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El presente volumen recoge las contribuciones presentadas al II Congreso Internacional sobre Tarteso, Nuevas Fronteras, que tuvo lugar en Mérida entre los días 17 y 19 de noviembre de 2021. Su lectura permite un viaje desde el extremo oriental del Mediterráneo hasta el suroeste de la península ibérica, mostrando las diversas realidades históricas acontecidas en este territorio durante la I Edad del Hierro. El objetivo de esta publicación es mostrar la situación que atravesaba el Mediterráneo durante los años de surgimiento y desarrollo de la cultura tartésica para así comprender mejor la formación y evolución de dicha cultura. El conocimiento de Tarteso ha evolucionado sensiblemente en la última década, desde la celebración y publicación de las actas del I Congreso Internacional, Tarteso. El emporio del metal (Almuzara, 2013). La incorporación de nuevas voces y visiones enfocadas al conocimiento de la protohistoria peninsular, así como de algunos temas nunca antes abordados en el conocimiento de Tarteso, permiten presentar en este volumen una visión renovada, donde destaca la incorporación de unos nuevos límites territoriales para esta cultura.

El presente volumen recoge las contribuciones presentadas al II Congreso Internacional sobre Tarteso, Nuevas Fronteras, que tuvo lugar en Mérida entre los días 17 y 19 de noviembre de 2021. Su lectura permite un viaje desde el extremo oriental del Mediterráneo hasta el suroeste de la península ibérica, mostrando las diversas realidades históricas acontecidas en este territorio durante la I Edad del Hierro. El objetivo de esta publicación es mostrar la situación que atravesaba el Mediterráneo durante los años de surgimiento y desarrollo de la cultura tartésica para así comprender mejor la formación y evolución de dicha cultura. El conocimiento de Tarteso ha evolucionado sensiblemente en la última década, desde la celebración y publicación de las actas del I Congreso Internacional, Tarteso. El emporio del metal (Almuzara, 2013). La incorporación de nuevas voces y visiones enfocadas al conocimiento de la protohistoria peninsular, así como de algunos temas nunca antes abordados en el conocimiento de Tarteso, permiten presentar en este volumen una visión renovada, donde destaca la incorporación de unos nuevos límites territoriales para esta cultura.

Se abordó el conocimiento a día de hoy sobre la presencia de Tarteso en la cuenca media del Guadiana entre los siglos VII y V a. C. previa a su desaparición. Siendo este uno de los periodos más florecientes de este ámbito cultural en toda la península.

This essay introduces new evidence for an eschatological Phoenician motif that alludes to a final sailing and its perils, represented by a monstrous lion attacking or sinking a boat. The lion-and-boat motif was, so far, only documented in a Phoenician funerary stela from late classical Athens, the Antipatros/Shem stela. Excavations at the fifth-century BCE Tartessic site of Casas del Turuñuelo in southwestern Spain has revealed a set of ivory and bone panels that decorated a wooden box, bearing relevant iconography in the so-called orientalizing style. Additional comparanda from the Levant, Iberia, and Tunisia in various media (coins, ivories, amulets), add weight to this interpretation. Our analysis highlights how the artists behind the Athenian and Tartessic artifacts were innovative in their way of representing a theme that was not codified iconographically. Most remarkable is the use of an ivory-carving convention (the Phoenician palmette motif) to portray the stylized boat, a choice corroborated by a painted pottery sherd from Olympia. This “palmette-boat” depiction, in our view, is coherent with Egyptian Nilotic boats, but also with the use of flat or shallow river-boats in the Tagus and Guadiana region, illustrating mechanisms of local adaptation of Phoenician sailing and life-death “passing” symbolism. If, as we suggest, this representation can be added to that in the Athenian document, we now have testimonies of two different local adaptations of a Phoenician theme at the two ends of the Mediterranean oikoumene between the archaic and late classical periods.

