en el medio plazo, que procederá cuando la economía recupere una senda de crecimiento sólido; ii) las reformas estructurales deben acelerarse, para generar efectos positivos a muy corto plazo sobre las decisiones de gasto, inversión y contratación; iii) el consenso político debe garantizar la permanencia de la estrategia durante varias legislaturas. En el corto plazo, las políticas de apoyo a la recuperación deberán acomodarse a la evolución de la situación sanitaria y la coyuntura económica. Ello supondrá mantener medidas monetarias y financieras orientadas a preservar el acceso adecuado a la financiación, extender y recalibrar el sostenimiento de rentas y expedientes de regulación temporal de empleo, nuevas medidas, como políticas activas de empleo y de formación de los desempleados y mejores procedimientos de reestructuración e insolvencia empresarial, y un impulso fiscal a la reestructuración del tejido productivo a través de la inversión en capital tecnológico, educación y formación. En el medio plazo, los principales desaf, The COVID-19 crisis has elicited an immediate and forceful economic policy response. With the height of the crisis behind us, the Governor has set out priority economic measures for the post-lockdown phase. He calls for the urgent launch of an ambitious, comprehensive, permanent and assessable strategy of structural reforms and fiscal consolidation. In this second, gradual-recovery phase, laying the foundations for sustainable and balanced growth will involve the economic policy response combining two objectives: to support the recovery and to provide for structural adjustment. And, in this scenario, public finances sustainability must be ensured. Three elements are needed to boost the credibility and effectiveness of this initial response and of the entire reform strategy. First, the fiscal expansion in the short term should go hand-in-hand with a plan to restore health to public finances in the medium term, once the economy resumes a sound growth path. Second, structural reforms should be expedited so they positively affect spending, investment and hiring decisions in the very short term. And third, political consensus must ensure the durability of the strategy over several legislatures. In the short run, the policies supporting the recovery should be attuned to the health situation and economic circumstances. That will involve maintaining monetary and financial measures geared to preserving appropriate access to financing. It will further entail extending and recalibrating income support and furlough schemes. New measures will also be needed, namely: active labour market and training policies for the unemployed; enhanced business restructuring and insolvency procedures; and a fiscal impulse for the restructuring of the productive system through investment in technological capital, education and training. In the medium term, the Spanish economy’s main challenges will determine the structural reform agenda needed to increase our potential growth over the coming yea

This thesis takes a post-growth perspective in order to answer the overarching research question: How does business profit-orientation affect social-ecological sustainability? It is the result of putting different pieces of the puzzle together - across the microeconomic and macroeconomic scales - in order to build a stronger conceptual and theoretical basis for sustainable post-growth economies. In Part 1, I describe what a post-growth perspective entails, as an inherently social-ecological systems approach. I give a brief overview of the state-of-the-art of post-growth thinking in terms of problem identification, drivers of growth, and solutions. I also identify important gaps in terms of the way post-growth scholarship has approached profit and business, particularly regarding profit-orientation. I also identify an important gap with regards to the lack of a post-growth theory of the firm. Part 2 describes my research objectives and the questions that I aim to answer in this study, as well as a brief description of the two manuscripts of the thesis in relation to these questions. In Part 3, I describe the ontological, epistemological, and methodological underpinnings of my approach. I also detail the steps I have taken in building up the concepts and theory that my manuscripts put forward. Part 4 describes the key results in the manuscripts and contributions to the relevant research communities. In essence, Manuscript 1 provides a conceptualization of profit-orientation as the nexus between the purpose, ownership, and investment of a firm. It then outlines how profit-orientation drives certain dynamics of the aggregate economy, through the development of ideal types of economies (i.e., a for-profit economy, a hybrid economy, and a not-for-profit economy). Key contributions of this paper include a clarification of what profit-orientation is and its role in driving consumerism, economic growth, inequality, market concentration, and political capture. Building on, AdaptEconII

