Search

The main task of planning documents is to achieve maximal rationality in the use of space, spatial resources, and balanced territorial development. The preparation of plans is regulated by a legislative framework, which embraces multiple phases and stakeholders. In a perfect planning process, it would be expected that all the elements are well coordinated and brought to common understanding, but in reality, obstacles and challenges can occur in any of these steps, especially in the implementation phase. Although a plan is fully prepared to be practiced, its implementation might be omitted. Therefore, this article analyzes the full process of spatial and urban planning from the perspective of plan implementation. The methodology is based on a combination of different data collection methods (interviews, fieldwork, direct observation) with the analysis of plans and the particular mention of those plans that picture the implementation issues the most. Also, legislative acts and semi-annual and annual reports on the achievements of the local government budget are analyzed. The approach indicates that plan implementation depends the most on the willingness of the government to perform changes in the system and to peruse punitive policy comprehensively. Although it is about implementation at the local level, the success primarily depends on clear definitions given in the legislative acts, freedom of the local communities to make their own decisions, and financial decentralization, side by side with the regional and local circumstances, institutional technical and staff capacities, and application of participatory planning that involves actors from various sectors.

The main task of planning documents is to achieve maximal rationality in the use of space, spatial resources, and balanced territorial development. The preparation of plans is regulated by a legislative framework, which embraces multiple phases and stakeholders. In a perfect planning process, it would be expected that all the elements are well coordinated and brought to common understanding, but in reality, obstacles and challenges can occur in any of these steps, especially in the implementation phase. Although a plan is fully prepared to be practiced, its implementation might be omitted. Therefore, this article analyzes the full process of spatial and urban planning from the perspective of plan implementation. The methodology is based on a combination of different data collection methods (interviews, fieldwork, direct observation) with the analysis of plans and the particular mention of those plans that picture the implementation issues the most. Also, legislative acts and semi-annual and annual reports on the achievements of the local government budget are analyzed. The approach indicates that plan implementation depends the most on the willingness of the government to perform changes in the system and to peruse punitive policy comprehensively. Although it is about implementation at the local level, the success primarily depends on clear definitions given in the legislative acts, freedom of the local communities to make their own decisions, and financial decentralization, side by side with the regional and local circumstances, institutional technical and staff capacities, and application of participatory planning that involves actors from various sectors.

Apstrakt: Obrazovanje je jedan od ključnih elemenata održivog ekonomskog razvoja (ekonomije zasnovane na znanju) i socijalne kohezije društva. Takođe, dostignuti nivo obrazovanosti populacije i permanentno obrazovanje su bitni uslovi uravnoteženog regionalnog razvoja. Predmet ovog rada je analiza regionalnih i lokalnih razlika prema obrazovnom nivou radne populacije (20-64 godine) u Republici Srbiji, na osnovu podataka Popisa 2011. godine. Cilj rada je rangiranje i klasifikacija opština/gradova prema obrazovnoj strukturi radnog kontigenta stanovništva, što je pokazatelj potencijala ljudskih resursa kao nosioca ekonomskog i socijalnog razvoja., Education is one of the key element for achieving the goals of sustainable economic development (economy based on knowledge) and social cohesion in society. Also, the educational level attained and permanent education (lifelong learning) are important conditions for balanced regional development. The subject of this paper is the analysis region and local differences in the education level of workforce (20-64 years) in the Republic of Serbia, on the 2011 Census data. The goal of the paper is to rank and classify municipalities/cities according to the educational structure of workforce, as an indicator of human resources potentials of economic and social development.

Slivno područje Južne Morave obuhvata površinu oko 14 000 km2 . Reprezentativni uzorci su prema WEGS (zapadno evropske geohemijske grupacije) prikupljeni na tri profila: A- horizont na dubini (15-20) cm od površine terena, OB-Overbank sedimenta na dubni (80-100) cm i S-savremeni strim sedimenta. Geohemijskom prospekcijom na 5 lokacija obalskih profila u slivu Južne Morave prikupljeno je 40 uzoraka koji su analizirani na sadržaje prirodnih radionuklida 238U, 232Th i 40K. Na svakoj lokaciji izvršeno je kartiranje obalskog profila. Na bazi rezultata radiometrijskih ispitivanja izračunato je geohemijsko radijaciono opterećenje prirodnih radionuklida u životnoj sredini ruralnih naselja. Za procenu uticaja eksterne ekvivalentne doze jonizujućeg zračenja u ambijentu ruralnih naselja primenjena je metoda Monte Karlo., River basin of South Morava covers an area of about 14 000 km2 . Representative samples from coastal profiles were the base for the development of regional geochemical map in the frame of WEGS (Western European geochemical group). Samples were collected at the A- horizon at a depth of 15-20 cm from the ground surface; OB-overbank sediments at the depth of (80-100) cm and S-modern stream sediment. Geochemical prospecting was used at 538 coastal locations profile in the basin of South Morava and 40 samples were collected and analyzed for the content of natural radionuclides 238 U, 232 Th and 40 K. Based on the results of radiometric tests geochemical radiation burden of natural radionuclides in environment were calculated. To assess the impact of external equivalent dose of ionizing radiation in the atmosphere of rural settlements Monte Carlo was applied.

Koordinatne merne mašine (KMM) su dominantni merni instrumenti u dimenzionalnoj metrologiji. NJihovom upotrebom se može izmeriti bilo koja makro tolerancija označena na tehničkoj dokumentaciji. Tolerancija ravnosti je često prisutna u cilju izvršenja zahtevanih funkcionalnih zahteva radnog predmeta. Istraživanja sprovedena u ovom radu se bave problemom procene greške ravnosti merene na KMM zasnovane na metodi minimalne zone i procene merne nesigurnosti za ovaj merni zadakat. Aksenat je stavljen na primeni Monte Karlo metode kao simulacionog alata za procenu merne nesigurnosti. Razvijena je nova metodologija za procenu greške ravnosti kao i simulacioni model za procenu merne nesigurnosti za ovaj merni zadatak., Coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) are dominant measuring instruments in dimensional metrology. These machines can measure any macro-tolerance indicated in the technical documentation. Flatness tolerance is often present with the aim of completing the needed functional requirements of a workpiece. The investigation conducted in this paper considers the problem of assessing the flatness error measured on a CMM based on the minimum zone method and on the method of evaluating measurement uncertainty for this measuring task. The emphasis is on the use of Monte Carlo method as a simulation tool for evaluating measurement uncertainty. A new methodology for assessing the flatness error has been developed, as well as a simulation model for evaluating measurement uncertainty for this measuring task.

U tezi je rešavan centralni problem – detekcija nule dvobitnom stohastičkom digitalnom mernom metodom (SDMM). Formulisane su dve metode detekcije nule primenom dvobitne SDMM. Po prvoj metodi dinamička rezerva je oko 100 dB a po drugoj ne manje od 160 dB. Obe metode su proverene teorijski, simulaciono i eksperimentalno. Pored rešenja centralnog problema, dato je i nekoliko rešenja problema koji su sa njim vezani. Hipoteza ove teze – „dvobitna SDMM je u opsegu 0 % - 10% FS bolja od standardne sempling metode (SSM)“ – je potpuno potvrđena u svim razmatranim slučajevima., The main goal of this thesis was null-detection using a two-bit stochastic digital measurement method (SDMM). Two methods of null-detection, using two-bit SDMM, were formulated. Using the first method around 100 dB of dynamic reserve was achieved and using the second one no less than 160 dB. Both methods were theoretically, using simulation and experimentally confirmed. In addition to the solution of the main problem, several other related problems were also solved. The hypothesis of this thesis – “two-bit SDMM in range from 0 % - 10 % FS is better than the standard sampling method (SSM)” has been fully confirmed in all considered cases.

Koordinatne merne mašine (KMM) su dominantni merni instrumenti u dimenzionalnoj metrologiji. NJihovom upotrebom se može izmeriti bilo koja makro tolerancija označena na tehničkoj dokumentaciji. Tolerancija ravnosti je često prisutna u cilju izvršenja zahtevanih funkcionalnih zahteva radnog predmeta. Istraživanja sprovedena u ovom radu se bave problemom procene greške ravnosti merene na KMM zasnovane na metodi minimalne zone i procene merne nesigurnosti za ovaj merni zadakat. Aksenat je stavljen na primeni Monte Karlo metode kao simulacionog alata za procenu merne nesigurnosti. Razvijena je nova metodologija za procenu greške ravnosti kao i simulacioni model za procenu merne nesigurnosti za ovaj merni zadatak., Coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) are dominant measuring instruments in dimensional metrology. These machines can measure any macro-tolerance indicated in the technical documentation. Flatness tolerance is often present with the aim of completing the needed functional requirements of a workpiece. The investigation conducted in this paper considers the problem of assessing the flatness error measured on a CMM based on the minimum zone method and on the method of evaluating measurement uncertainty for this measuring task. The emphasis is on the use of Monte Carlo method as a simulation tool for evaluating measurement uncertainty. A new methodology for assessing the flatness error has been developed, as well as a simulation model for evaluating measurement uncertainty for this measuring task.