[EN] Virtual reconstruction has become a fundamental tool to study and analyse archaeological heritage, given its usefulness for both research and dissemination. Although the discipline has advanced exponentially in recent years, the workflow used in most jobs is still based on the offline methodology as the preferred rendering engine. In contrast, this paper proposes the substitution of this methodology with the new ray tracing in real-time rendering technology; specifically, the authors used Unreal Engine to develop virtual reconstruction work as a research tool during the excavation of an archaeological site, as well as to disseminate the results of the study of each phase. The aim is to exploit the advantages of the immediacy of calculating high-quality and realistic lighting and materials, as well as the interaction and immersion in the virtual model that this system for the development of video games offers. This paper highlights: a) the benefits detected when using real-time technology in heritage reconstruction during the work carried out to date, and b) its limitations and its future evolution with the development of the technology. To demonstrate the usefulness of this tool, the authors present the reconstruction project of the Casas del Turuñuelo site (Guareña, Badajoz). It is one of the best preserved protohistoric sites in the Western Mediterranean, which is why applying this technology to this case study was considered appropriate. The excellent architectural preservation of the Casas del Turuñuelo building is an extraordinary example to assess the usefulness of applying video game engines to heritage reconstruction. This settlement is one of the first known examples of this technology being applied to heritage, specifically, to the virtualisation of an archaeological site under excavation. This methodology and its improvements will be applied to the virtual reconstruction of this project as the excavation of this site advances; thus, one of the main o, [ES] La reconstrucción virtual se ha convertido en una herramienta fundamental para el estudio y análisis del patrimonio arqueológico, dada la utilidad que presenta tanto para la investigación como la divulgación. Aunque en los últimos años la disciplina ha avanzado exponencialmente, el flujo de trabajo empleado en la mayoría de proyectossigue basándose en la metodología sin conexión como motor de renderizado preferido. Frente a ello, el presente trabajo propone la sustitución de dicha metodología por la novedosa tecnología de renderizado con ray tracing en tiempo real; concretamente se ha trabajado con el motor de Unreal Engine, para desarrollar acciones de reconstrucción virtual como herramienta de investigación durante el proceso de excavación de un yacimiento arqueológico, así como para la divulgación de resultados del estudio de cada fase de trabajo. El objetivo es aprovechar las ventajas de la inmediatez de cálculo de una iluminación y materiales de alta calidad y realismo, así como de interacción e inmersión en el modelo virtual que este sistema para el desarrollo de videojuegos nos ofrece. Este artículo se presentan: a)los beneficios detectados al usar la tecnología de tiempo real en la reconstrucción del patrimonio durante los trabajos llevados a cabo hasta la fecha, y b) sus limitaciones y su evolución futura con el desarrollo de la tecnología. Para demostrar la utilidad de esta herramienta se presenta el proyecto de reconstrucción del yacimiento de Casas del Turuñuelo (Guareña, Badajoz). Se trata de uno de los yacimientos protohistóricos del Mediterráneo Occidental mejor conservados, razón que justifica la ideoneidad de aplicar esta tecnología a este caso de estudio. El excelente estado de conservación de la arquitectura del edificio de Casas del Turuñuelo constituye un extraordinario ejemplo para valorar la utilidad de la aplicación de los motores de videojuegos a la reconstrucción del patrimonio. Este yacimiento es uno de los primeros ejemplos conocidos

The aim of this work is presenting a group of glasses excavated from the archaeological site Casas del Turuñuelo (Guareña, Badajoz, Spain), whose destruction dates back to the 5th Century BCE. Different types of glasses were found, among them two thick-walled translucent bowls and a very fine blue-coloured bowl. The study and conservation of these pieces has made it possible to characterize the composition of the different types of glass and their specific degradation, and to identify the possible origin where they were manufactured, in the Eastern Mediterranean. In addition, it has managed to recover the original surface and shape of these pieces and has given them the necessary consistency to be well preserved and studied.

Zooarchaeological analyses of the skeletal remains of 52 animals unearthed in the courtyard of an Iron Age Tartessian building known as Casas del Turuñuelo (Badajoz, Spain) shed light on a massive sacrifice forming part of a series of rituals linked to the site’s last period of activity and final abandonment. The rites took place towards the end of the 5th century BCE when both the building (intentionally destroyed) and the sacrificed animals were intentionally buried under a tumulus 90 m in diameter and 6 m high. The main objective of the zooarchaeological and microstratigraphic analyses was to determine the phasing of the sacrificial depositions. Evidence gathered from taphonomic assessments and a series of radiocarbon datings indicate that the sacrifices fall into three consecutive phases spanning several years. The findings of the zooarchaeological analyses clearly point to a selection of equid and cattle males. Adult equids predominate (MNI = 41) followed by adult and sub-adult cattle (MNI = 6). Pigs, in turn, are only represented by a few adults and sub-adult females (MNI = 4). Among the animals is a single dog of undetermined sex between 3 and 4 years of age. The fact that the animals are mostly adults discards the likelihood that they died from natural causes or an epidemic. In addition, the scenographic deposition of certain equids in pairs, as well as evidence of the burning of plant offerings, suggest an intentional ritualistic sacrifice. Nine of the initial depositions of Phase 1 in the SE quadrant were scattered and certain of their bones bear marks characteristic of both prolonged open air exposure and scavengers. Another 31 animals from Phases 1 and 2 are represented by almost complete, articulated skeletons, indicating they were promptly covered. Phase 3, by contrast, reveals both almost complete and partial animals bearing clear signs of processing for human consumption. This study thus sheds light on both the sequence of the animal sacrifices and t

El Final de Tarteso: Arqueología Protohistórica en el valle medio del Guadiana nace con una finalidad: contribuir en el afianzamiento de la hipótesis que defiende la existencia de una etapa en la que se enmarca uno de los períodos más florecientes de Tarteso, aquel que tuvo lugar entre los siglos VII y V a.C. en las tierras bañadas por el río Guadiana.

Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare1. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling2-4 at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 BC3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia5 and Anatolia6, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 BC, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association7 between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 BC8,9 driving the spread of Indo-European languages10. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium BC Sintashta culture11,12.

Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare1. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling2-4 at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 BC3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia5 and Anatolia6, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 BC, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association7 between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 BC8,9 driving the spread of Indo-European languages10. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium BC Sintashta culture11,12.

