Search

Radioactive Ion Beams (RIBs) of large intensity (106 pps or higher) are at the frontier in nuclear physics. We designed a novel detection system for RIBs diagnostics and tagging based on Silicon Carbide detectors and on custom frontend electronics ready to be coupled with a Real Data Management Unit. The full detection system is designed to measure the spatial distribution of the beam intensity and trajectory with sufficient spatial resolution (of the order of 1-2 mm). In addition, the detection system has to determine the RIB composition that can be obtained from the joint measurement of the energy loss (>E) of the ions passing through the sensors and the time of flight between two sensors or with respect to a given reference signal as the RadioFrequency signal of a Cyclotron. In this paper we present the full design of the proposed system together with the results of the first experimental qualification of the first mini-prototype. The paper also shows the steps towards the final detection system, housed in a DN160 spherical cross and able to cover an active area of 30 mm × 60 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a widely used device in the field of air cooling and heat dissipation of electronic equipment, ventilation walls often have the flow-induced noise problem. This paper presents a numerical study on the flow-induced noise of a ventilation wall based on LES and FW-H hybrid method. Firstly, the pressure fluctuation data on the surfaces of ventilation wall was calculated from a large eddy simulation (LES). Then, taking the fluid pressure fluctuation at the surfaces of the ventilation wall as excitation source, the modal-based vibro-acoustic responses of ventilation wall was obtained by using LMS Virtual.lab. Finally, the structure of ventilation wall was optimized to reduce the flowinduced structural radiation noise. The results show that the flow-induced noise is mainly lowfrequency noise. Besides, the peak frequencies of the flow-induced noise ranges from 80Hz to 255Hz, and the peak frequencies are consistent with certain structure mode frequencies. Moreover, the total sound pressure level of the flow-induced noise deceases from 92.5dB to 72.9dB by improving the structure stiffness of ventilation wall. In conclusion, this paper could provide a method for reducing the flow-induced noise of ventilation walls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of sustainability in construction appears in various forms and with a plurality of terms. The aim is to reduce consumption and energy losses, the protection of biodiversity of natural systems and the integration of the built environment with the natural environment, without sacrificing comfort and beauty. In this sense it is useful to look not only around us but also to the past and find inspiration in historical models. We strongly believe that architecture, being a product of imagination, creativity and ideation, arises from relations that the thought establishes between what we know, what we yearn for and the notion of harmony and proportion that is intrinsic to us. In this research we analyze the applicability of sustainable materials such as paper and bamboo, as support of the graphical thought, using these materials during the creative process, as a methodological tool for the development of a creative aesthetic language in architectural design, and not only as an sustainable element in the implementation of architectural design. We will devote particular attention in our study to constructions in China and Japans, where centuries ago a way of life emerged out of necessity and economy of means, dominated by a philosophy based on aesthetic proportions and harmony. Our research is based on documentary analysis of works performed in the western and eastern world over the centuries, which resulted in the creation of a research unit in the field of architecture in paper and sustainable materials. With this our project, we aim to provide academic reflection on the role and importance of sustainable materials in general and in particular on the presence of harmony and proportion in Memory and Cultural Identity, as elements that will encourage and develop avenues for development of an architectural language in the context of sustainable construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper is based on learning and single-line piping GA drawing with ease. So that learners can draw a GA piping diagram as per their requirements. Piping diagrams are very popular in the industry, Buildings, and Big Installation. But to study further for an installed network parts and its structure are highly desirable. It is also important for reducing fluid and energy losses. The research used 31 piping symbols in an MS Excel sheet, which is created for quick learning and drawing of piping diagrams. Drawing in MS Excel does need a pencil and other drawing instruments. Seven different single-line piping diagrams are made using this MS Excel sheet. The total time taken for drawing these diagrams without any drawing adds is 10 to 20 minutes. Later student survey is conducted among 41 students to work on this MS Excel sheet see results. Almost 98% of students agree that this MS Excel sheet will help draw single-line GA diagrams. But the drawback of this MS Excel sheet is that it will not help in drawing an Isometric view. In some complex drawings, this MS Excel sheet may not give the desired results. But to understand, quick learning, and without memorizing the piping symbols the MS Excel sheet will be very useful. The authors through this research paper are very hopeful that awareness and ease in the single-line piping drawing will enhance the knowledge of the common person using such facilities. So they can design theirown piping network study analyses and then install them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, there are novel hybrid base isolation systems proposed to imrove the dissipated energy of the base isolation system with shape memory alloy (SMA) wires, ADAS dampers and slit steel dampers. Moreover, there are different shaped steel dampers due to low cost and simple fabrication which can be applied in dissipation system effectively and widely, such as X-shaped damper, J-shaped damper and U-shaped damper. Different steel dampers are analyzed to propose a novel hybrid seismic base isolation system. The novel hyrid base isolation system consisting of unbonded fiber reinforced elastomeric isolator (UFREI) and steel dampers is to be investigated further to improve the energy dissipation capacity of the base isolation system and decrease the displacement of the structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world is evolving and technically advancing, people need a lot of gadgets to be interconnected for the smooth functioning of the system and every gadget requires a certain amount of energy. Now with so many gadgets being used energy