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Housing is always critical for all governments in developing countries before providing public housing for low-income people. However, public housing has always been associated with long-term problems and poor value for money. To achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agenda, the globe is presently being encouraged to promote Sustainable Success (SS) in the construction industry, particularly in public housing. The Malaysian government is aware of the situation, and the Ministry of Housing and Local Government recently emphasized the need for long-term improvement in the National Housing Policy (NHP) 2018-2025. The sustainability factor will greatly increase the value of construction projects, particularly public housing projects. As a result, the purpose of this study is to present a thorough review of the SS that contributes to long-term success in public housing projects. To gain a better understanding of the key topics, a systematic literature review was conducted, and the findings were validated using a qualitative method involving semi-structured interviews with five construction key players. As a consequence, economic, social, and environmental factors all play an important role in achieving long-term public housing. The study's findings could be critical for the framework's development, acting as a catalyst for the creation of sustainable public housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is half a century ago that the first examples of everyday-life documentation from Ancient Yemen came to light. While it was almost twenty years before the first examples of these texts written on wooden sticks in a specific cursive script could be deciphered, research in this field has made immense progress during the past decades. To date, almost 900 texts in Sabaic and Minaic languages have been published, among them many legal documents, correspondence, and writing exercises, including oracular records and other texts from religious practice. The eventual completion of the edition of the 400 documents housed by the Bavarian State Library in Munich gives us reason to reflect on the past years of research and to present some of the most recent discoveries in this particular field of written documentation from pre-Islamic Arabia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing concepts of housing are currently being re-evaluated, often prompted by unfavourable projections on population ageing, issues related to the sustainability of social systems, or challenges related to respect for human rights, which are a frequent impetus for housing research. When considering the design of housing for different users, we have to take into account different life situations, e.g. changes in family life, changes in housing users, but also ageing users or deteriorating health conditions. Housing must also be prepared for the provision of care services or personal assistance. Adaptable forms of housing that take into account the needs of different users are expected to be of undisputed benefit to all. This paper discloses a method for exploring new adaptive housing concepts to enable necessary changes in buildings for housing without difficult structural modifications. In particular, the research is oriented towards tracking changes in family life and the possible need for social services in the home environment. In order to ensure as much independence as possible for older adults or users with a disability, the emphasis in the design of new housing concepts is on adhering to universal design principles, on integrating artificial intelligence technology solutions, or on tightening security features. The adaptability of buildings for housing is also a suitable approach in terms of sustainable architecture, as it saves resources, construction waste and emissions, thereby reducing the environmental impact of the construction industry. The research is carried out in accordance with the current process of transformation of the social services system in Slovakia and in this context it was necessary to focus the research both on the state of the existing housing stock, whether it is ready to provide care in the home environment, as well as on new models of housing that would be able to take into account the individual needs of service users related to disability, illness or ageing. The basis for research were the results of a number of surveys carried out in social service buildings across Slovakia, such as a survey of the capabilities of social service users, an assessment of the risks and shortcomings of existing social service buildings, and a survey of the desires and wishes of recipients of year-round residential services about their own housing. Namely deinstitutionalisation envisages the return of users of large-scale residential facilities to their home environment or their relocation to new housing, so-called 'small group houses'. The final part of the article summarises the results of the research, which have shown that the diversity of service users requires specific approaches in the design of new housing concepts. The findings are illustrated by means of the authors' own concepts and schematic designs of model adaptive housing projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a structural record of the houses of the parish head of Paccha in the city of Cuenca in Ecuador, sectors that are classified as high risk areas by landslides, whose objective is to evaluate the real and current structural situation of the houses, through a visual analysis where all the characteristics of the structural system, the quality and the year of construction can be rescued; in order to find the structural damage index through the structural monitoring methodology established by the company Consultores en Ingeniería y Medio Ambiente CI Ambiental SAS. In addition, the characteristics of the structures will be reflected in georeferenced maps in a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) program to obtain a database of the current state of the houses integrated to the current zoning of the landslide risk levels established by the "PLAN DE ORDENAMIENTO TERRITORIAL DEL AÑO 2020" of the Paccha parish. Finally, a comparison is made between the landslide risk level established in the existing risk map and the effects caused by this phenomenon on the structures, in order to analyze the behavior of the structures of known characteristics in the different risk levels in each evaluation zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The living standard of a society is often evaluated on the basis of the quality and availability of housing. In housing policy, the role of the state is to ensure stability in the market environment that will allow households to live according to their income as well as to support labor mobility by using an existing housing stock without erratic excessive pressure on housing construction. Almost 95% of flats in Slovakia are in personal ownership of owner-occupants. In terms of the labor mobility and the flexibility of the labor market, the owner-occupied housing is rather detrimental. The solution to this fact can be supported by the construction of new rental housing, not only by the state, but also by the private sector. Although there are various state concepts for the construction of rental housing, so far it is all just in paper form and nothing is happening in reality. There is also some talk about implementation of modular buildings in construction of rental housing. The aim of the research is to evaluate the potential for the construction of modular apartment buildings in Slovakia. This is one of the reactions to the ongoing policy of the state, where the government of the republic committed to the massive construction of rental housing in its government program statement for 2021 - 2024. The main research question