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A biography of George Miller Beard, an American physician of New York City, is presented. He was born on May 8, 1839 and studied at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York. Beard specialized in electro-therapeutics with nervous diseases and worked in close connection with Dr. A.D. Rockwell. He focused on inebriety, a functional nervous disease, and published papers which made the distinction between the vice of drinking and the disease. Beard died on January 23, 1883.

Information on the 19th century physician John William Draper of New York City is presented. He was born on May 5, 1811 and died on January 4, 1882. He completed his medical education at the University of Pennsylvania and graduated with honors in 1836. Institutions where Draper taught included Hampden Sydney College in Virginia and the University of New York. His research on the application of chemistry to physiology is also discussed, including papers such as "A Treatise on Human Physiology, Statical and Dynamical."

A biography of Ebenezer Clemo, an inventor, is presented. A native of London, England, he came to Canada in 1858 bringing with him his ability and genius. His books "The Canadian Homes" and "Simon Seek" provide insight into Canadian life and character. He invented and discovered the production of paper pulp using straw as raw material. He died in 1860 at the age of thirty while engaged in the construction of the machinery for paper pulp production at Morristown, New Jersey.

An encyclopedia entry for American physician John Lawrence Smith of Louisville, Kentucky is presented. Doctor Smith was born near Charleston, South Carolina on December 17, 1818 and died on October 12, 1883. In 1872, he was elected president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Under the name of the "Southern Journal of Medicine and Pharmacy," he established and edited the "Charleston Medical Journal" in 1846.

An encyclopedia entry for physician Charles E. Wright of Indianapolis, Indiana is presented. Born on November 1, 1843, Wright obtained his medical degree at the Medical College of Ohio after which he practiced his profession specializing on eye, ear and nose diseases. He was once an editor of the "Indiana Medical Journal" who contributed to medical literature through editorials, reports of cases and submission of papers.

An encyclopedia entry for Elkanah Williams, an American ophthalmologist, is presented. Born on December 19, 1822, Williams studied medicine with Dr. Isaac Denson of Bedford, Indiana and became a private student of Dr. T. G. Richardson. He introduced the ophthalmoscope to surgeons in London, England and was the first regularly accredited physician in the U.S.

An encyclopedia entry for U.S. physician William Thomson is presented. Thomson studied the field of pharmacy before he obtained his degree in medicine at the Jefferson Medical College in 1855. He worked as a medical director to the U.S. Regular Army in Washington, D.C. during the Civil War. As the director, he was obliged to find shelter, food and surgical aid to those who were wounded in the war.

A biography of Alembert Winthrop Brayton, an American physician of Indianapolis, Indiana, is presented. Brayton was born on March 3, 1848 in New York but lived amongst corn fields in Illinois. His medical education was attained in many schools which was concluded in the Medical College of Indiana. He made several contributions to zoological literature and concentrated on the study of fishes and birds. Brayton was elected to several chairs and commenced the practice of medicine, particularly on diseases of the skin.

An encyclopedia entry is presented for John F. Jenkins, physician, of Tecumseh, Michigan who was born on September 10, 1834 in Napanee, Canada and received his medical degree from the Department of Medicine and Surgery of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan in 1866.

An encyclopedia entry is presented for Nelson Luther North, surgeon, of Brooklyn, New York. He was born on April 20, 1830 in Elba of the said state and received his medical degree from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City on March 12, 1854. He is credited for being the first to advocate for the isolation and quarantine of those afflicted with scarlet fever and allied diseases, among other accomplishments.

A biographical entry for James I. Rooker, an American physician and surgeon of Castleton, Indiana, is presented. Rooker graduated from the Medical College of Ohio in 1857. He was a medical staff of the U.S. Army at Fort Sumter, Indiana and was assigned as surgeon to the 11th Regiment Indiana Volunteers. He was a lecturer in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Indianapolis, Indiana and was one of the founders of the Central College of Physicians and Surgeons of Indiana. He authored numerous medical papers and was a member of medical societies.

A biographical entry for Hugo Otto Pantzer, an American physician and surgeon of Indianapolis, Indiana, is presented. Pantzer studied medicine under different mentors and attended lectures at the Indiana Medical College. He practiced medicine in Indianapolis and pursued his medical profession by traveling to Europe and studying at different German universities. Pantzer was a member of various medical societies and also prepared several papers on medical subjects published in different medical journals.

Information on the 19th century physician Hiram Corson of Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania is presented. He was born on October 8, 1804 and acquired his medical degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1828. He was condemned by other medical experts for his practice of having measles patients drink cold water instead of hot tea and for sponging the bodies of scarlet fever patients with cold water when they were experiencing high fever. He wrote numerous papers on the treatment of measles and scarlet fever from 1857 to 1882.

A biography of Agrippa Nelson Bell, an American physician of Brooklyn, New York, is presented. He was born on August 3, 1820 and graduated from Jefferson Medical College. Bell served with the U.S. Navy for over eight years then went into private practice. He focused on sanitary matters such that he was involved in the country's quarantine, hygiene, and public health organizations. Bell contributed many papers on topics such as vaccination, disinfection, and marine hygiene, and established the "Sanitarian," a monthly magazine on health preservation.

An encyclopedia entry for organist and musical scientist Thomas Lea Southgate is presented. Born at Highgate, London, England on August 22, 1836, he was musically educated under his father. He became organist at Christ Church, St. Saviour's, St. Margaret's and Emmanuel Church. He then served as joint-editor for the paper "Musical News." He participated in the protest against the Degrees in absentia of Trinity College and has done valuable work for the Union of Graduates in Music.

An encyclopedia entry for Dr. Freeman J. Bumstead, an American surgeon who was born in Boston, Massachusetts on April 21, 1826, is presented.

A biographical entry for William H. Pancoast, an American physician and surgeon of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is presented. Pancoast graduated in medicine at Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia in 1856 and became Emeritus Professor of anatomy in this college. He traveled to Europe in pursuit of his medical profession and acquired a high reputation as a skillful operative surgeon. Pancoast was a member of various medical associations and contributed valuable papers and clinical lectures on surgery to different medical journals.

A biographical entry for Thomas Graeme, an American physician and surgeon born in Balgowan, Scotland, is presented.

A biographical entry for George M. Gould, an American physician and surgeon from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is presented.

A biography of John Shaw Billings, an American physician of Washington, D.C., is presented. He was born on April 12, 1838 and educated at Ohio Medical College. He joined the U.S. Army and was brevetted captain, major, and lieutenant-colonel for meritorious services during the war. Billings authored many reports with the "Index-Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office, United States Army" as his greatest work. He was lecturer at Johns Hopkins Hospital and member of many scientific organizations including the American Medical Association.