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Uric acid plays important roles in the body, acting as an antioxidant, contributing to the elimination of metabolic waste, and helping to combat some infections. Alterations in uric acid concentration can be important indicators of disease and their real-time and point-of-care monitoring is of extreme importance, for instance in primary care facilities. Optical fibre biosensors are a promising option, allowing real-time detection, quantification, and monitoring of uric acid concentrations in blood plasma or urine. In this work, enzymatic plasmonic sensors were developed for the detection of uric acid using multimode optical fibres composed of a 400 µm silica core and a polymer cladding. To prepare the sensors, the coating and cladding were removed from a section at the fibre tip, and nano film of gold was deposited on their surface, obtaining gold-coated sensors at the fibre tips (Au-tips). Initially, the sensor was characterized to bulk refractive index, exhibiting a sensitivity of 1420.7 ± 59.8 nm/RIU. The Au-tip was biofunctionalized with the enzyme uricase and detection tests were carried out. Uric acid detection tests revealed a response consistent with the Michaelis-Menten function, which was employed to assess the enzymatic kinetics of uricase immobilized on the Au-tips. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an oxidoreductase enzyme that plays a role in purine metabolism by converting hypoxanthine to xanthine which is then converted to uric acid. This study aimed to isolate, and fractionate XO enzymes from bamboo shoots (Bambusa vulgaris). Isolation of XO enzyme from Bambusa vulgaris was carried out by extraction method then centrifuged to obtain crude extract of the enzyme, and initial purification was carried out by fractionating ammonium sulfate at a saturation level of 0-100%. Specific activity was determined using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The results of the analysis showed that the crude enzyme XO activity, protein content and specific activity values were 0.042 mU/mL, 9.568 mg/mL and 0.0044 mU/mg, respectively. The results of XO fractionation had the highest specific activity at the saturation level of ammonium sulfate 20–40%. It was 0.0046 mU/mg. The results of this study indicate that Bambusa vulgaris can be used as a source of XO enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study the samples was collected randomly from many area in kerbala city, and it was carried out from December, 2019 to January, 2020.(40) adult male (men), (25-45) years old, and in (18-24.9)kg/m2, were sorted into two (2) groups. the first group consist of (20) healthy men were selected as the control group (G1), (20) smokers men (before intubation olive oil) were selected as smokers group (G2a) and (G2b) were contained the smokers men (after intubation with 30 ml/kg.B.W of olive oil for 30 days). we collection the fasting blood samples from G1, G2a and G2b for measuring : Total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL), Pentraxine, resistene hormones, glutathione (GSH), Uric acid and urea. According to the findings, there has been a considerable increase. (p<0.05) in serum Tc, pentraxine, resistene hormones, uric acid and urea, important diminution (p<0.05) of serum HDL and GSH in G2a associated with G1 and G2b and significant reduction (p<0.05) of serum TC, pentraxine, resistene hormones, uric acid and urea. the significant high in serum HDL and GSH in G2b compared with G2a. from the data of this present study : it can be determined that intubation of olive oil for 30 days led to reduction the oxidative stress and damage out put from excessive smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to determine the best and safe level of a nucleotide supplement on broiler chicken based on uric acid concentration and to determine if the nucleotide has positive benefits in total protein and hemoglobin. Seventy-five 15-d-old chicks were randomly assigned to three treatment groups consisting of five replicates of five birds each. The treatment groups were as follows; basal diet supplemented with 0, 0.5, and 1 g/kg nucleotide from 15 to 35 d of age. On d 35, blood samples were collected from five chicks per treatment to determine uric acid, total serum protein, and hemoglobin concentration. The results demonstrated that the dietary nucleotide supplementation at the levels of 0.5 and 1 g/kg feed of broiler diet is significantly increased total protein and hemoglobin concentration in chicken blood; however, uric acid concentration was in safe limit and did not significantly affect by nucleotide supplement. In conclusion, based on the results of this study, there are no limitations on the use of nucleotide supplementation on levels of 0.5 and 1 g/kg feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) are artificial sorbents that have cavity that can absorb target molecules with very high selectivity and sensitivity. The purpose of this research was to produce MIPs microsphere as uric acid absorbers by photopolymerization method using Ultra-Violet light as a free radical activator. The results showed that the synthesized MIPs microsphere succeeded to absorb uric acid as shown in the results of the FTIR analysis. The FTIR spectra showed that there was no N-H peak in MIPs microsphere, while the MIPs re-extraction microsphere had a C-N absorption peak at 1142.84 cm−1. The C-N functional group was the group found in uric acid. Analysis of uric acid absorption by MIPs used UV-Vis spectrophotometer for uric acid in solution and Easy-Touch for uric acid in the blood. At optimum conditions (amount of MIPs microsphere was 0.08 grams, pH of the uric acid solution 7.57 with 24 hours), the percentage of absorption produced is 47.9% for uric acid in solution, while the percentage of MIPs absorption in the blood is 20.33%. The results of the research show that the MIPs microsphere can absorb uric acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ag is a complex metal that is stable for uric acid compared to other metals, the result of the reaction of uric acid with Ag+ gives a color change, it means it is eligible to be tested with UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The purpose of this study was to analyze uric acid with AgNO3 reagent and determine its optimum condition. Determination of uric acid levels in the blood using AgNO3 solution with the instrument used is a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Based on the results of the analysis using the UV-Vis spectrovotometry method, it was shown that the uric acid complex with Ag+ obtained of 421 nm. The optimum concentration of AgNO3 for 10 ppm uric acid is 0.05 M with a response time of 10 minutes and the pH of uric acid from the results of the study shows a pH of 7.3. Comparison of the results of the analysis of uric acid in the blood using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method with the results of the analysis of uric acid in the blood with hospital laboratory tests of 66.6%, which means that this method does not meet the requirements