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Memory effects are needed to be described in the diffiusion process modelling since there is inconsistent rate with the classical approach. In this paper, a mathematical model is presented for simulation drug release from Metformin Hydrochlo-ride/Vildagliptin tablets based on fractional derivative (FD) and memory-dependent derivative (MDD). Our problem is represented by a set of two numerically solved diffusion equations. For both the tablet and the release medium, the profiles of drug concentration and mass are given and compared to the in vivo profiles. Results indicate that the FD and MDD are better suited for temporal modelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the lack of early-stage symptoms, diabetes mellitus is known as the "silent killer". The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is significant and will continue to rise annually. Metformin is one of the treatments offered to people with diabetes mellitus. This medicine may lower blood glucose concentrations. In addition to the advantages of metformin, it causes lactic acidosis and can cause metformin-related lactic acidosis (MALA), which is associated with a mortality rate of 30-50%. This study discusses the determination methods of lactic acid levels in saliva samples of type 2 diabetes mellitus using an electrochemical biosensor. A review of a working electrode, enzyme immobilization methods, sample, the limit of detection, linear range, and stability of lactic acid biosensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, hydrogel of "Carrageenan with carboxy methyl cellulose-grafting-poly acrylic acid (CG/CMC-g-P(AA))" was used as the adsorbent for the removal of metformin hydrochloride MFC and hydroxychloroquine sulfate HCQ from aqueous solutions. In order to investigate the structure and morphology of the hydrogel, an FTIR as well as a field emission scanning electron microscope were utilized. The effect of equilibrium time was investigated, and it was determined that the adsorption of MFC and HCQ onto CG/CMC-g(AA) hydrogel reached equilibrium after 120 minutes. The removal percentage of metformin hydrochloride (MFC) and hydroxychloroquine sulfate (HCQ) by CG/CMC-g-P(AA) hydrogel were found to be 89.7% and 97.9%, at the same order. The adsorption kinetic result was well fitted to model second order, The data found that rate constants of the second order (MFC-G/CMC-g-P(AA)) system is much higher than that of (HCQ-CG/CMC-g-P(AA)) hydrogel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

diabetic mellitus is health problem that has deleterious impact on exception of life and life quality the state of oxidation of diabetes individuals elevated which has a negative impact on homeostasis. Metformin has anti-oxidant properties in several tissues. Metformin is type of diabetic medicine that aids in blood sugars control Methods: Metformin effect on total antioxidant markers in the serum and pancreatic tissue of Alloxan-induced diabetic rats was studied in this study were randomized into five groups of treatment and received metformin (100,200 and 300 mg/kg) orally once time for 30th days. The antioxidant potential of evaluated total antioxidant status (TAOS) in vivo and DPPH (1,1diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyaldiphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) scavenging assay at "517 nm" in vitro Result: In alloxan-induced diabetics, there was suppression significantly in increased blood sugars levels. Those dose (100,200,300mg/kg)demonstrated increase significantly improvement rate percentage in (M100, M200, M300) were (40.701 %),(48.063%) and (48.101%) respectively after end of treatment in compares to diabetic group that decrease(-243.340%). TAOS significantly increased in treated group than diabetic group" p= 0.000* ". Percentage of improvement rate elevation in treatment M100, M200, M300 were (133.202 %,148.433% and (194.358%) respectively, compare with diabetic while that percentage were decrease (-65.677%). In addition, when compare and contrast to the diabetes groups, it improved pancreas histology. It enhanced pancreas histopathology differentiate than diabetes groups DPPH increased in a concentration-time dependent manner reflect antioxidant activity IC 50 of metformin (498.0 µg/ml) while ascorbic acid IC50 (µg/ml 29.62). current study aimed to evaluate the impact of metformin (MET) in protect towards the oxidative stress as well as enhancing histological of pancreatic tissue to assess effect of metformin on (oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro(In" alloxan-induced diabetic rats" metformin provides "protective actions against oxidative stress and free radicals as well as improving pancreas tissue histology and lowering blood sugar levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has