Cyst nematodes are serious plant-parasitic pests which could cause severe yield losses and extensive damage. Since there is still very little information about error of population density estimation in small field plots, this study contributes to the broad issue of population density assessment. It was shown that there was no significant difference between cyst counts of five or seven bulk samples taken per each 1-m(2) plot, if average cyst count per examined plot exceeds 75 cysts per 100 g of soil. Goodness of fit of data to probability distribution tested with chi(2) test confirmed a negative binomial distribution of cyst counts for 21 out of 23 plots. The recommended measure of sampling precision of 17% expressed through coefficient of variation (cv) was achieved if the plots of 1 m(2) contaminated with more than 90 cysts per 100 g of soil were sampled with 10-core bulk samples taken in five repetitions. If plots were contaminated with less than 75 cysts per 100 g of soil, 10-core bulk samples taken in seven repetitions gave cv higher than 23%. This study indicates that more attention should be paid on estimation of sampling error in experimental field plots to ensure more reliable estimation of population density of cyst nematodes.

Социјална искљученост је процес у којем су одређени појединци или групе гурнуте на ивицу друштва и спречени да у потпуности учествују у друштву, што је последица њиховог сиромаштва, недостатка основне стручности (неадекватног образовања) и могућности доживотног учења, или је резултат дискриминације. Ово их удаљава од запослења, прихода и могућности образовања, као и од социјалних мрежа и активности у друштву и заједници. Квалитетно образовање (услови и приступ/доступност) представља један од фактора који значајно утиче на смањене социјалне искључености. Другим речима, образовање има кључну улогу у осигуравању социјалне укључености (једнаке могућности и активно учествовање у друштву). Истовремено, образовање и доживотно учење је установљено као темељ за остваривање циљева одрживог економског развоја (економија заснована на знању) и постизања социјалне кохезије. Квалитетно образовање је предуслов за напредовање, развој и благостање заједнице. Услови и доступност образовању постали су приоритети националних реформи у већини европских земаља. Предмет овог рада је образовна структура становништва Србије и доступност образовања. Образовна структура је анализирана с обзиром на старост, пол и тип насеља (градска и остала/сеоска насеља)., Social exclusion is a process whereby certain individuals are pushed to the edge of society and prevented from participating fully by virtue of their poverty, or lack of basic competencies and lifelong learning opportunities, or as a result of discrimination. This distances them from job, income and education opportunities as well as social and community networks and activities. Quality education (conditions and access/ accessibility/availability) is one of the factors that significantly influence the reduced social exclusion. In other words, education has is key role key role in ensuring social inclusion (equal opportunities and active social participation). At the same time, education and lifelong learning is established as the basis for achieving the goals of sustainable economic development (economy based on knowledge) and to achieve social cohesion. Quality education is a prerequisite for progress, development and well-being of the community. Conditions and accessibility to education have become priorities of national reforms in most European countries. The subject of this paper is the educational structure of population of Serbia and the accessibility of education. The analysis covers the educational structure with regard to age, gender and type of settlement (city and other/villages settlements).

U disertaciji je prikazano teorijsko i praktično istraživanje koje se odnosi na utvrđivanje potrebnih i dovoljnih uslova za merenje harmonika u realnoj elektrodistributivnoj mreži. Cilj istraživanja doktorske disertacije je formulisanje merne metode i na metodi baziranom hardveru - po mogućnosti minimalne rezolucije primenjenih A/D konvertora - praktično dvobitnih za merenje harmonika u realnoj elektrodistributivnoj mreži. Jednostavan hardver omogućuje jednostavna paralelna merenja, kao i mali broj izvora sistematske greške merenja, što je vrlo primenljivo u merenjima u realnoj distributivnoj mreži.Simulacionom analizom, a potom i eksperimentom potvrđena je hipoteza istraživanja., The dissertation shows the theoretical and practical research related to the determination of necessary and sufficient conditions for the measurement of harmonics in a real power grid. The aim of the PhD research is to formulate method and hardware based on the measurement method - preferably with minimal resolution of applied A/D converter - practically 2-bit, for harmonics measurement in a real power grid. Simple hardware allows simple parallel measurements, as well as a small number of systematic measurement error, which is applicable for measurement in the real power grid. Simulation analysis, followed by the experiment, confirmed the hypothesis of this research.

Taking into consideration the reduction of energy dependence and the use of potentials of renewable energy sources (RES), which approximately amounts to 6Mt per year in Serbia, the paper considers the potential of using biomass or energy crops. According to the Energy Law (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, issue No. 145/2014), energy crops represent a renewable energy source produced from non-fossil renewable sources and include primarily the plantations of crops that contain a high percentage of oil or sugar (fast-growing trees, miscanthus or elephant grass, eucalyptus, green algae). The paper includes a review of the current legislative and planning framework that promotes the development of energy crops, especially fast-growing forests. Also a case study is highlighted on the level of urban planning that provides an insight into the planning framework. One of the conclusions of the paper points at the importance of establishing a suitable legislative and planning framework for planting energy crops-fast-growing forests (poplar; willow) in order to gain multiple benefits which, primarily, include the production of new energy sources and the environmental protection., Uvažavajući neophodnost smanjenje energetske zavisnosti i iskorišćavanje potencijala obnovljivih izvora energije (OIE), koji za Srbiju iznosi oko 6Mt godišnje, rad razmatra potencijal korišćenja biomase odnosno energetskih zasada. Energetski zasadi, prema Zakonu o energetici (Sl.gl.RS broj 145/2014) predstavljaju obnovljiv izvor energije proizveden iz nefosilnih obnovljivih izvora i obuhvataju pre svega plantaže biljaka koje sadrže visok procenat ulja ili šećera (brzorastuće drveće, kineska trska, eukaliptus, zelene alge). U radu je dat pregled aktuelnog zakonskog i planskog okvira kojim se promoviše razvoj energetskih zasada, posebno brzorastućih šuma. Takođe, izdvojena je studija slučaja na nivou urbanstičkog planiranja sa ciljem uvida u planski okvir: Jedan od zaključaka rada ukazuje na značaj uspostavljanja odgovarajućeg okvira, kako zakonskog tako i planskog za podizanje energetskih zasada brzorastućih šuma (topola, vrba) sa ciljem ostvarivanja višestrukih koristi koje, pre svega, podrazumevaju stvaranje novih energetskih izvora i očuvanje životne sredine

Irradiation of legume seeds has emerged as an attractive alternative compared to conventional chemical treatments in seed production. Irradiation is also used for the decontamination of food and feed in order to increase the shelf-life of fresh and dry food materials. The effects of irradiation on nutritive and anti-nutritive factors such as trypsin inhibitors are usually reported together with the measurements obtained by using the quantitative analytical methods. The objective of this study was to measure trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) of common bean cultivar Oplenac using the microtiter plate method and to identify factors that contribute to the uncertainty of TIA measurement according to the current Guide to the Expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM). Dominant sources of uncertainty of TIA measurement were: absorbance measurements of sample and positive control reaction mixtures and preparation of the final sample solution using a graduated cylinder (V4). Absorbance measurement of sample reaction mixtures took 37.8% of the overall measurement uncertainty. Preparation of the final sample solution using a graduated cylinder (V4) and absorbance measurement of positive control reaction mixture contributed to the overall uncertainty with 35.1% and 15.8%, respectively. Acquired insight into factors that contribute to the uncertainty of TIA measurement gives directions for the improvement of TIA testing methods and TIA results management.

Human capital is one of the key factors of economic and social development. Namely, the growth potential of a territory is largely dependent on human capital that is, on citizen's creative potential and especially on their education. Society with a better endowment of human capital has a greater development potential. The subject of this paper is Serbia's human capital seen from the point of view of workforce education structure (20-64 age group). In this paper we present spatial distribution of workforce, i.e. the differences in workforce education levels and polarization of Serbian territory in terms of human capital pool. The result is a typology of municipalities in Serbia based on calculated values of average completed education level-the EMN index. Mapping of the corresponding values was done at the municipality level in order to get a clear distinction and a more accurate picture of spatial disparities in human resources.

