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Tinea capitis is defined as an infection or parasitism of the hair, scalp, eyebrows, and eyelashes. The clinical presentation is variable, depending on the type of hair invasion, the level of resistance, and the degree of host inflammatory response. The most severe reaction pattern is known as kerion Celsi, caused mainly by zoophilic dermatophytes, Microsporum canis and Trichophyton tonsurans. It begins as a dry ringworm, which later presents with erythema, inflammation, pustules, and honey-colored crusts, from which abundant pus drains. Due to this clinical appearance, it takes the name kerion, which means "honeycomb". It can be associated with regional lymphadenopathy, fever, malaise, local pain, and often resolves, leaving an area of scarring alopecia. Early diagnosis and timely treatment are important to avoid these sequelae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Tinea capitis is an infection or parasitism of the hair, scalp and appendages, caused by species of the genera Trichophyton and Microsporum. The most frequent etiological agents include Microsporum canis (80%) and Trichophyton tonsurans (15%). Inflammatory ringworm is characterized by the development of a plaque consisting of multiple pustules, abscesses, ulcers and meliceric crusts. It can affect any part of the body, but predominates on the skin. CLINICAL CASE: A 6-year-old male patient, evaluated for a dermatosis compatible with Celso's kerion, which was confirmed by direct examination of the lesions, as well as their development in the culture, allowing us to classify it as a Celso's kerion by T. mentagrophytes. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the inflammatory nature of Celso's kerion, it is important to recognize and take into account the patient's history and the characteristics of the dermatosis, in order to establish a clinical-mycological relationship that guides us to consider this disease as a diagnostic possibility and to establish effective and timely treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tinea pedis and onychomycosis are common superficial skin infections and are seen in both tropical and subtropical regions. Tinea pedis is distinguished by lesions in the sole of the foot, while onychomycosis affects the morphological structure of the nail. It is recognized that the main microorganisms related to these two diseases are Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale. These diseases are an important cause of medical consultation and although they do not have a significant mortality rate, they have a high emotional and physiological impact, can even cause stigmatization and social exclusion. Nail changes can cause pain when walking or standing for a long time, with mobility impairment, or when performing some activities; they are common among athletes, especially soccer players. The aim of the present bibliographic review was to describe the clinical presentation of tinea pedis and onychomycosis, their pathogenesis, the main pathogens involved and the prevalence in soccer players. For the development of this topic review, a literature search was carried out in English and Spanish languages, published between 2015 and 2021. Electronic databases such as PUBMED, NCBI, Science Direct and Journal using the keywords validated in DeCS. With the present review, it was possible to show that onychomycosis occurs in 3 characteristic forms, and it was possible to establish that the prevalence of onychomycosis and tinea pedis in soccer players is of 60.7% and 36.9%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introdução: Infecções nas unhas causadas por fungos são chamadas de onicomicoses, e são cada vez mais frequentes. Esmalte é um verniz quimicamente complexo aplicado para fins decorativos ou para proteger a lâmina ungueal. No entanto, esmaltes usados podem ser colonizados por microrganismos e, consequentemente, constituir um risco para doenças nas unhas. Objetivo: Considerando a importância da onicomicose e o crescente uso de esmaltes, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a sobrevivência de fungos em esmaltes de diferentes cores e marcas. Métodos: As cores testadas foram base incolor, branca, e vermelha, de quatro marcas, totalizando 12 amostras de esmaltes. Os frascos foram contaminados individualmente pelo imprint do aplicador em culturas de quatro espécies fúngicas (isolados clínicos): Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, Candida albicans, e C. parapsilosis. A partir do momento da contaminação, a viabilidade fúngica foi observada a cada 60 min, por oito horas. Análises sucessivas foram realizadas após 7, 14, 21, e 28 dias. Resultados: As quatro espécies mostraram-se capazes de sobreviver dentro dos frascos nas primeiras oito horas de inoculação. A viabilidade por mais tempo variou de acordo com a cor e marca. Trichophyton rubrum sobreviveu em todas as marcas, em pelo menos uma das cores, por 28 dias. Conclusão: Os principais agentes de onicomicose podem permanecer viáveis em frascos de esmalte por dias. Esmaltes devem ser considerados como possíveis veículos de contaminação, e medidas devem ser tomadas para reduzir os riscos de transmissão. Análises adicionais são necessárias para revelar os mecanismos de sobrevivência dos fungos neste ambiente.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o perfil químico, teor de fenóis totais e as atividades antioxidante, antiacetilcolinesterásica e antifúngica dos extratos etanólicos das folhas (EEF) e do caule (EEC) de cinco espécies de Senna, bem como avaliar a correlação entre o conteúdo de fenóis totais com a atividade sequestradora do radical livre DPPH e com a inibição da enzima acetilcolinesterase AChEI. No teste fitoquímico, evidenciou-se a presença de metabólitos secundários em todos os extratos. Os EEF e EEC de Senna trachypus, destacaram-se por apresentar os maiores valores de fenóis totais. Os EEF e EEC de S. trachypus mostraram a melhor ação sobre a enzima acetilcolinesterase. Todas as espécies apresentaram atividade antioxidante, em especial o EEF de S. trachypus. Foi observado correlação forte para as variáveis fenóis totais e atividade antioxidante (r = -0,71), muito forte para fenóis totais e antiacetilcolinesterase (r = -0,84) e atividade moderada para atividade antioxidante e antiacetilcolinesterase (0,43). Apenas os extratos de S. trachypus apresentaram atividade contra todos os dermatófitos, quando comparado às demais espécies. A espécie S. trachypus foi considerada a planta mais promissora para estudos subsequentes, a fim de encontrar compostos com ações farmacológicas.