been carried out on the inhibition efficiency of expired metformin drugs as a corrosion inhibitor for boiler pipes. Metformin is highly soluble in water, contains five nitrogen atoms, which provides adsorption in the formation of thin films on metal substrates, and has considerable anti-corrosion behaviour. This study aimed to determine the efficiency of Metformin expired drugs to inhibit corrosion and optimize the use of Metformin expired drugs. The research was conducted by characterizing the steel pipe sample using optical emission spectroscopy (OES), characterizing the expired Metformin drug sample using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), measuring the corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency using the weight-loss method, and surface morphology analysis using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results of the characterization of the steel pipe sample showed that the sample was composed of Fe, C, Si, Mn, P, S, Cr, Mo, Ni, Al, Co, Cu, Nb, Ti, V, W, and Pb elements. The characterization of expired drug samples showed stretching of the amine group at wavelengths 3369.5 cm-1 and 3295 cm-1, proving that Metformin was present in the expired drug. The results of the weight loss test showed that expired Metformin was able to inhibit corrosion with its optimal condition being at temperature 70oC with 25 ppm inhibitor, and the inhibition efficiency reached 73.54%. At temperature 50oC with 50 ppm inhibitor, the inhibition efficiency reached 84.81% in the corrosive medium NaCl. 3%. The SEM micrographs show the surface of the steel that does not use inhibitor looks damaged and has holes, while the surface of the steel that uses inhibitor looks smoother. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a long-term metabolic syndrome. Metformin, an allopathic medicine, is the most commonly prescribed treatment for T2DM. Alternative therapy such as physical activity and natural sources like Olive Leaf Extract (OLE), Oleuropein, Aloe vera, turmeric, Pongamia pinnata can help to manage insulin resistance. Although these alternative therapies have remarkable effects in T2DM, there is no recognized optimum dose that describes the best combination of metformin, Oleuropein and exercise together. The objective of this study is to optimize doses of metformin and oleuropein in combination, as well as the suggested exercise intensity, to overcome insulin resistance in people with different levels of T2DM. In this paper, we have used our recently published in silico dynamic model to solve a control engineering optimization problem. An optimization problem was formulated with metformin, oleuropein, and exercise as control inputs. The objective was to see what combined dosages resulted in the highest surface GLUT4 concentration in the presence of very low, low, moderate, high, and very high types of T2DM. Inequality constraints were defined for the problem based on the prescribed dosages. An optimization solver was then utilized to address the problem. As a result, the optimal dosages of metformin, oleuropein, and exercise for improving T2DM were successfully determined. The proposed optimization technique proved to be useful in selecting the best medication for improving insulin resistance at various stages of diabetes. In silico study thus reduces the experimental efforts used to explore the effects of different combined drugs and diseases with appropriate regimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mean centering of ratio spectra (MCR) is an analytical method of quantitative spectrophotometric analysis for binary mixture in tablet. The purpose of this study to develop spectrophotometry method using MCR to determine the levels of glimepiride (GLI) and metformin hydrochloride (MET) in tablet dosage form using methanol as solvent. Absorption spectra of each drug were recorded and divided by the corresponding concentration of divisor, and the ratio spectra were then mean centered. The mean % recoveries were found to be in 100.30% and 99.17% for GLI and MET, respectively. The method is successfully applied to analyze GLI and MET in pharmaceutical formulation with no interference from excipients as indicated by the recovery study. All validation parameters were within the acceptable range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest honey from forest bees (Apis dorsata) is believed to have health benefits. In this study, we compare the effect of forest honey and metformin on blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. This study was an experimental laboratory using a pre and post-test control group design and conducted on 25 male white mice (Mus musculus) for 21 days. Twenty-five male white mice were divided into five groups: (1) the normal group; (2) the alloxan-induced group only; (3) the metformin at 2.6 mg/day in the alloxan-induced group; (4) the forest honey at 1 g/kg BW/day in an alloxan-induced group; (5) The forest honey at 2 g/kg BW/day in alloxan-induced group, respectively. Blood glucose levels were measured using a glucometer. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The result showed decrease in blood glucose on: Group (3) from 153.00 ± 10.84 mg/dl (mean± SD) to 81.60 ± 21.27 (46.66%); Group (4) from 196.60 ± 19.15 to 121.80 ± 16.69 (38.05%); and Group (5) from 193.40 ± 63.81 to 68.40 ± 10.53 (64.63%). The Kruskal-Wallis test showed differences in average blood glucose levels among groups (p<0.05). The conclusion shows significant differences among groups, in which the forest honey at 2 g/kg BW/day decreased blood glucose levels with the largest percentage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insulin resistance (IR) is the underlying root of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), especially in insulin-targeted tissues (liver and muscles). The increase of free fatty acids, such as palmitate acid (PA) can interfere the insulin signaling. Targeting IR on both tissues can be a promising strategy in T2DM. Swietenia macrophylla King. is traditionally used for diabetes treatment. Its methanol extract has been proven to reduce fasting blood glucose and 1,4-bis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-tetrahydro-furo(3,4-C) furan isolated from S.macrophylla seed also have the same effect. This study explores its activity in improving the morphology of C2C12 myotube and HepG2 IR-models induced by PA, which was not elucidated yet. Both confluent cells were incubated 24 hours with PA 0.25 mM for establishing IR. The others 3 groups were treated with 0.25 mM PA and various doses of isolate. There were also untreated and positive control groups (PA and metformin). The cells become less confluent and smaller in both PA-treated groups at 40x magnification. Interestingly, various doses of isolate or metformin improve the morphological structure of both IR-cells models, almost similar to normal cell structure in the untreated group. The 1,4-bis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-tetrahydro-furo(3,4-c) furan isolate improves the morphology of both IR-cells models, whilst still need further studies for thus development as new candidate targeting IR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(+)-1,1'-Bislunatin (Bsl) is a bisanthraquinone isolated from the endophytic fungus Diaporthe sp. GNBP-10 derived from the gambier plant (Uncaria gambier Roxb.). This study aims to evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of Bsl in experimental diabetic male mice. DDY Male mice were induced with streptozotocin (STZ) at a dose of 40 mg/kg BW intraperitoneal for 5 consecutive days to obtain experimental diabetic mice. The treatments in this study included: (1) normal control group (without STZ induction), (2) negative control group (STZ induction), (3) positive control group (STZ induction and metformin administration), (4) Bsl treatment 20 mg/kg BW, (5) Bsl treatment 100 mg/kg BW, (6) Bsl treatment 500 mg/kg BW. The results showed that Bsl treatment with various doses could reduce blood glucose levels as well as a positive control (the group with metformin treatment) (p <0.05). There was no significant difference between the normal control, all Bsl test groups, and positive control. This fact indicates that Bsl could return blood glucose levels to a normal level for STZ-induced diabetic mice and the positive control. The results of Bsl treatment in STZ-induced diabetic mice can reduce blood glucose levels, and this compound is expected to be a safer candidate for type 2 diabetes drugs. Further research related to in-vivo tests using other experimental animals is still needed to prove the efficacy of the Bsl compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of total phenols and flavonoids and to determine the antidiabetic activity of the methanol extract of the bark of the cingkam plant (B. javanica). The experimental animals were divided into 4 groups with 5 white wistar strain rats in each treatment, namely STZ-induced diabetes control (I), diabetic rats were given methanol extract of cingkam stem bark at a dose of 250 mg/KgBW (II) and 500 mg/kg. KgBW (III) and diabetic rats were given metformin at a dose of 10 mg/KgBW (IV). Test of total phenol and flavonoid using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The results showed that the total phenol and flavonoid levels of the methanol extract were 118.03 mg GAE/g and 1.64 mg QE/g, respectively. The results of body weight measurement showed a significant difference between 250 mg and 500 mg of the methanol extract on day 14. The body weight of diabetes control and 500 mg of the methanol extract decreased on the 14th day. The methanol extract of cingkam stem bark was able to reduce the fasting blood sugar levels of STZ when compared to diabetic control rats but much lower than metformin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperglycemia is the main hallmark of DM, which is caused by elevated levels of Advanced Glycation-End Products (AGE) and Receptor for AGE (RAGE) interaction. AGE-RAGE interaction further develops a progressive diabetic complication due to excessive free radical production. Hydrogen-rich water (HW) are known to have a beneficial effect on health as an antioxidant and anti-inflammation. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of HW on the AGE-RAGE expression in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Rats divided randomly into five groups: N (healthy rats); DM (STZ + High-fat diet (HFD)) without additional treatment); DM + Met (DM + metformin dose 45 mg/kg BW); DM + HW (DM + Hydrogen-rich water); and DM + MH (DM + combination metformin and hydrogen-rich water). Rats were treated with HW or metformin for fourteen days and given per orally per day. At the end of treatment, rats were sacrificed and the pancreas was collected. AGE-RAGE expression was determined using the immunohistochemistry method. Our result suggested that either HW or HW combined with metformin declines AGE-RAGE expression significantly (p < 0.05) compared to DM rats. HW is expected to delayed organ damage by improves AGE-RAGE expression in STZ-induced diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a renal microvascular abnormality resulting from chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). The main cause of DN is a chronic condition of hyperglycemia which induces oxidative stress in the microvascular system and causes progressive renal failure. Hydrogen water (HW) shows potential in reducing ROS, and anti-inflammatory. This study aims to develop HW therapy in the improvement of renal histopathology in streptozotocin-induced DM rats. DM induction in rats with a HFD for four weeks then injected with STZ (35 mg/kg BW) intraperitonially. DM rats were divided into 4 groups: DM; DM+Met (DM+metformin dose 45 mg/kg BW); DM+HW; and DM+Met+HW (DM+combination of metformin and HW). Rats were treated with HW or metformin for fourteen days and given orally per day. At the end of the treatment, rats were dissected, and the kidneys were collected. Renal histopathological improvement was evaluated by scoring the H&E-stained kidney sections, then analyzed using ANOVA (p < 0.05). The results showed that HW therapy and a combination of HW with metformin were able to significantly improve renal microvascular damage (p < 0.05) compared to the DM rat group. Hydrogen water has the potential to treat DM chronic complications through renal microvascular repair in STZ-induced diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Ukrainian State Scientific-Research Institute of Nanobiotechnology and Resources Saving has received nanochromium citrate (NCC), a new chrome compound, by means of the electric pulse aquananotechnology method. Objectives: to determine nanochromium citrate efficacy with experimental dexamethasone-induced diabetes through the results of antihyperglycemic activity and its effect on the pancreatic histological structure. Methods: diabetes mellitus was simulated by dexamethasone administration on 18-month male rats. The morphological structure of the pancreas was examined in comparison with metformin. Examination of the pancreas morphological structure considered the amount, distribution and size of the pancreatic islets and their cellular shape. Results: on the 14th day of simulated diabetes mellitus the preventitive-therapeutic indication of nanochromium citrate promoted a decrease of glycemia level twice. The administration of nanochromium citrate with underlying diabetes mellitus is not inferior to metformin and its protective effect on the pancreas morphological structure exceeds the effect of metformin. Conclusion: nanochromium citrate of experimental dexamethasone-induced diabetes mellitus in rats decreases the glycemia level twice which does not differ reliably from the effect of metformin antihyperglycemic. The cytoprotective effect of nanochromium citrate produced on the histological structure of the pancreas is found to exceed metformin action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diet with high fructose and cholesterol (HFHC) plays a role in the increasing incidence of diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Ethanol extract from Acalypha indica has been known to alleviate hyperglycemia and hyperuricemic conditions in rats induced by substances that destroy beta cells. This research aimed to evaluate its effect in rats induced by diet. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into seven groups, six of which are given HFHC diet for 1,5 months. In the following month, rats were given therapy while diet continued. Therapy consisted of 250 mg/kg BW/day of Acalypha indica Linn. root’s ethanol extract, 100 mg/kgBW/day of metformin, 30mg/kg BW/day of allopurinol, or combination. Lowest blood glucose value was found in group receiving both AI and metformin. No significant difference was found between pre- and post- therapy blood glucose in groups treated with AI (p=0,831), metformin (p=0,056), or both (p=0,908). Uric acid level was increased in all groups, with highest rate found in group receiving both allopurinol and AI. The difference in uric acid level between treatment group was 0.331. Whilst insignificant, ethanolic extract of Acalypha indica Linn. was observed to lower blood glucose in rats. Group treated with AI showed similar rise in uric acid level, with combination therapy showed highest rise. Further research with longer duration of induction and therapy will be required to better understand the hypoglycemic and antihyperuricemic effects exerted by AI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, inadequate insulin secretion, and excessive glucagon secretion. Metformin is the first-line medication prescribed for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Prolonged use of metformin can cause mild and serious side effects. One of the alternative herbal remedies used to treat Type 2 diabetes mellitus is Acalypha indica Linn (AI). The objective of this research is to investigate the effect of ethanol extract AI to insulin resistance. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats are divided into six group, four groups (negative control, metformin 100 mg/kgBW/day, AI extract 250 mg/kgBW/day, combination metformin and AI extract) are induced with high fructose and high cholesterol diet; while two other groups (normal and normal treated with AI extract) are given normal diet. After four weeks of treatment, rats were terminated and laboratory test was performed to see plasma insulin level using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We found that AI extract significantly reduced plasma insulin level (p=0,018), similar to metformin (p=0,009), compare with negative control. In addition, we also calculate insulin resistance index using the Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) based on plasma insulin level and blood glucose level. The combination of metformin and AI extract significantly decreased the insulin resistance index compared with the negative control (p=0,034). Therefore, AI extract can be used as a complementary to metformin therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus and also as a prevention therapy of insulin resistance on normal individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metformin accumulation not only indicates a significant pharmacokinetic variability correlating with its glycemic response but also proves to be one of the factors of fatal lactic acidosis. Therefore, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of metformin is required as an effort to ascertain that metformin concentration is within the recommended therapeutic range. Metformin stability studies become an important part in TDM bioanalysis to provide accurate data of drug concentration for appropriate dose adjustments. This study aimed to conduct stability studies of metformin HCl in plasma samples by using HPLC with UV detector at 233 nm wavelength. Compound separation was carried out using the isocratic elution technique with the mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile : phosphate buffer 6 mM pH 5.2 (45 : 55) and C18 column (4.6 mm x 150 mm, 5 μm) at a room temperature. The results showed that stock solution of metformin HCl was stable at 25ºC and 4ºC storage temperatures for 6 hours and 30 days, respectively. Meanwhile, metformin HCl in the plasma matrix was stable at 25ºC storage temperature for 6 hours and for 1 day if stored at -20ºC. This study recommended storing patients' plasma samples at -20°C for 24 hours during TDM of metformin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium Glucose Co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor is an alternative pharmacology therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are unresponsive to metformin as the standard therapy. SGLT2 is a protein transporter that reabsorbs 90% of glucose in the renal tubules. Ellagic acid is found in pomegranate seeds or peels, which potentially could be an SGLT2 inhibitor in silico. This study analyzed the cytotoxicity effect of methanol extract of pomegranate seeds (MPS) and peels (MPP) on the Vero cell line. Laboratory experiments with a post-test only control group design was conducted in this study. Methanol extracts of pomegranate seeds and peels were obtained from our previous study and Dapagliflozin was used as a positive