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A biography of George Miller Beard, an American physician of New York City, is presented. He was born on May 8, 1839 and studied at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York. Beard specialized in electro-therapeutics with nervous diseases and worked in close connection with Dr. A.D. Rockwell. He focused on inebriety, a functional nervous disease, and published papers which made the distinction between the vice of drinking and the disease. Beard died on January 23, 1883.

Information on the 19th century physician John William Draper of New York City is presented. He was born on May 5, 1811 and died on January 4, 1882. He completed his medical education at the University of Pennsylvania and graduated with honors in 1836. Institutions where Draper taught included Hampden Sydney College in Virginia and the University of New York. His research on the application of chemistry to physiology is also discussed, including papers such as "A Treatise on Human Physiology, Statical and Dynamical."

Chapter 22 of the book "Howard Hughes: His Life and Madness," by Donald L. Barlett and James B. Steele is presented. It highlights the withdrawal of Hughes from the public and his resettlement to a block-long building at Romaine Street in the U.S. where his important documents and financial papers were kept. It also explores the investigation of the burglary occurred at the building which stolen some significant papers of Hughes.

An encyclopedia entry for American physician John Lawrence Smith of Louisville, Kentucky is presented. Doctor Smith was born near Charleston, South Carolina on December 17, 1818 and died on October 12, 1883. In 1872, he was elected president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Under the name of the "Southern Journal of Medicine and Pharmacy," he established and edited the "Charleston Medical Journal" in 1846.

An encyclopedia entry for physician Charles E. Wright of Indianapolis, Indiana is presented. Born on November 1, 1843, Wright obtained his medical degree at the Medical College of Ohio after which he practiced his profession specializing on eye, ear and nose diseases. He was once an editor of the "Indiana Medical Journal" who contributed to medical literature through editorials, reports of cases and submission of papers.

An encyclopedia entry for Elkanah Williams, an American ophthalmologist, is presented. Born on December 19, 1822, Williams studied medicine with Dr. Isaac Denson of Bedford, Indiana and became a private student of Dr. T. G. Richardson. He introduced the ophthalmoscope to surgeons in London, England and was the first regularly accredited physician in the U.S.

An encyclopedia entry for U.S. physician William Thomson is presented. Thomson studied the field of pharmacy before he obtained his degree in medicine at the Jefferson Medical College in 1855. He worked as a medical director to the U.S. Regular Army in Washington, D.C. during the Civil War. As the director, he was obliged to find shelter, food and surgical aid to those who were wounded in the war.

A biography of Alembert Winthrop Brayton, an American physician of Indianapolis, Indiana, is presented. Brayton was born on March 3, 1848 in New York but lived amongst corn fields in Illinois. His medical education was attained in many schools which was concluded in the Medical College of Indiana. He made several contributions to zoological literature and concentrated on the study of fishes and birds. Brayton was elected to several chairs and commenced the practice of medicine, particularly on diseases of the skin.

A biographical entry for James I. Rooker, an American physician and surgeon of Castleton, Indiana, is presented. Rooker graduated from the Medical College of Ohio in 1857. He was a medical staff of the U.S. Army at Fort Sumter, Indiana and was assigned as surgeon to the 11th Regiment Indiana Volunteers. He was a lecturer in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Indianapolis, Indiana and was one of the founders of the Central College of Physicians and Surgeons of Indiana. He authored numerous medical papers and was a member of medical societies.

A biographical entry for Hugo Otto Pantzer, an American physician and surgeon of Indianapolis, Indiana, is presented. Pantzer studied medicine under different mentors and attended lectures at the Indiana Medical College. He practiced medicine in Indianapolis and pursued his medical profession by traveling to Europe and studying at different German universities. Pantzer was a member of various medical societies and also prepared several papers on medical subjects published in different medical journals.

Information on the 19th century physician Hiram Corson of Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania is presented. He was born on October 8, 1804 and acquired his medical degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1828. He was condemned by other medical experts for his practice of having measles patients drink cold water instead of hot tea and for sponging the bodies of scarlet fever patients with cold water when they were experiencing high fever. He wrote numerous papers on the treatment of measles and scarlet fever from 1857 to 1882.

A biography of Agrippa Nelson Bell, an American physician of Brooklyn, New York, is presented. He was born on August 3, 1820 and graduated from Jefferson Medical College. Bell served with the U.S. Navy for over eight years then went into private practice. He focused on sanitary matters such that he was involved in the country's quarantine, hygiene, and public health organizations. Bell contributed many papers on topics such as vaccination, disinfection, and marine hygiene, and established the "Sanitarian," a monthly magazine on health preservation.