consumption has become a major threat to the world. Some devices take a lot of time to charge, and sometimes users even forget to turn off the charging port which leads to more energy loss and thus more carbon emissions. The proposed solution is to build a device that not only charges the devices but also stores the energy. The port auto-cuts the charging when a device is fully charged and stores the extra energy. In this paper, we have gone through different papers and have analyzed the algorithm they are using and their disadvantages. This survey contains a wide range of algorithms used for energy saving by researchers so as to learn more about green IoT and energy saving. Researchers can use this survey's insightful results as a guide to developing novel systems for energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Powder compacted soft magnetic materials are a specific group of materials of remarkable application potential. Nowadays they have been intensively studied by materials scientists to improve magnetic properties of these materials. The paper describes a demagnetizing field influence on energy loss and its components in NiFeMo compacted powder prepared by an innovative method of smoothing the surfaces of individual particles. On the one hand, it is well known that demagnetizing field does not influence the value of some magnetic quantities such as coercivity, saturation magnetization and total energy loss. On the other hand, such quantities as remanent magnetization and magnetic permeability are strongly dependent on demagnetizing field when they are considered in external magnetic field. Correct values of these quantities are obtained only when they are considered in internal field (the influence of demagnetizing field is excluded). The objective of this paper is to evaluate whether the demagnetizing field influences the low and high energy loss separation in accordance with the Landgraf's theory leading to better understanding of magnetization processes performed by domains wall displacement and magnetization vector rotation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buildings account for almost 40% of total energy use, in the European Union. Energy losses in this sector should be reduced. To reach this, thermal insulation of buildings is a key solution. Polystyrene insulations are ordinary, and their thermal properties are well known. However, the most promising type is the graphite enhanced one with relatively less information. These graphite doped material products have much better thermal insulation properties than the conventional (white) ones. This paper will present measurements of sorption isotherms, combined with kinetic vapour experiments performed in a climatic chamber. Based on the results, the identification of the sorption isotherm will be shown. Moreover, the other scope of the paper is to apply a theoretical model used for diffusion after immersion to calculate the vapour diffusion in the samples treated in a climatic chamber. Furthermore, grain size analysis will be executed from microscope images, too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In almost all modern processing units, addition is a length of time function. The selection of adders for various applications is influenced by variables such as implementation space, adder latency, and energy dissipation. As a result, there is a significant amount of research focused on inventing quicker and adder designs with considerably less complexity and lower power consumption. Because they enable several design possibilities for achieving efficiency in terms of space, power, and time, as well as optimization of trade-offs, parallel-prefix adders are the commonest, use of the various adder topologies available. These are the type of adders that takes advantage of the prefix action to conduct competent addition. In this paper, we will examine two different forms of parallel prefix adders. i.e (Kogge Stone Adder (KSA), Brent Kung Adder (BKA)). Additionally, Ripple Carry Adder (RCA), Carry Lookahead Adder (CLA), and Carry Skip Adder (CSA) are also investigated and the energy, space consumed, latency, and efficiency are all included in the study. by performing Synthesis and Simulation process using Cadence Virtuoso 180nm technology. Using the recommended designs, we programmed for design of parallel prefix adders using Verilog HDL. for bit-widths 8,16. The synthesis results show that the suggested parallel prefix adders have a lot of reduced latency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the fragility analysis of the safety and reliability of the damping devices cover of nuclear power plant under impact of the container of nuclear fuel of type TK C30 drop. The finite element idealization of nuclear power plant structure is used in space. The steel pipe damper system is proposed for dissipation of the kinetic energy of the container free fall. The experimental results of the shock-damper basic element behaviour under impact loads are presented. The Newmark integration method is used for solution of the dynamic equations. The fragility analysis of the damping devices was realized in MathCAD, FReET and ANSYS software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microgrid consists of low voltage distribution systems with Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and controllable loads. Microgrids can be made to operate in two different ways i.e., connected to a medium-voltage grid or islanded in a controlled and coordinated manner. Microgrids are controlled in such a way that their current state is monitored from a central control unit. This occurrence increases the reliability of the system. Moreover, this characteristic increases the controllability, security, and ease of power flow. By connecting load centers with microgrid, uninterrupted power is supplied to households and industries, this in return can prevent energy theft, interruptions, and loss in energy. On the other hand, the real challenge lies in the automation of the complete process which involves monitoring, protection, and control of grid parameters. In this research paper, the authors propose a system to elucidate microgrid reconfiguration issues that happens due to faults and dynamic change in energy usage patterns. With the help of suitable processor-based technology, the research work is targeted at automating the process, reducing the cost and size of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buildings account for almost 40 % of total energy use, in the European Union. Energy losses in this sector should be reduced. To achieve this, thermal insulation of buildings is one of the possibilities. The potential for energy savings can be increased by retrofitting buildings with insulation. In order to sufficiently reduce the heat loss through the walls, traditional insulation materials are not always the perfect solution. In some