Neste traballo estudamos as implicacións socioeconómicas das actividades da reparación no ámbito da Unión Europea con atención especial á dimensión territorial das mesmas. O traballo consta dunha parte introdutoria; o desenvolvemento do corpo do traballo, onde facemos unha primeira parte de introdución teórica e unha segunda parte de análise empírica e a parte final do traballo, que inclúe as conclusións e as ampliacións. Os obxectivos do traballo son determinar as implicacións socioeconómicas e territoriais das actividades de reparación dende a perspectiva da economía circular. Tres son as preguntas que guían o traballo: Cal é o papel que se atribúe á reparación na literatura sobre economía circular e sustentabilidade? Cal é a situación das actividades de reparación en Europa, a evolución dos sectores e as súas características? Cal é a situación das actividades de reparación no ámbito territorial e rexional?

The logic started with the Industrial Revolution, which has reached its maximum expression with market globalization, is implacable on a global scale. We coexist with climate change, with the ozone layer hole, with biodiversity loss and a dwindling of energy resources, with difficulties to match social cycles to economic ones, with new pathologies associated with lifestyle and with the progressive decline in the urban environment. One of the sectors where more damaging effects take place is water resources, as this turning into a source of war, political and legal conflicts, since they are scarce, especially in those countries where access to water is not guaranteed. Thus, thanks to an eminently legal methodology and from the perspective of the new water culture, the main objective of such a study is to know the regulatory status of the right to water and to sanitation at an international level, as a driver for ecodevelopment and sustainable economy in cities. In light of the results, no legal and State-binding regulation may currently be found that guarantees universal access to water and sanitation on an equal footing and with no discrimination. As such, the moment has come to recognize the right to water as a basic human right for individual and social development and for urban economics, as an essential precondition for the development of other human rights. This is to be done with an international, cooperative and legally-binding action that will answer to wake-up call regarding the global effects of the modern economic growth on the environment in general, but especially on natural resources.

The context of this paper is that of legal professional support for sustainable economy initiatives. Practices that blur the line between law and non-law as a strategy are often viewed by those who found such initiatives as part of an important reframing of economic transactions. The central claim of this paper is that legal professional identities are challenged, and even undermined, by the relational work performed in constituting sustainable economy initiatives. Two distinct lines of argument are made. First, practices that stretch the boundary between law and not-law establish relationalities that challenge legal professional identity. Secondly, legal professional identity is challenged by the work of clarifying regulatory grey areas, typically where practices draw the boundary between personal and commercial in novel ways that undercut or are unforeseen by existing legal rules. The paper concludes by suggesting the constitutive implication of this boundary work is the emerging figure of the community enterprise lawyer.

Developed in the early 1990's, the Porter hypothesis claims that "well-designed" environmental regulation will foster eco-innovation, which will in turn, both improve business competitiveness and reduce environmental harm. This win-win situation has been, since then, the subject of many scientific papers. However, the focus has been the design of environmental policy instruments which the traditional dichotomy of command & control vs market-based. In this policy brief, we draw the attention to the importance of the perception of environmental regulation by business in driving eco-innovation. Accordingly, we show recommend policymakers to shift their mindset from penalising polluters to enabling eco-innovators using a mix of incentives that generate synergies and set long-term targets paving the way towards a more sustainable economy.

Generation of the 21st century threatened by many global problems: ecological, demographic, resource crisis, and also social conflicts. Therefore it becomes urgent the need for learning, regardless of age. As stated in the Latvian Sustainable Development Strategy, highly educated workforce training, the state human capital investments, public motivations in learning should be considered as a decisive aspect of the Latvian long-term economic improvement of the 21st century in order to ensure the competitiveness of the Latvian economy on a global scale. The aim of this article is to analyses the competence-based lifelong learning development’s possibilities in human capital and society in general, affecting green, competitive economy, where the country's internal resources are effectively used without threatening a capability of future generations to satisfy their requirements. The authors of a research have used the scientific analysis of literature, life-long learning policy issues in the international and national documents and expert evaluations, and also methods of processing of statistical data. The most fundamental problem in the article is the long-term economic growth in Latvia based on the skills and knowledge. It was emphasized in "EU 2020 strategy" also. According to the author’s conclusions, lifelong learning needs an improvement for achievement the new long-term objectives of the education system. Recommendations for the improvement of the lifelong learning for low-skilled workers and for the development of competencies of small and medium enterprises employees will be provided in the article.