Human capital is one of the key factors of economic and social development. Namely, the growth potential of a territory is largely dependent on human capital that is, on citizen's creative potential and especially on their education. Society with a better endowment of human capital has a greater development potential. The subject of this paper is Serbia's human capital seen from the point of view of workforce education structure (20-64 age group). In this paper we present spatial distribution of workforce, i.e. the differences in workforce education levels and polarization of Serbian territory in terms of human capital pool. The result is a typology of municipalities in Serbia based on calculated values of average completed education level-the EMN index. Mapping of the corresponding values was done at the municipality level in order to get a clear distinction and a more accurate picture of spatial disparities in human resources.

The most frequently used radiopharmaceutical for treatment of thyroid diseases such as Thyroid Cancer and Hyperthyroidism is radioactive iodine 131I. It has a very high success rate in treatment of patients with thyroid diseases and also it has been proven to be safe and relatively inexpensive treatment modality. Whenever radiation is used in the treatment of the benign or cancer diseases dosimetry is essential. The main aim of this study is to perform external measurements of dose rate after administered activity and to simulate dosimetry of internal organs and risk assessment using MCNP 4b code, either for thyroid cancer and Hyperthyroid patients. To search safety optimization in this kind of therapy, it was recognized the necessity of more accurate knowledge of dose levels received by stomach and other organs. Of great importance is to know the effective dose that will be reached in gastric and other surrounding organs such as liver, lung, bladder etc. Additional aim was to provide information to be used in the improvement of radiation therapy, radiation safety practices and improvement of the fundamentals of radiation protection as defined by ICRP: justification, optimization and application of dose limits. The significance of this research is that the doses to internal organs can be determined and it worth to mention that such internal dosimetry calculation has been performed rare in the field of nuclear medicine. In accordance with the calculations carried out during this study and reference available in the literature that the therapy with radioiodine will be improved at the Institute of pathophysiology and nuclear medicine. Designed quality programs will be useful also for regulatory and accreditation bodies in the process of accreditation and radiation protection strategy. This work is divided into interconnected chapters. Chapter 2 to 4 contains the literature review and theoretical background of the study. Chapter 3 covers material and methods and aspec, Cilj terapije sa radiaoktivnim jodom 131I kod pacijenata koji boluju od nekih tipova tiroidnih carcinoma i hipertiroidizma je isporuka doze i apsorpcija doze u tiroidnoj žlezdi. Terapija sa radioaktivnim jodom sprovodi se u obliku rastvora Na131I (natrijum jodida) u tečnoj formi ili aplicira se u formi kapsule. Efektivna doza je rezultat apsorbovane doze u tiroidnom tkivu, ali i ostali unutrašnji organi prime izvesnu dozu. Kapsule koje sadrže natrijum jodid ostaju u stomaku oko 15 minuta pre nego što započne apsorpcija, vreme dovoljno dugo za rizično izlaganje. Ova činjenica je jedan od ciljeva doktorske teze, odrediti efektivnu dozu u stomaku i nekoliko unutrašnjih okolnih organa modelovanje transporta i interakcije gama zračenja i beta čestica emitovanih iz radionuklida 131I je korišćen Monte Karlo kod (MCNP4b). Radiojod je modelovan kao tačkasti izvor na dnu stomaka. Proračunavana je apsorbovana energija po jedinici transformacije u stomaku i okolnim organima. Ekvivalentna doza u tim organima je izračunata da bi se odredila efektivna doza primenom odgovarajućih težinskih faktora. Dobijeni rezultati imaju značaja za zaštitu od zračenja, ali su važni i za ustanovljavanje novih kalibracionih procedura kao deo sigurnosne kontrole i kontrole kvaliteta u proizvodnji i kontroli radiofarmaceutika kao i procedure administriranja radiofarmaceutika i primene bolnčikih puteva. Smatramo da če rezultati ovog istraživanja poboljšati bezbednosnu kulturu u našem sistemu zdravstvene zaštite kao i u državnim organima koji kreiraju i donose regulative.

Procena rizika po zdravlje stanovništva i profesionalno izloženih lica usled izlaganja niskim dozama jonizujućeg zračenja nalazi se u istraživačkom fokusu u oblasti zaštite od zračenja. U modele se unosi veliki broj pretpostavki usled nedovoljnog poznavanja mehanizama kancerogeneze, tako da procenjene zdravstvene rizike prate velike merne nesigurnosti koje često nisu iskazane. Sa druge strane, razvoj metoda za procenu zdravstvenih rizika je od izuzetnog značaja pošto se na osnovu njih donose kriterijumi za ograničavanje izlaganja stanovništva i profesionalno izloženih lica. Cilj istraživanja je razvoj metoda za procenu rizika po zdravlje stanovništva usled spoljašnjeg i unutrašnjeg izlaganja prirodnim radionuklidima poput 238U, 232Th i 40K iz zemljišta. Veličina koja opisuje zdravsteni rizik je mortalitet od malignih tumora, usled celoživotnog izlaganja radionuklidima putem inhalacije, direktne ingestije i spoljašnjeg izlaganja. Zdravstveni rizik se procenjuje metodom Monte Karlo na osnovu izmerenih koncentracija aktivnosti prirodnih radionuklida metodom gama-spektrometrije, procenjenih apsorbovanih doza u detektoru od tkivno-ekvivalentnog materijala koji se nalazi u vazduhu (u slučaju spoljašnjeg izlaganja), definisanih parametara izlaganja i obradom dobijenih rezultata, uključujući i ocenu mernih nesigurnosti utvrđenih zdravstvenih rizika. Procena zdravstvenog rizika je rađena za stanovništvo koje živi na teritoriji Bela Crkva - Vršačke planine. Ispitivano područje karakteriše dominantna poljoprivredna aktivnost stanovništva kao i rastući turistički značaj. Merenjem radioaktivnosti zemljišta metodom gama-spektrometrije, dobijena je srednja vrednost koncentracije aktivnosti za teritoriju opštine Bela Crkva i iznosi..., Health risk assessment related to low dose exposure to ionizing radiation is in the research focus in radiation protection. Lack of the knowledge about the mechanisms of cancerogenesis leads to introduction of great number of assumptions that are connected to proposed models, so assessed health risks have large uncertainty which is usually not explicitly stated. Development of the health risk assessment methods is very important because criteria for introducing dose limits are based on them. The aim of the study is health risk assessment for general public related to internal and external exposure to natural radionuclides 238U, 232Th and 40K from soils. Lifetime radiation cancer mortality risks were assessed for lifelong exposure to natural radionuclides via inhalation, ingestion and external radiation exposure pathways. Health risks were assessed using Monte Carlo techniques. Important steps included: radionuclides gamma spectrometric measurement, estimation of absorbed dose rate in tissue equivalent dosimeter in air 1 m above the ground level (for external exposure pathway), exposure parameters determination and results interpretation including measurement uncertainty estimation of assessed health risks. Health risk assessment for general public was performed for the territory Bela Crkva – Vršac Mountains. Territory under investigation is characteristic because of the intensive agricultural activity as well as increasing importance of tourism. Gamma spectrometric measurement was performed for determination of the natural radionuclides activity concentration in soil. Average activity concentration for territory of Bela Crkva is i) 37,9 Bq/kg, range (25,7 – 48,7) Bq/kg, for 232Th, ii) 35,9 Bq/kg, range (24,4 – 44,7) Bq/kg for 238U, and iii) 515 Bq/kg, range (420 – 598) Bq/kg, for 40K. Average activity concentration for territory of Vršačke planine is i) 42,2 Bq/kg,...

