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The following 19 papers were delivered at the 1992 annual meeting of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions for the Division of Education and Research: (1) "Across the Frontiers: Impact of Foreign Journals in Library Science in India: A Citation Analysis" (M. A. Gopinath); (2) "Children and Reading in Israel" (I. Sever); (3) "Investigations into Reader Interest and Reading in Lithuania, 1918-1990" (V. Rimsa); (4) "Ethnic and Social Problems of Reading in Kazakhstan" (R. Berdigalieva); (5) "The USA Experience: Views and Opinions of an Asian American Librarian" (S. H. Nicolescu); (6) "The Implications for Libraries of Research on the Reading of Children" (M. L. Miller); (7) "Women's Status in Librarianship, the UK Experience" (S. Parker); (8) "Women's Interests in Librarianship, Resources on Women: Their Organization and Use" (H. Parekh); (9) "Information for Research on Women and Development" (A. Vyas); (10) "The Contribution of S. R. Ranganathan's Scientific School to the Informatization of Education for Library Science in the World" (J. N. Stolyarov and E. A. Nabatnikova); (11) "Library and Information Science Education Policy in India" (N. L. Rao and C. R. Karisiddappa); (12) "The Market in the Gap: Continuing Professional Education in the South Pacific" (J. Evans); (13) "Continuing Education Programmes for Teachers in Library and Information Science and Academic Library Professionals in South India" (A. A. N. Raju); (14) "Continuing Professional Education in China: A Decade Retrospective" (D. Xiaoying); (15) "Grounded Theory and Qualitative Methodology" (D. E. Weingand); (16) "Research in the Outskirts of Science: The Case of Mexico" (J. Lau); (17) "Society's Library: Leading to the Realization of the Five Laws--In Memory of Dr. S. R. Ranganathan" (L. Minghua); (18) "The Role of Library and Information Science Reviews in the Development of the Profession and Services" (M. Poulain); and (19) "Journal Publications in Africa: The Trouble with Authors and Readers" (L. O. Aina). Several papers are followed by references. (SLD)

"Proceedings of International Conference on Research in Education and Science" includes full papers presented at the International Conference on Research in Education and Science (ICRES) which took place on April 1-4, 2021 in Antalya, Turkey. The aim of the conference is to offer opportunities to share ideas, to discuss theoretical and practical issues and to connect with the leaders in the fields of education and science. The conference is organized annually by the International Society for Technology, Education, and Science (ISTES). The ICRES invites submissions which address the theory, research or applications in all disciplines of education and science. The ICRES is organized for: faculty members in all disciplines of education and science, graduate students, K-12 administrators, teachers, principals and all interested in education and science. After peer-reviewing process, all full papers are published in the Conference Proceedings. [Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]

"Proceedings of International Conference on Research in Education and Science" includes full papers presented at the International Conference on Research in Education and Science (ICRES) which took place on April 1-4, 2021 in Antalya, Turkey. The aim of the conference is to offer opportunities to share ideas, to discuss theoretical and practical issues and to connect with the leaders in the fields of education and science. The conference is organized annually by the International Society for Technology, Education, and Science (ISTES). The ICRES invites submissions which address the theory, research or applications in all disciplines of education and science. The ICRES is organized for: faculty members in all disciplines of education and science, graduate students, K-12 administrators, teachers, principals and all interested in education and science. After peer-reviewing process, all full papers are published in the Conference Proceedings.

We present the current HR selection practices in Kazakhstan, a post-socialist country in Central Asia with the highest gender equality index. Despite the new antidiscrimination legislative rules, patriarchic gender views prevail in Kazakh society. Our research applies the grounded theory of gender-biased selection. We examine the key factors of gender discrimination in Kazakhstan. The findings show that cultural factors are stronger in companies and organizations than the raters' influence and evaluation. Personal aspects are crucial. In the case of women, it is their reproductive age. For men, bias is stronger against those older than 30 years. Also, workers with lower qualifications suffer more massively from gender bias compared to sought-after experts. Men are more likely to be hired for traditionally male professions as well as managerial positions. Women are likelier to be hired for typical female and for labor-intensive jobs. Finally, we suggest that researchers, decision-makers, and concerned employers adopt modern selection practices policies at the strategic level so as to be better positioned to utilize the diversity of Kazakhstan's full workforce. Our work is the first scientific research in Central Asia outlining the deeper functioning and context of gender bias minimization among HR managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This collection of papers introduces the proceedings of the Fourth Annual Conference-Eurasian Higher Education Leaders' Forum held on the 11-12 June, 2015 at Nazarbayev University in Astana, Kazakhstan. Our presenters come from different professional backgrounds including higher education institutions, national business companies as well as international businesses that work closely with education stakeholders across Kazakhstan, the Central Asia region and beyond. The compendium offers papers grounded in theoretical argument and empirical research and written to provide debate and discussion among policy makers, university leaders, faculty and students. The themes of the proceedings reflect the structure of the Forum that has been divided into five panel sessions: (1) The Role of Global Skills in the Graduate Employability; (2) Perceptions of Employability, Skills and Individual Aspiration in a Diversifying Economy; (3) University-employer-community Relationships; (4) The Role of Vocational Education and Training (VET) in Career Development; and (5) Student Transitions and Careers Guidance. The Forum aimed at developing an international dialogue between higher education leaders, policy makers, researchers and practitioners from different parts of the world. The quality of debate and argument has benefited from the participation of local and international delegates that have shared their expertise, insights and visions on the current situation of graduate employability from local and global perspectives. More than 500 participants from twelve countries took part in the Forum's sessions and Q&A discussions. Keynote speeches in the proceedings include: (1) The Future of Graduates in the Global Labour Market (Hugh Lauder); (2) The Role of Tertiary Education in Addressing the Global Skills Challenge (Jamil Salmi); (3) A Perspective on Future Employability (Alper Akdeniz); (4) Transforming Tertiary Education for Innovation and Competitiveness: University of Central Asia (Shamsh Kassim-Lakha); and (5) TVET and Career Development (Geoff Hayward). Articles in the proceedings include: (1) Graduate Employability in the 21st Century (Aslan Sarinzhipov); (2) From a Competitive Education to the Prosperity of the Nation (Yerezhep Mambetkaziyev); (3) Career Planning for Future Opportunities (Tim Miller); (4) The Paradox of Emerging Universities (Simon Jones); (5) Nurturing Net Generation Graduates with Global Skills (Seeram Ramakrishna); (6) Practice--Oriented Learning--a Platform for the Formation of Global Skills (Jamilya Nurmanbetova); (7) Perceptions of Employability, Skills and Individual Aspiration in a Diversifying Economy (Alan Ruby); (8) Development of National Qualification System Based on Education Sphere and Labour Market Interface (Arstan Gazaliyev and Yuri Pak); (9) Understanding the Role of Fundamental Values in Serving a Larger Purpose (Aida Sagintayeva); (10) Creating Employability (Loretta O'Donnell); (11) Main Directions in Developing Corporate Partnerships: The Case of Rudny Industrial Institute, Kazakhstan (Abdakhman Naizabekov); (12) University/Industry Partnerships: Promising Practices from the Field (Matthew Hartley); (13) Technical Skills: Through Learning and Practice? (Sabyrzhan Madeyev); (14) Skills, Employability and University Graduates? (Rainer Goertz); (15) Transition from School to University: Some Issues for Kazakhstan and the Wider Region (David Bridges); (16) Soviet Legacy in Higher Education: Some Observations from Russia (Isak Froumin); and (17) Principal Learning Points (Sue Bennett). Individual papers contain figures and references. [This publication was produced by Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Education.]