places, only the new nanotechnological/advanced insulating materials (such as aerogels, ceramic-containing insulating paints, vacuum insulating panels) can be used. Nowadays, the term "Super Insulation Materials", often used in foreign literature, is used for these materials. These products have much better thermal insulation properties and therefore can be used in much thinner sizes. Fibrous aerogel samples are one of the above mentioned super insulator ones. In this paper humidity tests and calculations will be presented executed on these materials. The tests cover the examinations of moisture related properties with special attention to the estimation of diffusivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The co-kneader is a single-screw extruder, which performs an oscillating motion in extrusion direction additionally to rotating. The four rows of kneading pins along the cylinder walls combined with the interrupted screw flights make a high mixing possible, while enabling gentle processing at manageable shear forces and exact temperature control. Although the co-kneader is used for a wide variety of material systems as polyvinylchloride or polyamide and especially for special applications in the industry, its process design is mainly based on experimental trials. Therefore, an analytical model which allows a description of polymer melting and flow in the kneader was developed by Rudloff et al. In this previous work satisfactory simulation results could be achieved when using a retaining ring at the end of the melting zone which causes material backlog. This enables to define the melting start at the begin of the first mixing element and to assume a fully filled melting zone as well as apply dispersed melting models. However, if the co-kneader is operated without a retaining ring, the pellets can pass through the melting zone and only plastic deformation occurs, until the melt film is formed further towards the die by heat conduction. In this paper, a first model approach of plastic energy dissipation (PED) for Co-Kneaders is developed to specify the start of melting more precisely for all configurations. In the model, the energy dissipation was formulated as a function of granulate geometry and weight, mechanical material parameters and degree of granulate deformation. This allows to extend the existing dispersive melting model to include the melting contribution from PED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote Radio Unit-RRU 5G Heatsink systems are using natural convection cooling due to some outstanding advantages such as low cost, high reliability, noiseless operation, and hard environment operation. However, some main disadvantages such as a relatively low heat transfer and low heat dissipation density are to be solved by optimal heat sink fin design. This paper describes an optimal heatsink fin profile design with V shape angle to maximize natural cooling for RRU 5G embedded heat pipe and vapor chamber technology. Several core ICs of RRU 5G with high heat loss sources up to a hundred W are embedded copper plates and heat pipes. Temperature measurements were carried out to validate the RRU 5G 8T8R heatsink modeling and experimental methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harmonically vibrated granular media exhibit a variety of motional behaviours depending on amplitude, frequency, and vibration-to-gravity directional orientation. Motional behaviour defines the physical interactions of particles in the granular media and therefore the energy dissipation performance. A "phase map" that describes motional behaviour over broad ranges of frequency and amplitude is therefore a very useful tool in damper design. However, at present, identification of the operating motional conditions within the granular media has only been conducted by visual observation of the particles following a particle-level simulation or a specifically designed experiment. Because of this, design optimisation over a broad range of amplitude and frequency becomes costly. This paper aims to help reduce this cost through the development of approximate phase maps based on expected dissipative interactions of particles. Three-dimensional discrete element method simulations are conducted over a wide range of excitation intensities under two different vibration-to-gravity directional orientations (i.e., perpendicular, and parallel to the standard gravity direction) to allow the observation of as many motional phases as possible. The effect of particle size, volume filling ratio and particle shape on granular energy dissipation sources are also investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a method for quantitatively calculating the responsibility of harmonic energy loss. First, we establish a Norton equivalent circuit at the PCC to obtain a harmonic loss calculation formula for the user and the background under the condition that the circuit equivalent parameters are known. For the background side of the PCC, the background fluctuation harmonic method is used to calculate the background equivalent harmonic impedance. For the user side of the PCC, the user equivalent harmonic impedance is estimated by calculating the fundamental impedance. Under the premise of accurately calculating the equivalent circuit parameters, by measuring the voltage and current data of the PCC during the analysis period, the user's responsibility for harmonic energy loss can be quantitatively calculated. Through the IEEE14 node system simulation test, the calculation results show that our error control is within a small range, and the calculation method is accurate and easy to implement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The single most important seismic performance decision an architect can make is the location of the seismic bracing. Placing it on the exterior envelope is preferred from an engineering point of view because this location creates the greatest separation between parallel frames and reduces rotation of the floor slabs, vastly improving the seismic performance of the building. The problem with this location, from an architect's point of view, is that seismic bracing systems' come in the limited form of X's or V's and shear walls are solid, or mostly solid, blocking light to the building's interior. Furthermore, the standard concentric X brace or chevron brace offer little architectural possibility as their design is mandated by strict adherence to building codes which rely on approved steel elements such as Hollow Steel Sections or Wide Flanges and their geometries have become common place. This paper discusses the untapped architectural potential of an eccentric braced frame from a theoretical perspective, then it examines a built case-study and finally surveys the work of architecture students at the University of California, Berkeley who designed bracing systems based on the concepts presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unmatched construction increase happened in last decade and the domestic construction from late 80s can be labelled as inefficient energy units. Building sector consumes energy more than 54 % and residential sector around 24 % in north region. The rising cost of per unit energy is huge concern especially the cooling loads. The inefficient houses are raising the peak demand becomes a challenge to meet the demand versus generation. This issue must be addressed at micro level. The major energy loss happened through windows (being the crucial component of building services) and more heat inside the building than other components such as wall, roof etc. This paper investigates the possible reasons and gaps that why residential sector is not susceptible towards sustainable windows to lower their electricity bills. The research carried in two phases and questionnaire is framed to gather the data for analysis with aid of experts and literature reviews. It is concluded that awareness of occupant plays a pivotal role in advancement of sustainable windows besides other crucial factors such as orientation, make, glazing type etc. The collective efforts of architect, engineer, vendors and occupant can bridge the gap to reduce energy consumption. The initial cost of sustainable windows can be offset with savings and aid of government policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work proposes a mathematical modeling-based concept for developing an energy-efficient and precise automatic control system for three power stations: the Zmiivska Thermal Power Station (TPS) 200 & 300 MW power units Pivdennoukrainska Nuclear Power Station (NPS) 1000 MW power unit. The study aims to optimize the operational modes of the power stations to minimize energy losses and maximize the control error-to-control time ratio. The research uses a structural-parametric synthesis approach to develop an effective precision controller using inverse dynamics issues. Astatic, zero-control-error controllers have been suggested for the first time The research paper calculates the primary input, output, energy loss, and disturbance values of the turbo-generator plant block diagram's control object. The study also proposes algorithms and control approaches to increase the accuracy of turbo-generator regulation from 0.3% to 0.06, meeting international standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of the power quality is a traditional task of ensuring the reliable operation of electrical equipment. The paper provides an analysis of the influence of nonsinusoidal and unbalanced voltages on a three-phase induction motor. The characteristics are taken from publications, which propose using them to analyze the effect of nonsinusoidal and unbalanced voltages on induction motors. These characteristics are additional energy losses, service life, and efficiency. The analysis and assessment of the influence of nonsinusoidal and unbalanced voltages on a three-phase induction motor of a ball mill of the gold recovery factory of JSC "Aleksandrovsky Mine" are given. The analysis results of the measured indices of the power quality at the point of distribution of electrical energy from the power supply organization to the gold recovery factory are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The brake pad is a very important part, on which the safety of car operation for the surrounding transport and people largely depends. The paper considers the methods of testing brake pads under the influence of concentrated loads. A method is proposed for calculating a concentrated load, the stresses from which in the selected section correspond to the stresses from the real distributed load. The purpose of this work is to derive the calculated dependencies to determine the equivalent concentrated dynamic (or static) force for a given specific pressure and pad design. An analytical formula for calculating the brake pad is given. A static recalculation formula is given. It is found that the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the movements and forces of the loaded brake pads, the patterns of energy dissipation in the brake mechanism change depending on the parameters of the braking mode, inertial, elastic and dissipative load forces that are in the brake state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present technology commonly uses manually operated devices to cut the grass, creating pollution and energy loss. In this project, we introduce the automatic grass cutter for cutting grass. Automatic grass cutter can able to decrease the workload of cutting grasses in the field; also in this, the operating force is given by the rechargeable battery that is fixed to the cutter, sensors, and crane mechanism can able to find out the unwanted things and get around while the operation. The grass-cutter and motors used in the vehicle will be frontier with the Arduino mega2560, the entire motors' management. The vehicle will be in boundary with the ultrasonic sensor to identify the object. On obstacle detection, the ultrasonic sensor monitors it, and the Arduino thus stops the grass cuter motor to negotiate any damage to the object/human/animal, whatever it is. It consists of obstacle avoidance, android application, adjustable level of grass-cutter, and gear wire blade. Also, the design parameters are discussed in this paper. This study aims to develop an autonomous grass-cutting robot embedded with obstacle avoidance and grass level adjustments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowing that initiation can occur at a lower height during a vertical fall of a projectile on an inclined target than on a horizontal one, devices were developed to determine critical thresholds of high explosives. Sand grits or abrasive paper was glued to increase the roughness of the target surface and maximize the friction. In this paper, data obtained on four HMX and/or TATB-based PBXs using pendulum drop configurations are detailed. To estimate the heat released by friction at the interface, the energy dissipated at the interface is estimated using an analytical model. This paper demonstrates that our PBXs/target friction cannot only be the heating source leading to initiation, as was also demonstrated by Dyer and Taylor (1970) and Parker et al. (2013) for US explosive compositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the reduction of slamming effects related to liquid sloshing in moving tanks by using internal vertical perforated screens. The research is framed in the context of the evaluation of energy dissipation in Tuned Sloshing Dampers (TSD), generally applied in civil engineering for the structural vibration control of tall buildings. A deep understanding of the physical problem and the mechanisms generating and suppressing waves within the tank in relation to the dissipation energy which the device could be able to provide is much needed, yet not achieved in the literature. The paper presents some recent advances in this framework through an experimental campaign carried out on tanks with different dimensions subjected to harmonic motion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper presents the possibility of heavy fragments identification using energy loss method and ωnk criterion in the STS detector of the CBM experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the question: what is the physical origin of friction in a contact of two amorphos, hard, smooth elastic surfaces (as e.g. DLC coatings). The dissipation channels due to viscoelasticity, plasticity or elastic instabilities are not active in such systems. We show that short range adhesion leads to "adhesion instabilities" which cause energy dissipation similarly to the classic elastic instabilities mechanicsm. We argue that the main governing parameter determining friction in such systems is the "Johnson parameter" introduced 1995 by K.H. Johnson. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a calculation and explores the possibility of using a controlled thyristor converter unit to enhance existing or electrify new sections of DC railways. It is based on the idea of abandoning use of expensive converter transformers and direct connection of the controlled thyristor converters to any lines with a voltage of 10 kV, including inter-substation zones. The relevance of the study is determined by reduction of capital costs for the construction and maintenance of traction substations, as well as reduction of electrical energy losses in the DC traction network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steel coupling beam is a substantial member in hybrid coupled walls system that greatly enhance the strength and the energy dissipation capacity of the system compared to coupled walls linked by convention reinforced coupling beams and diagonally reinforced coupling beams. To enhance these characteristics even more, a corrugated web may be used instead of the traditional flat web. This paper presents a numerical analysis using finite elements software (ABAQUS) to investigate the nonlinear behavior of both types of steel coupling beams (with flat web and with corrugated web). The effect of initial imperfection on the nonlinear behavior of steel coupling beams was taken into account. The results were compared with the available experimental data of steel coupling beams with the flat web. Good agreement was noticed between the experimental and the numerical results. Among the conclusions drawn in this study is that using a corrugated web as an alternative to a flat web may increase both the strength and the energy dissipation of the steel coupling beams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase of power conversion stages has increased the power converter technology in various fields. The selection of switches for different applications is a tedious and challenging task as it involves the power level and switching frequency of the desired application. The recent technologies developed high power density semiconductor devices that not only operate at higher power levels but also at higher frequencies. This has given a wide variety of choices for the selection of switches for the desired application. This necessitates having knowledge of the dynamics of individual switches. In this regard, this paper presents a study of the switching characteristics of different semiconductor devices such as Si-based IGBT, Si, SiC, and GaN-based MOSFET. The standard double pulse test method has been used to characterize these semiconductor devices in LTspice software. Further, an attempt has been made to compare the switching parameters of the devices with similar test conditions. The comparison has been made with respect to different switching parameters like turn-on and turn-off times and energy loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote Radio Unit (RRU) is the main part of the 5G base station that has a great size with a high density of chipsets and be operated with significantly high temperature. This paper introduces an optimization protocol of geometric parameters of heat sink on thermal dissipation for RRU 5G 8T8R operation at 2600MHZ. Firstly, the heat sink is calculated by analytical method with minimization of entropy energy. In the next step, two more prototypes of heat sink are proposed to consider their performance on thermal dissipation. The simulation results demonstrated that in general, the heat sink with V-shaped fin has the better performance on thermal dissipation in comparison to conventional models such as in-line arrangement fin heat sinks. An optimal heatsink for RRU 5G have been simulated by FEM method considering different working conditions such as wind speed and high attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three photovoltaic (PV) systems with the identical solar panels, the same charge controllers, and similar loads, but with different used battery types: AGM deep-cycle, LiFePO4 and lead-carbon were installed in Riga, Latvia for a long-term monitoring and analysis of the operation efficiency and potential energy losses in batteries under real operation conditions. Results of one full year of monitoring are analysed in this paper resulting quantitative indicators during different seasons. During the wintertime with low energy production, the difference in energy losses for different battery types is relatively big. On the other hand, the performance analysis during summer months, when the received solar energy increases significantly, shows the narrowing gap in stored and used energy balance between different battery types. Energy losses for all the battery types strongly depend on the monthly discharged energy, growing up to more than 50% for months with negligible amount of sunlight, meaning very ineffective operation of batteries during this period. However, the amount of energy that is lost is reduced, regardless of the type of battery tested, if the battery has a higher charge. It can be inferred that lead batteries have significantly bigger energy losses in comparison to the other two types of batteries that were observed at all of the recorded charge levels, ranging from 2 to 10 kWh. At lower charge levels, the gap between the energy losses caused by deep-cycle batteries and those caused by lithium-ion batteries becomes more pronounced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water pumping in many applications is very important. Solar concentrating techniques make an opportunity for Cheaper and more Reliable Pumping water. This paper; propose a new method for water pumping based on solar concentrating technique. This method is more reliable and cheaper in comparison with current solar concentrating techniques like Dish-Stirlling and coupling a steam engine with a solar dish. The main