This study analyses medium and large sized companies on the Swedish stock market OMX to see if the sustainable companies perform better when it comes to being economically sustainable. It also analyses if there are any differences between the medium and large sized sustainable companies on this point. The period for this study is 2008 – 2012 and includes 93 Swedish companies noted on the Mid and Large Cap OMX STO. The companies were divided into three different groups depended on their level of sustainability. The variables tested for each company and group were ROA, ROE, Growth, Tobin-Q and Leverage, all of which connected to the definition of economically sustainable, formed in the report. The three groups were tested for differences in between them. The result shows that the medium sized sustainable companies are more economically sustainable compared to non-sustainable companies. However, the large sized sustainable companies are not more economically sustainable compared to the non-sustainable ones. It also shows that there are no differences between the sustainable medium and large companies when it comes to being economically sustainable., Denna studie undersöker om hållbara Svenska medelstora och stora börsnoterade företag är mer hållbara ekonomiskt jämfört med icke hållbara Svenska börsnoterade företag samt om det finns någon skillnad mellan medelstora och stora Svenska hållbara företag. Tidigare forskning på hållbara företag har främst analyserat stora globala företag i USA, varför ett Svenskt perspektiv i undersökningen var intressant att ta fram. Studien omfattar 93 Svenska företag noterade på OMX Stockholm Main Market Mid Cap och Large Cap under perioden 2008-2012. Företagen har delats upp i tre olika hållbarhetsgrupper som jämförts med varandra. De variabler som har testats och jämförts är företagens avkastning (ROA, ROE), tillväxt (omsättningstillväxt), marknadsvärdering (Tobin-Q) och skuldsättning (Skuld/Tillgångar och Skuld/EK). Dessa är kopplade till de i analysen definierade som ekonomiskt hållbara. Studien kommer fram till att hållbara medelstora Svenska företag är mer ekonomiskt hållbara jämfört med icke hållbara medelstora företag. De har bättre värden på de ekonomiskt hållbara variablerna jämfört med de icke hållbara företagen. Resultatet ger dock inget stöd för att hållbara Svenska stora företag är mer ekonomiskt hållbara jämfört med icke hållbara Svenska stora företag. Det finns en skillnad i jämförelsen av resultaten mellan de medelstora och de stora företagen, men det finns ingen statistiskt påvisbar skillnad mellan de hållbara medelstora och stora företagen när det gäller ekonomisk hållbarhet.

The coast of Tarifa is characterized as and area of high lanscape value due lagerly to the good condition of its coastline. However, in recent years this situation is changing endangering an important environmental and cultural heritage., La costa tarifeña se caracteriza por ser un espacio de alto valor paisajístico debido en gran parte al buen estado de conservación de su litoral. Sin embargo, en los últimos años esta situación está cambiando poniendo en peligro un importante patrimonio ambiental y sociocultural.

The aim of this article is make a general vision about the use of the roman archaeological heritage how a touristic resource in Portugal. In order to achieve this objective, we will analyses the principal examples of roman sites open to the public. A places where the research, conservation and enhance Roman Heritage, generated an impact economic and social., El objetivo de este artículo es presentar una panorámica general sobre la utilización del patrimonio arqueológico romano como recurso turístico en Portugal. Para conseguir este objetivo, analizaremos los casos de los principales yacimientos arqueológicos de esta cronología abiertos al público. Unos lugares donde la investigación, conservación y puesta en valor del patrimonio romano, ha conseguido generar un impacto económico y social.

The role of infrastructures in boosting the economic growth of the regions is widely recognized. In many cases, an infrastructure is selected by subjective reasons. Selection of the optimal infrastructure for sustainable economic development of a region should be based on objective and founded reasons, not only economical, but also environmental and social. In this paper is developed such selection through a hybrid method based on Delphi, analytical hierarchy process (AHP), and VIKOR (from Serbian, VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje). To do this, a panel of experts assesses both the infrastructures and the drivers for their selection. The method lets us to verify the consistency of answers from experts. In our case, AHP obtains preference values for each infrastructure using the eigenvector method. Meanwhile, the VIKOR method evaluates whether the proposed is the one that best fits the prevailing view, minimizing the regret to the most separate opinions. Thus, for La Costera (Spain), the region under study, this research work concludes that the thematic route is the optimal infrastructure.