for the analysis of uric acid in the blood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) have been synthesized and can be used as uric acid absorbent in samples. MIPs can absorb uric acid because MIPs have cavities were formed by the removal of uric acid. The purpose of this research was to determine the synthesis, characteristics of MIPs membrane, and MIPs absorption for uric acid at optimum conditions. The method used for the synthesis of MIPs membrane is the photopolymerization method using Ultra-Violet light. Determination of uric acid levels in solution was analyzed by spectrophotometer UV-Vis and in blood by Easy Touch. Based on the research obtained a transparent uric acid MIPs membrane. The result of the FTIR spectrum analysis showed that the infrared spectra characterization of the MIPs-extraction membrane did not find N-H absorption peak, while in the MIPs re-extraction there was an absorption peak in the 910-665. The N-H group is the functional group of uric acid. Based on absorption under optimum conditions the number of MIPs membrane used was 0.08 grams with contact time of 24 hours and pH of 7.57 uric acid solution obtained the efficiency of MIPs absorption in solution was 72.6%, while the efficiency of MIPs absorption of uric acid in the blood was 24.6 %. The result of this study indicate that the MIPs membrane can absorb uric acid both in solution and in blood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) are polymers that have cavities due to the release of template molecules. MIPs have a high degree of selectivity and sensitivity. The purpose of this study, produce MIPs as uric acid absorbents using the stober method, namely heating at certain temperature. Determination of uric acid levels absorbed by MIPs was analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, while for analysis of uric acid in blood using Easy Touch QCU. The results that MIPs were able to absorb uric acid which was analyzed by FTIR. The FTIR spectra showed the absorption peak of the N-H group of uric acid in the re-extraction MIPs at wavelength of 910-665 cm-1. While the extraction MIPs did not have an absorption peak of the N-H group. The spectra of the N-H group are the spectra of the uric acid functional group. At the optimum conditions (amount of MIPs 0.08 grams, absorption time of 24 hours and pH of uric acid solution 7.3), the efficiency of MIPs absorption against uric acid is 74.4%, while the efficiency of MIPs absorption in the blood is 16.9%. This indicates that the synthesized MIPs are able to absorb uric acid both in solution and in the blood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uricase (urate oxidase EC 1.7.3.3) is a therapeutic enzyme, an oxidoreductase that acts as a specific catalyst for uric acid in the formation of allantoin, CO2, and H2O2. This study aimed to screen and isolate bacteria producing uricase from Mata Umpana hot springs and determine the optimum fermentation time for uricase production. Screening is based on the uricolytic index of bacteria growing on a medium containing 0.2% uric acid, then identified morphologically and physiologically, and then uricase enzyme is produced. This study out of 57 isolates, and 50 of them had uricolytic activity after being incubated at 45°C for seven days, which have the highest Urcolytic Index (UI), UI=5, isolate W.IVS-7, identified from the morphological and physiological properties have similarities characterized by the type of bacteria Lactobacillus delbruscii. The optimum optical density (OD) of its bacteria 0.982 was not in line with the optimum activity in producing uricase enzymes. Activity crude uricase enzyme of the isolate W.IVS-7 was 0.6897 U/mL during the 24-hour fermentation time [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, uricase and poly(-o-methylaniline) (UOX–PoMeANI) films was used as bio-optode development to measure uric acid (UA) in human serum of hyperuricemia or gout patients. UOX has been immobilized onto chemically synthesized PoMeANI using the absorption technique. In this developed biosensor, PoMEANI was chosen as a matrix because of its advantages. This polymer acted as a matrix as well as a redox agent and indicator due to its electrochromic effect. UOX–PoMeANI films have been characterized using spectroscopic measurement for uric acid (UA) determinations. The experimental parameters of the bio-optode were optimized. Here, the bio-optode showed a maximum response at a wavelength of 590 nm, with the optimum pH at 6 and temperature at 35oC. The calibration curve had a dynamic working range at 0.0 to 0.6 mmol/l of UA with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.063 mmol/l UA. The bio-optode has a long lifetime in the defined condition (4oC). The bio-optode was successfully used to measure UA in human serum samples, which was shown conformity with the reference method, employing a commercially available enzyme test kit. Thus, the developed biosensor can be used as an analytical tool for uric acid determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertension is a circulatory system disorder with high morbidity and mortality, stimulating uric acid crystal blockage in blood vessels. The study aimed to analyze the correlation between capillary blood uric acid (UA) and blood pressure (BP) in adults. The cross-sectional study was conducted in Kedung Cangkring village, Sidoarjo city, East Java province, Indonesia. The study used 10 males and 64 females were BP tested, consisting of Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP). Afterward, capillary blood uric acid levels were determined by using Point of Care Testing (POCT) meter. The mean of SBP and DBP were obtained at 126.00±28.36 mmHg and 85.00±18.41 mmHg in males, in females about 120.60±21.96 mmHg and 80.78±13.84 mmHg. Uric acid levels in males about 6.82±1.87 mgdL−1 and females about 5.88±1.74 mgdL−1. Thus, the study revealed a significant relationship between SBP and capillary blood UA in females. In contrast with the association between SBP and capillary blood UA in females and both SBP and DBP in males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the potential of Plectranthus amboinicus Lour Spreng leaf flour PLP as a supplement to the performance of laying hens. 30 laying hens aged 22 weeks were used and divided into 5 treatments and six replications. The five treatments were T0 (fed without PLP), T1, T2, T3, and T4 namely the group that was fed with PLP 2.5% in a row, 5%, 7.5% and 10%. The study was conducted for six weeks. Parameters measured were weekly body weight, feed efficiency, the weight and present of carcass and meat cholesterol. Another parameter were egg quality which includes egg weight and cholesterol levels. One of the biochemical parameters measured is the level of uric acid in the blood. At the end of the study, the chickens were slaughtered to obtain blood for the measurement of uric acid, as well as the measurement of carcass quality. The data obtained were analyzed using one-way ANOVA at a significance level of 95%. The results showed that PLP supplementation in the feed reduced body weight and