is whether there are enough companies in Slovakia that will be able to realize the number of modular apartment buildings, which the state says about in its program statement. The off-site modular construction has several advantages over traditional onsite construction. However, some disadvantages or barriers to the adoption of the modular construction generally or in Slovakia are also mentioned in the study presented. As to potential construction of apartment buildings, comparison of modular and traditional construction methods, from construction cost and construction time point of view was performed. The construction companies and especially modular construction companies from the Slovak construction market were engaged in the comparison. The companies provided the data related to examined economic and technological parameters (cost and time) of construction. More or less expected results of the comparative study are presented in the contribution. Based on the results of the presented study, it can be stated that the potential for modular housing construction in Slovakia exists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Housing is a social determinant for quality of life, in which a house apart from being affordable, is also vital in shaping well-being. The issue of housing quality in Malaysia, especially for the high-rise type in urban areas, was realised as being insufficient during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is because these houses are very densely populated, causing households to be cooped up at home with insufficient facilities and a lack of residential greenery, which led to stress in these households. This study aims to incorporate sustainability into the concept of affordable housing, which is expected to include a number of criteria, such as the environmental, economic, and social aspects involved in providing housing holistically. Therefore, to realise this desire and aspiration, this study has a set of objectives, (i) to review the factors that emerge in Sustainable Affordable Housing, (ii) to propose the conceptual framework of a National Sustainable Affordable House. This study uses a qualitative approach to achieve the first and second objectives. This research on the development of the Sustainable Affordable Housing (SAH) model has contributed to developing sustainability and is regarded as a novel approach on housing affordability and the potential to strengthen the nation's housing policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dwelling as a shelter has been an excellent location from the dawn of humanity; each socio-culture and race has grown up within this shelter. A residence has always been a synthesis of living practices, environmental circumstances, and sociocultural barriers. A house is rarely built unless there is a blend of comfort, satisfaction, and belongingness to the living environment. As for safety and tranquility, privacy is one variable that influences home types. Iraqi architecture has traditionally emphasized the relationship between the buildings and their users. Cultural and religious beliefs have influenced the Iraqi user's need for a proper abode. This paper presents an investigation into the householder perception of the issues of privacy and visual penetration in house design, taking into consideration issues such as design, style, and form from both the past and the current periods and its effect on sustainability and other lifestyle aspects. An online survey (150 respondents) was conducted across Iraq to determine their opinion on the knowledge and awareness of the issues of privacy and visual penetration in house design. It is intended that the findings and suggestions of this study be included in the current state of research of the house's design. They can be used as a for architects, engineers, and researchers who are concerned about the issue of privacy in the home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread impacts of Covid19 to the market and the minds of the practitioners can be deduced. The current study provides a timely investigation of the impacts of the global pandemic on the office property market so that the proper recommendations on construction management can be given to policymakers and market practitioners. Essentially, as the property price has a lagged effect after a significant event, the expectation of the practitioners in the property industry would be consulted. The current study provides a timely investigation of the impacts of the global pandemic on the office property market so that the proper recommendations on construction management can be given to policymakers and market practitioners. The composition of the office property price, the price model of housing property was adopted in the current study. Along with the customisation of the factors with respect to the pricing application of the office property, the theoretical model for the office property price was developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the living conditions of citizens is one of the most important constitutional missions of the government. The start of extended reproduction in the housing sector changes economic, social, and juristic government's course dramatically. The question of housing needs' satisfaction now caused other goals and tasks for authorities to consider. The most important step to form and realize a national housing policy project is to use a complex interagency approach in providing housing for different population categories. Nowadays, the housing policy has no proper connection with the Russian economic policy course. Therefore, no individual housing problems can be solved. Like any other's country economy, the Russian economy has faced a pandemic in 2020. The initial supply shock is gradually being transformed into demand shock. The levels of income and consumption in general are being decreased. The article determines the risks that stop the affordable housing project from realizing in pandemic circumstances. On the basis of these risks, some measures to correct the project were defined. The purpose of this is to provide the population with housing. The problem of creating affordable housing can be reasonably solved with other problems such as existing housing fund renovation, poor condition houses removal, and social and demographic policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the analysis of the current trend – an unusually rapid increase in housing prices throughout Russia in 2020 and in the first half of 2021. The article begins in a brief history of the formation of the housing market in modern Russia, starting with the specific "housing policy" pursued by the authorities of the USSR, and ending with the balance of payments crisis in 1998. The authors substantiate the point of view that it is the devaluation effect and the favorable change in the terms of trade for Russia that created the prerequisites for the formation of a full-fledged housing market. The authors consider the dynamics of real incomes of the population, the degree of competition in the banking sector, and the elasticity of housing supply to be specific factors operating in the Russian housing market. Based on the analysis of data on the dynamics of housing prices in the XXI century, the efficiency of several popular hypotheses regarding the set of factors affecting this dynamics is tested. The authors propose to divide the history of the modern housing market into two periods. A distinctive feature of the first period is the inflating of the" bubble " in the housing market. In the second period, the housing market was in a cooling state. According to the authors, in each of these periods, different combinations of factors that determine the price of housing were at work. In the first period, the main factor determining the price of housing was the investment demand for housing and "self-fulfilling