An encyclopedia entry for Dr. Freeman J. Bumstead, an American surgeon who was born in Boston, Massachusetts on April 21, 1826, is presented.

A biographical entry for William H. Pancoast, an American physician and surgeon of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is presented. Pancoast graduated in medicine at Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia in 1856 and became Emeritus Professor of anatomy in this college. He traveled to Europe in pursuit of his medical profession and acquired a high reputation as a skillful operative surgeon. Pancoast was a member of various medical associations and contributed valuable papers and clinical lectures on surgery to different medical journals.

A biographical entry for Thomas Graeme, an American physician and surgeon born in Balgowan, Scotland, is presented.

A biography of John Shaw Billings, an American physician of Washington, D.C., is presented. He was born on April 12, 1838 and educated at Ohio Medical College. He joined the U.S. Army and was brevetted captain, major, and lieutenant-colonel for meritorious services during the war. Billings authored many reports with the "Index-Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office, United States Army" as his greatest work. He was lecturer at Johns Hopkins Hospital and member of many scientific organizations including the American Medical Association.

A biographical entry for William Warren Potter, an American physician and surgeon of Buffalo, New York, is presented. Potter received his medical degree from the University of Buffalo in 1859 and he was commissioned as assistant surgeon of the 49th Regiment New York State Volunteers in 1861. He was a member and officer of various medical societies and he also contributed valuable papers to medical literature.

A biographical entry for J. Y. F. Paine, an American physician and surgeon of Galveston, Texas, is presented. Paine completed his medical studies at the University of Louisiana in 1861. Her served as assistant surgeon of the 22nd Louisiana Regiment in December 1861 and was assigned as chief surgeon of the General Hospital Nidelet in Mobile, Alabama. Paine held various job positions in different offices and medical institutions and he was a member of several medical associations. He also contributed valuable papers to medical literature.

A biographical entry for American physician Robert Hare is presented. Hare studied at the Chemical School of the University of Pennsylvania, and he was given credit in 1813 for his invention of the oxy-hydrogen blowpipe. His other accomplishments include the invention of various instruments in galvanism and electricity, his theory of galvanism, and the apparatus called Dr. Hare's Deflagrator. He contributed valuable papers to the "American Journal of Pharmacy" and he also conducted experiments to promote the advance of medical science.

A biographical entry for American physician John Perdue Gray is presented. Gray received his medical degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1848. He worked as third assistant and later as acting superintendent to the New York State Lunatic Asylum at Utica. He was elected medical superintendent at the Michigan State asylum in 1853 and was appointed in similar position at the Utica asylum in 1854. He was the editor of the "American Journal of Insanity" and published addresses on medical topics.

Information on the 19th century physician Roland Gideon Curtin of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is presented. He was born on October 29, 1839 and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1866. Professional positions Curtin held in Philadelphia are described, including assistant medical director of the Centennial International Exhibition and lecturer on physical diagnosis at the University of Pennsylvania. His contributions to medical literature are considered, including the paper "Rocky Mountain Fever."

Information on the 19th century physician Leartus Connor of Detroit, Michigan is presented. He was born on January 29, 1843 and graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City in 1870. He became interested in ophthalmology and otology and abandoned all general practice to devote his time to managing related cases. He was the editor of the journal "American Lancet" since 1871 and contributed numerous papers to other medical journals. Connor was also a member of organizations such as the American Academy of Medicine.

An encyclopedia entry for American physician Edward Warren of Baltimore, Maryland is presented. Doctor Warren was born on January 22, 1828 in Tyrrell county, North Carolina and died in 1893 in Paris, France. In 1856, he received the Fisk Fund Prize for his essay "Effects of Pregnancy on the Developing of Tuberculosis." He was elected editor of the "North Carolina Medical Journal" in 1857.

An encyclopedia entry for physician William Heath Byford of Chicago, Illinois is presented. Born on March 20, 1817 to a mechanic, Dr. Byford live a childhood of poverty until a tailor took him as an apprentice. His medical degree was obtained from Ohio Medical College in 1844. He is credited for the organization of Women's Hospital Medical College and the selection of its faculty composed of the most prominent physicians.

An encyclopedia entry for American physician George Tully Vaughan, M.D., of Washington, D.C. is presented. Doctor Vaughan was born on June 27, 1859 in Nelson county, Virginia. He pursued his medical studies in New York City and graduated from Bellevue Hospital Medical College in 1880. One of his important contributions to medical literature is the paper "Report of 112 Cases of Obstetrics with Use of Chloroform in Labor."

An encyclopedia entry for Frank Sprague White, an American physician who was born on May 22, 1859 and who was known to have contributed several valuable papers on his specialty to medical literature, is presented.

A biographical entry for John A. Ouchterlony, an American physician and surgeon of Louisville, Kentucky, is presented.