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RESUMO Objetivou-se neste estudo padronizar um protocolo de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para detecção de Microsporum canis em amostras de pelos e/ou crostas de cães e gatos. Foram selecionadas 48 amostras previamente identificadas por meio de cultura. Destas, 23 foram positivas para dermatófitos no cultivo. Padronizou-se a PCR a partir de primers desenhados para o alvo M. canis. Sessenta e um por cento (14/23) das amostras positivas para dermatófitos foram identificadas como M. canis em cultura. Desse total, 71,4% (10/14) apresentaram um fragmento de 218pb compatível com o esperado para a espécie fúngica alvo dessa reação. Observou-se uma sensibilidade de 71,4% e especificidade de 100% na PCR, além de uma boa concordância entre essas técnicas de diagnóstico (Kappa: 0,78; P

OBJECTIVE: To report the epidemiological and clinical characteristics and the distribution of etiological agents in the ungueal infections observed in patients assisted to a high specialty hospital during a period of 21 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An observational, retrospective and analytical study reviewing the positive onychomycoses studies of the Specialty Hospital, CMN Siglo XXI, Mexico City, over a period of 21 years, recording the epidemiological data of patients and comorbidity to stablish a correlation between onychomycosis and patient conditions. We counted the causal agents and frequency of positivity of the diagnostic methods. RESULTS: Of 12,813 mycoses diagnosed, 6547 corresponded to onychomycosis. Sixty percent were women, the average age was 47 years old. Diabetes mellitus increased the risk of infection in 2.2 1 times. Dermatophytes and molds caused onychomycosis in 5446 cases and yeasts in 1101 patients. Microscopic test was positive in 6484 patients. There were 2046 positive cultures, 53.8% were yeasts. The frequency of dermatophytes was 32.8%. Of the molds the most common genera were Aspergillus spp and Fusarium spp. CONCLUSIONS: Onychomycosis has been shown to be a very common infection in patients treated in high specialty hospitals. Diabetes and hypertension greatly increase the risk of this infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As dermatofitoses são infecções na pele que podem ser transmitidas do infectado para os animais de companhia ou para os humanos. É causada por fungos queratinofílicos intitulados como dermatófitos. O objetivo deste trabalho é fazer uma avaliação dos tratamentos farmacológicos para dermatofitoses em animais de companhia dos pacientes atendidos na Clínica Veterinária Universitária da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná – PUCPR Campus Toledo no período de 15 de março de 2017 a 08 de agosto de 2017 e compará-los à bibliografia. Os agentes encontrados mais frequentemente neste tipo de infecção são do gênero Microsporum sp., Trichophyton sp. e Epidermophyton sp. Causam lesões alopécicas, eritema, crostas e prurido, necessitando da identificação laboratorial para confirmação do diagnóstico e podendo ter seu tratamento longo ou até reinfecções, dependendo de combinações terapêuticas para a completa cura. Foi avaliado nove casos, sendo um caso da espécie felina e oito casos da espécie canina. A lesão mais observada nos casos de dermatofitose foi alopecia, foram observadas ainda, alergia, prurido e eritema. A espécie fúngica com maior frequência de isolamentos neste estudo foi Trichophyton sp. identificado em oito animais da espécie canina, já para a espécie felina encontrou-se Penicillium sp. um caso. Para os tratamentos utilizados, em sua maioria foram através de banhos com shampoos contendo medicamentos antimicrobianos e antissépticos em sua formulação, seguido do uso sistêmico do maleato de oclacitinib, fluconazol, itraconazol, respectivamente. Também foi observada a associação dos banhos com shampoo e medicamentos de uso sistêmico corroborando com a bibliografia consultada, uma vez que a associação das terapias tópica e sistêmica diminui o tempo de infecção do animal. O uso tópico através de pomadas foi observado em dois casos, um deles sendo no felino onde este substituiu o banho com o shampoo.