increased feed efficiency significantly (p<0.05) and also reduce meat cholesterol. The addition of PLP in the feed did not affect egg weight but decreased yolk cholesterol levels and uric acid significantly if compare to tha control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross sectional study was carried out to evaluate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with Gout and identify the correlation between high concentrations of serum uric acid within the oxidative stress.The study was conducted to 125 specimens of serum sample collected from patients with gout and healthy individuals, 82 of them from patients aged between 35 to 70 year, and 43 specimens for healthy individuals as control group. All samples were collected from external medical laboratory in Al-Duloua from the period 1/9/2020 until 1/11/2020. The study includes determination of serum uric acid-UA, Vitamin D, Total antioxidant capacity-TAC, Glutathione and Malondialdehyde-MDA. The results indicate that the prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency between patients with gout was 92.7% and 7.3% with normal concertation of serum vit D. The results obtained from the present study showed that the level of serum UA and TAC significantly(P≤0.05) increased in sera of patients with gout, while the level of Vit D and MDA significantly decreased (P≤0.05) in sera of patients as compared with control group, with no significant change in the level of GSH. So, we can conclude from the present study, that the high serum UA level was found to be closely associated with vit. D deficiency, and also the level of Serum uric acid is related to oxidative status. Therefore, uric acid may be act as antioxidant agent in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes hypoxanthine's hydroxylation to xanthine and then to uric acid. This study aims to isolate and characterize the xanthine oxidase enzyme from goat's milk. Xanthine oxidase enzyme was isolated from fresh goat's milk with the addition of NaCl and centrifuged to obtain a crude extract of the enzyme, which was then fractionated using ammonium sulfate. Characterization was carried out to determine the optimum condition of the enzyme, namely the determination of optimum time and pH. The results showed that the crude extract of the enzyme had a specific activity of 0.0019 mU/mg. The highest specific activity of 0.0327 mU/mg was found at a 20-40% ammonium sulfate saturation level. The dialyzed enzyme had a specific activity of 0.0402 mU/mg. The optimum activity was found at pH 6 and an incubation time of 25 minutes. It is concluded that goat's milk can be used as a source of xanthine oxidase enzyme in pursuing gout drug agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gout is a chronic disease caused by the deposition of sodium urate crystals. One of the treatments for this disease is to reduce uric acid levels through the inhibition of the enzyme xanthine oxidase (XO). Allopurinol which is an analog of purines, is one of the commercially available XO inhibitor drugs. Various studies have been carried out to find new alternative and potential compounds to reduce uric acid levels from medicinal plants, which have long been carried out through the isolation of pure compounds and their derivatives as essential ingredients for making modern medicines. This study aims to reveal the potency of Indonesian medicinal plants to inhibit XO activity by screening active compounds derived from soursop leaves, mimosa leaves, reeds, and pandanus leaves as XO enzyme inhibitors in silico by virtual screening and molecular docking methods. The parameters analyzed are bond energy (ΔG), inhibition constant (Ki), and the bonds formed. The results of this study indicated that (E,E)-pandanamine from pandanus leaves had the highest potential as an XO enzyme inhibitor with ΔG of -9.28 kcal/mol, Ki of 0.16 µM, and the value of binding site similarity (% BSS) is 88.89%. Furthermore, the active compound from pandanus leaves has the potential to be studied further to be a drug candidate in the treatment of gout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in female in Iraq and is one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths. The prevalence of breast cancer in female is rising, the mortality of breast cancer can be reduced by regular breast cancer screening program. Knowledge, attitudes about breast cancer is clearly associated with an increase in the survival rate of breast cancer, little is known about the knowledge level and awareness of breast cancer of female in the Arab world. The present study was conducted on women with breast cancer at Al-Amal Oncology Hospital in Baghdad. The study included 65 samples of women with breast cancer with ages ranging between 40 and 70 years and 25 samples of healthy women as control samples with ages ranging between 40 and 70 years. The samples were collected between the 1/10/2020 and 15/1/2020. The current study measured Interleukin-6 (IL-6), serum protein, albumin, urea, and uric acid in the serum of women with breast cancer compared to healthy women. We conclude that there was a significant increase in serum levels of interleukin-6, serum protein, albumin, urea and uric acid in women with breast cancer compared to healthy women. and the presence of a positive correlation between the level of interleukin-6 and albumin in women with breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cipadessa baccifera (C. baccifera) is a plant belonging to the Meliaceae family growing in tropical areas and containing terpenoids and flavonoids. Flavonoids have antioxidant properties so they can inhibit oxidoreductase enzyme activities, such as xanthine oxidase playing a significant role in uric acid biosynthesis. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity, xanthine oxidase inhibition activity, and the bioactive compounds in methanol extract and the most active fraction of C. baccifera leaves using LC-MS/MS. The research was carried out in the following steps: 1) extraction of C. baccifera leaves by maceration method using methanol solvent then phytochemical test, 2) fractions separation using solvents of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and water, 3) antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibition test of initial methanol extract and each fraction, 4) Identification of compounds using LC-MS/MS. The results showed that the methanol extract of C. baccifera contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. The ethyl acetate fraction had the highest levels of flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, and the LC-MS/MS analysis indicated that this fraction contained quercimeritrin, kaempferol 3-0-β-D-glucopyranoside, oxofangchirine, and glehlinoside B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonoid compounds have many benefits in the health field, one of which is xanthine oxidase inhibitor. Xanthine oxidase is a catalyst in the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and catalyzes xanthine oxidation and causing uric acid formation. The formation of gout in the body will