The paper examines topical issues concerning the digital economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The authors look at possibilities of using digital technology in the transport industry. Together with digital economy intelligent transport systems are also related to transport industry. The paper considers the current state of affairs and the prospects for development of railway transport and the role of «the locomotive of digital economy». It takes into account the presence of electronic data interchange of delivery notes (EDI-D) among the railways of neighboring countries. Meeting customer requirements for a uniform digital platform should enhance reliability and efficiency of all aspects of the transportation process. The paper examines the implementation of new information technologies, scheme of work of crossing borders. The electronic commercial platform «freight transportation» at National Company Kazakhstan Temir Zholy enables consignors to place orders for transportation on rolling stock belonging to different owners from anywhere in the world. Attracting private investment in carriages, the structure of export nodes stimulates the attraction of additional fleet. The needs of the participants in the transportation process will take into consideration the traffic capabilities of port infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental studies of the effect of wood biomass processing waste on the yield of anthropogenic gases during their combined pyrolysis with lignite from the Maikuben deposit, Kazakhstan, were carried out. It was previously established according to the results of experiments that thermal decomposition of a mixture of coal and wood processing waste significantly reduces the yield of sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the gaseous products of their thermal decomposition. The aim of this paper was to determine the degree of influence of the share of wood biomass waste added to the coal of the Maikuben deposit on the processes of reducing the yield of anthropogenic gases during their joint pyrolysis in a wide temperature range from 400 °C to 1000 °C. Experimental studies of the processes of joint thermal decomposition were carried out using Netzsch STA 449 F3 Jupiter unit (Netzsch, Germany). The results of the experiments justify the high efficiency of the effect of wood processing waste in the composition of mixed fuels based on coal from the Maikuben deposit as an additive that reduces the yield of sulfur oxides when burning such fuels in the furnaces of steam and hot water boilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An extensive number of studies acknowledge the transformed nature of literacies by building on the complexity of multimodal semiotic repertoires and available digital resources (Reinhardt & Thorne, 2019; Toffoli, 2020). The exposure to such resources and tools makes digital literacies dynamic as environments provide students with opportunities to apply their skills in praxis through trial and failure. Among the existing conceptual constructs that might help discuss the complex nature of online digital informal learning practices and their connection to L2 digital literacies, the framework of dynamic systems theory (Larsen-Freeman, 2019) is implemented. Qualitative methodology was employed to explain whether informal language learning practices are conducive to constructing L2 digital literacies among pre-service language teachers. Relevant pedagogical implications are discussed. [For the complete volume, "CALL and Professionalisation: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2021 (29th, Online, August 26-27, 2021)," see ED616972.]

This paper deals with borrowing the German dual vocational training model in Kazakhstan. The aim of the paper is to identify the key issues and challenges of the transfer process. The analysis is based on the model proposed by Phillips and Ochs (2003, 2004) which outlines four stages of policy borrowing: (1) impulses, (2) decision, (3) implementation, and (4) internalization. Within this theoretical framework, a descriptive and comparative-historic method as well as content analysis are used to point out the development in Kazakhstan. [For the complete Volume 16 proceedings, see ED586117.]

This paper considers a section of the 7th block of the first production facility at the North Buzachi field in the Republic of Kazakhstan. This section deals with industrial experiments on the application of various non-stationary impact technologies. In 2013-2014, there was an experimental application of non-stationary waterflooding with a change in the direction of filtration flows. The paper analyses the current state of application of this technology. The results of the analysis of non-stationary waterflooding in the 7th block of the first production unit at the North Buzachi have shown that non-stationary waterflooding has a positive technological efficiency. However, there is a decreasing magnitude compared to previous periods of technology, which suggests further modifications to the non-stationary waterflooding technology used. It is shown that the application of well control (optimization) in the considered section of non-stationary waterflooding significantly affected the efficiency of non-stationary waterflooding. Wells with "optimized" operating modes have a significantly lower specific benefit (about half of the "optimized" wells have a negative benefit, compared to the same figure for the group of wells without optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oil and gas production complex plays a leading role in the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the development of which is associated with the exploration, development and exploitation of not only new, but also mature oil and gas fields. In recent years, the country's large and well-known oil and gas fields have entered the last stage of development, which is accompanied by water cut, deterioration of collector properties and reduction of production rates. One such field is Uzen. Under these conditions it is advisable to create a unified system for interpretation of well logging data, which is based on a reliable petrophysical model of the field. The purpose of the research shown in this article is to test the developed methodology for the integrated interpretation of logging data for complex reservoir strata in the Uzen field. Complex reservoirs are defined as those with a layered texture, irregular lithology and a complex void space structure. This approach makes it possible to develop cost-effective strategies to maximise field returns while minimising production and economic risks. This paper focuses on the results of testing a new methodology for interpreting logging data in order to produce the most reliable estimation parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers processes of ore formation. This concerns complex dynamic natural objects, depending on polygenic geological phenomena, mutually interacting and forming a single mineral formation environment. Development of ore-forming systems is connected not only with the natural evolution of thermodynamic parameters, but also with physical-chemical properties and composition of ore-bearing deposits, state and character of manifestation of tectonic structures, such as field strength, degree of tectonic transformation of rocks, dynamometamorphism and others. Influence of postmagmatic fluids and other factors on the process of mineral formation is also considered. Mineral formation at gold deposits is the result of the interaction of various polygenic geological processes that ultimately determine the character of mineralisation at the deposits. Experimental studies cannot fully reconstruct the conditions of ore formation. Therefore, it is necessary to apply the method of recalculation of thermodynamic constants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UN experts suggest that deserts represent the most fragile ecosystems, and therefore, there is a need to develop effective approaches in dealing with the "life on the land" (Sustainable development goal 15). Sustainable land management (SLM) and sowing plants and bushes on the "drained bottom of the Aral Sea" (DBAS) are very important for preventing further desertification/land degradation and reclaiming land. Since 2008, the World Bank has funded a program entitled "Preservation of forests and increasing forest cover within the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan". Between 2008 and 2014, this program supported planting 79,000 hectares in the DBAS region to prevent further desertification. The program supported two different approaches. One was planting seedlings of black saxaul (47,117 hectares). The second was planting the seeds of black saxaul (7,366 hectares). The