Over the last few decades, river landscapes have been significantly transformed as a result of increased human impact. This transformation is evident in areas such as the middle Guadiana basin, where the impact of both agricultural and hydraulic infrastructures has led to the decontextualization of archaeological sites, resulting in a disconnection between archaeological sites and their own physical environment. In order to analyse the location and geographic contexts of sites from the first Iron Age in the middle Guadiana basin and to detect the existence of human settlement patterns, we designed a methodological approach that combines LiDAR and APSFR data (areas with potential significant flood risk). The main purpose of this method is to detect flood areas and assess the relationship between them and archaeological sites. The result allowed us to obtain a clearer understanding of these societies, their knowledge of the physical environment, and the causes and reasons behind their occupation of certain sites. The validation of the results demonstrated the versatility of this methodological approach, which can be extrapolated to analysing other regions and historical periods.

Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare1. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling2–4 at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 bc3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia5 and Anatolia6, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 bc, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association7 between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 bc8,9 driving the spread of Indo-European languages10. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium bc Sintashta culture11,12., Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare1. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling2–4 at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 bc3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia5 and Anatolia6, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 bc, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association7 between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 bc8,9 driving the spread of Indo-European languages10. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium bc Sintashta culture11,12.

Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare1. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling2–4 at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 bc3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia5 and Anatolia6, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 bc, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association7 between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 bc8,9 driving the spread of Indo-European languages10. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium bc Sintashta culture11,12., Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare1. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling2–4 at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 bc3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia5 and Anatolia6, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 bc, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association7 between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 bc8,9 driving the spread of Indo-European languages10. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium bc Sintashta culture11,12.

[ES]: En la actualidad se conoce un número destacado de necrópolis tartésicas fechadas en la I Edad del Hierro tanto en el valle del Guadalquivir como en el valle del Guadiana. El conocimiento que tenemos de estas deriva del estudio de sus enterramientos y sus ajuares, sin que hasta el momento hayan sido analizadas dentro del paisaje y del modelo de poblamiento del que forman parte. Con el objetivo de reconstruir el paisaje antiguo en el que se ubicaron estas necrópolis y detectar un patrón en la elección de los lugares para su ubicación, proponemos en este trabajo un método de análisis geográfico en el que se combinan los datos LiDAR, la fotografía histórica y los registros de inundaciones. Esta metodología se ha puesto en práctica en el análisis de las necrópolis del valle medio del Guadiana fechadas entre los ss. VII y V a. C. y el resultado nos permite definir la existencia de un patrón que conecta estos espacios funerarios con tradiciones de origen oriental., [EN]: Many tartessian necropolises dating from the Early Iron Age are well-known at present in both the Guadalquivir Valley and the Guadiana Valley. The knowledge we have of these funerary spaces comes from the study of their burials and their grave goods. Issues related to landscape and settlement patterns have not yet been addressed. In this work we propose a methodological analysis which combines lidar data, historical photography, and flood records. The main objectives of this analyses are to reconstruct the ancient landscape in which these necropolises are located and to discover the possible existence of a pattern related to these locations. This methodology has been put into practice in the analysis of the necropolises of the Middle Guadiana Valley dated between the 7th and 5th centuries bc. The result allows us to observe a pattern that connects these funerary spaces with Eastern origin traditions.

Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 bc3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia and Anatolia, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 bc, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 bc driving the spread of Indo-European languages. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium bc Sintashta culture.

[ES]: En este trabajo se presenta un análisis arquitectónico y material de la escalera monumental que preside el patio del yacimiento de Casas del Turuñuelo. El análisis de los escalones inferiores nos ha permitido documentar la primera evidencia de la fabricación de un mortero de cal de manera antrópica empleado para la producción de bloques paralelepípedos, a modo de sillares. El trabajo recoge una visión histórica del hallazgo, así como una valoración acerca del impacto que supuso la adopción de esta tecnología y las ventajas funcionales de la misma. Así mismo, se presentan los resultados de los análisis arqueométricos realizados sobre cinco de los escalones mediante los que poder afirmar que nos encontramos ante el primer mortero de cal empleado para la elaboración de sillares en la protohistoria de la Península Ibérica., [EN]: This work gives a new architectural and material analysis of the monumental staircase that presides over the courtyard of the archaeological site of Casas del Turuñuelo. The analysis of the lower steps has allowed us to document the first evidence of a lime mortar manufacture used to produce parallelepiped blocks, as ashlars stones. The work offers a historical vision of the finding, as well as an impact assessment resulting from the adoption of this technology and its functional advantages. Moreover, the results of the archaeometric analyses carried out on five of the steps are also presented. Through these analyses we can affirm that we are faced with the first lime mortar used in the Protohistoric Iberian Peninsula.

The peasant population is perhaps one of the least analysed social subjects in the Iberian protohistory because its activity is poorly reflected in the archaeological record. In order to contribute to its knowledge, we propose a work scheme that collects the information from archaeological activities, bioarchaeological data and Catchment Area analyses. This scheme has been applied to the study of well-known villages or farm type settlements in the middle section of the Guadiana river between the 7th-5th centuries BC to prove its usefulness and understand the role that the peasantry played in the social and economic development of the population of this region during the First Iron Age., El campesinado es quizás una de las figuras sociales menos analizadas en la protohistoria peninsular por el escaso reflejo que su actividad deja en el registro arqueológico. Para contribuir a su conocimiento se propone un esquema de trabajo que reúne la información procedente de las actuaciones arqueológicas, los análisis bioarqueológicos y los estudios de las Áreas de Captación Económica. Dicho esquema ha sido aplicado al estudio de los asentamientos tipo aldea o granja documentados en el tramo medio del Guadiana entre los siglos VII-V a.C. para ensayar su utilidad y así comprender el papel que el campesinado pudo desempeñar en el desarrollo social y económico del poblamiento de esta región durante la I Edad del Hierro.