Pravilo "reda veličine" naselja u Srbiji – prilog za ocenu policentričnosti prostornog razvoja / Apstrakt: Pravilo „reda veličine” ukazuje da je demografska veličina svakog urbanog centra neke teritorije determinisana veličinom najvećeg grada i rangom tog centra unutar skupa svih gradova posmatrane teritorije. Ovim radom se ispituje da li ovo pravilo postoji i u distribuciji zaposlenih i investicija u naseljskom sistemu. Rezultati treba da pruže uvid u stepen dominacije glavnog grada ili više gradova, zastupljenost malih i srednjih gradova ili uravnoteženost urbanog sistema zemlje. Cilj rada je da pokaže da li tendencije u razvoju urbane mreže na nacionalnom nivou vode ka policentričnom sistemu gradova, što se smatra jednim od prioriteta prostornog razvoja., A Rank Size Rule in Urban System in Serbia – Contribution to the Discussion of Polycentricity / Abstract: The rank-size rule shows that the size of the urban centre of a territory is determined by the population size of the largest city and rank of each ciiy within the set of all cities at a certain territory. This paper examines whether this rule exists in the distribution of employment and investment in the settlement system. The results should provide insight of rank-size distributions of city sizes, from city-primate, or more cities, representation of small and medium-sized cities, as well as the balance of urban system of the country. The aim of this paper is to show whether tendencies in the development of the urban network at national level leading to a polycentric system of cities, which is considered one of the priorities of spatial development.

Apstrakt: Ljudski resursi predstavljaju osnovu ekonomskog i socijalnog razvoja. Važna komponenta ljudskog razvoja su demografske resursi, koji uključuju opšte kvalitativne i kvantitativne karakteristike stanovništva. Demografski razvoj je jedan od glavnih izazova u ostvarivanju održivog/uravnoteženog razvoja, posebno sa stanovišta buduće organizacije društva, raspoloživih resursa radne snage, socijalne i teritorijalne kohezije i opšteg ekonomskog i socijalnog napretka zajednice. Istovremeno, koncept održivog razvoja podrazumeva postojanje potrebnog stepena demografske stabilnosti i uravnoteženosti funkcionalnih kontingenata u društvenoj zajednici i njenim regionalnim područjima. Ovaj rad daje pregled demografskih promena u periodu od 1948 do 2011. godine i karakteristike ljudskih resursa u Podunavlju u Srbiji. Analizirani su odabrani demografski indikatori, a populacioni potencijali su iskazani indeksom demografskih resursa., Human resources are the basis of economic and social development. An important component of human development are demographic resources, which include the overall qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the population. The demographic development is also one of the main challenges in achieving sustainable/balanced development, particularly with regard to the future organization of society, the available labour resources, social and territorial cohesion and general economic and social progress of the community. At the same time, the concept of sustainable development implies the existence of the requisite level of demographic stability and balance of functional groups in the community and its regional areas. This paper makes an overview of demographic changes in the period from 1948 to 2011, and characteristics of the human resources in Danube Region in Serbia. The analysis is based on selected demographic indicators, population potential being represented by the demographic resources index.

Apstrakt: Na području Kostolačkog ugljenog basena već više od pola veka obavlja se obimna eksploatacija lignitskog ležišta, a poslednjih 15 - 20 godina i eksploatacija nafte i gasa u neposrednoj blizini akvatorije Dunava. Obimna eksploatacija mineralnih sirovina ima značajne uticaje na privredni i socijalni razvoj područja, uslove korišćenja drugih resursa, prostorni razvoj i degradaciju životne sredine. U radu je analizirana raspoloživost prirodnih resursa na ovom prostoru i mogući konflikti koji nastaju kao posledica eksploatacije ugljenog ležišta i korišćenja drugih prirodnih resursa. U zaključnim razmatranjima ukazuje se na mogući pristup održivom korišćenju prirodnih resursa u velikim ugljenim basenima, a posebno u Kostolačkom basenu. Pritom se poseban značaj pridaje istraživanjima i planiranju u oblasti prostornog razvoja. Rad je zasnovan na studijskoj i dokumentacionoj građi prikupljenoj za potrebe Prostonog plana područja posebne namene Kostolačkog lignitskog basena., Abstrakt: For more than half a century lignite coal is being exploited in Kolubara mining region, while in the last 15 - 20 years oil and natural gas have been also exploited near the Danube river. Extensive exploitation of mineral resources created significant impacts on economic and social regional development, on the conditions of utilising other natural resources, spatial development and environmental degradation. The paper analyses availability of natural resources in this region, as well as possible conflicts arising as the consequence of coal exploitation, as well as utilisation of other natural resources. The concluding remarks point out at possible approach to sustainable use of natural resources in big mining basins, and especially in Kostolac basin. The special attention is given to research and planning in the area of spatial development. The paper is based on study material and documentation collected for compilation of the Spatial Plan of Special Purpose Area of Kostolac Lignite Basin.

Pravilo "reda veličine" naselja u Srbiji – prilog za ocenu policentričnosti prostornog razvoja / Apstrakt: Pravilo „reda veličine” ukazuje da je demografska veličina svakog urbanog centra neke teritorije determinisana veličinom najvećeg grada i rangom tog centra unutar skupa svih gradova posmatrane teritorije. Ovim radom se ispituje da li ovo pravilo postoji i u distribuciji zaposlenih i investicija u naseljskom sistemu. Rezultati treba da pruže uvid u stepen dominacije glavnog grada ili više gradova, zastupljenost malih i srednjih gradova ili uravnoteženost urbanog sistema zemlje. Cilj rada je da pokaže da li tendencije u razvoju urbane mreže na nacionalnom nivou vode ka policentričnom sistemu gradova, što se smatra jednim od prioriteta prostornog razvoja., A Rank Size Rule in Urban System in Serbia – Contribution to the Discussion of Polycentricity / Abstract: The rank-size rule shows that the size of the urban centre of a territory is determined by the population size of the largest city and rank of each ciiy within the set of all cities at a certain territory. This paper examines whether this rule exists in the distribution of employment and investment in the settlement system. The results should provide insight of rank-size distributions of city sizes, from city-primate, or more cities, representation of small and medium-sized cities, as well as the balance of urban system of the country. The aim of this paper is to show whether tendencies in the development of the urban network at national level leading to a polycentric system of cities, which is considered one of the priorities of spatial development.

The population (human resources) is the bearer of economic and social development. The demographic development is shaped by natural (birth and death) and by migration components (immigration/emigration); when is presented by changes in the number and structures of the population, it can be stimulating, slowing down or can be a limitation for economic, social and spatial development. Demographic changes in Serbia in the first decade of the 21st century are a continuation of the negative tendencies which began in the last decade of the 20th century, substantially fuelled initiated by political and socioeconomic processes. In the last decade, the changes were more intensive and demographic development was marked by extremely depopulation, weakening of demographic potential and aging population. This has resulted in an increase disparity in the territorial distribution of the population (drastically discharge of rural and undeveloped areas). The aim of this research is to analyze the demographic changes in Serbia in the last intercensal period, spatial distribution and age structure of the population as a factor of development / constraints of balanced development., Stanovništvo, (ljudski resursi) nosioci su ekonomskog i socijalnog razvoja. Demografski razvoj oblikovan prirodnom (rađanje i umiranje) i mehaničkom komponentom (doseljavanje/ odseljavanje), a predstavljen promenama u broju i strukturama stanovništva može da stimuliše, usporava ili bude ograničenje ekonomskog, socijalnog i ukupnog prostornog razvoja. Demografske promene u Srbiji u prvoj deceniji 21. veka predstavljaju nastavak negativnih tendecija započetih u poslednjoj deceniji 20. veka, značajno podstaknutih političkim i društveno-ekonomskim procesima. U poslednjoj deceniji promene su bile intenzivnije, demografski razvoj su obeležile izrazita depopulacija, slabljenje demografskih potencijala i starenje stanovništva. Ovo je za posledicu imalo i povećanje neravnomernosti u teritorijalnom razmeštaju stanovništva (drastično pražnjenje seoskih i nerazvijenih područja). Cilj ovog istraživanja je analiza demografskih promena u Srbiji u poslednjem međupopisnom periodu, prostornog razmeštaja i starosne strukture stanovništva kao faktora razvoja, odnosno ograničenja ravnomernog razvoja.