trigger the onset of arthritis gout, which is swelling in the joints, causing unbearable pain. Flavonoid compounds will be extracted from the Sansevieria trifasciata leaves using the Ultrasound Assisted Enzymatic Extraction (UAEE) method which is a combination of two methods, enzymatic hydrolysis in the pre-treatment and sonication extraction process. Enzymatic hydrolysis using cellulase enzymes aims to destroy the cell wall of mother-in-law's tongue leaves so that the yield extraction is expected to be higher. The advantage of using this method is that the extraction time is shorter, can increase the yield extraction, requires a little solvent, and is environmentally friendly. Quantitative tests on the content of flavonoids and inhibition tests of flavonoids on xanthine oxidase will be carried out using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at 415 nm and 295 nm wavelengths respectively. In this study the extraction of flavonoid compounds from the leaves of the tongue-in-law will be carried out using the enzymatic hydrolysis method and sonication extraction with ethanol solvent. The variations of this research are the concentration of cellulase enzymes and the concentration of ethanol solvents. In this study, the optimal extract yield was 58.654% at 60% ethanol concentration and 60 mg/g enzyme concentration. The obtained flavonoid content was 0.370 mg/g in the extract with an enzyme concentration of 60 mg/g and 50% ethanol concentration. The inhibitory activity of the xanthine oxidase enzyme to extract at optimal conditions was 60.267%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperuricemia is a condition characterized by levels of blood’s uric acid that is higher than its normal levels. If left unchecked, hyperurecemia will trigger gout, an accumulation of mononosodium urate crystals caused by a disruption of purine metabolism in the joints, periarticular tissues, bones and other organs. Xantine oxidase (XO) is an enzyme that plays a role in the reaction of the hypoxantine oxidation reaction to xantine and becomes uric acid. Therefore, inhibition of XO activity becomes the main focus in the treatment of gout. Some medicinal plants are known to inhibit XO activity. Water extract of tempuyung (Sonchus arvensis) has been studied to be able to inhibit XO activity and potentially be developed into a gout medicine. In this study fractionation of tempuyung water extract was conducted to look for compounds that play an active role as XO enzyme inhibitors. The electrochemical method was used to test the inhibition of XO of the tempuyung’s extract and fractions. Tempuyung water extract was fractionated using liquid-liquid extraction and obtained 4 fractions, namely n-hexane fraction, dichloromethane fraction (DCM), BuOH fraction and water fraction. The XO inhibition activity test showed that all active fractions inhibited XO, with the DCM fraction showing the highest inhibition agains XO activity, with IC50 of 119.02 ppm. Keywords: antigout, inhibitor, Sonchus arvensis, tempuyung, xanthine oxidase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research has reported the electrochemical response of glucose, uric acid, and cholesterol on the gold electrode as a candidate chemical sensor. The design and application of the gold electrode have used for the electrochemical response of glucose, uric acid, and cholesterol. The gold electrode was prepared by Au solid metal (0.5 x 10 mm) and connecting with silver wire. This study uses the cyclic voltammetry method with three electrodes, namely solid gold, Ag/AgCl, platinum as working electrodes, referents, and counter electrodes, respectively. Electrochemical responds of glucose, uric acid, and cholesterol on the gold wire as a candidate chemical sensor have done in the KOH electrolyte. The result of this research show the anodic peak current for glucose, uric acid, and cholesterol on the gold electrode in the KOH solution is 2.40x10-4, 1.80x10-4, and 1.85x10-5 A, respectively. The solid gold material is an excellent electrochemical respond on glucose, uric acid, and cholesterol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diet with high fructose and cholesterol (HFHC) plays a role in the increasing incidence of diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Ethanol extract from Acalypha indica has been known to alleviate hyperglycemia and hyperuricemic conditions in rats induced by substances that destroy beta cells. This research aimed to evaluate its effect in rats induced by diet. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into seven groups, six of which are given HFHC diet for 1,5 months. In the following month, rats were given therapy while diet continued. Therapy consisted of 250 mg/kg BW/day of Acalypha indica Linn. root’s ethanol extract, 100 mg/kgBW/day of metformin, 30mg/kg BW/day of allopurinol, or combination. Lowest blood glucose value was found in group receiving both AI and metformin. No significant difference was found between pre- and post- therapy blood glucose in groups treated with AI (p=0,831), metformin (p=0,056), or both (p=0,908). Uric acid level was increased in all groups, with highest rate found in group receiving both allopurinol and AI. The difference in uric acid level between treatment group was 0.331. Whilst insignificant, ethanolic extract of Acalypha indica Linn. was observed to lower blood glucose in rats. Group treated with AI showed similar rise in uric acid level, with combination therapy showed highest rise. Further research with longer duration of induction and therapy will be required to better understand the hypoglycemic and antihyperuricemic effects exerted by AI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the example of uric acid (UA) sorption extraction, the possibility of using molecularly imprinted polymeric sorbents (MIPS) for effective highly selective extraction of the target toxin from a constantly renewed solution was shown. The effects of the bed height of the MIPS-40 column and the flow rate of the constantly renewed solution on the efficiency of UA sorption extraction were studied. The conditions for achieving the efficiency of UA extraction to 60% from a continuously renewed solution were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, treatment and the serum uric acid (UA) level were compared using medication history generated by prescription order records of antihyperuricemic to examine the treatment success rate. We examined the treatment success rate among these patients based on the serum UA level during 120–180 days after the initiation of treatment, which was set as the endpoint. The number of patients whose UA level before the start of treatment was > 8.0 mg/dL but decreased to < 6.0 mg/dL after the treatment, which is the target treatment success, was 92 (success rate of 14.2%), 50 (53.2%), 76 (41.5%), 35 (31.9%), and 45 (37.8%) in the allopurinol 100 mg/day (A1) and 200 mg/day (A2), febuxostat 10 mg/day (F1) and 20 mg/day (F2), and benzbromarone 50 mg/day (B), respectively. Compared w ith that of the other drugs, the treatment success rate was high with A2 and low with