competitive advantage of proposed method is in cases that current methods for pumping water are expensive or impossible to use. For example in long distances that Pumping have troubles like water hammer effect. This system includes three main parts: 1-Solar Collector 2-Compressor apparatus 3-Air Lift Pump. Key innovation in this system is application of a new compressor that directly use heat (that is receive from sun by solar collector)for compressing air, and by means of this design, energy losses and initial and running costs will reduce greatly and efficiency of solar water pumping will increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ions with energies above the plasma ion temperature (also called super thermal, hot or energetic particles - EP) are utilized in laboratory experiments as a plasma heat source to compensate for energy loss. Sources for super thermal ions are direct injection via neutral beams, RF heating and fusion reactions. Being super thermal, ions have the potential to induce instabilities of a certain class of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) cavity modes, in particular, various Alfvén and Alfvénacoustic Eigenmodes. It is an area where ideal MHD and kinetic theories can be tested with great accuracy. This paper touches upon key motivations to study the energetic ion interactions with MHD modes. One is the possibility of controlling the heating channel of present and future tokamak reactors via EP transport. In some extreme circumstances, uncontrolled instabilities led to vessel wall damages. This paper reviews some experimental and theoretical advances and the developments of the predictive tools in the area of EP wave interactions. Some recent important results and challenges are discussed. Many predicted instabilities pose a challenge for ITER, where the alpha-particle population is likely to excite various modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trend of decreasing device size and increasing chip densities involving several hundred millions of transistors per chip has resulted in tremendous increase in design complexity. Low power SRAMs are essential in today's demand as they are preferred as on chip memories with read write stability. The primary design challenge related to the conventional six-transistor (6T) memory cells is the conflicting set of requirements for achieving read data stability and write ability. The proposed seven-transistor SRAM cell for very high density and low power embedded applications as well as for stand-alone SRAM applications. It uses two word-lines and one pair bit-line. Read operation perform from one side of cell, and write operation perform from another side of cell. This paper presents a method based on multi-Vt to increase read, write stability and reduce the total leakage power dissipation of SRAMs while maintaining their performance. The proposed method is based on the observation that read and write delays of a memory cell in an SRAM block depend on the physical distance of the cell from the sense amplifier and it is also depend on Vt. The Cadence Virtuoso simulation in standard 45nm CMOS technology confirms all results obtained for this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A flow structure around a ground vehicle has been studied by many researchers using numerous methods, either computational or experimental. However, no analysis of flow field generated by a car passing under a flyover has been carried out. One of the famous simplified models of a car is the Ahmed body that has been established to investigate the influence of the flow structure on the drag. In this paper, we investigate a flow field around Ahmed body of a single cruising condition as the vehicle passes under a flyover, using a computational method with RANS equation. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the turbulence kinetic energy and velocity magnitude developed within the wall boundary created by the flyover, to the air flow field that is generated by the Ahmed reference car. It was observed that the simulated airflow passes the vehicle was bounded by the wall of the flyover and consequently changes the pattern of the flow field. Understanding the characteristic of this flow field under a flyover is essential if one wants to maximize the recovery of the dissipated energy which, for example, can be used to power a small vertical-axis wind turbine to produce and store electrical energy for lighting under the flyover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An equation to predict blast effects from cased charges was first proposed by U. Fano in 1944 and revised by E.M. Fisher in 1953 [1]. Fisher's revision provides much better matches to available blast impulse data, but still requires empirical parameter adjustments. A new derivation [2], based on the work of R.W. Gurney [3] and G.I. Taylor [4], has resulted in an equation which nearly matches experimental data. This new analytical model is also capable of being extended, through the incorporation of additional physics, such as the effects of early case fracture, finite casing thickness, casing metal strain energy dissipation, explosive gas escape through casing fractures and the comparative dynamics of blast wave and metal fragment impacts. This paper will focus on the choice of relevant case fracture strain criterion, as it will be shown that this allows the explicit inclusion of the dynamic properties of the explosive and casing metal. It will include a review and critique of the most significant earlier work on this topic, contained in a paper by Hoggatt and Recht [5]. Using this extended analytical model, good matches can readily be made to available free-field blast impulse data, without any empirical adjustments being needed. Further work will be required to apply this model to aluminised and other highly oxygen-deficient explosives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy model is an important consideration for designing clustering protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks. By considering both energy consumption of transmitter and receiver, a more accurate energy-efficient protocols can be proposed. This paper shows node degree as a criterion to ensure minimum energy dissipation in the network when both components of the energy model are considered. This paper proposes a clustering algorithm that considers node degree to form clusters. The paper provides simulation results to show the energy dissipation corresponding to different node degrees and concludes that node degree has significant impact to the energy consumption in the network. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