The population (human resources) is the bearer of economic and social development. The demographic development is shaped by natural (birth and death) and by migration components (immigration/emigration); when is presented by changes in the number and structures of the population, it can be stimulating, slowing down or can be a limitation for economic, social and spatial development. Demographic changes in Serbia in the first decade of the 21st century are a continuation of the negative tendencies which began in the last decade of the 20th century, substantially fuelled initiated by political and socioeconomic processes. In the last decade, the changes were more intensive and demographic development was marked by extremely depopulation, weakening of demographic potential and aging population. This has resulted in an increase disparity in the territorial distribution of the population (drastically discharge of rural and undeveloped areas). The aim of this research is to analyze the demographic changes in Serbia in the last intercensal period, spatial distribution and age structure of the population as a factor of development / constraints of balanced development., Stanovništvo, (ljudski resursi) nosioci su ekonomskog i socijalnog razvoja. Demografski razvoj oblikovan prirodnom (rađanje i umiranje) i mehaničkom komponentom (doseljavanje/ odseljavanje), a predstavljen promenama u broju i strukturama stanovništva može da stimuliše, usporava ili bude ograničenje ekonomskog, socijalnog i ukupnog prostornog razvoja. Demografske promene u Srbiji u prvoj deceniji 21. veka predstavljaju nastavak negativnih tendecija započetih u poslednjoj deceniji 20. veka, značajno podstaknutih političkim i društveno-ekonomskim procesima. U poslednjoj deceniji promene su bile intenzivnije, demografski razvoj su obeležile izrazita depopulacija, slabljenje demografskih potencijala i starenje stanovništva. Ovo je za posledicu imalo i povećanje neravnomernosti u teritorijalnom razmeštaju stanovništva (drastično pražnjenje seoskih i nerazvijenih područja). Cilj ovog istraživanja je analiza demografskih promena u Srbiji u poslednjem međupopisnom periodu, prostornog razmeštaja i starosne strukture stanovništva kao faktora razvoja, odnosno ograničenja ravnomernog razvoja.

Successful radiotherapy treatment depends on the absorbed dose evaluation and the possibility to define metrological characteristics of the therapy beam. Radiotherapy requires tumor dose delivery with expanded uncertainty less than +/- 5 %. It is particularly important to reduce uncertainty during therapy beam calibration as well as to apply all necessary ionization chamber correction factors. Absorbed dose to water was determined using ionometric method. Calibration was performed in reference cobalt beam. Combined standard uncertainty of the calculated absorbed dose to water in 65 MeV proton beam was +/- 1.97% while the obtained expanded uncertainty of absorbed dose for the same beam quality was +/- 5.02%. The uncertainty estimation method has been developed within the project TESLA.

It was the aim of the study presented here to estimate for the first time patient dose levels in conventional diagnostic radiology in Montenegro. Measurements of patient dose in terms of entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) and kerma-area product (KAP) were performed on at least 10 patients for each examination type, in each of five randomly selected health institutions in Montenegro, so that a total of 872 patients for 16 different examination categories were included in the survey (817 patients for 1049 radiographies and 55 fluoroscopy patients). Exposure settings and individual data were recorded for each patient. Mean, median and third quartile values ESAK of patient doses are reported. The estimated mean ESAK values obtained are as follows: 4.7 mGy for pelvis anteroposterior (AP), 4.5 mGy for lumbar spine AP, 7.8 mGy for lumbar spine lateral (LAT), 3.1 mGy for thoracic spine AP and 4.3 mGy for thoracic spine LAT. When compared with the European diagnostic reference values, the mean ESAK for all studied examination types are found to be below the reference levels, except in chest radiography. Mean ESAK values for chest radiography are 0.9 mGy for posteroanterior (PA) projection and 2.0 mGy for LAT. The results exhibit a wide range of variation. For fluoroscopy examinations, the total KAP was measured. The mean KAP value per procedure for barium meal is found to be 22 Gy cm(2), 41 Gy cm(2) for barium enema and 19 Gy cm(2) for intravenous urography. Broad dose ranges for the same types of examinations indicate the necessity of applying practice optimisation in diagnostic radiology and establishment of national diagnostic reference levels.

For obtaining the land in order to build the magistral pipeline a specific form of land expropriation is applied, namely the Right of servitude. The Right of servitude can be realized on the basis of established public interest, which can be defined according to the spatial plan of the relevant area. The Right of servitude is analyzed from the point of its influence on the respect of basic human rights of property owners to enjoy their property in safety and without disturbance. Current legal framework in Serbia that regulates procedures for acquiring land for the purpose of public interest allows for breach of private property rights. There is a mutual inconsistency between a number of decrees that regulate property rights for large infrastructural development projects. A specific, and possibly a greater problem, is the status of the local population, the land owner and other real estate. It concerns their awareness of their private and individual rights, as well as technical and other legal standards, which must be applied during the preparation, construction and working stages of an energy facility. Applying the Right of servitude as a way to acquire land for construction of the Pipeline, there is direct breach of the basic human right as stated in the first Protocol of the European Convention on Human Rights, namely that 'every natural or legal person is entitled to the peaceful enjoyment of his possessions' (Article 1, Protocol 1). The Right of servitude allows the investor to use 'public interest' as a way of gaining access to another's land, and under better financial conditions than if he were to apply permanent expropriation. While the owner retains his/her ownership of the land, inconvenienced by numerous limitations of its use, usability and market value of the land becomes substantially reduced.

Apstrakt: Tema socijalnog razvoja u poslednjoj deceniji 20. veka postaje sve aktuelnija. Naime, opšteprihvacena formula intenzivnog ekonomskog rasta koji će po automatizmu obezbedivati socijalno blagostanje, prouzrokovala je brojne negativne posledice. Povecanje ekonomskih i socijalnih nejednakosti, redukcija socijalnih prava kao i opadanje kvaliteta socijalnih usluga dovelo je znacajan broj gradana u zamku siromaštva I iskljucenosti iz opštih društvenih tokova. Jaz izmedu bogatih i siromašnih širi se i produbljuje, povecava se razlika izmedu gradskih i seoskih podrucja, izmedu i unutar regija, govori se o društvu s dve brzine (two-speed society). U takvim okolnostima, tema socijalnog razvoja sve više se stavlja na dnevni red. Socijalni razvoj se s razlogom definiše kao integralni faktor održivog ekonomskog razvoja. Bez socijalnog razvoja nije moguce jacati socijalnu koheziju koja je postavljena kao jedan od strateških ciljeva i koa temelj stabilnog razvoja evropskog društva. Jedan od pristupa u unaparedenju socijalnog razvoja je borba protiv siromaštva i socijalne iskljucenosti, odnosno jacanje procesa socijalne ukljucenosti, koji su prihvaceni kao kljucni element daljeg razvoja evropskog socijalnog modela. Prostorna distribucija indikatora socijalne iskljucenosti pokazuje da je dostupnost usluga od javnog interesa jedan od osnovnih činilaca društvene nejednakosti i generiranja obima socijalne iskljucenosti., Theme of social development in the last decade of the 20th century is becoming increasingly topical. The generally accepted formula of intensive economic growth that will automatically provide social welfare, has caused many negative consequences. Increasing economic and social inequality, reduction of social rights, as well as the decline in the quality of social services has resulted in a significant number of people in poverty and exclusion from the general social trends. The gap between rich and poor is wider and deeper, increasing the difference between urban and rural areas, between and within regions, discusses a two-speed society. In such circumstances, the theme of social development is increasingly placed on the agenda. Social development is rightly defined as an integral factor in sustainable economic development. Without social development is not possible to strengthen the social cohesion that is set as one of the strategic objectives and the basis of stable development of European society. One approach to its improvement in social development is the struggle against poverty and social exclusion and strengthening social inclusion process, which were accepted as a key element for further development of the European social model. Spatial distribution of indicators of social exclusion shows that the availability of services of public interest is one of the main factors of social inequality and generating volume social exclusion.

For obtaining the land in order to build the magistral pipeline a specific form of land expropriation is applied, namely the Right of servitude. The Right of servitude can be realized on the basis of established public interest, which can be defined according to the spatial plan of the relevant area. The Right of servitude is analyzed from the point of its influence on the respect of basic human rights of property owners to enjoy their property in safety and without disturbance. Current legal framework in Serbia that regulates procedures for acquiring land for the purpose of public interest allows for breach of private property rights. There is a mutual inconsistency between a number of decrees that regulate property rights for large infrastructural development projects. A specific, and possibly a greater problem, is the status of the local population, the land owner and other real estate. It concerns their awareness of their private and individual rights, as well as technical and other legal standards, which must be applied during the preparation, construction and working stages of an energy facility. Applying the Right of servitude as a way to acquire land for construction of the Pipeline, there is direct breach of the basic human right as stated in the first Protocol of the European Convention on Human Rights, namely that 'every natural or legal person is entitled to the peaceful enjoyment of his possessions' (Article 1, Protocol 1). The Right of servitude allows the investor to use 'public interest' as a way of gaining access to another's land, and under better financial conditions than if he were to apply permanent expropriation. While the owner retains his/her ownership of the land, inconvenienced by numerous limitations of its use, usability and market value of the land becomes substantially reduced.