Este trabajo recoge una revisión del uso de términos como Tarteso y Orientalizante dentro de un mismo contexto cronológico y cultural, como es el de la arqueología del suroeste peninsular durante la I Edad del Hierro. Ambos conceptos son sometidos a un análisis terminológico e historiográfico con el objetivo de mostrar que no deberían ser empleados como sinónimos dentro de la literatura arqueológica. Como área de análisis se ha seleccionado el valle medio del Guadiana al tratarse de una de las regiones donde ambos conceptos son intercambiados con asiduidad ante el recelo de emplear el término Tarteso para definir la adscripción cultural de los yacimientos que jalonan la cuenca de este río entre los siglos VI-IV a. C., This paper provides a review of the use of certain terms, such as Tartessos and Orientalizing, within the same chronological and cultural context, mainly in relation to the archaeology of the southwestern area of the Iberian Peninsula during the First Iron Age. These concepts are analysed terminologically and historiographically in order to prove that they should not be used as synonyms in archaeological literature. For this analysis, the area chosen is the middle valley of the Guadiana River, because it is one of the regions where both concepts are frequently exchanged. This choice is due to the refusal of some authors to use the term Tartessos to define the cultural affiliation of the archaeological sites that mark out the basin of Guadiana river between 6th and 4th centuries BC.

The peasant population is perhaps one of the least analysed social subjects in the Iberian protohistory because its activity is poorly reflected in the archaeological record. In order to contribute to its knowledge, we propose a work scheme that collects the information from archaeological activities, bioarchaeological data and Catchment Area analyses. This scheme has been applied to the study of well-known villages or farm type settlements in the middle section of the Guadiana river between the 7th-5th centuries BC to prove its usefulness and understand the role that the peasantry played in the social and economic development of the population of this region during the First Iron Age., El campesinado es quizás una de las figuras sociales menos analizadas en la protohistoria peninsular por el escaso reflejo que su actividad deja en el registro arqueológico. Para contribuir a su conocimiento se propone un esquema de trabajo que reúne la información procedente de las actuaciones arqueológicas, los análisis bioarqueológicos y los estudios de las Áreas de Captación Económica. Dicho esquema ha sido aplicado al estudio de los asentamientos tipo aldea o granja documentados en el tramo medio del Guadiana entre los siglos VII-V a.C. para ensayar su utilidad y así comprender el papel que el campesinado pudo desempeñar en el desarrollo social y económico del poblamiento de esta región durante la I Edad del Hierro.

Este trabajo recoge una revisión del uso de términos como Tarteso y Orientalizante dentro de un mismo contexto cronológico y cultural, como es el de la arqueología del suroeste peninsular durante la I Edad del Hierro. Ambos conceptos son sometidos a un análisis terminológico e historiográfico con el objetivo de mostrar que no deberían ser empleados como sinónimos dentro de la literatura arqueológica. Como área de análisis se ha seleccionado el valle medio del Guadiana al tratarse de una de las regiones donde ambos conceptos son intercambiados con asiduidad ante el recelo de emplear el término Tarteso para definir la adscripción cultural de los yacimientos que jalonan la cuenca de este río entre los siglos VI-IV a. C., This paper provides a review of the use of certain terms, such as Tartessos and Orientalizing, within the same chronological and cultural context, mainly in relation to the archaeology of the southwestern area of the Iberian Peninsula during the First Iron Age. These concepts are analysed terminologically and historiographically in order to prove that they should not be used as synonyms in archaeological literature. For this analysis, the area chosen is the middle valley of the Guadiana River, because it is one of the regions where both concepts are frequently exchanged. This choice is due to the refusal of some authors to use the term Tartessos to define the cultural affiliation of the archaeological sites that mark out the basin of Guadiana river between 6th and 4th centuries BC.

[ES]: El presente volumen recoge parte de las contribuciones presentadas durante el IX Congreso Internacional de Estudios Fenicios y Púnicos que tuvo lugar en Mérida entre los días 22 y 26 de octubre de 2018. Este encuentro, reúne cada cuatro años a los mayores especialistas en el conocimiento de las Culturas Fenicia y Púnica. Estos cuatro volúmenes recopilan parte de las novedades históricas y arqueológicas que fueron presentadas durante las jornadas. Los libros se estructuran en 15 áreas temáticas, además de los posters presentados y los trabajos correspondientes al Taller Doctoral., [EN]: This volume contains some of the contributions presented at the 9th International Congress of Phoenician and Punic Studies that took place in Mérida (Spain) between the 22-26 October 2018. This international scientific meeting is held every four years to bring together experts in Phoenician and Punic culture. These four volumes compile part of the new historical and archaeological data that was presented at the congress. The books are structured into 15 thematic sections and posters and papers derived from the Doctoral Workshop are also included.