purpose of this article is to evaluate the outcomes of saxaul forest planting under the program by evaluating 54,483 hectares of the covered land. First, it provides the background of the Aral Sea disaster and recent development. Second, it analyses the results of four years (2008, 2010-2012) of work on seedlings and seed planting. Third, it introduces the methodology used for this study. Fourth, it evaluates and discusses the results of the study. The main objective of this paper is to provide a scientific analysis of the survival rate of forest crops that depends on the methods used (sowing and planting) over different periods. This research analyses and identifies SLM approaches for increasing the survival rates of saxaul plantings over the years when planting technology remained the same in all plantings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable Development Goal Number two declares that one of the main tasks in the world is the fight against hunger. This includes many actions and activities in ensuring food security and improving nutrition. Promoting sustainable agricultural development is a top priority. One of the prospective fields in improving the production of food is the development of new approaches in new technologies in animal husbandry. Kazakhstan pays great attention to sustainable development and focuses on sustainable agrotechnologies in sheep breeding and works on increasing the number of sheep. However, due to global warming, the climate in Kazakhstan has changed dramatically, which has led to drought, rapid drying of vegetation, and an increase in various infections, including the pathogen of contagious ecthyma. The main purpose of this article is to evaluate the problems related to contagious ecthyma of sheep in Kazakhstan and evaluate the level of penetration of the epizootic situation of contagious ecthyma of sheep in the region. The research paper presents the results of the study of contagious ecthyma of sheep using an example of Kazakhstan, as well as the state of research of contagious ecthyma of sheep in other countries. The principal methods used to collect data for this research include works on identifying the source of infection, using the ELISA test system developed by our team of researchers to determine antibodies in the blood serum for contagious ecthyma of sheep. At the final stage, the causative agent of the disease was identified using PCR diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under conditions of excessive anthropogenic pressure on the environment special attention is paid to the ecological state of the soil in Kazakhstan. The quality of soil is the basis for production of environmentally friendly food products, which also provides a more complete transition to the organic use of land resources. The main sources of pollution are mining and metallurgical enterprises that pollute the environment with heavy metals and their compounds. In a light of the current requirements on sustainable development and transition to a circular economy, it's necessary to create new models of "intelligent" agriculture, based on the use of automated management technologies, ecosystem modeling. The paper substantiates a method to the environmental assessment of agricultural land in industrial cities based on geoinformation modeling processes of the distribution pollutants in the urban environment. The proposed approach will provide a detailed and objective assessment of the environmental situation and will be the basis for the development of various recommendations for protection and rational use of land, including the development of a number of measures to clean up soil and reduce content of pollutants in soil, plants through introduction of a phytoremeditation system, use of natural bentonite clays and other minerals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of Reinforcement Learning (RL) as an emergent field of Machine Learning has shown positive results in interdisciplinary fields. Although research has proven its effectiveness in language education through various agents (e.g., chatbots, robots, talking avatars), its application in letter acquisition is relatively new. In light of the alphabet transition from Cyrillic to Latin for the Kazakh language, potential challenges might be associated with learning and memorizing the new alphabet. Specifically, students with extant alphabet knowledge might struggle in using the later-learnt new alphabet given no sufficient practice. In this paper, we present a chatbot based on Reinforcement Learning that is anticipated to assist university students in learning the Kazakh Latin alphabet during an interaction in a letter acquisition scenario. Thus, we attempt to identify whether the RL chatbot is efficient for this learning scenario through an online survey study involving pre-test, chatbot interaction, and post-test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Republic of Kazakhstan, the transition from Cyrillic to Latin alphabet raises challenges to training an entire population in writing the new script. This paper presents a CoWriting Kazakh system, an extension of the existing CoWriter system, aiming to implement an autonomous social robot that would assist children in transition from the old Cyrillic alphabet to a new Latin alphabet. With the aim to investigate which learning strategy yields better learning gains, we conducted an experiment with 67 children, aged 8-11 years old, who interacted with a robot in a CoWriting Kazakh learning scenario. Participants were asked to teach a humanoid NAO robot how to write Kazakh words using one of the scripts, Latin or Cyrillic. We hypothesized that a scenario in which the child is asked to mentally convert the word to Latin would be more effective than having the robot perform conversion itself. Results show that the CoWriter was successfully applied to this new script-switching task. The findings also suggest interesting gender differences in the preferred method of learning with the robot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates a relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, exchange rate, and economic growth of a developing country, and their effects on major economic activities in the nation. This paper examines macroeconomic activity variables of gross domestic product, fixed capital investment, employment ratio, retail trade turnover, industrial production, FDI inflows, and dollar exchange rate as a control variable. The macroeconomic activity statistics of ten calendar years (1997-2006) of Kazakhstan were analyzed by using a multivariate regression model with weighted least squares estimates. The results indicate that FDI has a minimum or not a statistically significant impact on GDP growth of Kazakhstan. The paper argues that a resourceseeking FDI has a minimal effect on improving the economic growth of developing countries. In other words, the resource-seeking FDI might have a minimal effect on achieving economic growth and national competitiveness of host countries, but not as much manufacturing-based FDI does. Finally, this paper suggest policymakers of Kazakhstan should consider strategic goals of FDI to maximize its benefits into the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning model in Kazakhstani Universities is being focused on transforming education from teacher-centered to student-centered approach. This transformation requires academic staff retraining and a significant modernization of educational process. In this article we discuss issues of methodological readiness of academic staff for student-centered learning, which has been recently implemented into the practice at the Chemistry Faculty of the Karaganda Buketov University. We have studied ways in which educators can be trained in innovative teaching methods. One of the ways is the advanced training course organized at the Karaganda Buketov University within the framework of the ENTER Erasmus+ project. We discuss the progress made by academic staff in mastering interactive lecturing, case-study, project-based learning as well as consider the problems and difficulties that teachers of the Chemistry Faculty face when organizing learning& teaching process according to the student-centered approach principles. Academic staff of four Departments of Karaganda Buketov University, namely Inorganic and Technical Chemistry, Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Organic Chemistry and Polymers, Chemical Technology and Petrochemistry Departments were involved in this study. Surveys were carried out to gain detailed information about issues considered. The findings were subsequently analyzed to provide insight on the readiness of university teachers for student-centered learning under modern conditions. [For the full proceedings, see ED630893.]