This paper promotes the current relevance of generating green jobs in Ecuador, in the process of changing the productive matrix of experiencing economic sectors whose activities generate green jobs as an alternative to the environmental crisis and strategy of sustainable development. In this context, a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the economic sectors involved., Este ensayo promueve la relevancia que actualmente tiene la generación de empleo verde en el Ecuador, dentro del proceso del cambio de la matriz productiva que experimentan sectores de la economía cuyas actividades generan empleo verde como una alternativa frente a la crisis ambiental y una estrategia de desarrollo sostenible. En este contexto, se realiza un análisis cuali-cuantitativo de los sectores de la economía involucrados.

There are two important perspectives in Green ICT (Green Information & Communication Technology). First, is the Primary Level Segment (PLS) which deals with minimizing the negative impact of ICT use on environment and greening the ICT infrastructure of an organization [4]. Second, is the High Level Segment (HLS) which uses ICT as an enabler to create a sustainable world (The term HLS in green ICT has been coined from the International Telecommunication Union conference in Paris, Sept 2012) [5]. Both perspectives aim at reducing the carbon footprint and solving complex environmental challenges. The present world is seething with excessive carbon emissions, heat production, chemical wastes, power wastage and abundant usage of natural resources which needs to be controlled. In a technology-driven era, most of these negative impacts are being caused by technologies themselves. PLS aims to manage the ICT infrastructure by introducing smart, intelligent, compact & sustainable trends so that the ICT environment of an organization can be made greener and environment friendly. The companies contribute to PLS through singular action where they perform sustainable practices within the company and the impact is felt in the company level. When an ICT trend is used as an enabler for achieving sustainability, it is termed as a green ICT trend (e.g. cloud computing, smart grids, e-governance) and contributes to the HLS through collective action where several actors participate together to create and exchange value in a network. In this research, PLS has been analyzed from an organizational or micro-perspective, whereas the HLS portrays the macro-perspective of an ecosystem or an economy and is dependent on the individual contributions of PLS in establishing a sustainable world. Organizations are increasingly incorporating sustainable practices in their business operations but they often miss out on where these practices are headed and what impact it can have on the macro-level. Cha, Management of Technology, ICT, Technology, Policy and Management

The sustainable economy’s growth is a recent notion and proposal that has been impulse by multilateral organizations (OECD, IMF, Europea Comision …) and governmental organization. Sustainable economy’s achievement is based more in social condition and environmental improvements, than in the economy development and long competitiveness. This works target is to analyze the different relations between the sustainability three dimensions: the economical, the environmental and the social. Also, we will propose indications of those three dimensions using the DEA technique. The test is done for the 2010 year, a period of time defined by a big recession, which internationally begun in 2008, and that for some countries, like Spain, has taken too long., El crecimiento económico sostenible es un concepto y una propuesta reciente, impulsada por las organizaciones multilaterales (OCDE, FMI, Comisión Europea…) y las administraciones públicas a nivel nacional y subnacional. El logro de una economía sostenible se basa no sólo en el crecimiento económico y la competitividad a largo plazo, sino también en la mejora de las condiciones sociales y medioambientales de las sociedades en las que la actividad económica tiene lugar. En este trabajo vamos a analizar las relaciones entre las tres dimensiones de la sostenibilidad: la económica, la ambiental y la social. También vamos a proponer un conjunto de indicadores para medir las tres dimensiones citadas. Utilizando esos indicadores presentaremos un ranking de economías sostenibles y eficientes. Para ello utilizaremos la técnica econométrica del análisis envolvente de datos (DEA, en inglés). El análisis se realiza para el año 2010, dentro del periodo conocido como la gran recesión, que comenzó a nivel internacional en 2008 y que, para países como España, se ha prolongado hasta 2013.