A1. From the generated medication history, the treatment success rate with antihyperuricemic can be extracted mechanically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc oxide reduced graphene oxide (ZnO/rGO) composite was synthesized via hydrothermal method. The presence of ZnO composite on the rGO sheets was proved by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). The FTIR used to determine the functional group from the graphite to graphene oxide via the oxidation process and reduction from graphene oxide to ZnO/rGO. The electrochemical performance of bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and modified ZnO/rGO/GCE were observed using cyclic voltammetry technique with a different scan rates. ZnO/rGO/GCE showed an excellent electrical conductivity and fast electron transfer rate compare with bare GCE. ZnO/rGO/GCE was then successfully tested on the stock solution with different uric acid (UA) concentrations ranging from 10 μM to 100 μM and on urine sample. The R2 = 0.9914 was obtained from the ZnO/rGO/GCE calibration curve on different concentration versus anodic peak current. The mean recovery obtained was 109% meanwhile limit of detection (LOD) of uric acid in urine sample is 8.5 x 10-6M. The results showed that modified ZnO/rGO/GCE had a good detection limit and high sensitivity which suitable for detection of uric acid in urine for the analytical and clinical application in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile electrochemical pretreatment via anodization was done on Carbon Paste Electrodes (CPEs) composed of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) and Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) binder to produce ‘anodized’ CPEs (ACPE). Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) technique was used to anodize the CPEs. The anodization step, performed in various solutions (0.2 M NaOH(aq), 0.06 M BR Buffer at pH 7.0, and 0.2 M HNO3(aq)), were found to enhance the electrochemical properties of the ACPEs compared to non-anodized CPE. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurements revealed a significantly lower charge transfer resistance (Rct) for the ACPEs (4.01-6.25 kΩ) as compared to CPE (25.9 kΩ). Comparison of the reversibility analysis for Fe(CN)63-/4- redox couple showed that the ACPEs have peak current ratio (Ia/Ic) at range of 0.97-1.10 while 1.92 for the CPE; this result indicated better electrochemical reversible behaviors for Fe(CN)63-/4- redox couple using the ACPEs. CV Anodization process was further optimized by varying solution and CV parameters (i.e. pH, composition, number of cycles, and potential range), and the resulting optimized ACPE was used for enhanced detection of Dopamine (DA) and Uric Acid (UA) in the presence of excess Ascorbic Acid (AA). Employing Differential Pulse Voltammetry technique, enhanced voltammetric signal for DA and significant peak separation between DA and UA was obtained. The anodic peak currents for the oxidation of DA and UA appeared at 0.263V and 0.414 V, respectively, and it was observed to be linearly increasing with increasing concentrations of biomolecules (25-100 µM). The detection limit was determined to be 3.86 µM for DA and 5.61 µM for UA. This study showed a quick and cost-effective pretreatment for CPEs based on MWCNT-PDMS composite which lead to significant enhancement on its electrochemical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperuricemia can be induced by the high level of uric acid in the blood. Ginger flower (E. elatior Jack.) contains flavonoid, phenol and glycoside. Polyphenol and flavonoid have been reported having Xantine Oxidase Inhibitor (XOI) activity that can help for decreasing uric acid levels. Hence, the ginger flower can be used as a candidate of traditional hyperuricemia medicine. The objective of this study was to analyze the ability of ginger flower extract to decrease uric acid level in the hyperuricemic rat. Methods of this study were sample collection and preparation of ginger flower extract by infundation method, induction of hyperuricemic rat using per oral administration of beef broth at dose of 700 mg/kg body weight, treatment of hyperuricemic rat using ginger extract at dose of 200 mg/kg body weight and allopurinol as uric acid drug at dose of 180 mg/kg body weight and measurement of uric acid concentration. Results showed that ginger flower extract decreased uric acid concentration until 31.78% on discontinuous hyperuricemic induction sub-group and 17.90% on continuous hyperuricemic induction sub-group. Allopurinol decreased uric acid concentration until 45.65% on discontinuous hyperuricemic induction sub-group and 23.53% on continuous hyperuricemic induction sub-group. Hence, the ginger flower had the ability to decrease uric acid concentration in hyperuricemic rat into the normal level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imprinted zeolite modified carbon paste electrode (carbon paste-IZ) has been developed and applied to determine uric acid by potentiometry. The imprinted zeolite (IZ) was synthesized by the mole ratio of uric acid/Si of 0.0306. The modified electrode was manufactured by mass ratio of carbon, IZ and solid paraffin was 40:25:35. The modified electrode had shown the measurement range of 10-5 M to 10-2M with Nernst factor of 28.6 mV/decade, the detection limit of 5.86 x 10-6 M and the accuracy of 95.3 - 105.0%. Response time of the electrode for uric acid 10-5M - 10-2M was 25 - 44 s. The developed electrode showed the high selectivity toward uric acid in the urea matrix. Life time of the carbon paste-IZ electrode was 10 weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disorder which affects periodontal structures. Oxidative stress is involved in mechanisms of periodontal destruction. 8- hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is the product of oxidative DNA damage and its levels increase in saliva of patients with periodontal disease. Uric acid (UA) is a major salivary antioxidant and its levels decrease in periodontitis. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the levels of 8-OHdG and UA in saliva and to correlate with CPITN index before (BT) and after treatment (AT) in periodontitis patients. Methods: For this study were selected 20 patients with chronic periodontitis and 10 subjects with healthy periodontium. The periodontal status was evaluated by CPITN index (Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Need). Salivary biomarkers, UA and 8-OHdG were determined by spectrophotometer (UA) and ELISA (8-OHdG) method, using total saliva. The results were statistically analyzed by using Student's t-test and Pearson test from MedCalc 11.0; p<0.05 was considered to have statistical significance. Results: There are statistically significant differences between the mean values of CPITN index before and after treatment (p<0.001). Salivary 8-OHdG levels were significantly decreased after initial periodontal treatment: 5.12ng/mL versus 7.55ng/mL. Significantly lower salivary uric acid levels were detected in saliva of patients, before and after treatment: 0.15mM versus 