When the state, the so-called "historical homeland" of many ethnic groups living outside, calls them to return and become a part of their fellow citizens, it takes on a great responsibility for the fate, rights, and interests of repatriates. One of the existing directions of the Kazakhstan government policy, which was initiated after gaining independence, was the process of attracting qandastar -- ethnic Kazakhs from abroad, and the enrollment of a large number of young people from this group in Kazakhstan universities through the provision of grants for a full course of study. This state strategy brought expectations that the young generation, who came to Kazakhstan for education will also affect the national identity and culture of the local community. However, the youth also associated certain plans with moving to their historical homeland. The purpose of our research is to find out how the expectations of qandastar students coincided with real self-realization in Kazakhstan. We conducted a series of interviews with people who have graduated from Kazakhstani universities in the past few years. [For the full proceedings, see ED623569.]

The majority of the rivers in Kazakhstan can be characterized as plain and lowland type. The flow in such rivers is uneven both within the year and over the years. In order to regulate this variability, to conserve water resources as well as to provide water for domestic use the reservoirs have been built. In Kazakhstan, there are 43 large on stream and valley reservoirs on 33 rivers, half of which are on plain, lowland rivers. One of such reservoirs, Astana reservoir is studied in this paper. It is situated on the Yesil river and has a strategic importance due to its close location to the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The objective of this study is to identify the characteristics of reservoir operation under the conditions of intensive water use and climate change. For the purpose of assessing the multi-year trends in the hydrological regime of the Yesil river and Astana reservoir analytical, mapping, statistical methods with the time series analysis have been applied. Analysis of the main elements of reservoir’s water balance has indicated that the main component of the gain term is surface inflow by the Yesil river. The amount of river runoff is determined by the climatic conditions in the basin and it has shown similar trends as the amount of precipitation in the hydrologic year. The main filling of the reservoir occurs during the snowmelt season and resulting high flows, in April. The main loss term of the water balance in wet years was water release downstream, whereas in dry years it was water withdrawal for household needs. It has been estimated that if the conditions of Nur-Sultan city’s rapid growth persist, the available resources of Astana reservoir will not be able to meet the demands of the population and industry. The situation is expected to get worse with the decline in reservoir’s useful volume due to sediment load processes and the influence of climate change. These factors necessitate the consideration of alternative water sources for constant water supply of the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the issue of pollution of the Caspian Sea, which is saturated with oil industry facilities, is highly relevant. Monitoring of such objects and phenomena that pose a potential and real threat of natural and man-made emergencies, such as emergency oil spills that entail significant environmental damage, is important for Kazakhstan. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the capabilities of SAR and optical images in the task of detecting oil spills, having tested them in the task of mapping zones with a high frequency of occurrence of oil spills for three years. Due to its many advantages, SAR imagery is currently the most common remote sensing tool for oil spills. However, using SAR images, it is sometimes difficult to identify man-made oil spills and false objects similar to them, which are commonly called “look-alikes” and include windless areas, organic slicks of natural origin, algal blooms, etc. The combined use of SAR and optical data improves the reliability of oil pollution detection. Using optical images to detect oil spills, we rely on the spectral characteristics of objects, and although the reflectivity varies depending on the thickness and composition of the spot, in most cases oil spills can be distinguished from similar spurious objects. The large amount of data made it possible to generalize and obtain statistically reliable results on the spatial and temporal variability of the manifestations of slick pollution of various types on satellite images of the sea surface. From April 2018 to December 2019 alone, 1303 satellite images of the sea surface from the Sentinel 1 and 2 satellites were received and analyzed. The total area of the detected oil spills in the Kazakhstan part of the Caspian Sea reached 68.4 km2. The main source of surface pollution of open areas of the Caspian Sea identified during monitoring are leaks and discharges from ships of oil-contaminated waters along the main shipping lanes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulatory documents of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of substantiating the stability of slopes of pit edges are currently at variance with world practice in the design and operation of open-pit deposits. Modern design methods involve the creation of a three-dimensional complex geomechanical model of the field. Such a model contains information on the geological and structural composition that describes the disturbance of the solid mass by folds, tectonic faults, and jointing. It is important to accurately collect and process the data when documenting the core to ensure the quality of the data of the filled geomechanical model at the first stage. Therefore, it would be possible to use the basic methods for classifying the rock mass, as well as assessing its strength and geotechnical conditions of the field. The article describes the main parameters of the structural features of the rock mass, which must be investigated to obtain complete information about the field. Also, the following paper consider methods for studying the jointing of the rock mass and report methods for introducing the obtained data into the calculation model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the causes of freshwater scarcity and its worsening, and gives recommendations for the prevention, remediation and mitigation of climate change negative effects on groundwater. Wet technology sectors have been developed rapidly in the global market. Currently, there is already a clear increase in freshwater scarcity. According to the UN, over 1.2 billion people live under constant growth of freshwater scarcity, and FAO predicts that the number of those living in water scarcity conditions will exceed 4 billion people [1] by the middle of the third decade of the XXI century. As far as is known, G. Rodda, as early as 1997, offered an ascending global water consumption curve (under 3 possible scenarios) and a descending curve of economically available water resources. Already existing factors of negative anthropogenic impact on water sources (pollution, depletion due to unacceptably high water intake, draining of raised bogs with the inevitable depletion of small rivers fed by raised bogs, deforestation watershed, etc.) were taken into account [2]. The analysis shows that the curves of water consumption and available resources intersect in 2035–2045 (depending on the scenario). It is projected that, considering the water consumption level over the past 10 years, which has grown 10 times, the amount of available resources is decreasing more rapidly than during the period taken as the basis for extrapolation. Thus, with appropriate adjustments, the intersection is anticipated in 2025-2030. In recent decades, freshwater scarcity has been increasing in regions where it did not exist before and is aggravating everywhere. The obvious reason is the increased water consumption by the growing population and economy. However, if the issue was limited only to this reason, only relative indicators of water availability (not necessarily real