This paper presents a theoretical discussion from the approaches of institutional economics and the economics of energy, on the key elements of the fortress of renewable energy to achieve the welfare and sustainability in the medium and long term, in order to achieve a more equitable distribution of resources and to ensure the sustainability of the planet earth itself. From a largely descriptive methodology and analysis, it will present different positions adopted worldwide, and one of its objectives to achieve poverty reduction from renewable energy implementation. It will assess or at least explain which one is the cost of this development for poor countries, if supported by the minimum level of consumer income, and if the cost of this sustainable energy system is less than the traditional system fossil resources. In conclusion, the adoption of sustainable energy practices and renewable base is presented as development opportunity for the most disadvantaged regions, when they are considered from a comprehensive action strategy, and consider alternative ways of financing., Neste artigo preséntase unha discusión teórica desde os enfoques da economía institucionalista e da economía da enerxía sobre os elementos clave da fortaleza das enerxías renovables para a consecución do benestar e da sostibilidade no medio e no longo prazo de cara a conseguir un reparto máis equitativo dos recursos e a garantir o propio sostemento do planeta Terra. A partir dunha metodoloxía fundamentalmente descritiva e de análise, expoñeranse diferentes posturas adoptadas a nivel mundial, sendo un dos seus obxectivos lograr unha redución da pobreza a partir da implementación de enerxías renovables. Tratarase de determinar, ou cando menos de explicar, cal é o custo deste avance para os países pobres, se é compatible co nivel mínimo de ingresos dos consumidores e se o custo deste sistema enerxético sostible é menor que o do sistema tradicional de recursos fósiles. Como conclusión, a adopción de prácticas enerxéticas sostibles e de base renovable preséntase como unha oportunidade de desenvolvemento para as rexións máis desfavorecidas, sempre que estas sexan consideradas desde unha estratexia de actuación integral e que contemplen vías alternativas de financiamento., En este articulo se presenta una discusión teórica desde los enfoques de la economía institucionalista y de la economía de la energía sobre los elementos clave de la fortaleza de las energías renovables para la consecución del bienestar y la sostenibilidad a medio y largo plazo en aras de conseguir un reparto más equitativo de los recursos y de garantizar el propio sostenimiento del planeta Tierra. A partir de una metodología fundamentalmente descriptiva y de análisis, se expondrán diferentes posturas adoptadas a nivel mundial, siendo uno de sus objetivos lograr una reducción de la pobreza a partir de la implementación de energías renovables. Se tratará de determinar, o al menos de explicar, cuál es el coste de este avance para los países pobres, si es compatible con el nivel mínimo de ingresos de los consumidores y si el coste de este sistema energético sostenible es menor que el del sistema tradicional de recursos fósiles. Como conclusión, la adopción de prácticas energéticas sostenibles y de base renovable se presenta como oportunidad de desarrollo para las regiones más desfavorecidas, siempre que sean consideradas desde una estrategia de actuación integral y que contemplen vías alternativas de financiación.