0.12mM. There are positive correlations between the CPITN index and salivary 8-OHdG levels before and after treatment, BT: r=0.947, AT: r=0.707. There are negative correlations between CPITN index and salivary UA levels before and after treatment, BT: r=-0.729, AT: r=-0.563. Conclusions: Existence of correlations among salivary 8-OHdG, uric acid and CPITN index before and after periodontal treatment offers the possibility of using these biomarkers as indicators of the results of periodontal therapy in patients with chronic periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies have extensively reported the biochemical changes in paddle competition. The aim of this study is analyze detailed changes in twenty biochemistry test parameters before and after paddle matches. Sixteen elite female paddle players (age 29.8 ± 4.5years; height 166.5 ± 4.9cm; body weight 60.3 ± 4.3kg; BMI 20.5 ± 1.0) were studied during competitive matches. Significant changes were observed (p < 0.05) between the pre- and post-competition samples in some biochemical variables: glucose, urea, creatinine, uric acid, sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphorus, and magnesium, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase. During paddle competition protein catabolism and muscle breakdown are activated, as are reflected in serum urea and creatine kinase levels. Although it seems to not be an important contribution of fatty acids to the source of energy an imbalance in electrolyte levels occurs, due to progressive water and electrolyte loss. This may be reflected in a state of fatigue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have synthesized nanocrystalline MgFe2O4 (S1) by auto-combustion assisted sol-gel method. The structure and morphology and elemental study of S1 are examined by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), field emission scanning electron microscopic (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic (EDS) techniques. The FESEM images reveal that the morphology of the sample is rough and average particle size is 50 nm. The PXRD study indicates that the samples are well crystalline and single phase in nature. Moreover, we have performed supercapacitor study by electrochemical galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) measurement, which shows pseudo capacitive behavior. S1 contains a high specific capacitance of 428.9 Fg-1 at the current density 0.0625 Ag-1 and can deliver high energy and power density of 18.01 Wh kg-1 and 21468 Wkg-1 respectively. Moreover, uric acid (UA) sensing study has also been performed by cyclic voltmetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement (EIS) of S1. We can use nanocrystalline MgFe2O4 as supercapacitor and UA sensor applications purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, pure V2O5 and 2%Fe doped V2O5 nanoparticles were synthesized by a simple thermal decomposition method. The prepared samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The synthesized nanoparticles were used to modify glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and the modified electrode was used to detect uric acid (UA) by cyclic voltammetry. Particularly 2%Fe doped V2O5 modified GCE showed excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of UA. It indicated that our product can function as a good candidate for high performance electrochemical sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Quercetin is an important flavonoid and possesses strong antioxidant property. The aim of the present study is to formulate and characterize quercetin coated gold nanoparticles. Quercetin was conjugated with gold nanoparticle during synthesis of the particle by citrate reduction of chloroauric acid. The conjugates were characterized by different techniques like Atomic Force Microscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Absorption Spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis. All these studies suggest formation of stable quercetin-gold nanoparticle complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A molecularly imprinted poly-metharylic acid (PMAA), polymerizing on the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), was synthesized. The MWCNT was modified by a layer of carboxylic acid and reacted with EDC and NHS to activate the carboxylic acid, which was prepared for the purpose of bonding allyl amine and getting an unsaturated side chain ([Single_Bond]C==C). The resultant structure is abbreviated as MWCNTs-CH==CH2. It is well known that the vinyl group side chain provides good attachment between the MWCNTs and the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP). The MIP based on PMAA was polymerized on the surface of MWCNTs-CH==CH2 with the addition of uric acid (UA). The non-imprinted polymer (NIP) was polymerized without adding UA. The adsorbed amount of UA approached the equilibrium value upon 60 min adsorption. The adsorption isotherm was obtained by immersing 10 mg of MIP or NIP in 5 mL aqueous solution containing different concentrations of UA. The adsorbed amounts were measured via a UV-Vis spectrometer at a wavelength of 292 nm. From the adsorption isotherm, it is seen that the MIP particles possess a good imprinting efficiency of about 4.41. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 30-year-old Moluccan cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis) presented for evaluation of a chronically ulcerated cutaneous mass approximately 1-2 centimeters to the right of the cloaca. Fine needle aspirate of the mass was inconclusive due to the absence of tissue cells. Blood work changes, which included a decrease in AST, uric acid, phosphorus, heterophils, lymphocytes, and PCV, were consistent with chronic inflammation. Ultrasound and radiography identified the mass as cutaneous in origin. Minor cardiac abnormalities were found on cardiac evaluation. The mass was refractory to medical therapy and was removed surgically using the Harmonic scalpel (Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc., Cincinnati, OH). The patient recovered well, without complication and complete healing was noted four weeks post-operatively. The tumor was most consistent with a fibrosarcoma based on histopathology. Use of the Harmonic scalpel in avian and exotic animal medicine has previously been described on a limited basis. Although other instruments have become more commonly used for mass removal, the Harmonic scalpel should be considered for use in a variety of avian surgeries as it has been shown to reduce adhesion occurrence rates while maintaining effective hemostatic control and wound healing time. To the author's knowledge, this is the first reported use of the Harmonic scalpel in this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uric acid is commonly used for evaluation of kidney function in avian patients and may become significantly elevated with advanced renal disease, dehydration, or postprandially in carnivorous and piscivorous birds. Advanced imaging such as computed tomography (CT) has become notable in avian medicine for increased detail and precise