consumption) would deteriorate: amount of water resources per capita and per unit of output. However, fresh water of satisfactory quality is shrinking, not only in relative but also in absolute terms. This fact is often underestimated, and sometimes goes unnoticed. Nevertheless, it allows understanding the essence of the water scarcity widening process and determining the basic principles of strategy which will allow the developing mankind to solve a problem. To analyse it, it is necessary to start with the natural science aspect, and then move to the economic and political aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the structural and tectonic position of the mineralisation in the case of the Achisai ore district. Formation of lead and zinc ores at the Achisai deposit was conditioned by regeneration of stratified ore clusters as a result of tectonic or tectonicmagmatic activation. Therefore, the structural-tectonic control of mineralisation of the Achisai type is one of the cardinal ones, along with the lithologic-stratigraphic one. The lead and zinc mineralisation is confined to side parts of synclines, in place of their interface with shrunken anticlinal folds of Famennian deposits. Strong dislocations are typical for the thicknesses underlying the mineralisation. Tectonic breccias are underlying the ore-hosting subsuites. The area of the Achisai deposit is characterized by formation overthrust, which developed between the Devonian and Carboniferous strata. In the ore Achisai and Zhamanktai ore fields, the processes of forcing, layer-by-layer and crosscutting litho-clastic flow of Frasnian and Famennian rocks, expressed in the formation of disharmonious and crest folds, inter-formation breakdowns, diapirs and other forcing structures, are widely manifested. In Karatau, wide development of northeast zones of high tectonic activity has been detected. A simple approach to identify the transverse zones is proposed using the lead geochemical field. Regional prognostic and search criteria of karst mineralisation have been defined, which allow revealing objects within the whole analyzed territory and thus allow defining in smallscale researches potentially perspective areas on account of minimal amount of initial data (structural-tectonic, lithologic-facial, etc.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the world practice, lead-zinc karst deposits occupy one of the leading positions in terms of reserves and rich ore mining. In terms of metal content, they excel all other commercial-genetic types. Karst deposits are a new commercial-genetic type for Kazakhstan. One of the promising regions for discovery of the karst deposits is the Great Karatau, known for such objects (Achisai, Karasai, Kantegi, Araltau and oth.). The area of the Achisai ore cluster is composed of thick carbonate strata of limestones and dolomites of various ages, with water-resistant horizons of marls, siltstones, and mudstones. Lead-zinc mineralization is confined exclusively to limestones and dolomites, relatively chemically pure, with a small amount of impurities of terrigenous material. The paper considers the local search attributes of lead and zinc karst mineralisation: lead and zinc sulphide mineralisation, mineralised karst, limonized rocks with mineralisation, lithological and chemical composition of rocks, metasomatic changes, geophysical and geochemical search criteria, atmo-chemical criteria, geomorphological features, tectonic breccias, and calcite veins. The above criteria can be used for large-scale forecasting and prospecting, and will allow identifying the most favourable sites to localise the mineralisation. The whole set of direct and indirect signs should be used in forecasting and prospecting works. Each of them, taken separately, cannot serve as a reliable and unambiguous search criterion of karst mineralisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides comparative characteristics geodynamic situations and of related intrusive series. Discussed are cases of alternation of such granitoids in time, their connection in space and relation to collisional processes. I-granites form extended gabbro-diorite-granodiorite-sodium and potassium-sodium granite series with gradual increase of the role of silica and potassium in the final products. Differences in the petrochemical composition of pre- and late collision of I-granites are conditioned by the subcrustal situations of their origin. S-granites are characterized by a more silica-rich composition, shorter differentiation range, higher potassium content, lower iron and calcium contents, and lithophilic geochemical specialization. Their variations are conditioned by the composition of the crustal protolith. Studying both of them is important for prognostic and exploratory purposes. Cases of vertical intrusive sequence of the Dzungar Alatau, Northern Tien-Shan and West Balkhash region showed the role of collisional intra-crustal chambers, not connected with the mantle, during the main stages of their development. Formation of I-granites alternating with the collisional ones is associated with periodic inflow of increasingly more alkaline mantle melts to the crustal level together with the background of deepening of magma generation centers. Respectively, the chalcophilic metallogeny of orogenic complexes alternates with the lithophilic collisional one. Currently, the granitoids of our planet are divided by origin into oceanic (O), island-arc (M), orogenic (I), collision (S) and intraplate (A). The first two types are found in a small volume in the composition of ophiolite and gabbro-diabase associations. Orogenic granitoids are more widespread. Orogenic granitoids form chains of batholiths - marginal continental volcanoplutonic and plutonic belts. The differences in the petrochemical composition of I-granites are primarily due to the depth of nucleation of their melts. S-granites include a series of formations: tonalite-granodiorite, granodiorite-granite, granite, leucogranite, diorite-granodiorite, granosyenite. These formations were studied in detail by the team of geologists VSEGEI. For S granites, the limits of fluctuations of the Fe3 ratio were determined: Fetot = 0.15-0.25 and Al2O3 / CaO + Na2O + K2O = 1.0-1.25., The content of small and radiogenic elements. Recently, in three regions (Northern Tien Shan, Dzhungarskiy Alatau and Western Balkhash), we have identified the conditions for the formation of collision and orogenic intrusive complexes of Kazakhstan. With these works, the Kurdish-Chatyrkul, Zaili, Kungei, Altynemel, Topar, and Muzbel complexes are assigned to the I-granites of the gabbro-diorite-granodioite suprasubduction type. Saryzhas and Baskan complexes represent granodiorite-granite collision formation. The Useksky and Kaspansky, Ketmensky and South Dzungarian belong to the Late Collisional diorite-granodiorite formation, the Zheltau, Kalbin and Lepsinsky are representatives of the granite formation of the main stage of the collision. Leukogranitic subcollisional formation belongs to the Chimbulak, Achiktash, Maykul, Sarybulak and Talgar complexes. Their mineral and petrochemical variations are due to the composition of the crustal protolith. Using the studied vertical intrusive rows as an example, we show the role of collision intracrustal foci that are not associated with the mantle during the main stages of their development. The formation of I-granites, often alternating with collision S-granites, is associated with the periodic entry of basaltic melts or their differentiates to the crustal level. The study of collisional and orogenic granitoid complexes is important in a prognostic-search relationship. Super-subduction series are associated with pyritepolymetallic ore objects; copper-porphyry and gold-polymetallic objects are known with collisional manifestations of tonalite-granodiorite and diorite-granodiorite formations. The granite formation is known as rare-metal bearing, while its batholiths occurring in terrigenous deposits have tin-tungsten specialization, while the synchronous massifs in graywackes are molybdenum-bearing. Leucogranite intrusions of the Talgar complex type are accompanied by rare-earth manifestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kazakhstan government took