Cambodia is located in Southeast Asia with a tropical monsoon climate and distinctive wet and dry seasons. Poverty is a widespread problem in Cambodia and 30 percent of the population were classified as poor in 2009. About 80 percent of the populations live in rural areas where poverty is an even greater problem. In agriculture, rice cultivation is dominating and the crop is cultivated on 85 percent of the arable land. Livestock keeping is also a traditional part of Cambodian agriculture. In 2011, a minor field study founded by SIDA was performed in a rural area of Cambodia. This was done in collaboration between the organization CelAgrid and SLU. The purpose of the study was to evaluate several projects implemented in the area by CelAgrid between 2004 and 2011. The main objectives of the projects were to achieve improved and sustainable income levels and food security in the rural households. Improving animal health and education of the farmers were also comprised in the project objectives. An overall evaluation of the interventions was done with a focus on small-scale cattle production. Conditions and improvement in cattle production was investigated. The study contained both theoretical and practical parts. The practical part was performed in 25 rural households in five villages in Takeo province. The methodology of PRA was used in one village, Sras Takoun. As a part of PRA, the conclusions of the study will be communicated back to the participants. The results conclude that interventions made by the projects had been successful and that income levels and food security had been improved. Animal production and health had also improved during the project period; however problems with diseases and lack of feed still exist within the production., Kambodja ligger i sydöstra Asien med ett tropiskt monsunklimat och distinkta regn- och torrperioder. Fattigdom är ett stort problem i Kambodja och enligt en undersökning gjord 2009 lider 30 procent av befolkningen av fattigdom. Runt 80 procent av Kambodjas befolkning bor på landsbygden där fattigdom är ett ännu större problem än i städerna. Inom jordbruket är risodling den dominerande grödan och ris odlas på 85 procent av landets odlingsbara mark. Inom det kambodjanska jordbruket hålls även gris, fjäderfä och nötkreatur. Under 2011 utfördes en fältstudie på landsbygden i Kambodja. Studien var finansierad av SIDA och genomfördes i samarbete mellan organisationen CelAgrid och SLU. Syftet med studien var att utvärdera flera projekt som implementerats av CelAgrid i ett område mellan åren 2004 och 2011. Projektens huvudsakliga mål var att öka och stabilisera hushållens inkomster samt försörjning av säkra och näringsriktiga livsmedel. Att öka djurvälfärden och kunskapen hos lantbrukarna ingick också som en del i projekten. En sammantagen utvärdering av projekten gjordes med fokus på småskalig nötproduktion. Förutsättningar samt förbättringar inom nötproduktion undersöktes. Studien innehöll en teoretisk och en praktisk del. Den praktiska delen genomfördes i fem olika byar på landsbygden där 25 hushåll deltog. I en av byarna, Sras Takoun, användes metodiken PRA och slutsatserna från studien kommer att kommuniceras tillbaka till deltagarna som en del av PRA-metoden. Resultaten visar att CelAgrids insatser har varit positiva eftersom både inkomstnivåer och livsmedelssäkerheten har förbättrats. Projekten har också bidragit till förbättringar inom nötproduktion och djurhälsa även om det fortfarande förekom vissa problem som sjukdomar och brist på foder inom produktionen.

The recent inclusion of stability operations as a core mission set (DODI 3000.05 and JP 3-07) for the U.S. military has highlighted the efforts operational commanders must consider when planning for the post-combat phase of a conflict in an underdeveloped state. The desired end-state of most stability operations includes a sustainable economy within the underdeveloped state. Operational commanders must plan to assist in setting the conditions necessary to achieve a sustainable economy. Sustainment in support of combat forces and infrastructure development tasks can be leveraged to help achieve the conditions necessary for a sustainable economy. The operational commander's lines of effort must include short-term and long-term procurement strategies, such as employment generation and contract incentives, to aid in the establishment of a sustainable economy. Joint doctrine also must incorporate these new strategies to institutionalize military contributions in achieving a sustainable economy in support of stability operations.

Current methods for reaching and defining success in society are not sustainable. A major shift in society’s definition of economic success is required, and organizations represent a key leverage point in the transition to a sustainable economy. This research looks to practices within organizations with a sustainability purpose in an attempt to understand how their organizational culture creates an environment for continual strategic decision making towards sustainability. A combination of literature review and structured interviews were used to elicit the cultural practices of 18 organizations with a clear social and ecological sustainability purpose. The research confirmed the importance of organizational culture for maintaining alignment with a sustainability purpose by fostering motivation and commitment towards sustainability at both a collective and individual level in the organization. Eight overarching areas of practice were identified as being present in the organizations included in the study. The practices identified help organizations to act strategically and in the right direction towards sustainability on a daily basis, standing as a complement to the strategic prioritization model of the FSSD., giancarlo@pucci.cr