expectations". It was they who led to the inflating of the real estate bubble. In the second period, when the bubble deflated, prices became more determined by the traditional demand for housing as a source of housing services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generally, the motor housing in the control rod drive mechanism comprises nonmagnetic Alloy 690 to be one piece with the nozzle. The potential candidate for alternative material is SA403X that has the equivalent material properties with Alloy 690. However, Alloy 690 has higher stress intensity (161 MPa) than SA403X (145 MPa). The aim of this study identified the structural integrity of the motor housing material design using SA403X. This study has performed heat transfer and mechanical simulations on motor housing using the finite element method in ANSYS Software. This simulation calculated the temperature distribution during reactor operation and the distribution of von Mises stress and strain in the motor housing to verify the structural integrity. The simulation was constructed under operating temperature conditions: 2800C, internal pressure 15 MPa, and under convection factor at 600C on the external surface of motor housing in an unsteady state condition. It was observed that the temperature distribution in the motor housing is between 170°C-280°C, with the lowest von Mises stress distribution is 2 MPa, and the highest von Mises stress is 217 MPa. Through the yield stress failure and von Mises theory, the motor housing stress is still in good agreement because the stress that occurs is still below the yield stress of the SA403X material. The strain distribution that occurs during the operation process is 0,001 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws on ethnographic fieldwork conducted with Alaskan engineers, builders, and housing experts on cold climate housing design in Native Alaskan communities and explores multiple levels of challenges to designing and building in remote areas. It examines how the history of land ownership and governance in Alaska shapes the imaginaries of engineers and builders working to address housing equity in the state. Specifically, we study cold climate housing projects being carried out in Alaska and compare the design of these projects to wider colonial legacies and failed housing policies. This includes examining both considerations that need to be made at the start of design and engineering projects, as well as how complexity figures into the culture of cold climate engineers and builders in Alaska. Theoretically, this paper draws on Annemarie Mol and John Law's conceptualization of complexity as a social practice (2002), in which they argue against reductionism by calling attention to the "multiplicity" of ways in which actions and knowledge come into being. In drawing on this work, we seek to engage with multiple histories and worldviews, including dominant notions of "home" that contribute to reproducing housing insecurity and colonial legacies in rural communities (Christensen 2017). Building on this theoretical framework, we thread together a critical description of the social terrain in which engineering and building projects in remote Alaska Native communities are situated. Such situated understandings necessitate engineers and builders working on these projects to think locally while recognizing the broader contributions of home designs developed thousands of miles from the Arctic. The implications of this complexity, we argue, are important for engineering educators and students to incorporate in their approaches to design and engineering learning opportunities across multiple contexts, including engineering programs, construction, architecture, industrial design, environmental and sustainability science, and the social sciences. To address complex challenges in which these disciplines must all take part, engineers and others who make up these teams of diverse expertise must navigate layers of complexity and understand and value how social forces shape building projects. Cold climate contexts like the ones we describe here provide examples that can engage educators, learners, and practitioners. In this paper, we draw on insights gathered from an ongoing ethnographic study examining how historical and current patterns of land ownership and governance impact the development of affordable housing initiatives in remote and predominantly Alaska Native villages2. Guided by theoretical lenses that emphasize the critical need for actors to identify and understand the tools they use for organized action (Callon 2002; Latour 2005; Vinck 2003), we track how different modes of complexity come into contact with and affect the planning and implementation of engineering and building projects in remote Alaska Native communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The housing and communal services sector occupies an important place in the life support and safety of citizens. The level of housing and communal services should be comparable to the requirements of consumers regarding the quality of the utilities they receive, the degree of their environmental safety, as well as the economic validity of the tariff for these services. The priority direction of the state policy in the field of housing and communal services, in our opinion, is to increase the level of its energy efficiency and technical re-equipment. Attracting private investment in the housing and utilities sector contributes to the growth of its efficiency and the quality of public services provided. In the context of the pandemic, many enterprises transferred some of their employees to a remote mode of performing their work duties, this also affected housing and communal services enterprises. This requires, in our opinion, requires special support for employees of the utility industry who have switched to remote operation. The housing and communal services sector plays an important role in the process of ensuring the quality of life of citizens, contributes greatly to the formation of the economic potential of society and the attractiveness of the locality for investors. State support for the housing and communal services sector,in our opinion, should be focused on attracting private investors to this sector and creating favorable conditions for housing and communal services enterprises to carry out their economic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The housing and utilities sector is important for ensuring the quality of life, it has a great impact on the investment attractiveness of the territory, the level of its economic potential , the culture and way of life of society. The main directions of the state policy in the housing and communal sector are to improve the standard of living of the population, increase the energy efficiency of housing and communal complex enterprises, and use innovative environmental technologies in solving problems related to the disposal, processing and disposal of solid waste. When solving these problems, there is a need for the coordinated work of thousands of employees of enterprises and services of housing and communal services. The Covid-19 pandemic has caused many enterprises to switch to remote operation, and this has also partially affected housing and communal services. Improving working conditions for the staff of housing and communal services that have switched to remote operation mode contributes to the provision of higher-quality public services to enterprises and residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to show how the methodological manual of sustainable development assessment in the field of housing including its structure, content, and the proposed forms of assessment were put together. The resulting document is intended to serve as a relatively simple tool helping the municipalities to analyse the complex issues of housing and to examine the