These This paper considers a wide range of options for the allowing regeneration onto the aircraft bus for possible inclusion in future aircraft power quality specifications. For many loads, such as actuators, the size and weight of power converters could be significantly reduced if the requirement to avoid regeneration was removed from the specifications. As an example of regeneration this paper presents a study regarding the application of an electrical mechanical actuator (EMA) to drive the aileron of an aircraft using a real flight profile as a reference. The converter used in this study is a two stage matrix converter. The study is focused on the input power flow of the converter, showing that the total amount of energy that would be regenerated to the aircraft power network is very small and the advantage of using a bi-directional power flow converter is simply to reduce the size of the braking circuit. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This research paper deals with the challenges and opportunities of in-wheel motors for solar electric vehicles. Since pollution and energy conservation is a major concern, therefore, to carry out this demand it is quite necessary to make a new exploration of natural resource of energy and power. Therefore, sunlight at present is considered a source of energy. Hub motors are safe, high performance, cost-efficient. After the energy is stored in the batteries, it is available for use by the motor & motor controller to drive the car. The in-wheel motor is based on the principle of a DC electric motor to drive the vehicle wheels so that the mechanical components like differential and the energy loss are minimized. In addition, the method lowers the maintenance cost. The purpose of this paper is to compare Brush Less Direct Current (BLDC) motor and in-wheel motor. A microcontroller is used for a purpose that it can change the speed of individual hub motor so that the car does not drag- off while taking a sharp turn and can also switch to the fully recharged battery when it senses that another battery is empty or not providing enough power to drive the motor. A complete different circuit is made to get away from voltage problem due to movement of sun, earth or cloud etc. However, after all these being proceeded, the motor controller adjusts the amount of energy that flows to the motor to correspond to the throttle. The motor uses that energy to drive the wheels. Our aim is to bring solar electric vehicle on roads as fast as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to the task of supplying the melt dominated sections with sufficient material, the solids conveying section also is important for the drive dimensioning, since a considerable part of the drive power is converted in the form of dissipated friction power. The dissipation energy is caused between the granules and screw or barrel and by the internal friction of the material caused by relative movements in the solid block. The latter is not taken into account in current power models due to the complex kinematic movements of the granules. For simplification, it is assumed that there is a block flow of the granule bed in which the energy is passed purely by heat conduction to the granules in the interior of the block. However, this assumption is inadequate for many applications and the studies presented in this paper show that internal dissipation accounts for a significant proportion of temperature generation in the solids conveying section. Due to the current achievable resolution in the area of DEM simulations, the description of the granules in the solid block is now made tangible. In this way, investigations can be done regarding the granular shape influence on the development of heat by dissipation. In the case of cylindrical particles, for example, there is the possibility that the particles regularly align themselves in the screw channel and unroll beneath each other. This is of great importance for practical applications, as it is well known that a poor melting behavior of cylindrical polyamide on universal screws is observed. The influence of the granulate form and the material parameters as well as other process parameters has been investigated and mathematically recorded. Numerous simulations based on the Discrete Element Method (DEM) have been performed and validated by experimental data. The results are summarized in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper present an Operational amplifier (op-amp) design using Floating-gate Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (FGMOS). FGMOS is a technology design that has been introduced as an element in low voltage circuit design in CMOS technology. Proposed 90nm FGMOS operational amplifier circuit consists of two stages namely input differential circuit and output buffer stage that contributes in amplifying an input signal. The simulate results show approximately 42 dB of gain with 3dB-bandwidth of 233 kHz, unity gain bandwidth of 23.6 MHz and total power dissipation of 203.3520 mW. The proposed FGMOS designs show comparable result with conventional MOSFET designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposed s the implementation of FGMOS transistors in operational amplifier design using 0.13 μm technology. The proposed design and the output simulations are performed using Pyxis Simulator by Mentor Graphic. The main characteristic of the design is the implementation floating gate MOSFET (FGMOS) at the second stage programmable circuit. To help enabling or disabling the amplifying stage, the programmable circuit is independently controlled by floating gate inputs voltage. The supply voltage for this amplifier is 1.0 V with power dissipation of 73mW and Vth = 0.486 V. The design shows stable condition with the magnitude of 13.7 dB and phase margin of 169.291°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scanning transmission electron microscopes provide atomic-resolution images and electron-energy loss spectra of crystalline systems. Density functional theory is a “theoretical microscope” that provides energetically preferred structures and excitation spectra. This paper gives a summary of several applications that demonstrate the breadth and depth of new results that can be obtained from a synergistic application of the experimental and theoretical methods to a wide range of complex materials systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the dynamic modes of the Sel'kov fractional self-oscillating system in order to simulate the interaction of cracks. The spectra of the maximum Lyapunov exponents, constructed depending on the parameters of the dynamic system, are used as a research tool. The maximum Lyapunov exponents were constructed according to the Benettin-Wolf algorithm. It is shown that the existence of chaotic regimes is possible. In particular, the spectrum of the maximum Lyapunov exponents of the order of the fractional derivative contains positive values, which indicates the presence of a chaotic regime. Phase trajectories were also constructed to confirm these results. It was also confirmed that the orders of fractional derivatives are