control. The concentrations of ellagic acid in MPS and MPP were measured using liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Eight different doses of MPS and MPP, which ranged from 0.98 to 125 ppm, were used to determine their cytotoxicity using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The probit test was then used to analyze IC50 of MPS and MPP. The concentration of ellagic acid in MPS was 1.34 ppm, which had IC50 at 231 mM, while the concentration of MPP-extracted ellagic acid was 1.68 ppm and had lower IC50 (1.7 mM), compared to the IC50 of MPS. Moreover, the IC50 value of both methanol extracts was higher than the IC50 of Dapagliflozin (0.406 mM). In conclusion, MPS and MPP have different cytotoxicity against the Vero cell line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, is recommended for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the event of unresponsiveness to metformin. The DPP-4 enzyme plays vital roles in the regulation of human immunity and metabolism. In silico studies have shown that actinodaphnine has a better interaction with the DPP-4 enzyme than sitagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor. Actinodaphnine is found in the C. australis plant and is often used to relieve pain and fever, to lower blood pressure, and to inhibit microbial growth. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of the ethanol extract from C. australis on DPP-4 activity in a model breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. A total of 1 x 106 MCF-7 cells were grown for 24 h and then divided into the control groups (CG): negative CG (NCG) with no treatment, positive CG (PCG) with 541.7 μg/mL sitagliptin, and solvent CG (SCG) with 0.057% dimethyl sulfoxide. Furthermore, the treatment group (TGEC) was given 568.75 μg/mL ethanol extract of C. australis, and all cells were then incubated for a further 48 h. A precursor of actinodaphnine, boldine was used as a standard to measure its concentration in C. australis extract using liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry. DPP-4 activity was measured using a colorimetric substrate (H-Gly-Pro-pNA) at 405 nm and calculated using the Beer-Lambert formula. Additionally, all collected data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance test with α = 0.05. It was found that a higher DPP-4 activity was observed in SCG (418.55 ± 134.00 nmol/minute/mg protein), compared to the NCG (232.06 ± 69.56 nmol/minute/mg protein), TGEC (214.74 ± 109.21 nmol/minute/mg protein), and PCG (214.47 ± 50.96 nmol/minute/mg protein). However, it was not a statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). In conclusion, C. australis-extracted actinodaphnine can inhibit DPP-4 activity in the MCF-7 cell line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upon wound formation, which is defined as a disruption of skin integrity for any reason, dermal fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and various inflammatory cells contribute in programmed cooperation to the not strictly separated but regularly functioning phases of the wound healing process. Keratin17, which is not normally expressed in the interfollicular epidermis, is accepted as a rapidly induced inflammatory marker in keratinocytes in the suprabasal layers of the epidermis after injury. There are many complications caused by hyperglycemia, which is the most serious clinical picture seen in diabetes, which occurs due to absolute or relative insufficiency of insulin secretion and/or action. Late/inadequate wound healing, which is one of these complications, is a serious problem for diabetic patients. Metformin, a pharmacological agent frequently used in the oral treatment of type 2 diabetes, has been proven to have anti-inflammatory effects as well as known antihyperglycemic effects. However, there are very few available studies showing that it provides this effect not only with oral use but also with topical use. We aimed to evaluate the effects of topically applying metformin on wound healing. For this purpose, we applied topical metformin (3mM) on a wound model created in healthy and diabetic rats. We examined the mRNA level of keratin17 by qRT-PCR and the amount of protein by IHC in biopsy samples taken on days 0, 3, 7, and 14. As a result, we showed that keratin17 acted as an inflammatory marker under the influence of diabetes, whereas keratin17 expression did not change in diabetic rats. With metformin treatment, it was observed that wound healing was induced, especially in the inflammation and proliferation stages, and thus the wound healing process progressed more healthily in terms of skin integrity. These results show that keratin17 plays important physiological roles during wound repair as well as being an inflammatory marker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the activity of