information about patient anatomy and pathology. Avian orders examined included Psittaciformes, Bucerotiformes, Anseriformes, Pelecaniformes, and Accipitriformes. Iodinated intravenous contrast (370 mg/ml) was used at 4-6 ml/kg given over 2 minutes. All patients underwent pre-, during- and post-contrast scans. The 'during' scan was taken 30-60 seconds into contrast administration. A post-contrast scan was started after the completion of contrast delivery and the 'during' scan. Contrast studies allowed for kidney shape, size and position characterization and renal contrast uptake and clearance. Renal lesions identified on contrast CT include renomegaly, atrophy, cysts, hypoperfusion, mass invasion, and avulsion/trauma. At the time of submission, 47 avian cases met case inclusion criteria which included the CT protocol described above identifying renal lesions and uric acid values collected within 6 months prior to imaging. While the published normal values for uric acid range between species, we designated values greater than 12.0 mg/dl as hyperuricemic.2 Six of 47 cases had hyperuricemia. Of the 47 cases, 8/8 submitted for histopathology had confirmed renal disease with 2/8 of those cases having hyperuricemia. This study demonstrates poor correlation between hyperuricemia and renal lesions identified on contrast-based CT scans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical compositions of the kidney stones of both the sexes of patients, aged from 40 to 70, living in and around Chidambaram town are determined by using FT-IR and X-RD technique. The kidney stone samples used in the present study were procured from the Rajah Muthiah Medical College and Hospital, Annamalai University. The FT-IR spectra of different kidney stone samples were recorded in the range of 4000-400 cm-1. By identifying the characteristic frequency, the chemical compositions of the samples are determined. The results analyzed by FTIR technique were confirmed by X-RD method, in which the recorded X-ray diffractogram are compared with JCPDS files using search match method. Further analysis of XRD pattern also reveals the same. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 2 diabetes is associated with an increased propensity for uric acid nephrolithiasis. In individuals with diabetes, this increased risk is due to a lower urine pH that results from obesity, dietary factors, and impaired renal ammoniagenesis. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of uric acid stone disease in patients with diabetes are hereby reviewed, and potential molecular mechanisms are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Randall’s plaques are found in a number of calcium oxalate stone formers. Stones developed on a Randall’s plaque typically present a small depressed zone (“umbilication”) corresponding to the tip of the papilla and containing material detached from the plaque. By examining the morphology and infrared composition of 45,774 calculi referred to our laboratory over the past three decades, we identified 8,916 umbilicated calculi (19.5%). We have selected three periods of time corresponding to the first years of each decade. Over these periods, we analyzed 26,182 consecutive calculi. Among them, we identified 5,401 umbilicated calculi, of which 91.5% had an identifiable plaque. We analyzed the relative prevalence of umbilicated stones over time and the respective composition of Randall’s plaque and stones. The proportion of umbilicated stones rose significantly from 10% in period 1 (1978–1984) to 21% in period 2 (1990–1993) and 22.2% in period 3 (2000–2006), with a parallel rise in the prevalence of stones with identifiable Randall’s plaque. The main component of plaques was carbapatite in 90.8% of cases, whereas other components such as amorphous carbonated calcium phosphate, sodium hydrogen urate or uric acid were found in other cases. The morphology of plaques made of carbapatite was diverse, as was their carbonate content, thus suggesting variable pathophysiological mechanisms. Stones were made of whewellite as the main component in 51.4% of cases, or admixed with weddellite in 26.8%, predominant weddellite in 12.5% and other components (mainly uric acid) in 7.5% of cases. Our findings confirm that Randall’s plaques are made of carbapatite in the great majority of cases, but with the stones more frequently composed of calcium oxalate monohydrate (which is associated with hyperoxaluria) than of calcium oxalate dihydrate (associated with hypercalciuria). In conclusion, in our country, stones developed on a carbapatite Randall’s plaque are as frequently made of monohydrate than dihydrate calcium oxalate, thus suggesting a role for a high urine concentration in both oxalate and calcium ions in the lithogenic process. © 2007 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high urinary pH is main risk factor for the calcium phosphate stone formation; however, its pathophysiologic mechanism has not been fully understood. The introduction of Topiramate in the treatment of various neurological disorders has been complicated by metabolic acidosis, significant hypocitraturia, elevated urinary pH, and calcium phosphate stone formation. This model provides a probe to investigate the pathophysiologic mechanism of calcium phosphate stone formation and perhaps to develop appropriate countermeasures in the future. On the other hand an unduly acidic urine predisposes one to uric acid nephrolithiasis. Our recent investigation linking low urinary pH, and defective renal ammoniagenesis to insulin resistance provides new knowledge to unfold the pathophysiology of uric acid nephrolithiasis. The metabolic profile leading to uric acid stone may emerge as one of the components of metabolic syndrome. © 2007 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renal urate transport plays a key role in determining the concentration of circulating uric acid. The reabsorption of filtered urate by the renal proximal tubule appears to require apical sodium-dependent anion transport and the apical URAT1 urate-anion exchanger, in that sodium-dependent transport of lactate, ketoacids, nicotinate, and pyrazinoate (PZA) increases the intracellular concentration of substrates for the subsequent exchange with luminal urate. We have identified SLC5A8 and SLC5A12 as candidates for the sodium-anion cotransporter that collaborates with URAT1. Both transporters function as sodium-dependent nicotinate/monocarboxylate/PZA transporters. Localization studies reveal serial co-expression of these transporters with URAT1, with Slc5a12 in the early proximal tubule and Slc5a8 in S2 and S3 segments. Renal urate excretion is conceivably affected by changes in the activity of SLC5A8, SLC5A12, and/or URAT1, with implications for the pathogenesis of hyperuricemia, nephrolithiasis, and related disorders. © 2007 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“Far out in the uncharted backwaters of the unfashionable end of the Western Spiral arm of the Galaxy....” Stone disease has affected mankind since earliest recorded history and will trouble us as we strive for the stars. Zero