scope of their commitment to this field, without neglecting or duly emphasising any of the four fundamental aspects of sustainable housing, i.e. the economic, environmental, social and cultural. Such manual has not been available in the Czech Republic as yet. The manual is to be applicable to different types of municipalities based on their administrative area and size. Each indicator represents a certain scope of phenomena which can be narrowed, broadened or deepened to correspond with the needs of the given municipality. It has been devised so as not to demand new sources of information and planning tools, but to work with those that are either mandated under existing rules and regulations or recommended within other planning objectives. The evaluation method is conceived as a self-assessment. The indicators outline the basic problem areas that can be further elaborated by the municipality. The evaluation system is derived from national and international documents, political declarations and conventions (e.g. the UN Geneva Charter or the Life Quality Indicators in Housing) and from reference evaluation systems and methodologies. The document has been continuously consulted with the cooperating municipality and with the client in order to reflect the current needs and capacities of municipalities in the Czech Republic. It is being tested in municipalities that have expressed the interest in the manual, want to participate in developing the areas of housing as well as make informed decisions with regard to this relevant field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, a house has become a necessity for everyone. Most Malaysians put homeownership as one of their ultimate goals in life. Yet, homeownership is a rather complicated feat due to the many factors involved. Therefore, this study aims to determine the most significant factors to homeownership. The factors involved are financial assistance, housing performance, housing motivation, housing market and housing policy. Using a sample of 100 respondents, questionnaire surveys were distributed to obtain their feedbacks. Binary logistic regression analysis was employed in this study and the data was analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistical Software. The data analysis revealed that financial assistance and housing policy significantly influence homeownership. The study results can be beneficial for policymakers and developers in gaining a more in-depth insight of consumer needs and the factors that motivate them to own a house in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to "adequate housing remains a big challenge in South Africa, despite efforts since 1994 to deliver affordable housing to about 2.3million poor households through project-linked housing subsidy schemes. The current housing backlog in South Africa stands at 2.1million households, and approximately 1.2million of these families live in informal settlements under conditions which pose serious threats to their health, safety and security. Against this backdrop, the government introduced ground-breaking housing policy reforms in 2004, which included a programme devoted to the upgrading of informal settlements." The new initiative, crowned as the "Upgrading of Informal Settlements Programme" (UISP), had the objectives to "eradicate" all informal settlements by 2014. With increased urbanisation, cities "become more challenged by the influx of people, which puts pressure on service delivery and infrastructure. Chapter 2 of the bill of rights section 24 states that; "everyone has a right to the environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being and to have their environment protected for the benefits of the present and future generations" (Republic of South Africa Constitution, 1996). Consequently, this study aims to explore the approaches and strategies of upgrading informal settlements: learning from policy and practice in the City of Ekurhuleni. It seeks to identify and flesh out the key policy gaps, in order to inform further policy learning. This study adopts relevant information from the qualitative and quantitative research approach. It applies a case study research design, using information from books, journal articles, national policy documents, publications and news reports, as well as internet sources. Data were collected through questionnaires (City Officials responsible for the UISP and policy implementation, and NGOs personnel assisting within the UISP in the City of Ekurhuleni), structured in-depth interviews, with key informants from the City of Ekurhuleni (town planners and NGOs officials responsible for UISP) together with observations, map surveys and photographic surveys of the upgraded settlements. The findings pinpoint the existence of comprehensive national legislative and policy frameworks in support of the slum upgrading initiative. However, the evidence suggests that the goal of slum eradication is still farfetched, due to several problems and challenges. The identified an apparent gap between the policy rhetoric, and the reality of implementation, which is characterised by notable inconsistencies, tensions, and problems. These have hindered the programme's ability to make realistic improvements in the lives of slum dwellers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Build-to-Rent is an emerging long-term housing asset class and alternative housing product that is gaining popularity in the Europe, North America and Australia. Build-to-Rent is a high-end, long-term residential rental product, built and operated by specialist developers for a single institutional owner. This paper uses a summative content analysis approach to identify key stakeholders out of which a framework for the adoption of Build-to-Rent for the middleincome housing market in Johannesburg, South Africa is developed. The model is based on collaborative planning and systems dynamics approaches. A literature review of existing legislative and policy documents forms the basis of a key stakeholders' register within South Africa's existing institutional and legislative frameworks. This is followed by the proposal of the Collaborative-Integrated Operational Framework (CIOF) which may be adopted in order to mainstream Build-to-Rent in the Johannesburg housing sector. The findings demonstrate that there exists a wellestablished policy environment in South Africa, amenable to the adoption of Build-to-Rent in Johannesburg. The need for a collaborative planning approach, which fosters buy-in from all spheres of government and other stakeholders within the housing sector is further reinforced through the development of this framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Question Urban renewal is happening in central city districts of major cities (Bohl, 2000; Burchell, et al, 2000). A renewed interest in inner city living often includes a focus on active and green lifestyles associated with parks, green spaces, and sustainably built homes. Previously undesirable, working class neighborhoods are now sought after and more expensive (Ding & Knapp, 2010). These shifts are partially attributable to a change in homebuyer preferences for proximity to green spaces. Real estate agents have taken notice and now prominently feature such descriptions in online real estate listings. These featured attributes act as advertising signals for consumption of homes in neighborhoods adjacent to economic development projects featuring active lifestyle green spaces. In some cases, the names of the projects act as brand names. This study uses the Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan area and the Beltline green space economic development project to investigate the impact, if any, of green space advertising signals on home prices. In doing so, we ask the following research questions: Do buyers and sellers place a positive value on green space advertising