the policy on innovative development of the economy, which is needed to diversify the country's economy structure from oil and gas sector. The number of strategic reforms has been implemented since 2010, including the adoption of the State program of industrial-innovative development. It focuses on the development of the manufacturing industry with a concentration of efforts and resources in a limited number of sectors, regional specialization with a cluster approach and effective sector regulation. The article analyses the level of innovation development in Almaty, which is the largest city of the country, and has the most diversified economic structure in the country. However, the level of innovation did not reach the international levels. The authors conducted analysis of innovation activity measurement methods in the world, comparative analysis of innovation activities of cities in Kazakhstan, analysis of the main trends of innovation development in Almaty. The article gives the detailed research on innovation development indicators of the city for 2011-2018 years: innovation financing sources, structural shifts in the sectors and spheres of innovation, the volume of innovative products, innovation level in enterprises and etc. Thus, the authors conducted an analysis of the structure of the economy of Almaty and its industries, and identified the main trends in innovation development in the city; analyzed the international experience of assessing the level of innovation activity and the possibility of its application in the assessment of domestic enterprises; identified factors that affect the innovative activity of enterprises in Almaty in comparison with other cities in Kazakhstan; analyzed the development of innovation in the sectoral context; made assessment on the level of development of the innovative ecosystem of Almaty and determined the degree of its influence on the innovative activity of the city's enterprises. As the result, authors give recommendations on increasing the innovation activity of the city of Almaty. Why is your paper of interest to the conference participants? Use this space to persuade the reviewers why they should select this abstract for the conference: The article might bear interest for researchers, who analyses the development of innovation ecosystem in cities and governments. It can be helpful to make a research on government policies on innovation development, the role of business and government in creating innovative ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant qualitative changes in academic mobility development, introduction of a three-tier system of student training (Bachelor's -- Master's -- PhD), and also the creation of conditions for providing autonomy to Kazakhstani universities has ensued in Kazakhstan, after the nation's entry into the European zone of higher education. But, as in any large-scale programme there are achievements and difficulties of implementation of the basic principles of the European educational system. In this paper, the author's objective is to analyze the changes and challenges associated with joining the Bologna process, and to consider the perspectives of higher education development in the EHEA as a whole. Particular attention is paid to the ECTS (European Credit Transfer System): the problems of transfer credits of Kazakhstan, which is part of the process on the unification of different educational systems in introducing the Bologna process in Kazakhstan. The introduction of the credit system provides recognition of qualifications from the European educational space, and promotes the expansion and intensification of the processes of European academic mobility of students and teachers. [For the complete Volume 12 proceedings, see ED597979.]

The last century is characterized by rapid development of cities, agglomerations and urban areas. Urban space needs to serve a variety of human needs: housing, working, social interaction, leisure, and mobility of persons and goods. Human beings also need nature within their living areas; green spots for recreation and relaxation. Trees, parks and other greenery helps provide healthy living conditions by cleaning the air of pollutants, absorbing noise, and regulating humidity. Beyond this direct anthropocentric (human-centred) perspective, conservation of natural habitats is necessary for maintaining the functioning of ecosystems of all life on earth. Spatial planning of urban territory is the basis where are created buildings, street location, park system and others. Kazakhstan’s major cities were built in 20’th century during Soviet period. Capacity of the territory, streets, buildings were expected for 1960-ies. Accordingly, nowadays urban area is not ready to fulfil the modern needs of citizens. The aim of this paper is to provide information on transportation system of Almaty city in Kazakhstan, the environment condition, impact of transportation on ecology and to disseminate experiences in dealing with relationships between land-use structures and transport, and to discuss strategies to support the realization of more sustainable urban transport by land-use planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of the study of the formation and accumulation of heptyl in wild plants from soil, contaminated by rocket fuel, at the sites of emergency falling of «Proton-M» launch vehicles in Central Kazakhstan. It has been experimentally proved that certain concentrations of heptyl in gray-brown sandy soils are not phytotoxic for Agropyron pectiniformee (1-5 mg/kg) and Artemisia dracunculus L. (1-25 mg/kg), however it can cause anatomical morphological changes of roots and leaves. The revealed signs increase with an increase in the dose of contamination of the soil by heptyl above 25 mg/kg. The obtained experimental data are intended for further development of environmental standards for chemical contamination of plants by rocket fuel components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dehumification of soils in the North Kazakhstan region is one of the most pressing problems due to the inadequate control of the cultivation technology of agricultural crops with the intensive occurrence of soil erosion. This paper considers the processes of dehumification of humus by the main types of soils in the North Kazakhstan region. The results of the research have demonstrated that humus in soil types has been decreased in 30 years from 1.78% to 30.2% since 1978 to 2018. The content of humus in 9 types of soils of 14 districts range from 1.83% to 11.5%. The mechanical composition of soils is divided as loamy-soils and heavy-loamy, medium-loamy and friable sub-sand, and sandy loam. The processes of dehumification of gumus are directly related to the soil types, mechanical composition and vegetation of steppe zone, and technology of cultivation of agricultural crops in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From 1994 to the present, records of deformations of the Earth’s crust, which are measured by a laser displacement meter, called “deformograph”, are regularly recorded. This meter records changes in the distance between the mirrors fixed on the rock inside the mountain gallery in two directions: North-South and West-East. Such observations are carried out in the Gorny Altai region, in Kazakhstan and near Lake Baikal. One of the long-acting deformographs is installed in the gallery of the Talaya seismic station in the Baikal Rift Zone (BRZ). Records of deformations (deformograms) are analyzed to study the processes in the Earth's crust and to identify the forerunner of earthquakes. The work was done on systematization of digital records of the deformation process for the period from 1994 till now. A digital catalog has been compiled giving a general idea of the material available for processing. Records are analyzed in detail. The analisys of the signal is very important for the choice of the noise filtering method and other decisions for the accurasy increasing and informative significansy of the collected data. This paper reports the most interesting results of this analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the investigation is to study environmental problems in the territory of South Kazakhstan and the state of drinking groundwater. In this paper, we consider environmental problems on the territory of 4 regions of Kazakhstan (South Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, Almaty, Kyzylorda), in particular, the city of Taraz, Shymkent and Almaty, through which the Great Silk Road passed. All these cities belong to the most ecologically polluted cities of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In the South Kazakhstan region (SKR), 3 geographical areas are conventionally distinguished from the point of view of environmental interests: 1. The territory of the ecological pre-crisis state is an increased content of radionuclides in objects of the natural environment, and, above all, in groundwater. 