There are numerous definitions and interpretations of what is the purpose and subject of SIA (Social Impact Assessment). A number of common determinants occur in various definitions. SIA examines the social changes that are likely to arise as a direct or indirect result of planned interventions (plans, programs, policies). In fact, SIA is a process aimed at understanding, managing and controlling the changes. The initiation of SIA application is linked to development of economic and infrastructural systems, i.e. zones in which intensive changes in social space have taken the place. There is an increased interest in SIA, and it has been applied not only in development of certain activities (large economic systems, construction of public facilities, etc.), but even more so in the implementation of programs and policies. SIA is generally associated with the five types of changes: • Demographic • Economic • Health and welfare • Environmental • Institutional changes. SIA has become a binding activity in the World Bank funded projects. In Serbia, neither the current Law on planning and construction nor the Law on expropriation would require the preparation of SIA. During development of several spatial plans in Serbia for the areas in which the population and village displacement has been planned, only the segments of SEA methodology as it is commonly performed have been included in the analyses and programs. The paper will show SIA development, framework and principles, as well as some results of its application in the projects of mining activity – for surface exploitation of raw mineral resources.

Starting with a review of brown coal exploitation capacities in Poland, firstly it was pointed out to limitations on further development of the mining-energy complex, which derive from its multiple adverse impacts on the environment, among which the CO2 emissions as well as the slowdown in financing the geological explorations have presently been given the key importance. Successful dealing with other ecological issues, which in Poland have been linked to surface overburden in coal mines, has been greatly influenced by a consistent law regulation on recultivation of degraded areas. In addition, some conceptual postulates on recultivation are addressed here since in the last half a century they have evolved from the attempts to bring a degraded soil back to previously dominant agricultural use into alternative ways for adaptation of the post-mining landscapes according to the socioeconomic needs, natural limitations, and technical and technology potentials at the location. In such context, there have been brought forward the criteria and indicators which have been lately applied in the selection process of the best recultivation use, and which involve public participation. Concluding remarks point to the instructive role of polish recultivation experience for dealing with a number of spatial development problems which may occur in the great mining basins of Serbia.

Efficient management of spatial development within the available normative framework and institutional organization, includes a coordinated participation of a large number of stakeholders, fundamental knowledge of all important spatial features, and the existence of a developed information base (database and system of indicators). Spatial Information system is a basic instrument for monitoring the spatial conditions, development tendencies, management and conduction of appropriate actions. In order to respond to these requirements, the spatial information system should be integrated with other sectoral information systems and databases at the national, regional and local level. Areas which are featured by extensive lignite exploitation, have been characterised by significant structural changes in spatial development, which are manifested in terms of the use of space (large land encompass - a permanent change in land-use), socio-economic transformations, concentration of activities and jobs, transformation in the network of settlements, environmental impacts (degradation of natural resources, ecosystem change, pollution of the air, water, soil, etc.). Dynamic changes in the lignite basins which are caused by the development of mining and related/supporting functions may be directed according to development of a dynamic and continuous planning process and research. In that sense, information system for the purposes of planning and management of development, should be adapted to dynamic changes in the basin, as well as to the dynamics of planning, research, programming, design and control of development and regeneration of the area. Formation of an information system for lignite basin creates a common framework for the development, implementation and monitoring of spatial and urban development plans and implementation of mining - energy plans / programs and investment- technical documentation. The paper gives an overview of the spatial information system, sec

Background, aim and scope The paper presents concentrations of trace elements in blood of homebred animals (cows and sheep) from Southern Serbia (Bujanovac) and the contents of natural and anthropogenic radionuclides and some heavy metals in feed. The region of Southern Serbia was exposed to contamination by depleted uranium ammunition during NATO attacks in 1999 and therefore, is of great concern to environmental pollution and human and animal health. Materials and methods Conventional instrumental and epithermal neutron activation analyses are used to measure trace elements in cow and sheep blood samples collected randomly at six locations in the region of Bujanovac (village of Borovac) in the spring of 2005. Samples of feed (grass and crops: corn, wheat and oats), collected on the same locations (households), are analysed for the contents of radionuclides on an HPGe detector (Ortec, relative efficiency 23%) by standard gamma spectrometry. The content of Hg, Pb and Cd in feed is determined by standard atomic absorption spectrometry on the VarianSpectra220/ThermoSolar GFS97 spectrometer. Results Concentrations of 29 elements (Na, Al (P), Cl, K, Sc, Cr, Mn, Ni, Fe, Co, Zn, Se, As, Br, Sr, Rb, Sb, In, I, Ba, Cs, La, Nd, Eu, Sm, Tb, Hf, Ta and Th) are determined in blood of the examined animals. In feeds, natural 40K is found in all of the samples, cosmogenic Be-7 and fission product Cs-137 are detected only in the grass samples, while heavy metals Hg, Cd and Pb are found in the range of 0.01-0.02, 0.84-1.15 and 0.74-7.34 mg/kg, respectively. Calculated soil-to-blood transfer factors are in a wide range of 8.10(-6) to 64, as a result of varying significance of the elements in animal metabolism and feeding habits. Discussion The results of trace elements concentrations in animal blood are in good agreement with available data for K, Ni, Zn, Se and Rb. Higher Br concentrations in animal blood are most probably caused by large biomass burning events during blood sampling

The Metal -Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect-Transistor (MOSFET, RadFET) is frequently used as a sensor of ionizing radiation in nuclear-medicine, diagnostic-radiology, radiotherapy quality-assurance and in the nuclear and space industries. We focused our investigations on calculating the energy response of a p-type RadFET to low-energy photons in range from 12 keV to 2 MeV and on understanding the influence of uncertainties in the composition and geometry of the device in calculating the energy response function. All results were normalized to unit air kerma incident on the RadFET for incident photon energy of 1.1 MeV. The calculations of the energy response characteristics of a RadFET radiation detector were performed via Monte Carlo simulations using the MCNPX code and for a limited number of incident photon energies the FOTELP code was also used for the sake of comparison. The geometry of the RadFET was modeled as a simple stack of appropriate materials. Our goal was to obtain results with statistical uncertainties better than 1% (fulfilled in MCNPX calculations for all incident energies which resulted in simulations with 1 - 2x10(9) histories.

Background, aim and scope The paper presents concentrations of trace elements in blood of homebred animals (cows and sheep) from Southern Serbia (Bujanovac) and the contents of natural and anthropogenic radionuclides and some heavy metals in feed. The region of Southern Serbia was exposed to contamination by depleted uranium ammunition during NATO attacks in 1999 and therefore, is of great concern to environmental pollution and human and animal health. Materials and methods Conventional instrumental and epithermal neutron activation analyses are used to measure trace elements in cow and sheep blood samples collected randomly at six locations in the region of Bujanovac (village of Borovac) in the spring of 2005. Samples of feed (grass and crops: corn, wheat and oats), collected on the same locations (households), are analysed for the contents of radionuclides on an HPGe detector (Ortec, relative efficiency 23%) by standard gamma spectrometry. The content of Hg, Pb and Cd in feed is determined by standard atomic absorption spectrometry on the VarianSpectra220/ThermoSolar GFS97 spectrometer. Results Concentrations of 29 elements (Na, Al (P), Cl, K, Sc, Cr, Mn, Ni, Fe, Co, Zn, Se, As, Br, Sr, Rb, Sb, In, I, Ba, Cs, La, Nd, Eu, Sm, Tb, Hf, Ta and Th) are determined in blood of the examined animals. In feeds, natural 40K is found in all of the samples, cosmogenic Be-7 and fission product Cs-137 are detected only in the grass samples, while heavy metals Hg, Cd and Pb are found in the range of 0.01-0.02, 0.84-1.15 and 0.74-7.34 mg/kg, respectively. Calculated soil-to-blood transfer factors are in a wide range of 8.10(-6) to 64, as a result of varying significance of the elements in animal metabolism and feeding habits. Discussion The results of trace elements concentrations in animal blood are in good agreement with available data for K, Ni, Zn, Se and Rb. Higher Br concentrations in animal blood are most probably caused by large biomass burning events during blood sampling

Therapeutic or diagnostic radiopharmaceutical capsule containing (NaI)-I-131 stays in stomach for 15 minutes before the absorption starts, long enough to make possible risky exposure. During the oral application it is reasonable to measure effective dose in stomach. Direct measurements of organ doses are not possible so there is a strong recommendation to estimate them by calculation. The main goal is the I-131 risk assessment. Monte Carlo code MCNP4b was used to model the transport of gamma and beta particles emitted by radionuclide I-131 considered as a point source at the bottom of the stomach. Absorbed energy per unit transformation in stomach and surrounding organs has been calculated. The dose equivalents in these organs have been calculated in aim to determine the effective doses using appropriate tissue weighting factor values. Obtained results had not significant importance for radiation protection but they were important for establishment of new calibration procedures as a part of QA and QC programs in radiopharmaceuticals production and control.