Copyright of INSPILIP. Revista Ecuatoriana de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovacion en Salud Pública is the property of Instituto Nacional de Investigacion en Salud Publica (INSPI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to isolate and identify fungi that cause cutaneous mycoses in patients treated at AMURES' Intermunicipal Health Consortium (CIS), region located around the city of Lages, Santa Catarina, and to correlate them with agents of cutaneous mycoses. Sixty samples were analyzed and four (6.67%) were positive for dermatophytes, being that T. mentagrophytes was the most frequent. The yeast forms of the Candida species were isolated in 35% (21/60) of the analyzed nails, of which 52.3% were for C. krusei. The low positivity rate for the presence of dermatophytes in samples of patients attended in CIS may be due to the scarcity of reproductive structures necessary for identification. The study was critical because mycoses are usually neglected. Few studies report the presence of etiologic agents; most people only receive treatment without prior laboratory diagnosis, which emphasizes the importance of studies that identify epidemiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Miscrosporum nanum is a dermatophyte found in swine that causes non-pruritic lesions with desquamation, alopecia, and circular characteristics. M. nanum infection in dogs is rare and poorly understood in terms of its epidemiological and clinical features, and its therapeutic response. The present report describes a case of dermatophytosis due to M. nanum in a Dogo Argentino breed of dog that was used for wild boar hunting. The dermatophytosis presented with hypotrichosis, erythema, and non-pruritic desquamation in the back of the neck and chest area. The dermatophytosis was responsive to systemic treatment with itraconazole and topical (miconazole 2%) for 60 days. Thus, we conclude that the practice of hunting wild boar should be considered as a possible source of infection of M. nanum in the reported dog. The M. nanum infection showed clinical features that were similar to the lesions observed in swine, except for the absence of the circular pattern, and showed a good clinical response to the therapy. Finally, M. nanum should be considered as an etiologic agent of dermatophytosis in dogs that in some manner have had direct contact with domestic or wild swine.

An intervention study was carried out to determine the need for learning about epidermofitosis in workers associated with the assistance of patients at the "Caridad Jaca" Provincial Nursing Home in Guantanamo in April, 2014. A sample of 57 workers as volunteers decided to participate in the study, nursing staff, podiatry technicians and assistants in the nursing services. Initially the participants were given a survey to determine the learning needs on the subject, and on the basis of the results, the proposed intervention was designed. Variables were analyzed such as: prevention, measures, and form of transmission, symptoms and signs, concept, causal agent. The frequency distribution analysis technique was applied on a qualitative scale for all variables. The data were presented in percentage tables.

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Objetivo: Los dermatofitos son hongos queratinofílicos, de importancia en salud pública por su rol antropozoofílico. Dado el aumento en la adquisición de animales exóticos como mascotas y los escasos estudios sobre el estado de colonización por dermatofitos en estos animales, nos planteamos el objetivo de determinar la presencia de dermatofitos en conejos (Oryctolagus cuniculus) clínicamente sanos procedentes de tiendas de mascotas en Santiago de Chile. Materiales y Métodos: Se estudiaron 42 conejos clínicamente sanos fueron estudiados. Las muestras clínicas se obtuvieron fueron obtenidas desde el manto piloso y cultivadas en agar Sabouraud glucosado y dermatophyte test medium (DTM®). La identificación del agente aislado fue realizada por procedimientos micológicos clásicos que incluyeron examen microscópico directo y cultivo. Resultados: Del total de conejos estudiados, tres (7,1%) presentaron colonización por dermatofitos, siendo más frecuente en machos y en aquellos animales que convivían con cuyes. La especie identificada en los tres casos fue Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Conclusiones: Este estudio evidencia la colonización por dermatofitos en conejos domésticos, información importante para médicos veterinarios y propietarios de mascotas, al momento de estar en contacto con esta especie animal.