signals? Do buyers and sellers attribute a greater value to branded versus generic green space advertising signals? Method and Data - 200 words We use a content analysis of agent-generated content in 989 online real estate listings for evidence of green space advertising signals for the target neighborhoods within the Beltline region. These results are coded branded or generic and applied to a traditional hedonic pricing analysis to isolate the incremental value of the green space advertising signals in listing and sales prices of homes. A generic (park or green space) and branded (Beltline) signal are tested. Hedonic pricing models are the most common method used to evaluate the value of real estate. The underlying premise of this approach is that a home represents a bundle of desirable and undesirable characteristics to a consumer seeking to maximize their utility. Collectively, these characteristics contribute to the market value of a property which is revealed through a sales transaction (Cebula, 2009). The job of hedonic analysis in real estate is to investigate the relationship between the existence and amount of all characteristics and the price consumers are willing to pay (Coulson, 2008). Generally, hedonic price models take on the following form: Price = ƒ(Physical Characteristics, Other Factors). In this study, the hedonic price model is adapted as: lnPrice = ƒ(Physical Characteristics, Transaction Details, Green Space Signals). Summary of Findings Results suggest green space advertising signals have a statistically significant contribution to listing and sales prices. The branded signals are positively contributing to price, while generic signals have a negative contribution. Results from independent and combined effects of branded and generic signals support this finding. This implies the market places greater value on the brand name of the affiliated development project, Beltline, over general references to parks and green spaces. Results also suggest branded advertising signals are contributing to home price inflation. This may potentially displace existing neighborhood residents, often low-income or communities of color, for whom the underlying economic development project was intended to benefit (Rothstein, 2017). Many municipalities with economic development projects put rental or new construction policies in place to protect low income and/or workforce housing stock. There are rarely mechanisms to provide reserves or set asides for low income residents in the resale real estate market. This study definitively demonstrates price inflation in the resale real estate market associated with economic development projects. Such evidence may inform the creation of protective policies to serve the unmet needs of vulnerable residents in the resale real estate market in revitalizing central city districts. Statement of Key Contributions Research in green status consumption behavior finds consumers will pay a premium for such items in public consumption conditions (Griskevicius et al, 2010). This study applies an adapted framework to real estate prices in a major metropolitan neighborhood associated with green space development. Results suggest home price inflation may potentially displace existing residents, often low-income or communities of color, for whom the underlying economic development project was intended to benefit (Rothstein, 2017). Many municipalities with economic development projects put rental or new construction policies in place to protect low income and/or workforce housing stock. There are rarely mechanisms to provide consideration for low income residents in the resale real estate market. This study demonstrates price inflation in the resale real estate market associated with economic development projects. Such information may inform the creation of protective policies to serve the unmet needs of vulnerable residents in the resale real estate market in revitalizing central city districts. Affordable housing stakeholders would benefit from this manuscript. Collectively, these entities protect the interests of vulnerable residents in central city neighborhoods through policy-based initiatives. Findings may serve as a catalyst to spur investigation and policy development in other metropolitan areas experiencing similar phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the changes in Bank Indonesia (BI) policy Number 20/8/PBI/2018 (PBI, 2018) regulates the Loan to Value (LTV) ratio for a residential property loan. This research examines changes in housing developer behavior in providing the housing products before and after the loan to value ratio (LTV) easing policy. The changes in the Bank Indonesia policy to release the loan to value ratio for the purchase of the first house with an area of more than seventy square meters is one of the government's solution to encourage the growth of housing property. This issue is due to the difficulty of the first-time home buyer in paying the down payment. The design of this research uses a case study of multiple case holistic designs and uses a qualitative analysis method. Qualitative data were obtained from in-depth interviews with nine housing developers. We found that most developers are willing to change their market segmentation to a lower segment (36 household type) than the previous ones that they have set. We concluded that the LTV ratio easing policy cannot help many developers if the macroeconomic conditions are still weak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a fundamental right and, therefore, constitutionally enshrined, the housing right is performed either through the contract of renting, or through the real mode - bringing with the concept of “own (and permanent) housing”- but also through the minor real rights such as the “right to use and housing”, the “ real right to periodic housing” - and its obligational equivalent “right of tourist housing ”- and now also, as a“ New Generation of Housing Policies ”, the brand new “real right to durable housing”. This” real right to durable housing” as a housing policy, combines two ideas: security and stability in housing occupation - crucial for the family life development and the economy itself - and the flexibility/mobility resulting from the ever-changing nature of households' housing needs throughout their lives. Such a number of “minor” real rights concerning housing - and their specifications, as housing rights referring people living in the common economy and people living in a “ de facto” union - requires comparative analysis to clarify the individuality / integrity of each one of those rights, specially this new “real right to durable housing”, well as its legal, social and economical contribution. Therefore we propose to analyze: what is the scope of each one of those minor real rights? Is there any redundancy? Are they compatible? What will happen to the traditional/legal concept of “resident”? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a fundamental right and, therefore, constitutionally enshrined, the housing right is performed either through the contract of renting, or through the real mode - bringing with the concept of "own (and permanent) housing"- but also through the minor real rights such as the "right to use and housing", the " real right to periodic housing" - and its obligational equivalent "right of tourist housing "- and now also, as a" New Generation of Housing Policies ", the brand new "real right to durable housing". This" real right to durable housing" as a housing policy, combines two ideas: security and stability in housing occupation - crucial for the family life development and the economy itself - and the flexibility/mobility resulting from the ever-changing nature of households' housing needs throughout their lives. Such a number of "minor" real rights concerning housing - and their specifications, as housing rights referring people living in the common economy and people living in a " de facto" union - requires comparative analysis to clarify the individuality / integrity of each one of those rights, specially this new "real right to durable housing", well as its legal, social and economical contribution. Therefore we propose to analyze: what is the scope of each one of those minor real rights? Is there any redundancy? Are they compatible? What will happen to the traditional/legal concept of "resident"?. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses issues of renovation program elaboration and implementation, as well as selection of their methods in Russia. Housing stock renovation should improve living conditions of the population. So the right decision on the renovation method meeting the housing stock condition in the country, directly affects the country’s level of socio-economic development. The author systematizes factors determining a renovation strategy. The article shows that many issues in the following areas are not considered at renovation project implementation: legislation, design and construction, and socio-economic issues. The environmental constituent of urban territory renovation projects is scarcely considered in Russia as well. The environmental consequences of renovation negatively affect the environment and human habitat. The author concludes that it is necessary to take the environmental constituent into account at renovation program implementation in order to reduce the negative impact on the environment, to minimize pollution and waste so that the environmental conditions may improve. The study is topical since the environmental aspect of renovation is insufficiently studied in Russia. The research proves that the interdisciplinary approach is required for studying housing stock renovation in the country. The following conclusions are made: legislation is to be improved, the environmental & economic and socio-economic concerns are to be settled at implementation of housing stock renovation programs. The research can be used for elaboration of various state policies involving state control of housing stock renovation and issues of environmental control of renovation programs in all regions of Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is leading to severe storm events with increasing intensity and frequency. Public policies are needed to address vulnerable households that might be damaged or destroyed by storm surges and coastal flooding. To ensure the well-being of the public and save billions of dollars in damages the policies must mitigate the consequence and likelihood of risky extreme storm events. Design and implementation of policies faces challenges in prioritizing community safety conscious of budget and community values as constraints. The intention of this research is to answer the questions: 1) what are effective public policies to address climate vulnerability at the household level in coastal areas and 2) how does this scale fit within a community comprised of diverse individual households? To answer these, an economic framework is developed, addressing housing policy analysis in coastal areas facing climate risk by modeling the decision of households to move from environmentally risky coastal areas to safer inland regions. This happens through a threshold model capable of explaining the moving decisions of households. Households, with different wealth levels, can decide either to stay or move to a safer location based on their perception of future risk as well as their financial and physical mobility. Different intervention scenarios by the government are developed and analyzed. This research has several theoretical and empirical outcomes demonstrating the behavior of households and the optimum policies to be taken paving the way for a comprehensive policy analysis platform that would be adaptable to specific geographic, economic, and environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After many years of public consultations in Poland, in October 2015, the government adopted a document called the National Urban Policy and the Polish parliament passed a law on the revitalization. The adopted solutions pointed to the directions of further development of cities n Poland and the fundamental role of revitalization in the state's housing policy. These solutions remained consistent with the European policy for integrated urban development and integrated urban revitalization. In the year of 2015 the new government has announced numerous, but also long-awaited, social reforms. Among them, one points to deep reforms of he state's housing policy. The new Polish government has accepted on September 27, 2016 a document called the National Housing Program. There were also adopted legal Acts to facilitate large-scale new housing projects. The article looks for an answer to the question about the position of revitalization in the current urban policy in Poland on the example of one of the largest cities in Poland, i.e., a post-industrial city of Łódź with over 600,000 inhabitants. The interdisciplinary studies presented in this article were based on Polish and EU legal acts and strategic local and national documents. They were carried out by using the comparative and dogmatic methods. The article points out that existing assumptions of revitalization remain inconsistent with the development of new housing policy in Poland. Authors set the direction of he proposed legal changes so that the revitalization processes do not slow down, and many years of legislative work on revitalization are not wasted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complexity in housing affordability issue requires more consideration beyond mere economic viability. To increase life quality and well-being, the percentage of income spent on rent by individual household is essential for consideration. This study attempts to evaluate low income affordability level in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State Nigeria. A structures questionnaire was used to obtain data while analysis was done through Statistical packages for social sciences (SPSS). The outcome of the analysis indicated that a larger percentage of the targeted population spends above 30% of their monthly earnings on housing services. This relate with the benchmark set by several scholars, where authors maintained that a cost burden will exist where households spend above 30% on their housing services. This paper then concludes that majority of the dwellers in the study area experience a cost burden as they spend a large percentage of their monthly income on house rent. Hence this adversely affect their ability to meet other living expenses like medical bills, education, clothing, food and son on. Some recommendations are been suggested to improve the low-income housing affordability standard both within and outside the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Affordable housing is a key component of the built environment that is at-risk from natural hazards, but existing research has largely focused on owners and renters in site-built housing. Manufactured housing ("mobile homes") located in mobile home parks represent a third housing type that makes up a critical portion of affordable housing in the United States. Mobile home parks (MHPs) are characterized by high levels of social vulnerability as well as a unique housing tenure in which residents own individual homes but rent the lot from a property owner. Existing studies have overlooked these unique features and are largely focused on the physical or structural vulnerability of mobile home units. The social, spatial, and institutional dimensions of vulnerability in MHPs have remained largely unexplored. To holistically examine the factors that interact to produce vulnerability in MHPs and assess whether mobile home parks are uniquely vulnerable compared to other housing types, we