pericarp extract of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.). Mangosteen pericarp contains various active compounds which are beneficial for human health. In-vivo antioxidant assay of pericarp extract was carried out using 3-4 month male mice of strain BALB/c weighed 30-40 g. The mice were divided into two groups: normal control (KN) group and STZ-induced diabetic group. STZ induction was performed using multiple low-dose method 30 mg/kg body weight treated daily for five consecutive days. Diabetic group was separated into two subgroups: diabetic control (KD), metformin control (KM), and crude extract treatment subgroups. The fasting blood glucose and the cholesterol level were measured before and after lard treatment, we also did it on the first, seventh, and fourteenth day of mangosteen pericarp crude extract treatment. The mice were treated with mangosteen pericarp crude extract for 14 days. The MDA level of the fasting blood serum was measured. The body weight and fasting blood cholesterol level before and after lard treatment were analyzed by t-test, whereas, the fasting blood cholesterol and the MDA level were analyzed using one-way variant analysis continued with Duncan test. The correlation between the increasing body weight and the fasting blood cholesterol level was determined by Pearson correlation test. The results of the study showed that the administration of mangosteen pericarp crude extract was able to reduce the fasting blood cholesterol and the malondialdehide level significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design a HIIT (High-Intensity Interval Training) Profile to help a Diabetes-Type II Patient avoid taking Insulin glargine injection. In addition to meal control, Metformin medicine, Insulin shot, diabetes patient should exercise at a higher heart rate to burn sugar faster. A Full Factorial DoE of Treadmill Setting (Incline, Speed) was conducted to build a Heart Rate RSM model to design the optimal HIIT Profile. Based on RSM model, Interaction effects are all very little which may indicate Treadmill Heart Rate model is not Coupling (complicate). Heart Rate is linearly proportional to Incline level (Potential Energy when incline angle is small), and in quadratic form with Speed (Kinetic Energy). To avoid the injury risk around the knee/foot, ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) injury and jumping patterns were studied by 3D-Motion Bio-Mechanics modeling. The fatigued muscles could not hold knee stable and provide sufficient knee cushion during the shorter soft landing which could increase the ACL injury risk during the 2nd hard landing period. Use the Model Driven SPC to study the injury mechanism to determine the highest speed limit of the Treadmill profile for this Diabetes patient. Through these ACL risk stuiesy, the HIIT profile has been further optimized considering these ACL design constraints. Following the JMP_based HIIT profile, this Diabetic patient has significantly reduced the Blood Glucose, Serum reading from over 200 mg/dL to near 75 mg/dL in 4 months (Acceptable in 65-99 mg/dL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metformin is the first-line drug of choice for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Recently, it was found that clinically achievable concentrations of metformin cause significant death of cancer cells in culture. Existing evidences connect its anti-cancer effects to the inhibition of the mTOR signaling pathway, but the actual molecular targets remain unknown. In this study, proteome-wide ligand binding site analysis, reverse protein-ligand docking, and quantum mechanics are used to search for the potential molecular targets of metformin. Our results suggest that metformin may bind to β-subunit of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK), and active AMPK through allosteric regulation. Several off-targets that are directly or indirectly involved in mTOR pathways are identified. These results generate a tractable set of anti-cancer protein targets for experimental validations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An abstract of the article "The effect of maternal metformin treatment in murine obese pregnancy on fetal hepatic development" by D. A. Sayed, H. Thomas, F. R. Cagampang, C. D. Byrne, J. G. Swales and P. Thomas is presented.

An abstract of the article "The effect of maternal high fat diet and metformin treatment during pregnancy on placental expression of the Insig1 gene and genes involved in glucose and lipid transport" by C. T. Smith, R. M. Lewis, F. R. Cagampang, M. Mosquera, J. K. Cleal and H. Thomas is presented.

An abstract of the article "Metformin treatment in obese pregnant mice protects adult offspring from increased adiposity and elevated fasting blood glucose" by H. Thomas, C.D. Byrne, and F.R. Cagampang is presented.