[ES]: El presente volumen recoge parte de las contribuciones presentadas durante el IX Congreso Internacional de Estudios Fenicios y Púnicos que tuvo lugar en Mérida entre los días 22 y 26 de octubre de 2018. Este encuentro, reúne cada cuatro años a los mayores especialistas en el conocimiento de las Culturas Fenicia y Púnica. Estos cuatro volúmenes recopilan parte de las novedades históricas y arqueológicas que fueron presentadas durante las jornadas. Los libros se estructuran en 15 áreas temáticas, además de los posters presentados y los trabajos correspondientes al Taller Doctoral., [EN]: This volume contains some of the contributions presented at the 9th International Congress of Phoenician and Punic Studies that took place in Mérida (Spain) between the 22-26 October 2018. This international scientific meeting is held every four years to bring together experts in Phoenician and Punic culture. These four volumes compile part of the new historical and archaeological data that was presented at the congress. The books are structured into 15 thematic sections and posters and papers derived from the Doctoral Workshop are also included.

[ES]: El presente volumen recoge parte de las contribuciones presentadas durante el IX Congreso Internacional de Estudios Fenicios y Púnicos que tuvo lugar en Mérida entre los días 22 y 26 de octubre de 2018. Este encuentro, reúne cada cuatro años a los mayores especialistas en el conocimiento de las Culturas Fenicia y Púnica. Estos cuatro volúmenes recopilan parte de las novedades históricas y arqueológicas que fueron presentadas durante las jornadas. Los libros se estructuran en 15 áreas temáticas, además de los posters presentados y los trabajos correspondientes al Taller Doctoral., [EN]: This volume contains some of the contributions presented at the 9th International Congress of Phoenician and Punic Studies that took place in Mérida (Spain) between the 22-26 October 2018. This international scientific meeting is held every four years to bring together experts in Phoenician and Punic culture. These four volumes compile part of the new historical and archaeological data that was presented at the congress. The books are structured into 15 thematic sections and posters and papers derived from the Doctoral Workshop are also included.

[ES]: El presente volumen recoge parte de las contribuciones presentadas durante el IX Congreso Internacional de Estudios Fenicios y Púnicos que tuvo lugar en Mérida entre los días 22 y 26 de octubre de 2018. Este encuentro, reúne cada cuatro años a los mayores especialistas en el conocimiento de las Culturas Fenicia y Púnica. Estos cuatro volúmenes recopilan parte de las novedades históricas y arqueológicas que fueron presentadas durante las jornadas. Los libros se estructuran en 15 áreas temáticas, además de los posters presentados y los trabajos correspondientes al Taller Doctoral., [EN]: This volume contains some of the contributions presented at the 9th International Congress of Phoenician and Punic Studies that took place in Mérida (Spain) between the 22-26 October 2018. This international scientific meeting is held every four years to bring together experts in Phoenician and Punic culture. These four volumes compile part of the new historical and archaeological data that was presented at the congress. The books are structured into 15 thematic sections and posters and papers derived from the Doctoral Workshop are also included.

Cryptogamic covers are the main living form of terrestrial ecosystems in polar regions. Despite the recognised importance, no study to date has investigated their decomposition in situ. Thus, we do not know to what extent they contribute to soil organic matter accumulation and whether the decomposition drivers are similar to those for plant litter. Here we report the first results from a litter decomposition experiment carried out with two biocrust-forming species (lichen versus mosses) in well-developed and bare soils in Antarctica. We evaluated how litter decomposition was affected by light exposure to test whether abiotic processes play a role in litter decomposition there. We carried out an experiment for a year and measure litter decomposition of lichen and mosses during the growing season and over an entire year. We also manipulated the incidence of UV radiation using mesh material that blocked 10% or 90% of incoming radiation. Our results indicate that after one year in the field, lichens and mosses decompose 7% and 8% of the initial mass. Light exposure inhibit decomposition in both, 40% and 22% in lichens and mosses litter, respectively. Most degradation occurred during the summer months. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, colonised soils exhibit lower decomposition rates than litter placed on bare soil, particularly in the case of moss litter. Our results show that decomposition of cryptogamic cover is slow in Antarctica compared to other regions and that is strongly limited by low temperatures, that contrary to what occurs in plant litter in semiarid regions, light exposure inhibited decomposition and is not favored by the presence of biological cover. Thus, our findings highlight the need to further investigate litter decomposition in polar regions in order to incorporate cryptogamic litter decomposition into carbon cycling models to better understand and forecast climate change impacts on these vulnerable regions.