present an explanatory case study of six MHPs in three different communities impacted by the 2013 Colorado floods, a federally declared disaster. We draw on a) surveys of 101 households whose homes were significantly damaged or destroyed, including 44 MHP households; b) semi-structured interviews with 21 key informants who were active in the recovery of mobile home parks, including local elected officials and staff, state and federal recovery officials, housing experts and representatives from non-governmental organizations and c) observations at dozens of housing recovery-related events and analysis of government documents related to the recovery. Our analysis identifies five pathways through which MHPs contribute not only to the vulnerability of their residents but also to the vulnerability of the communities in which MHPs are located. We offer several avenues for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laws are often ambiguous, requiring organizations to develop strategies to interpret and shape compliance. A structural gap in the middle of this implementation frequently involves broker actors, variously identified in literature as 'regulatory wranglers' and 'translators.' This article builds on that work by identifying circulating experts as playing a role in the legalpolitical field of affordable housing. I argue that previous work highlights mediating brokers as contributing to the vertical flows of regulatory knowledge and practice from law above to practice below. This article focuses attention on the brokers' roles in horizontal information flows, specifically movements across place and across time. For place, this means bringing technical and normative expertise to disconnected local stakeholders. For time, this means tracking iterative public deliberation to see how these meso-level actors engage in claim refinement. Paying attention to the horizontal flow of information, as well as the vertical, will enrich our understanding of regulatory interactions, adoption of law on the ground and the possibility for civic engagement in contested issues. Drawing on over two and a half years of ethnographic observations of public hearings of suburban towns dealing with a state affordable housing law, the case is made for the existence and relevance horizontal flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Refugee camps play an integral role in the management of forced displacement. I argue that refugee camps serve a political purpose for the state beyond housing large numbers of people. Heterogeneity among refugee camps allows state officials to achieve various goals including attracting international sympathy and aid dollars, developing a national humanitarian narrative, controlling refugees' behaviors through the threat of forced encampment, screening refugees before allowing them access to the broader refugee or host community, and completely containing refugees by denying them the freedom to leave the camp. Refugee camps can also work in conjunction with urban settlement to achieve national-level development goals. These findings have emerged from 16 months of ethnographic observations in Jordan over a four-year period from July 2014 to July 2018. I also conducted 175 interviews in Arabic and English with Syrian refugees, Jordanian citizens, and government, UN, and NGO officials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parental housing support has been extensively studied in Western societies, while the attention to China emerged in recent years. Highlighting the role of housing wealth in the stratification system, this paper contextualizes intergenerational housing support studies in contemporary urban China. Firstly, through reference to a methodological shift in U.S. stratification study, it evaluates housing asset in China as an increasingly visible social privilege. The second section presents a historical review of Chinese housing system and inequality to further highlight the social differentiation embedded in the post-transitional housing system. Subsequently, a critical review of current literature on parental housing support leads to an argument of the potential existence of social privilege replication within the housing sector, followed by a section suggesting the recent availability of survey data. At last the author situate the issue in the current structural forces that are shaping Chinese society and stratification and invites for further contributions to this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The activities of public utilities are regulated by various regulatory and subordinate acts of administrative, civil, financial, housing and urban planning legislation. The efficiency of such a complex system, as utilities, depends primarily on who and how controls the industry, as well as regulates its activities. The state has already taken the most important steps for more efficient development of the industry, not only in terms of regulatory support, but also in terms of financial support and an organized reform management structure. Now the industry is developing, and departments are taking the necessary measures and developing measures for the further development of the housing and utilities sector. However, not all processes remain complete. In modern economic conditions, the use of an adaptive management model will be relevant. This is the kind of management in which a management system is created that is able to quickly adapt and quickly change the parameters of sustainable development, depending on changes in the internal and / or external factors acting on the territory. Priority will be a situational approach, in which the implementation of management methods and tools will be determined by the specific situation prevailing in the territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problems occurring in post-industrial areas constitute large issue in social, economic, spatial as well as ecological point of view. According to research of National Institute for Spatial Policy and Housing post-industrial areas occupy 4% of urbanized areas is Polish cities. Poland among European countries is one with the biggest percentage of post-industrial areas in cities. In the context of large scale of degradation of cities re-use of former industrial areas – brownfields - is one of the challenges of rational space management. Post-industrial areas due to the possibility of contamination are often the source of potential negative influence on natural habitat and human body. Contamination of post-industrial areas may vary significantly and it depends on the area’s specificity and the kind of performed historical industrial activity. This article presents analysis of the process of identification of pollutants in post-industrial areas on examples of chosen post-industrial cities. Research of potential methods of revitalisation former industrial sites was also done. Discussed cities are examples of integrated revitalisation process including stage of identification of pollutants, their neutralisation and new management of post-industrial sites. Approach to revitalisation of abandoned industrial areas presented in this article makes space for resolving ecological problems occurring in post-industrial areas through their re-use. Revitalisation of post-industrial areas, including revitalisation of polluted sites allows on rational space management based on the rule of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geo-questionnaires are increasingly frequently used for geo-referenced studies. Their results can provide the basis for the GIS multi-criteria analysis model, and particularly for the determination of the spatial weights of criteria significance based on proximity adjusted preferences. In the developed method, a ranking of criteria was created based on the results of a geo-questionnaire. The determined weights of criteria significance were then