2. The territory of a powerful technogenic impact. In the town of Kentau there are areas of high soil contamination with heavy metals. In the city of Shymkent the main source of concerns is the soils affected by lead, zinc and arsenic in concentrations 10 times higher than the MPC. This affects large spaces and, in particular, the territories allotted for growing vegetable crops. 3. The rest of the region is under moderate anthropogenic impact. SKR is one of the six environmentally unfriendly regions of Kazakhstan, and the city of Shymkent is among the three cities most polluted by motor vehicle emissions, which emissions account for more than 70% of the total gross emissions. The level of air pollution is high, the atmospheric pollution index (API) = 10.6. The increase in emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere is mainly associated with the development of construction, an increase in the number of vehicles, poor quality of motor fuel, non-compliance with environmental standards, unresolved issues of production and consumption waste disposal. In the increase in emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere, the main share was made by manufacturing enterprises; their share in total emissions was 76.9%, enterprises producing and distributing electricity, gas and water - 8.3%, other industries - 14.8 The largest air pollutants are concentrated in the city of Shymkent, where a large number of mobile and stationary sources of emissions of harmful substances are functioning: from motor transport, emissions of which (on average 98 thousand tons per year) led to an increase in the maximum permissible concentrations for lead and formaldehyde [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"In the west they consider us as the most western country of the east, but we too see ourselves that way." (Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán 2018 in Kyrgyzstan) In recent years, Hungarian foreign policy seems to have looked more and more to the east than to the west. The cited statement by Viktor Orbán is part of a larger strategy that includes bilateral talks of Hungarian government officials with central Asian politicians about joint economic projects and the participation of the Hungarian government in multilateral central Asian initiatives. As an example of the latter, one can name the attendance of high-ranking Hungarian politicians at the annual meeting of The Cooperation Council of the Turkic Speaking States in September 2018. The Hungarian government seems very keen on establishing economic connections between its country and central Asia, with Kazakhstan in particular. This re-orientation towards Asia might be regarded as quite surprising, if one remembers that Hungary was the first country of the Eastern Bloc that opened its borders to the west, when Hungarian border guards cut the iron fence, which had cut off the country from the west for more than four decades, in September 1989. Moreover, Hungary was also among the first post communist states to join NATO in 1999 and the EU in 2004. This paper describes Hungary's shift to the east in recent years with a constructivist approach that focuses on the views of political leaders and of the public in Hungary on historical tradition and national identity that would shape political strategies. (Keohane/Goldstein 1993). In this context, Viktor Orbán's political vision of an "illiberal democracy" will be connected to his foreign policy as well, since it shows a remarkable affection for despotic rule in Asian countries. Furthermore, the paper will also take into account the economic impact of the government's newly found political direction. Is it a serious attempt to rebuild Hungary's economy and politics in a changing world order that will soon be shaped/dominated from the East? As Prime Minister Orbán once said, Hungary is sailing under a western flag, but the wind comes from the east. Is Hungary discovering a formidable alternative for the economically struggling western countries? Or is it just bald marketing that tries to distract the public from the government's troubles with the EU? To judge the economic effects of Hungary's shift to the East, the economic relations to Kazakhstan will be compared with those to Poland and the Czech Republic. The comparison will focus on the extent of trade between Hungary and Kazakhstan on the one hand, and of the Czech Republic and Poland to Kazakhstan on the other hand, in order to assess, whether Hungary's shift to the east renders considerable economic benefit to Hungary, or whether it is a losing bargain for the country. In this context, the paper will also take a closer and critical look at the make up of the traded goods between the European and the Asian partner. Based on the findings, the final chapter of the paper will formulate a preliminary answer to the question if Hungary's shift to the east is a real deal, or just a mean of public relations of the government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the fulfillment of the parameters of the Bologna Process in the education system of Kazakhstan. The author gives short review of higher education system of the Republic of Kazakhstan with necessary data. And the weaknesses of the system of higher education are identified. Moreover, implementing recommendations of the Bologna Process based on international cooperation and academic exchange are given. [For complete volume, see ED567118.]

The research purpose was to create and test the interactive lectures for lower secondary schools based on the characteristics of interactive ICT-supported education. First verification was carried out in the December 2018 on specialized school-board information technologies in Karaganda (Kazakhstan). The sample included two of eighth grade classes chosen, in total 26 respondents participated. The students' opinions toward interactive lectures in this study were tested using simple questionnaire survey. The results showed that more than 70 % of the students enjoy working in an interactive environment and this positively affects their opinions towards the subject. Keywords: interactive lecture, secondary school, students' opinions. [For the full proceedings, see ED619611.]

Language skills are the ultimate 21st century social skill, linked to creativity, problem solving, and the ability to effectively communicate. Knowledge of teachers' beliefs is central to understanding teachers' decision-making in the classroom. In an interconnected and globalized world, foreign language is a global competency, and multilingualism is an essential social skill. Multilingualism plays a significant role in developing the intercultural skills necessary for global talent in a globalized workplace, for an effective and engaged cosmopolitan global citizen, and it is an essential tool in addressing complex global issues. In this study a sample of 151 faculty members participated in the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect primary data. The secondary data were collected from the documents in the ministry of Education. Study revealed that faculty beliefs affect multilingualism. The value of R[superscript 2] of 0.45 indicates that 45% of the variations in multilingualism in learning is explained by faculty beliefs in general. This means that the universities need to take into consideration the multilingualism while teaching in institutions of higher learning. [For "NORDSCI International Conference Proceedings: Education and Language Edition (Athens, Greece, August 19, 2019). Book 1. Volume 2," see ED603411.]