Objetivos: Determinar la evolución epidemiológica de las dermatomicosis en pacientes de consultorio externo durante el periodo 1976- 2005. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y analítico. Lugar: Instituto de Medicina Tropical ‘Daniel Alcides Carrión’, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú. Participantes: Pacientes positivos a dermatomicosis. Intervenciones: Se revisó las historias clínicas de 7 185 (55,3%) casos positivos a dermatomicosis. El instrumento de investigación empleado fue la ficha de levantamiento de información. Principales medidas de resultados: Agente etiológico, estación del año, sexo, edad y forma clínica. Resultados: El estudio demostró que los más afectados fueron del grupo etario de 16 a 30 años (42,7%) y sexo femenino (52,1%). La dermatomicosis más frecuente fue la onicomicosis (43,6%). Los agentes patógenos de mayor prevalencia fueron Trichophyton rubrum (33,2%), Cándida albicans (15,3%), Cándida no albicans (11,8%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (9,4%), Malassezia spp (9,1%) y las infecciones mixtas (7,2%). Las micosis de cuero cabelludo muestran continuo aumento durante todo el estudio. El dermatofito Epidermophyton floccosum fue aislado por última vez en la década del 90. A partir de 1995 ha aumentado la prevalencia de Cándida no albicans y se encontró como especie re-emergente a la levadura Cándida tropicalis. Conclusiones: Entre los años 1976 y 2005 hubo importantes variaciones epidemiológicas en relación a las formas clínicas y a la etiología de las dermatomicosis.

Sertaconazole is a third generation imidazole-type antifungal agent, is one of the most recent imidazole members, with a wide spectrum that includes: dermatophyte, yeasts type Candida sp, filamentous fungi and also against bacteria, mainly Gram-positive cocci, making it highly efficient in the treatment of polymicrobial infections. It offers a dual fungistatic and fungicidal activity, with a long permanence in the skin. In addition, it has anti-inflammatory and antipruritic effect. It is generally well tolerated, with a few adverse events and a good efficacy in superficial mycoses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tinea capitis is a hair and scalp infection caused by a group of fungi called dermatophytes that have affinity for structures that present keratin, such as hair, skin and nails, which belong to the genera Microsporum and Trichophyton. It is the most common dermatophytosis in children aged 3 to 7 years, and can be acquired by direct contact with animals and humans infected or indirectly by fomites. The lesions range from a noninflammatory to an inflammatory process and can evolve to permanent alopecia. The treatment can be carried out with oral antifungals such as terbinafine, itraconazole, fluconazole or griseofulvin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As dermatofitoses têm ocorrência mundial, sendo mais prevalentes em países de clima tropical e subtropical. Dados epidemiológicos indicam que essas micoses estão entre as infecções fúngicas de maior ocorrência. O quadro clínico mais comum de dermatofitose inclui despigmentação, placas anulares, prurido e perda de cabelo, com lesões tipicamente conhecidas como tineas, ocasionadas por fungos filamentosos dermatofíticos de três gêneros anamórficos: Microsporum, Trichophyton e Epidermophyton. O tratamento das dermatofitoses, em geral, está relacionado ao uso de antifúngicos tópicos e/ou sistêmicos, apresentando como problemática o surgimento de espécies multirresistentes. Esta revisão aborda as dermatofitoses e seus agentes etiológicos de forma aprofundada em aspectos epidemiológicos, apresentando a importância clínica do tema, com ênfase na causa, prevenção, tratamento e prognóstico dessa micose cutânea. Palavras-chave: Dermatofitoses; dermatófitos; epidemiologia; tratamento

Objectivos: Avaliar a prevalência das micoses superficiais, agentes etiológicos envolvidos e características epidemiológicas da população da consulta de Dermatologia do Hospital de Braga, observada por dermatofitia, nos últimos 11 anos; analisar a distribuição de espécies em relação ao grupo etário e área cutânea envolvida; comparar os resultados com estudos anteriores referentes à mesma área geográfica. Material e Métodos: Exame micológico directo e cultura de 5825 amostras colhidas em doentes observados na consulta do Serviço de Dermatologia do Hospital de Braga, entre Janeiro de 1999 e Dezembro de 2009, com suspeita clínica de dermatofitia. Resultados: Durante o período em estudo, das 5825 colheitas realizadas em doentes com suspeita clínica de infecção fúngica, foi identificada a presença de dermatófito em 1143 (19,6%). A apresentação clínica da infecção por dermatófito mais frequente foi a tinea corporis (44,8%). Globalmente, o agente etiológico mais frequentemente isolado foi o Trichophyton rubrum (43%), tendo sido também o principal agente na tinea cruris (73,5%), tinea ungueum (74,8%), tinea pedis (72,7%) e tinea manuun (57,7%). O T. mentagrophytes var. granulare foi o segundo agente mais frequentemente isolado, e a principal causa de tinea corporis (38%) e tinea barbae (76,9%). O Mycrosporum canis foi o agente mais frequente na tinea capitis (67,1%). Discussão: As infecções por dermatófitos são frequentemente observadas na prática clínica. Vários trabalhos têm constatado diferenças etiológicas em diferentes regiões e ao longo dos anos, provavelmente relacionadas com hábitos de vida distintos. Os nossos resultados são globalmente concordantes com os resultados relatados noutros trabalhos efectuados em Portugal.