The initial research carried out for the purpose of elaborating the Spatial Plan for Kosovo-Metohija Lignite Basin indicated the need to address numerous conflicts and opposing interests in the area concerned. This required the Plan to focus on harmonizing the economic, social and spatial aspects of developing a mining-energy-industrial system (hereinafter MEIS) and its surroundings, devising the new ways for the protection of local population interests and use of novel approaches in dealing with the environmental consequences of lignite exploitation and processing. The area wherein Kosovo-Metohija lignite deposits are found is replete with diverse conflicting interests, including insufficient and uneven development, extremely large overall and especially agrarian population density (among the highest in Europe), unemployment and a sizable portion of the grey economy, low level and quality of services of public interest, ethnic conflicts and polarization, etc. The environmental effects of MEIS activities in a situation of this kind were revealed by the early stages of research in all segments of economic, social and spatial development, along with a high degree of environmental degradation. The main conflict in the Plan area is the one between mining and agriculture, i.e. open pit lignite mining and high-fertility soil covering lignite deposits. The conflict is additionally aggravated by the remarkable density of agricultural population on this territory and high selling prices of the land. Therefore, a substantial part of the Plan's propositions was related to the conditions of settlement and infrastructure relocation, population resettlement and measures to relieve the tensions and prevent the outbreak of potential conflicts in implementing the Plan. The Spatial Plan is conceived as a complex and comprehensive document defining the framework, basic principles, starting points and measures tackling the numerous development conflicts, spatial, social and ecological

Paper considers different aspects of spatial development management in the zones characterized by significant spatial interventions, whose consequences are structural changes in usage of space, social and economic development, environmental and ambient quality. Those are, above all, big mining regions, zones of big water accumulations and main infrastructure corridors. Paper deals with normative, institutional and organizational assumptions for managing spatial development, planning approaches, construction and spatial arrangement, searching and structuring data basis and development of information system, system of indicators and monitoring system. Special attention is given to balance and synchronization of activities during compilation of study, planning and technical documentation, as well as procedures of considering and enacting appropriate decisions by competent authorities on national, regional and local level.

Social exclusion is a process whereby certain individuals are pushed to the edge of society and prevented from participating fully by virtue of their poverty, or lack of basic competencies and lifelong learning opportunities or as a result of discrimination. This distances them from job, income and education opportunities as well as social and community networks and activities. Quality education (conditions and access/accessibility/availability) is one of the factors that significantly influence the reduced social exclusion. In other words, education has is key role key role in ensuring social inclusion (equal opportunities and active social participation). At the same time, education and lifelong learning is established as the basis for achieving the goals of sustainable economic development (economy based on knowledge) and to achieve social cohesion. Quality education is a prerequisite for progress, development and well-being of the community. Conditions and accessibility to education have become priorities of national reforms in most European countries. The subject of this paper is the educational structure of population of Serbia and the accessibility of education. The analysis covers the educational structure with regard to age, gender and type of settlement (city and other/villages settlements)., Socijalna isključenost je proces u kojem su određeni pojedinci ili grupe gurnute na ivicu društva i sprečeni da u potpunosti učestvuju u društvu, što je posledica njihovog siromaštva, nedostatka osnovne stručnosti (neadekvatnog obrazovanja) i mogućnosti doživotnog učenja, ili je rezultat diskriminacije. Ovo ih udaljava od zaposlenja, prihoda i mogućnosti obrazovanja, kao i od socijalnih mreža i aktivnosti u društvu i zajednici. Kvalitetno obrazovanje (uslovi i pristup/dostupnost) predstavlja jedan od faktora koji značajno utiče na smanjene socijalne isključenosti. Drugim rečima, obrazovanje ima ključnu ulogu u osiguravanju socijalne uključenosti (jednake mogućnosti i aktivno učestvovanje u društvu). Istovremeno, obrazovanje i doživotno učenje je ustanovljeno kao temelj za ostvarivanje ciljeva održivog ekonomskog razvoja (ekonomija zasnovana na znanju) i postizanja socijalne kohezije. Kvalitetno obrazovanje je preduslov za napredovanje, razvoj i blagostanje zajednice. Uslovi i dostupnost obrazovanju postali su prioriteti nacionalnih reformi u većini evropskih zemalja. Predmet ovog rada je obrazovna struktura stanovništva Srbije i dostupnost obrazovanja. Obrazovna struktura je analizirana s obzirom na starost, pol i tip naselja (gradska i ostala/seoska naselja).

Paper considers different aspects of spatial development management in the zones characterized by significant spatial interventions, whose consequences are structural changes in usage of space, social and economic development, environmental and ambient quality. Those are, above all, big mining regions, zones of big water accumulations and main infrastructure corridors. Paper deals with normative, institutional and organizational assumptions for managing spatial development, planning approaches, construction and spatial arrangement, searching and structuring data basis and development of information system, system of indicators and monitoring system. Special attention is given to balance and synchronization of activities during compilation of study, planning and technical documentation, as well as procedures of considering and enacting appropriate decisions by competent authorities on national, regional and local level.

Social exclusion is a process whereby certain individuals are pushed to the edge of society and prevented from participating fully by virtue of their poverty, or lack of basic competencies and lifelong learning opportunities or as a result of discrimination. This distances them from job, income and education opportunities as well as social and community networks and activities. Quality education (conditions and access/accessibility/availability) is one of the factors that significantly influence the reduced social exclusion. In other words, education has is key role key role in ensuring social inclusion (equal opportunities and active social participation). At the same time, education and lifelong learning is established as the basis for achieving the goals of sustainable economic development (economy based on knowledge) and to achieve social cohesion. Quality education is a prerequisite for progress, development and well-being of the community. Conditions and accessibility to education have become priorities of national reforms in most European countries. The subject of this paper is the educational structure of population of Serbia and the accessibility of education. The analysis covers the educational structure with regard to age, gender and type of settlement (city and other/villages settlements)., Socijalna isključenost je proces u kojem su određeni pojedinci ili grupe gurnute na ivicu društva i sprečeni da u potpunosti učestvuju u društvu, što je posledica njihovog siromaštva, nedostatka osnovne stručnosti (neadekvatnog obrazovanja) i mogućnosti doživotnog učenja, ili je rezultat diskriminacije. Ovo ih udaljava od zaposlenja, prihoda i mogućnosti obrazovanja, kao i od socijalnih mreža i aktivnosti u društvu i zajednici. Kvalitetno obrazovanje (uslovi i pristup/dostupnost) predstavlja jedan od faktora koji značajno utiče na smanjene socijalne isključenosti. Drugim rečima, obrazovanje ima ključnu ulogu u osiguravanju socijalne uključenosti (jednake mogućnosti i aktivno učestvovanje u društvu). Istovremeno, obrazovanje i doživotno učenje je ustanovljeno kao temelj za ostvarivanje ciljeva održivog ekonomskog razvoja (ekonomija zasnovana na znanju) i postizanja socijalne kohezije. Kvalitetno obrazovanje je preduslov za napredovanje, razvoj i blagostanje zajednice. Uslovi i dostupnost obrazovanju postali su prioriteti nacionalnih reformi u većini evropskih zemalja. Predmet ovog rada je obrazovna struktura stanovništva Srbije i dostupnost obrazovanja. Obrazovna struktura je analizirana s obzirom na starost, pol i tip naselja (gradska i ostala/seoska naselja).