La crisis económica actual está exigiendo a las empresas un cambio de estrategia basado en las siguientes cuestiones la gestión de los recursos de forma sostenible, interactuar con los stakeholders, y comunicar lo que se hace de forma transparente. La sociedad y los mercados financieros están sometiendo a las empresas a un mayor esfuerzo de transparencia y; en consecuencia, el artículo aboga por la necesidad de analizar y debatir estándares que permitan integrar la información económico- financiera junto con los aspectos sociales y medioambientales. En este sentido, la normalización de la RSC debe permitir obtener datos fiables, comparables y automatizados., The current economic crisis is forcing companies to implement a change of strategy focusing on the following issues: Sustainable resource management; Interaction with stakeholders; and Transparency in communications. Society and financial markets are both requesting companies to show a higher degree of transparency; consequently, the article defends the need to analyse and discuss standards that can integrate economic and financial information alongside social and environmental aspects. In this sense, the standardisation of CSR should provide access to reliable, comparable and automated data.

Este texto fue leído en Barcelona el 14 de diciembre del 2010 al capítulo catalán del Club de Roma. Analiza las tendencias demográficas, la creciente producción de dióxido de carbono y la pérdida de biodiversidad en el mundo. Critica el optimismo tecnológico que lleva a creer en el crecimiento económico y por lo tanto conduce a infravalorar las necesidades ambientales de nuestros descendientes. Explica que la economía tiene tres pisos. En la economía actual el sector financiero se despega peligrosamente del sector productivo y éste mismo depende, realmente, no tanto de los procesos económicos como de la disponibilidad de recursos naturales y de la existencia de sumideros para los residuos. El creciente metabolismo social (uso cada vez mayor de energía y materiales) produce muchos conflictos ecológicos cuyos protagonistas son poblaciones campesinas e indígenas. Este "ecologismo de los pobres", esas luchas por la justicia ambiental, pueden dirigir la economía hacia una senda más sostenible. El texto une así el análisis de la economía ecológica con el análisis de la ecología política.

Nos últimos vinte anos as enerxías renovables acadaron un maior protagonismo dentro do panorama enerxético mundial debido á crecente demanda de enerxía dispoñible –en particular eléctrica–, á procura dunha maior diversificación enerxética, á asunción de políticas para reducir a emisión de gases de efecto invernadoiro e a que a súa utilización permite conxugar estes obxectivos coa obtención de altos rendementos produtivos. Dentro do conxunto das enerxías renovables destacou o papel da enerxía eólica como fonte de subministración de electricidade. Malia a defensa dos beneficios das enerxías renovables, proveniente de distintos ámbitos, para garantir o benestar da cidadanía en momentos de profundos cambios económicos e de inestabilidade enerxética como o actual, a súa aceptación global semella demasiado lenta. Neste artigo preséntase unha discusión teórica desde os enfoques da economía institucionalista, da bioeconomía e da economía da enerxía sobre os elementos clave da fortaleza das enerxías renovables para a consecución do benestar, mostrando algunhas das principais barreiras para a súa aceptación definitiva, En los últimos veinte años las energías renovables alcanzaron un mayor protagonismo dentro del panorama energético mundial debido a la creciente demanda de energía disponible –en particular eléctrica–, a la búsqueda de una mayor diversificación energética, a la asunción de políticas para reducir la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero y a que su utilización permite conjugar estos objetivos con la obtención de altos rendimientos productivos. Dentro del conjunto de las energías renovables destacó el papel de la energía eólica como fuente de suministro de electricidad. A pesar de la defensa de los beneficios de las energías renovables, proveniente de distintos ámbitos, para garantizar el bienestar de la ciudadanía en momentos de profundos cambios económicos y de inestabilidad energética como el actual, su aceptación global parece demasiado lenta. En este artículo se presenta una discusión teórica desde los enfoques de la economía institucionalista, la bioeconomía y la economía de la energía sobre los elementos clave de la fortaleza de las energías renovables para la consecución del bienestar, mostrando algunas de las principales barreras para su aceptación definitiva, In the last twenty years, renewable energy a greater role in the global energy outlook, due to the increasing demand for available energy, particularly electric, the search for greater energy diversification, the assumption of policies to reduce emissions greenhouse gases because they're combining their use allows objectives to obtain high production yields. Within the renewable energy mix emphasized the role of wind energy as a source of electricity. Despite the defense of the benefits of renewable energy from various fields to ensure the welfare of the citizenry in times of profound economic and energy as the current instabilities, global acceptance seems too slow.In this paper, we present a theoretical discussion with the approach of institutional economics, the bio-economy and energy economy, on the key elements of the strength of the renewable energies to achieve welfare, showing some of the main barriers to their final acceptance