The implemented reforms in the education system of Kazakhstan are focused on modernizing the content of education at all levels and the transition to education for sustainable development. This research analyzed the Kazakhstan's education system with regard to the implementation of the principle of succession in a complex world. It was revealed that the peculiarity of the new programs of general education is associated with the implementation of the principle of spiraling based on the cognitive theory of Jerome Bruner, while the programs of pedagogical universities do not provide systematic training of future teachers to implement the spiral approach in education. On the example of chemistry education, it is established that the study of existing approaches to identifying the essence of continuity in education allows to identify the target interconnected hierarchical system of education. It implies the correspondence of the levels of the general (succession of education), the special (succession in professionally-oriented chemical education), and the specific (succession in chemistry education). The systemic problems in ensuring the principle of succession, especially in school education in Kazakhstan, were revealed. The programs of higher and postgraduate pedagogical education do not take into account the changes in the curriculum of general education. The formation of modern national pedagogical system requires revision of training programs in teacher training universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implemented reforms in the education system of Kazakhstan are focused on modernizing the content of education at all levels and the transition to education for sustainable development. This research analyzed the Kazakhstan's education system with regard to the implementation of the principle of succession in a complex world. It was revealed that the peculiarity of the new programs of general education is associated with the implementation of the principle of spiraling based on the cognitive theory of Jerome Bruner, while the programs of pedagogical universities do not provide systematic training of future teachers to implement the spiral approach in education. On the example of chemistry education, it is established that the study of existing approaches to identifying the essence of continuity in education allows to identify the target interconnected hierarchical system of education. It implies the correspondence of the levels of the general (succession of education), the special (succession in professionally-oriented chemical education), and the specific (succession in chemistry education). The systemic problems in ensuring the principle of succession, especially in school education in Kazakhstan, were revealed. The programs of higher and postgraduate pedagogical education do not take into account the changes in the curriculum of general education. The formation of modern national pedagogical system requires revision of training programs in teacher training universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of women in the management of Russian and Kazakhstani family-owned small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and the relationship with sole or shared ownership of SMEs. The authors first explore the factors and motivations that influenced the decision to become a business owner and highlight the key features of the development of women-led familyowned SMEs. Then they present and discuss the empirical data obtained through a series of in-depth interviews with female business owners, respondents from family-owned SMEs, who agreed to disclose information about themselves, their family and their business. The used questionnaire is a synthesis of the basic INTERGEN project questionnaire combined with questionnaire elaborated by authors and allowing to adapt the basic questions to the social and cultural characteristics of Russia and Kazakhstan, as well as taking into account the realities of the post-COVID situation and subsequent political instability. The main findings show commonality among the respondents, including a strong sense of duty to one's own family, priority given to children, categorical denial of doing business with "friends" and skepticism about doing business with relatives. The analysis leads to the conclusion that Russian and Kazakhstani women's family-owned SMEs form competitive advantages based on building a network of mutually beneficial partnerships and networking, well-established quality control methods and compliance with their own obligations, intentional development of contacts leading to mutually beneficial cooperation; active use of e-commerce, digital CRM platforms and social networks (Instagram). Women business owners showed knowledge of modern digital technologies at a high level, a desire for self-education and improvement of business skills, while clearly demonstrating the ability to negotiate and solve problems through negotiations. This makes women highly valuable members of their own or shared family businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present paper the results of chemical and radiochemical analysis of the environmental samples collected from the Shu river valley, are shown. The samples were collected along the Shu river from Tokmak town to Shu town during the field expedition, conducted in October, 2008, and in July, 2009. The main ions and uranium decay radionuclides in water increase up to maximum concentration in Tasotkel reservoir. The biogenic elements analysis showed their typical concentration for arid zone. The water contaminations with compounds of phosphorus, silicon, ammonium and nitrate ions are also shown. The activity of uranium isotopes is lower than the values corresponding to the "The norms of radiation safety" series [1]. The uranium concentration values are changing from 7.9 to 39.2 µg l-1 (Tasotkel reservoir) along the Shu river. This is in 2.5 times higher than the WHO level (15 µg l-1) [2]. The concentrations of uranium decay radionuclides are lower than the normative levels, corresponded by "The norms of radiation safety" series. The calculated value of effective doses, received from drinking water are near limited levels. The uranium isotopes is the main dose source. For chemical characterization of soils and sediments RFA and for mineral composition of soils and sediments the RPA respectively were done. The main mineral determined by above methods is quartz, spars, mica, tiff and peach. The levels of uranium and thorium determined in the soil samples are high. The increased levels of uranium and thorium are the result of regional specialization of the ores, containing the radioactive elements. The concentrations of determined isotopes in soils are higher than the concentrations in the sediments owing to the presence of organogenic component in them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to review the issues and challenges for the integration of research and education in post-soviet countries. Lately the concept "integration of research and education" is being widely used in the postsoviet countries in instructions and various publications. However there is no common definition of the concept. Review of legislation and other official documents regulating research in Russia and Kazakhstan showed that the integration of research and education is a process of interaction, cooperation of research institutions and universities. A basic need for integration of research and education is primarily to create an effective system for a development of fundamental sciences through cooperation of researchers in universities and research institutions, support leading science schools, improve the quality of education, and develop new forms for training. To achieve the research objectives, the paper applies a case-based qualitative research method and a quantitative analysis based on descriptive analysis. A wider range and a structured approach are employed in the research paradigm. Particularly, this study understands the issues and challenges for the integration of research and education through the prism of Kazakhstan. The results showed that the essence of integration of research and education is in development of solid interrelations between research and academic activities, primarily based on project financing, management, stimulation and cooperation. The research enhances education with new knowledge, develops new, advanced methods of training, whereas education is a source to train new researchers. Solving of various problems of research and education depends on effective coordination. In conclusion, this study suggests that, in Kazakhstan to facilitate full integration of research and universities it is anticipated to select five universities to establish and develop five laboratories for engineering research in accordance with recommended priorities. These national and university laboratories will provide for development of business incubators, aimed at implementation and commercialization of small engineering projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]