[ES]: Este trabajo recoge una revisión del uso de términos como Tarteso y Orientalizante dentro de un mismo contexto cronológico y cultural, como es el de la arqueología del suroeste peninsular durante la I Edad del Hierro. Ambos conceptos son sometidos a un análisis terminológico e historiográfico con el objetivo de mostrar que no deberían ser empleados como sinónimos dentro de la literatura arqueológica. Como área de análisis se ha seleccionado el valle medio del Guadiana al tratarse de una de las regiones donde ambos conceptos son intercambiados con asiduidad ante el recelo de emplear el término Tarteso para definir la adscripción cultural de los yacimientos que jalonan la cuenca de este río entre los siglos VI-IV a. C. | This paper provides a review of the use of certain terms, such as Tartessos and Orientalizing, within the same chronological and cultural context, mainly in relation to the archaeology of the southwestern area of the Iberian Peninsula during the First Iron Age. These concepts are analysed terminologically and historiographically in order to prove that they should not be used as synonyms in archaeological literature. For this analysis, the area chosen is the middle valley of the Guadiana River, because it is one of the regions where both concepts are frequently exchanged. This choice is due to the refusal of some authors to use the term Tartessos to define the cultural affiliation of the archaeological sites that mark out the basin of Guadiana river between 6th and 4th centuries BC., [EN]: This paper provides a review of the use of certain terms, such as Tartessos and Orientalizing, within the same chronological and cultural context, mainly in relation to the archaeology of the southwestern area of the Iberian Peninsula during the First Iron Age. These concepts are analysed terminologically and historiographically in order to prove that they should not be used as synonyms in archaeological literature. For this analysis, the area chosen is the middle valley of the Guadiana River, because it is one of the regions where both concepts are frequently exchanged. This choice is due to the refusal of some authors to use the term Tartessos to define the cultural affiliation of the archaeological sites that mark out the basin of Guadiana river between 6th and 4th centuries BC.

[ES]: No se concibe el trabajo arqueológico en la actualidad sin la inclusión de nuevas metodologías que faciliten las tareas de investigación y ofrezcan soluciones a problemas que, empleando métodos tradicionales, quedarían sin resolver. Proponemos en este artículo la aplicación de una estrategia de reconstrucción de puzles 3D incompletos sobre una de las piezas más relevantes aparecidas en el yacimiento tartésico de Casas del Turuñuelo (Guareña, Badajoz). Nos referimos a la “bañera/sarcófago” hallada en la estancia principal, de la cual se conservaba in situ únicamente la base y que, gracias a la ingente labor arqueológica, ha podido ser reconstruida parcialmente a partir de otros fragmentos que habían sido utilizados para colmatar el edificio. No obstante, aún existe un número elevado de elementos que no han podido ser ubicados en su posición original. A partir de los datos proporcionados por historiadores y arqueólogos, de los obtenidos de los modelos 3D de alta resolución de los fragmentos y del modelo 3D sintético de cómo podría ser la “bañera/sarcófago”, ha sido posible proponer una solución al problema de la reubicación de las piezas encontradas y ofrecer una reconstrucción del aspecto final de la mencionada “bañera/sarcófago”., [EN]: Nowadays, archaeological work cannot be conceived without the inclusion of new methodologies that facilitate research and offer solutions to problems that would remain unsolved using traditional methods. In this article, we propose the application of a strategy for the reconstruction of incomplete 3D puzzles to one of the most relevant finding appeared in the Tartessian site of Casas del Turuñuelo (Guareña, Badajoz): the so-called “bathtub/sarcophagus”, found in the main room of the building. Only its base was preserved in situ, and some other fragments, which had been used to fill the building, were found scattered. It had been partially reconstructed by archaeologists, but there were some pieces that remained unplaced. Using the data provided by historians and archaeologists and those obtained from the high-resolution 3D models of the fragments and the synthetic 3D model of how the “bathtub / sarcophagus” could be, we propose a solution for the placement of these pieces and offer a recreation of the aforementioned “bathtub/sarcophagus”.

[ES]: El campesinado es quizás una de las figuras sociales menos analizadas en la protohistoria peninsular por el escaso reflejo que su actividad deja en el registro arqueológico. Para contribuir a su conocimiento se propone un esquema de trabajo que reúne la información procedente de las actuaciones arqueológicas, los análisis bioarqueológicos y los estudios de las Áreas de Captación Económica. Dicho esquema ha sido aplicado al estudio de los asentamientos tipo aldea o granja documentados en el tramo medio del Guadiana entre los siglos VII-V a.C. para ensayar su utilidad y así comprender el papel que el campesinado pudo desempeñar en el desarrollo social y económico del poblamiento de esta región durante la I Edad del Hierro., [EN]: The peasant population is perhaps one of the least analysed social subjects in the Iberian protohistory because its activity is poorly reflected in the archaeological record. In order to contribute to its knowledge, we propose a work scheme that collects the information from archaeological activities, bioarchaeological data and Catchment Area analyses. This scheme has been applied to the study of well-known villages or farm type settlements in the middle section of the Guadiana river between the 7th-5th centuries BC to prove its usefulness and understand the role that the peasantry played in the social and economic development of the population of this region during the First Iron Age.

[ES]: En este trabajo se presenta un amuleto procedente de la colección del Museo de Cáceres. Realizado en piedra marrón representa a un mono muy esquematizado sentado sobre las patas traseras. Amuleto, objeto de tocador o adorno, podría ser, por los paralelos conocidos en la península ibérica, una manufactura púnica, fechable entre los siglos V y IV a.C., [EN]: In this paper an amulet from the collection of the Museo de Cáceres is presented. Made in brown stone, represents a very schematic monkey sitting on the hind legs. Amulet, object of toilet or adornment, could be a Punic manufacture by the parallelims known in the iberian peninsula, dated between the 5th and 4th centuries BC.