The initial research carried out for the purpose of elaborating the Spatial Plan for Kosovo-Metohija Lignite Basin indicated the need to address numerous conflicts and opposing interests in the area concerned. This required the Plan to focus on harmonizing the economic, social and spatial aspects of developing a mining-energy-industrial system (hereinafter MEIS) and its surroundings, devising the new ways for the protection of local population interests and use of novel approaches in dealing with the environmental consequences of lignite exploitation and processing. The area wherein Kosovo-Metohija lignite deposits are found is replete with diverse conflicting interests, including insufficient and uneven development, extremely large overall and especially agrarian population density (among the highest in Europe), unemployment and a sizable portion of the grey economy, low level and quality of services of public interest, ethnic conflicts and polarization, etc. The environmental effects of MEIS activities in a situation of this kind were revealed by the early stages of research in all segments of economic, social and spatial development, along with a high degree of environmental degradation. The main conflict in the Plan area is the one between mining and agriculture, i.e. open pit lignite mining and high-fertility soil covering lignite deposits. The conflict is additionally aggravated by the remarkable density of agricultural population on this territory and high selling prices of the land. Therefore, a substantial part of the Plan's propositions was related to the conditions of settlement and infrastructure relocation, population resettlement and measures to relieve the tensions and prevent the outbreak of potential conflicts in implementing the Plan. The Spatial Plan is conceived as a complex and comprehensive document defining the framework, basic principles, starting points and measures tackling the numerous development conflicts, spatial, social and ecological

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a radiotracer imaging technique, in which tracer compounds labelled with positron-emitting radionuclides are injected into the subject of the study. One of the prime reasons for the importance of PET in medical research and practice is the existence of positron-emitting isotopes of elements Such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine, which may be processed to create a range of tracer compounds which are similar to naturally occurring substances in the body. The largest area of clinical use of PET is in oncology, cardiology and neurology. The most widely used tracer in oncology is (18)F-fluoro-deoxy-glucose (EDG) which follows a similar metabolic pathway to glucose in vivo, except that it is not metabolised to CO, and water, but remains trapped within a tissue. This makes it well-suited to use as a glucose uptake tracer. This is of interest in oncology because proliferating cancer cells have a higher than average rate of glucose metabolism. (11)C-methionine is also used in oncology, where it acts as a marker for protein synthesis. In our country, one of the experimental channels Of TESLA Accelerator Installation will be used for production Of long-living positron emitters (e.g. (124)I, (86)Y, (76)Br, (64)Cu) and alpha emitters (e.g. (211)At and (149)Tb).

During the oral application of radionuclide therapy it is from the vital importance to measure effective dose in stomach in which the (NaI)-I-131 therapeutic capsule stays during the 15 minutes which is long enough to make risky exposure. As it is not possible to determine it by direct measurements there is a strong recommendation to estimate the dose by calculation. The main goal is to calculate effective dose and risk as a result of I-131 capsules remaining in stomach before the absorption starts. Monte Carlo code MCNP4b was used to model the transport of gamma and beta particles emitted by radionuclide I-131 treated as a point source at the bottom of the stomach. Absorbed energy per unit transformation in stomach and surrounding organs has been calculated. The dose equivalents in these organs have been calculated in aim to determine the effective doses using appropriate tissue weighting factor values. The local doses in stomach wall reached the values in order of several hundreds of grays in a very short time. In such case the traditional concept of risk is not applicable, so it becomes necessary to create the very new concept which is able to cover higher risks under presented circumstances.

The paper presents new courses in medical physics, medical engineering and bio/physics for clinical engineers, medicine and veterinary medicine specialists introduced at two universities in Serbia - University of Novi Sad and University in Belgrade since 2004. The courses were aimed to educate well trained specialists in medical physics, medical engineering and veterinary medicine and to establish new programs in specialist studies incorporated in CPD programs for professional licensing.

This paper describes the application of the SRNA Monte Carlo package for proton transport simulations in complex geometry and different material compositions. The SRNA package was developed for 3D dose distribution calculation in proton therapy and dosimetry and it was based on the theory of multiple scattering. The decay of proton induced compound nuclei was simulated by the Russian MSDM model and our own using ICRU 63 data. The developed package consists of two codes: the SRNA-2KG, which simulates proton transport in combinatorial geometry and the SRNA-VOX, which uses the voxelized geometry using the CT data and conversion of the Hounsfields data to tissue elemental composition. Transition probabilities for both codes are prepared by the SRNADAT code. The simulation of the proton beam characterization by multi-layer Faraday cup, spatial distribution of positron emitters obtained by the SRNA-2KG code and intercomparison of computational codes in radiation dosimetry, indicate immediate application of the Monte Carlo techniques in clinical practice. In this paper, we briefly present the physical model implemented in the SRNA package, the ISTAR proton dose planning software, as well as the results of the numerical experiments with proton beams to obtain 3D dose distribution in the eye and breast tumour.

The results of determination of natural radionuclides (226Ra, 232Th, 40K) in raw building materials and final products are presented. Activity of the radionuclides was determined on an HPGe detector by standard gamma spectrometry. Mean activities of natural radionuclides were in the range of 2.0-560 Bq/kg depending on the radionuclide and the type of the material. Equivalent indices and OECD index for natural radionuclides were calculated, indicating lower content of natural radionuclides compared with data from other European countries. Indoor radon concentrations were measured in Belgrade dwellings by alpha scintillation counting technique. The concentrations were under 200 Bq/m3, depending on geochemical characteristics of the soil, building materials, construction of the building, storey number, dwelling conditions, as well as on the season. The measurements were performed as a part of the Quality Control Program for the Assessment by a National Laboratory for Radioactivity Control of Building Materials.

The results of determination of natural radionuclides (226Ra, 232Th, 40K) in raw building materials and final products are presented. Activity of the radionuclides was determined on an HPGe detector by standard gamma spectrometry. Mean activities of natural radionuclides were in the range of 2.0-560 Bq/kg depending on the radionuclide and the type of the material. Equivalent indices and OECD index for natural radionuclides were calculated, indicating lower content of natural radionuclides compared with data from other European countries. Indoor radon concentrations were measured in Belgrade dwellings by alpha scintillation counting technique. The concentrations were under 200 Bq/m3, depending on geochemical characteristics of the soil, building materials, construction of the building, storey number, dwelling conditions, as well as on the season. The measurements were performed as a part of the Quality Control Program for the Assessment by a National Laboratory for Radioactivity Control of Building Materials.

U radii su analizirani podaci o uslovima merenja aktivnosti radionuklida u uzorcima iz zivotne sredine u naucnim institucijama u nasoj zemji dobijeni iz Upitnika a tehnickim karakteristikama merila i uslovima ineienja aktivnosti, sastavljenog prema medunarodnom standardu EML Proceduies "Quality Control and Quality Assurance in Radioactivity Measurements - 300. Podaci treba da omoguce formiranje baze podataka o tehnickim. metiolos im i opstim uslovima kontrole radioaktivnosti u zivotnoj sredini u nasoj zemlji- na iza obuhvata podatke o strucnosti osobija, prostornim uslovima i metodologiji nieienja. metodama merenja, tehnickim karakteristikama merila. postupcima uzoi ovanja i pripreme uzoraka, nacinu obrade i prezentacije rezultata, s posebnim osvitom na postupke ocene sigurnosti i kvaliteta merenja., The paper analyses data obtained from the Questionnaire on Instrumentation and Methods in Radioactivity Measurements which was composed in accordance with the international standard EML Procedures Manual "Quality Control and Quality Assurance in Radioactivity Measurements” llASL-300. The Questionnaire was distributed to the laboratories and institutions involved in environmental radiactivity monitoring in our country. The Questionnaire should provide a data base on instrumentation, methods, personnel, sampling procedures and general working conditions and improve Quality Assurance and Quality Control procedures in the institutions involved in environmental radioactivit\ measurements.

U radii su analizirani podaci o uslovima merenja aktivnosti radionuklida u uzorcima iz zivotne sredine u naucnim institucijama u nasoj zemji dobijeni iz Upitnika a tehnickim karakteristikama merila i uslovima ineienja aktivnosti, sastavljenog prema medunarodnom standardu EML Proceduies "Quality Control and Quality Assurance in Radioactivity Measurements - 300. Podaci treba da omoguce formiranje baze podataka o tehnickim. metiolos im i opstim uslovima kontrole radioaktivnosti u zivotnoj sredini u nasoj zemlji- na iza obuhvata podatke o strucnosti osobija, prostornim uslovima i metodologiji nieienja. metodama merenja, tehnickim karakteristikama merila. postupcima uzoi ovanja i pripreme uzoraka, nacinu obrade i prezentacije rezultata, s posebnim osvitom na postupke ocene sigurnosti i kvaliteta merenja., The paper analyses data obtained from the Questionnaire on Instrumentation and Methods in Radioactivity Measurements which was composed in accordance with the international standard EML Procedures Manual "Quality Control and Quality Assurance in Radioactivity Measurements” llASL-300. The Questionnaire was distributed to the laboratories and institutions involved in environmental radiactivity monitoring in our country. The Questionnaire should provide a data base on instrumentation, methods, personnel, sampling procedures and general working conditions and improve Quality Assurance and Quality Control procedures in the institutions involved in environmental radioactivit\ measurements.