and microgravity are risk factors for urolithiasis, but the incidence is not yet known. Yet, the possible “century of space exploration” lies before us if payloads can be inexpensively offloaded from Earth’s surface to orbit. The scientific publications about medical conditions of astronauts, deep water environments (submarine) and extreme conditions (Arctic and Antarctic) were reviewed to better understand the urologic risks. Actual events were next sought and any scientific data regarding therapeutic intent was carefully scrutinized. Incidence and risk potential could then be calculated and potential for intervention would then be known. The National Space Biomedical Research Institute has classified space health hazards and stone disease as “Risk 12.” Combined statistics from NASA’s Gemini, Apollo, and Space Shuttle flights and long-term missions such as Shuttle-Mir or Skylab fail to reveal any “disclosed” emergency stone events. One published article suggests that some cosmonauts have in fact formed stones during space missions. Detailed data from 79 U.S. space missions, involving 219 person-flights, and 175 astronauts show 23 genitourinary problems (1.2 % or 0.07 incidence for 7 days). Submarine encounters are different, however, with 1.8 to 2.6 actual emergency evacuations per 1,000 person months and 23 kidney stone events (data from all subs in U.S. Atlantic Fleet 1993–1996). Extreme environment data appears more similar to that of spaceflight (despite full Earth’s gravity) with 1,967 person-years distribution showing no definite stone formation/evacuation (but 335 or 3.6% were not-specified). Pak and co-workers at the University of Texas, Southwestern have extensively evaluated the metabolic consequences of bone-mineral loss and urinary parameters associated with the increased risk of stone formation in space. Astronauts are at significantly greater risk of forming calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate and uric acid stones, and this persists for a period of time following return to normal gravity. Conflicting data exists regarding submarine and extreme environmental databases as to the “actual” space mission risks but the hazard is real. Attempts to evaluate both diagnostic and therapeutic interventions are being pursued. As the number of space visitors increases, so should the incidence of urolithiasis. Both diagnostic and therapeutic methods need to be developed coincident to our further efforts in space. © 2007 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urinary stone resected from urinary bladder of a patient hailing from Kollam district of Kerala, India is characterized by using analytical techniques like powder XRD, EDAX and FTIR spectroscopy. The EDAX spectrum of the sample shows the presence of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen in the sample under investigation. Most of the XRD peaks can be indexed to that of uric acid with monoclinic structure. The most intense band in the IR spectrum is observed at 1122 cm-1 and is due to C[Single_Bond]C stretching vibrations. The XRD and FTIR investigations suggest that the major constituent of the present sample is uric acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gout, also known as gouty arthritis, is a chronic disease that often occurs alongside tophi, kidney stone, acute uric acid nephropathy, and other complications. The primary cause of gout is an abnormality of uric acid metabolism, which can have either non-modifiable or modifiable risk factors. The non-modifiable factors are hereditary (e.g., gender and race), which are not discussed in this study. The modifiable factors are caused by environmental factors such as climate, diet, kidney or organ transplants, medication (e.g., aspirin), and other lifestyles (Kuo et al., 2015). Among the modifiable causes, climate and diet factors are very common. Specifically, the climatic factors that can trigger gout have been identified as temperature and humidity. Lower temperatures affect the solubility of uric acid crystals, causing them to settle; conversely, higher temperatures cause sweating, even dehydration and metabolic acidosis (Neogi et al., 2014). Countries and cities in different climate zones have different temperatures and humidity levels and therefore different gout prevalence. This study explores the pattern of change in gout and gout-related Internet search volume over time for certain cities and countries located in different climate zones. It also explores the relationships between the actual climate data (temperature and humidity) of certain countries and cities and the volume of gout information searched in different climate zones. Nowadays, the Internet is the main source of information for those who suffer from gout and provides a large amount of gout-related information, which helps reduce the prevalence of the disease (Jordan et al., 2018). The current study uses Google's keyword trend analysis tool (Google Trends) to understand how Internet users or gout patients actively seek out gout-related information online. Analyses were conducted on the keyword gout (or its counterpart in the primary language of each region) and the relevant keywords (e.g., arthritis, uric acid). The search was confined within the health category. The time frame was set between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2018. The regions were set to match the authors' interests in tropical climate zones: Singapore City, Singapore (tropical rain forest); New Delhi, India (tropical monsoon); Taipei City, Taiwan (subtropical). This study also collected regional temperature and humidity data from the publicly accessible website (https://www.worldweatheronline.com) and used the temperature and humidity data as a proxy of prevalence, a practice that is well supported by prior research (Neogi et al., 2014). Then, the average monthly temperature and humidity data were compared with the search volume of gout and that of its relevant keywords by carrying out several correlation analyses. Ultimately, this study expects to predict the periods when gout is more prevalent in order to give medical professionals more updated and valid information and to serve as a reference for understanding the disease for medical diagnostic purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reddish-yellow color colloid consisting of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) has been synthesized by reducing aqueous AgNO3 solution by photo-induced citrate reduction technique under UV light. As prepared colloid exhibits single and intense plasmonic absorption peak in the violet region of the visible spectra with the peak centered at ~ 405 nm. The NPs are fine and spherical with diameter ranging from 5 to 10 nm. These colloidal NPs have been used for the quantitative detection of uric acid by UV-VIS spectroscopy. A linear red shifting of the characteristics Plasmonic absorption peak of Ag NPs is observed with uric acid concentration. Uric acid can be detected by UV-VIS spectroscopy down to 5 nM limit using the prepared colloid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]