A biographical entry for John Conrad Otto, an American physician and surgeon of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is presented.

A biographical entry for an Abraham M. Owen, an American physician and surgeon of Evansville, Indiana, is presented.

A reference entry is presented for Edward Davies McDaniel, physician, of Mobile, Alabama. He was born on July 7, 1822 in Chester county, South Carolina and received his medical degree from Medical College of the State of South Carolina in 1857. He had medical practice for more thirty years in Camden, Wilcox county in Alabama. Among his achievements is the adoption of his method of artificial respiration.

Information on 19th century physician James Edgar Chancellor of Charlottesville, Virginia is presented. He was born on January 26, 1826 in Charlottesville and obtained his medical degree at Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1848. Chancellor was commissioned assistant surgeon of the Confederate States army in 1861. He was appointed president of the Medical Society of Virginia in 1883. He published a number of medical papers including "Treatment of Ingrowing Toe Nails" and "Use of Iodoform in Syphilis."

Information on 19th century physician Henry C. Chapman of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is presented, including his graduation from the University of Pennsylvania's medical department in 1887, his membership in organizations such as the Academy of Natural Sciences, and his authorship of various papers in medical journals and in the "Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences."

Information on 19th century physician Ezra S. Carr of Pasadena, California is presented, including his earning of his medical degrees in 1842, his membership in organizations such as the American Medical Association and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and his authorship of scientific and medical papers including "Genesis of Crime" and "Patrons of Husbandry on the Pacific Coast."

A brief biography of Guido Bell, an American physician of Indianapolis, Indiana, is presented.

An encyclopedia entry is presented for James Russell Lowell, a poet and diplomatist in the U.S. whose poems include "A Year's Life," "A Legend of Brittany" and "The Bigelow Papers."

A biographical information on Mary Putnam Jacobi, a physician and author in New York City is presented. It discusses her early education in public schools, study of medicine with Doctor James L. Brown and graduation from the New York College of Pharmacy. It focuses on her admission and completion of a degree in medicine at the Ecole de Medicine in Paris, France. It explores her theory on the menstrual cycle, including the treatment of anemia with massage and cold packs.

A biographical information on Henry Denney Thomason, an author, physician and politician in Albion, Michigan is presented.

A biographical information on E. Miller Reid, a surgeon in Baltimore, Maryland is presented. It discusses his practice of medicine after graduation from the University of Maryland Department of Medicine. It focuses on his assignments to several military hospitals while on service to the U.S. Army as assistant surgeon. It examines his executive appointments at the American Medical Association and the Baltimore University School of Medicine.

A biographical information on Samuel Newell Hamilton, a surgeon in Connersville, Indiana is presented.

An encyclopedia entry for American physician Alexander M. Vedder of Schenectady, New York is presented. Doctor Vedder was born in Schenectady on January 15, 1814 and died on December 29, 1878 in New York City. He pursued his medical education at the University of Pennsylvania and graduated M.D. in 1839. He gained a reputation as one of the first physicians in the U.S. to acquire a comprehensive knowledge of percussion and auscultation.

An encyclopedia entry for physician Bedford Brown of Alexandria, Virginia is presented. Dr. Brown, son of North Carolina Senator Bedford Brown, took up medicine at the Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky and the Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Among his contributions to medical literature include "Treatment of Hydrocele," "Typhoid Pneumonia," and "The State of the Nutritive Functions During the Progressof Continued Fevers."

An encyclopedia entry for James Carter Willcox, a physician and surgeon, is presented. Born on November 21, 1857, Willcox is the son of John Willcox, and is of English, Scotch, Irish and German descent. He is said to have studied pharmacy and chemistry prior to taking up medicine at the University of Maryland and University of the City of New York where he graduated. He is noted for the successes of his surgical operations.

An encyclopedia entry for Robert Fulton Weir, a U.S. surgeon who was born on February 16, 1838 and who has devoted his career to surgery and to genito-urinary diseases, is presented.

An encyclopedia entry for U.S. physician Theodore Arthur Weed is presented. Weed served as assistant home physician for the patients at the Charity Hospital in Ohio. He also worked as clinical clerk, substitute house-surgeon and surgical dresser at the London Hospital in London, England in the 1870s. He specialized in the nature of and treatment for the diseases of kidneys, liver and stomach.

An encyclopedia entry for U.S. physician J. D. Thomas is presented. Thomas served as a private in the light artillery service during the last year of the Civil War in the U.S. in the 1800s. He obtained his degree as a medical professional at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College in New York City in 1869. He was affiliated with different medical organizations including the Pennsylvania Medical Society, Allegheny County Medical Society and the American Medical Association.