[ES]: Entre los días 22 y 26 de octubre de 2018 se celebró en la ciudad de Mérida (Extremadura, España) el IX Congreso Internacional de Estudios Fenicios y Púnicos, organizado por el Instituto de Arqueología del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC – Junta de Extremadura) a instancias del Comité Científico Internacional; un encargo que acogimos con mucha ilusión pero también con cierta preocupación por la enorme responsabilidad que adquiríamos., [EN]: From 22nd to 26th October 2018, the 9th International Congress of Phoenician and Punic Studies was held in the city of Mérida (Extremadura, Spain), organized by the Institute of Archaeology of the Spanish National Council for Scientific Research (CSIC- Junta de Extremadura), at the request of the International Scientific Committee; a commission that we welcomed with great enthusiasm but also with some concern for the enormous responsibility we acquired.

Los primeros caballos domésticos aparecieron en las estepas euroasiáticas hace unos 5000 años. Desde entonces y a lo largo de la historia reciente de la humanidad, el caballo ha servido para multitud de tareas. Entender de qué manera las distintas sociedades sacaron provecho de este animal y de sus parientes más cercanos (asnos y sus híbridos, las mulas y burdéganos), permite conocer de manera directa el grado de complejidad tecnológica y social de esas sociedades concretas (Fages et al. 2019). La Edad del Hierro fue una etapa de especial importancia en la península ibérica, debido a que las poblaciones autóctonas recibieron influencias de otros pueblos procedentes de distintas zonas del Mediterráneo y de la fachada atlántica de Europa. Además, para estas sociedades peninsulares, el caballo fue un animal singular que fue utilizado para distintas finalidades: transporte, conflictos bélicos, como símbolo de poder y prestigio social y más esporádicamente, como fuente de alimento. De hecho, algunos autores han definido al caballo como el animal protagonista de la Edad del Hierro, debido a su presencia y sus implicaciones en la ritualidad de distintas zonas del Mediterráneo antiguo, incluida la península ibérica. La importancia de este animal fue tal, que se ha propuesto al caballo como el mejor indicador para conocer la evolución de los cambios socioeconómicos ocurridos desde la Edad del Bronce hasta la época romana. Durante los últimos años, nuestro conocimiento sobre la Primera Edad del Hierro del valle medio del río Guadiana se ha visto incrementado gracias al estudio de su poblamiento y al hallazgo del yacimiento tartésico de Casas del Turuñuelo (Guareña, Badajoz). El estado de conservación del edificio y los materiales que lo acompañan permiten considerarlo uno de los yacimientos arqueológicos más relevantes de la Protohistoria mediterránea. Las razones son numerosas, pero se pueden resumir en tres conceptos principales: 1) la documentación de unas estructuras arqu

This study presents two new representations of ships, recently found in Casas del Turuñuelo, Spain, and dated to the end of the 5th century BC. They depict river barges, which supports the importance of river navigation in structuring the central Guadiana region in the Tartessian era. The systematization of all known ship iconography found in the area from the Early Iron Age makes it possible to highlight their homogeneity, and their Mediterranean hallmark. This serves to emphasize the interconnectivity that existed in Iberia's south‐west, fostering a process of cultural hybridization of which the vessels were both result and vehicle.

[ES]: Durante la primera campaña de excavaciones realizada en el año 2015 en el yacimiento tartésico de Casas del Turuñuelo (Guareña, Badajoz) se procedió a excavar la denominada estancia 100. Entre los materiales arqueológicos documentados sobre el pavimento de la habitación se recupe¬raron cuatro placas que por la posición que presentaban decoraban las cuatro caras de una caja de madera perdida por el incendio que puso fin a la vida del edificio. Este trabajo reúne la infor¬mación referente a su hallazgo y contexto arqueológico, el estudio de las piezas y su iconografía, los resultados de los análisis realizados tanto de las placas como de los clavos conservados, así como el proceso de restauración y conservación al que las piezas han sido sometidas. Su estudio nos ha permitido abrir nuevas líneas de investigación en torno al comercio fenicio con Occidente y la existencia de un artesanado especializado en el trabajo del hueso y el marfil en los enclaves peninsulares., [EN]: During excavations at the Tartessic site of Casas del Turuñuelo (Guareña, Badajoz) in 2015, the so-called room 100 was excavated. Among the archaeological materials documented on the floor of the room, four plates were recovered in primary position and seems to point that they decorated the four faces of a wooden box lost by the fire that put an end to the life of the building. This work gathers the information referring to its find and archaeological context. This also applies the study of the objects and their iconography, the results of the analyzes carried out both on the plates and the preserved nails, as well as the restoration and conservation process to which the pieces objects have been submitted. This study has allowed us to launch new research lines around Phoenician trade with the West and the existence of a craftsman specialized in the work of bone and ivory, in peninsular enclaves.