This text is thought as the development of an exercise that identifies the conceptual basis on which regional policies must be build. After the review of the territorial components, it is proposed the process analysis of the ecosystem approach as a methodological tool for a complete and functional regional policy. In Colombia there are no policies in order to facilitate regional or territorial planning, therefore it is proposed that these policies begin from a similar conceptual and methodological base to form a homogeneous primary structure that, provide a functional application in legal and governability terms, including sociojuridic components. To conclude, it is expose some conclusions and favorable recommendations in order to establish a positive prospective view of the country`s needs in terms of development., Este texto está pensado como un ejercicio que identifica las bases conceptuales sobre las cuales deben erigirse las políticas regionales. Luego de la revisión de los componentes del territorio, se propone el proceso de análisis del enfoque ecosistémico como herramienta metodológica para un acercamiento a una política regional completa y funcional. En Colombia no existen políticas que faciliten la planificación del territorio, por lo que se propone que estas políticas partan de una base conceptual y metodológica similar para conformar una estructura primaria homogénea que facilite una aplicación funcional en términos legislativos y de gobernabilidad, incluyendo en ésta componentes sociojurídicos. Al finalizar se exponen algunas conclusiones y recomendaciones favorables con miras a establecer una visión prospectiva positiva de las necesidades del país en términos de desarrollo.

This article seeks to unpack how the generation of profit impacts social and ecological sustainability. It begins by framing profit as not necessarily sustainable or exploitative. Social and ecological inputs and impacts are necessary for economic processes and when social and ecological stakeholders are not compensated for their contributions to the process, they can be considered unpaid inputs and, thus, sources of profit. This often overlaps with exploitation of stakeholders, which occurs when one party financially benefits at the expense of another party. The paper examines how profit is generated by several common types of profit-seeking strategies. In doing so, a conceptual framework is developed that clarifies how profit-seeking strategies generate profit from four basic sources: efficiency gains; willing and informed contributions from social stakeholders; exploitation of social stakeholders; and exploitation of nature. The fact that there are a bounded number of sources of benign profit (and that there are limits to those sources) indicates that there are limits to profit. It also indicates that much of the profit generated today comes from exploitation, which helps explain the sustainability crisis. This implies that profit should not be pursued as an end by businesses and reveals some inherent perils of a profit-driven economy. Thus, the paper adds clarity to the social and ecological sources and limits of profit, and gives guidance for how profit should be treated in a sustainable economy., Funding is acknowledged from the Marie Sklodowska Curie Fellowship Action in Excellent Research (grant agreement no. 675153), AdaptEconII

76 Bus. Law. (forthcoming Spg. 2021).

Civil Affairs (CA) comprises “the vanguard of DoD’s support to United States Government efforts to assist partner governments in the fields of rule of law, economic stability, governance, public health and welfare, infrastructure, and public education and information” (2010 Quadrennial Defense Review Report). CA professionals have historically played critical roles in conflict prevention and post-conflict transformation. However, the Secretary of the Army for Manpower and Reserve Affairs has identified gaps in opportunities for education and training between CA soldiers in the reserve and active components. One important response to these concerns was the 2013 establishment of the Institute for Military Support to Governance (IMSG) to guide the professionalization of the CA force structure. In particular, the IMSG is leading the development of a new military occupational specialty (MOS) titled “military support to governance specialists,” or 38G. The Governance Innovation for Security and Development research project supports initiatives by the US Special Operations Command, the US Special Warfare Center and School and the IMSG to address gaps in Special Operations and the wider CA community. This report presents a set of recommended positions, descriptions, and qualifications for the 38G CA officer., Prepared for: US Special Operations Command, John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School, and the Institute for Military Support to Governance., Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.