spatially varied based on the analysis of locations indicated in the geoquestionnaire. The maps of criteria layers incorporated expert knowledge, and the spatial varied weights incorporated preferences of a group of students. This permits linking information on preferences of a group of residents with expert information indicating the suitability of the area. The study involved the analysis of housing preferences of students of the Department of Geodesy and Cartography of the Warsaw University of Technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to identify new patterns that occurred in multi-family high-density housing of urban areas in Romania, and to analyze local trends in comparison with European trends. The paper explores historical housing policies, their relation to European trends, and current housing policies as well as new types of multi-family housing built in the last decade in Romania. The main concern was to research the manifestation of new architectural patterns in multifamily residential buildings in Romania and to verify the compatibility between Romanian emerging housing typologies and those already existing in Europe, as well as the possibility that those models could become perpetuated in the future in order to generate quality living environments. The initial supposition is that these examples of architecture have a range of distinct qualities, they represent living environments of higher quality, which makes them desirable compared to standardized multifamily housing. Compared with European residential models, the emerging patterns of multifamily housing in Romania have a similar manifestation, but don't coincide completely. The new patterns of housing manifest themselves in a much smaller proportion in the local residential field, as compared to their occurrence in the European realm. The examples of the new type of residential architecture represent isolated events in the local market, being concentrated in the capital city and being the result of positive collaborations between architects, builders and developers. In order for these models to be implemented on a wider scale in the future, a convergence of several factors aimed to support the new architecture is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guwahati, a city in India is growing. Housing as a sector and housing units or dwelling units have reduced over the years .The demand for it has increased. The master plan 2020 suggest decentralization of the city, but balance in sectors is necessary and making it livable. The need to focus on housing is essential for a city to grow, as housing is one of the important components of a city and the most sensible one. A critical analysis is necessary for increasing livability of the city and its solutions to keep a balance in percentage of commercial, industrial and housing sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The housing sector in India has evolved from a 'social welfare' provision to a 'market-based' industry, pulling in enormous investments from the private sector. It has grown from a 'basic' right to becoming a key driver in the economy, considering its huge multiplier effect. Housing currently contributes 5-6% to the nation's GDP and employs almost one-fifth of the total working population. This paper examines the sequential evolution approaches taken and correspondingly, the instruments employed to regulate and control the housing sector. It is found that the policy postulates over time have been designed to support the private sector and provide them an enabling environment to tackle the growth housing stress in the country. A multi-stakeholder approach is increasingly being adopted to de-centralize the housing delivery process. The integration of housing development with master planning and land use planning has been heightened in the latest policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study is to identify the existing and new long-term housing financial instruments in Latvia. Principal objectives are: to evaluate the experience of the implementation of existing housing support programmes in Latvia; to describe the existing and new housing financial instruments in EU countries; to develop the list of new long-term housing financial instruments suitable for Latvia. Scope of investigation is housing financial instruments. Research methodology: Analytic research method and comparative research method. Results and principal conclusions: The results of the research show that government of Latvia should evaluate which of new long-term financial instruments should be implemented in housing sector in Latvia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of the presented research is based on the increasing role of land resources in modern processes of sustainable spatial development of urban areas. Land regulators as world experiment shows, act as the integrated mechanism of impact on spatial development of the urbanized territory. They are the strongest system instrument of the cities active investment and construction policy implementation that puts a technique of city agglomeration land resources differentiated assessment improvement in the forefront. The full-fledged market is impossible without account and withdrawal of a land rent. Distinction at a rate of the land economic assessment taking into account a ratio of "demand" (demands for placement) and "offer" are the cornerstone of such withdrawal (existence of free grounds, the empty buildings, opportunities of release or demolition of buildings). The research is aimed at identifying and proposing efficient ways to improve the kit of tools for mass urban areas estimation on the basis of multicriteria and econometric methods. Within multicriteria decision-making methods the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for a choice of the most effective option of the land plot use is offered. The econometric model constructed on the example of Rostov-on-Don allows to define factors of inhabited lands pricing and to draw some conclusions on the city specifics. Degree of various factors importance can be also revealed. Achieving the goal of the research required the solution of such problem tasks as structural representation of the factors system and basing of the territory land resources differentiated ecological-economic assessment technique. The authors provide proofs of the applicability of empirical modeling results in the field of real-life management decisions. Novation of authors' approach, first, is in the theoretical methodological basis of heuristic need to integrate the multicriteria technique as an instrument of differentiated ecologicaleconomic land resources assessment into the city sustainable spatial development management system. Statements proposed in the paper provide the basis for administrative decisions efficiency increasing. Ranging of factors can be used when forming cluster regional land and housing policy, and also for the investment housing plan development, price of the real estate, the city land plot before its sale estimation, at mortgage lending on the real estate security, etc. The revealed importance of various factors can be useful information for construction companies at new houses construction and a city administration for transport infrastructure improvement and the most comfortable conditions of accommodation creation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the involvement of the U.S. federal government in private housing through Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. It cites several activities that complicate efforts to limit the supportive role of the federal government, including investment securities, public policy, and macroeconomics. It also provides a background of the involvement of the government in private housing and discusses changes in Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. (FDIC) operations.