Analysis of the mortars and coatings used in the walls of the archaeological site “El Turuñuelo” has been carried out using spectrometric and thermo-physics techniques. Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy coupled with X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) were used to shed light on the composition and morphology of the mortars used in the construction of the Tartessic building. In addition, studies of porosity and thermogravimetry, and comparisons with mortars from Roman and Arabic Iberian civilizations nearby have also been performed. From the results of EDXRF, Fe was found as the main element, while Ti, K and Ca were observed as minor components, and some traces of Si and Mn. The semiquantitative analysis performed by XRD and FTIR showed that the samples were mainly composed of aluminum silicates such as illite, dawsonite, muscovite, glauconite and calcium montmorillonite. SEM-EDX and stratigraphic studies showed the morphology of the samples, and the absence of Ca, which is in agreement with the visual assumption of adobe as the material used in mortars. This Ca fault was confirmed by the thermogravimetry results, where no weight losses were found in the heating curves.

ARQUEOLOGÍA y PROCOMÚN pretende ser un recurso para el desarrollo de procesos comunitarios vinculados a la ciencia arqueológica, y desarrollados en el medio rural. Cuando hablamos del rural, parece que nos referimos a un espacio concreto delimitado. Sin embargo, este límite no es solo administrativo sino que cuenta con innumerables condicionantes paisajísticos, culturales, históricos, económicos y sociales, que convierten a estos territorios en unos espacios atractivos para el estudio de esa coyuntura desde distintos niveles y distintas visiones, posibilitando ese trabajo conjunto, entre el mundo científico y la comunidad, para la creación de conocimiento, el intercambio de recursos y la generación de nuevos procesos culturales y sociales. Todo ello para favorecer una nueva visión de los espacios rurales para que sean más innovadores, más proactivos y más implicados con su entorno y con su memoria desde un contexto arqueológico.

The main purpose of this project was to verify the use of the DStretch plugin, designed to study rock art, for analysing post-firing painted pottery from the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age in the Atlantic façade of the Iberian Peninsula. To do so, a Guadalquivir-type carinated pot was used as a study vessel from the excavations of Portaceli (Medellín, Badajoz, Spain). The study brought together all of the different methods used, from the photogrammetry used to obtain a high-quality image of the piece, analysis with DStretch, and the final 3-D modelling process in order to accurately reproduce the shape and decoration of the vessel. The final goal was to obtain precise documentation on these types of vessels, the handling of which is not recommended due to the fragile nature of the pigments used in their decoration.

In this article we present the first results of the excavations in the court of the Tartesic building of Casas del Turuñuelo (Guareña, Badajoz), as a consequence of the archaeological digs carried out in the years 2017 and 2018. This work analyses both its architecture and constructive techniques used for the construction of this space, emphasizing specially the presence of a monumental staircase that bridge the gap between the two preserved floors of the building. Moreover, we lay out the imported materials from the Mediterranean Sea documented in this area. Finally, we offer the first data about the documented animal hecatomb executed on the court floor, in which it is of great importance the presence of horses. These findings make the archaeological site of Casas del Turuñuelo a unique example to address the study of the last moments of the Tartessian culture in the middle valley of the Guadiana, at the end of the 5th century BC., Se presentan los primeros resultados de las excavaciones del patio del edificio de época tartésica de Casas del Turuñuelo (Guareña, Badajoz), resultado de las excavaciones llevadas a cabo en los años 2017 y 2018. En este trabajo se analiza tanto su arquitectura como las técnicas constructivas empleadas para conformar este espacio, donde destaca especialmente la presencia de una escalera monumental que salva la distancia entre las dos plantas conservadas del edificio; así mismo, se dan a conocer los materiales de importación mediterránea documentados en este ámbito. Por último, se ofrecen los primeros datos acerca de la hecatombe de animales documentada sobre el suelo del patio, dentro de la cual destaca la figura del caballo. Estos hallazgos convierten al yacimiento de Casas del Turuñuelo en un ejemplo único para abordar el estudio de los últimos momentos de la cultura tartésica en el valle medio del Guadiana, a finales del siglo V ane.

In this article we present the first results of the excavations in the court of the Tartesic building of Casas del Turuñuelo (Guareña, Badajoz), as a consequence of the archaeological digs carried out in the years 2017 and 2018. This work analyses both its architecture and constructive techniques used for the construction of this space, emphasizing specially the presence of a monumental staircase that bridge the gap between the two preserved floors of the building. Moreover, we lay out the imported materials from the Mediterranean Sea documented in this area. Finally, we offer the first data about the documented animal hecatomb executed on the court floor, in which it is of great importance the presence of horses. These findings make the archaeological site of Casas del Turuñuelo a unique example to address the study of the last moments of the Tartessian culture in the middle valley of the Guadiana, at the end of the 5th century BC., Se presentan los primeros resultados de las excavaciones del patio del edificio de época tartésica de Casas del Turuñuelo (Guareña, Badajoz), resultado de las excavaciones llevadas a cabo en los años 2017 y 2018. En este trabajo se analiza tanto su arquitectura como las técnicas constructivas empleadas para conformar este espacio, donde destaca especialmente la presencia de una escalera monumental que salva la distancia entre las dos plantas conservadas del edificio; así mismo, se dan a conocer los materiales de importación mediterránea documentados en este ámbito. Por último, se ofrecen los primeros datos acerca de la hecatombe de animales documentada sobre el suelo del patio, dentro de la cual destaca la figura del caballo. Estos hallazgos convierten al yacimiento de Casas del Turuñuelo en un ejemplo único para abordar el estudio de los últimos momentos de la cultura tartésica en el valle medio del Guadiana, a finales del siglo V ane.