responsible for dissipation in the system under consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interactions of a vibrating string with its supports and other spatially distributed barriers play a significant role in the physics of many stringed musical instruments. It is well known that the tone of the string vibrations is determined by the string supports, and that the boundary conditions of the string termination may cause a short-lasting initial fundamental frequency shifting. Generally, this phenomenon is associated with the nonlinear modulation of the stiff string tension. The aim of this paper is to study the initial frequency glide phenomenon that is induced only by the string-barrier interaction, apart from other possible physical causes, and without the interfering effects of dissipation and dispersion. From a numerical simulation perspective, this highly nonlinear problem may present various difficulties, not the least of which is the risk of numerical instability. We propose a numerically stable and a purely kinematic model of the string-barrier interaction, which is based on the travelling wave solution of the ideal string vibration. The model is capable of reproducing the motion of the vibrating string exhibiting the initial fundamental frequency glide, which is caused solely by the complex nonlinear interaction of the string with its termination. The results presented in this paper can expand our knowledge and understanding of the timbre evolution and the physical principles of sound generation of numerous stringed instruments, such as lutes called the tambura, sitar and biwa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high-rise frame structures mainly occur the shear deformation under the action of horizontal load. This deformation has large interlayer displacement response values in the lower floors and relatively small displacement response values in the upper floors. Therefore, the displacement dependent damper，such as metal dampers, can be installed on the lower floor of the structure, and the velocity dependent damper, such as viscous dampers, can be installed on the upper part of the structure. A high-rise steel structure model is selected as an example. The damping amount of additional metal damping and viscous damping to the example model is calculated by damping-performance-curve method. Then, the damping of metal dampers is added to the lower floor, and the damping of viscous dampers is added to the upper floor. At last, the energy dissipation effect of the structure is compared with the original structure, the structure only with metal dampers and the structure only with viscous dampers. The results show that its seismic response value is between the structure only with metal dampers and the structure only with viscous dampers. The energy dissipation effect of the structure is relatively stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the LHC Long Shutdown 2, the ALICE experiment has undergone numerous upgrades to cope with the large amount of data expected. Among all new elements integrated into ALICE, the experiment counts with a new Inner Tracking System (ITS), with innovative pixel sensors that will substantially improve the performance of the system. The new detector is powered up through a complex Low Voltage (LV) distribution, increasing the power dissipated by the detector and requiring the installation of a large number of temperature measurement points. In 2020, a new safety system has been developed to distribute the ITS LV interlock system and to monitor the new temperature values. The safety system is based on a Siemens S7-1500 PLC device. The control application governing the PLC has been configured through the UNICOS-CPC infrastructure made at CERN for the standardisation of industrial applications. UNICOS-CPC enables both the automatisation of control tasks governing the PLC and the interface to the WinCC OA based SCADA system. This paper provides a complete description of the setup of this safety system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, aspects of the numerical modeling of acoustic waves propagation in 2D inhomogeneous model "atmosphere-forest layer-ground" are considered. The linear damping function was introduced into the main acoustic equations. This function characterizes the energy dissipation of the acoustic waves propagating in the forest layer. The problem of the interaction of acoustic waves falling onto the ground covered by the forest layer and seismic waves arising in the ground are considered. The influence of the forest layer on the amplitudes of acoustic waves and seismic waves excited in the ground was investigated. An influence of damping coefficient on the rate of acoustic oscillations attenuation in the forest was estimated. The algorithm and the program for calculation the acoustic pressure levels in different media using the wave equation for the atmosphere, Euler's gas dynamics equations for forest, and the elasticity equation for the ground have been developed and implemented. The results of numerical experiments as instantaneous snapshots of the wave field were presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, microstructure evolution and mechanic properties of metastable near Ti-5553 alloy were investigated. SHPB, SHTB and light gas gun were employed to carry out the dynamic loadings. Microstructure evolution were characterized by OM, quantitative metallography and XRD. The experimental results demonstrated that stress-induced martensite transformation occur in metastable Ti-5553 alloy through SHPB, SHTB and plate impact loadings. In SHPB loading test, stress-induced martensite transformation is one of the methods that dissipate energy besides of adiabatic shear band, and also occur before ASB. In SHTB and SHPB+SHTB loading tests, the transformation amount of stressinduced martensite exhibit similar trend. In plate impact experiment, the content of martensite phase transformation increased with the impact velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the concepts of platformless DC connections of offshore wind turbines. First, the paper describes the possible and preferred wind turbine drivetrain arrangements capable of producing sufficiently high DC voltage. Then, the electrical system designs appropriate for the platformless DC architectures are discussed. After that, the potential economic benefits of direct DC connections of offshore wind turbines are analyzed, showing significant CapEX reduction up to 20-25% when compared to the AC collection and transmission solutions. Control concepts of the wind farm plant and DC connection system are also briefly discussed. The paper concludes that the platformless DC connections would offer lower cost, higher efficiency and enhanced grid support, thus promising for medium and large offshore wind plants in many cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]