Justificación y objetivos: Entre las onicodistrofias, la onicomicosis es la afección más frecuente. Esta infección no solo representa un problema estético para el paciente, sino que puede afectar sus actividades diarias. Para el dermatólogo se hace indispensable realizar el diagnóstico diferencial, por lo que el laboratorio de micología médica es de gran ayuda para este propósito. En cuanto a los agentes etiológicos incriminados, los dermatofitos son los más frecuentes; sin embargo, otros hongos filamentosos no dermatofitos se han aislado, cuya sensibilidad a los antimicóticos es menor. En este trabajo se estudió la frecuencia de las onicomicosis diagnosticadas en el laboratorio de Micología Médica de la UCR durante cuatro años, según edad y sexo de los pacientes, así como agentes etiológicos identificados. Métodos: Se incluyó a todos los pacientes que solicitaron el servicio de acción social que brinda la sección de Micología Médica, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, entre enero del 2007 a diciembre del 2010 y que presentaban alteraciones ungueales sospechosas de onicomicosis. Se registró la edad y sexo de los pacientes y las muestras se procesaron por examen directo y cultivo. Resultados: Se procesaron 431 muestras de uñas, el 85,4% eran de pie y el 14,6% de mano, la edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 49 años, el 64% eran mujeres y el 36% eran hombres. En el 73,4% se diagnosticó onicomicosis, ya sea por examen directo positivo y cultivo positivo, o solo con el examen directo, de las cuales 89,4% eran uñas de pie y 10,6% uñas de manos. De las uñas de los pies se aisló más frecuentemente Trichophyton rubrum y en segundo lugar Fusarium spp. En uñas de manos C. albicans fue el agente etiológico más frecuente. Conclusión: En el diagnóstico de las onicomicosis se debe considerar tanto la clínica como los hallazgos de laboratorio. En la población estudiada se identificaron dermatofitos, levaduras y hongos filamentosos no dermatofitos, lo que es importante tener en cuenta por las implicaciones en la elección del tratamiento.Background and aim: Among the onychodistrophies, onychomycosis are the most frequently encountered. This infection not only constitutes an esthetic problem for the patients, but can also affect their daily activities. For dermatologists, it is crucial to make a differential diagnosis; thus, the medical mycology laboratory plays an important role to achieve this purpose. The fungal agents most frequently encountered are the dermatophytes, however, other filamentous non-dermatophyte fungi have been isolated and are known to be less susceptible to antifungals. In the present work, the frequency of onychomycosis among patients attending the medical mycology laboratory, UCR, was studied during four years, according to the age and sex of the patients, as well as the isolated etiological agents identified. Methods: The study included all patients that requested the community service provided by the Department of Medical Mycology, School of Microbiology, UCR, between January 2007 and December 2010 and that showed nail alterations suspicious for onychomycosis. The age and sex of each patient were registered and samples were processed for direct microscopy and culture. Results: A total of 431 nail samples were collected, of which 85.4% were toenails and 14.6% fingernails. The mean age of the patients was 49 years, of which 64% were females and 36% males. Onychomycosis was diagnosed, either by direct microscopy and culture, or only with positive direct microscopy, in 73.4% of the sample population, of which 89.4% were toenails and 10.6% fingernails. Trichophyton rubrum was the etiological agent most frequently isolated from toenails, followed by Fusarium spp. C albicans was the most frequent fungal agent observed in fingernails. Conclusion: The diagnosis of onychomycosis relies upon both the clinical and laboratory diagnosis. Dermatophytes, yeasts and non-dermatophyte filamentous fungi were identified in the population studied. These findings should be considered due to their implications to the choice of the most appropriate treatment.

Abstract: Dermatophytosis is one of the most common health problems worldwide, with greater incidence in tropical and subtropical countries, most often in males. Athletes are constantly predisposed to suffering from fungal infections due to the variability of individual and environmental conditions. The objective was to determine the prevalence of etiological agents causing superficial mycosis in athletes from the School of Educational Sciences at the University of Carabobo. The sample was represented by 71 athletes from different disciplines that had lesions suspected of being surface mycosis on skin and nails; a direct examination was made with KOH, adhesive tape and cultivation on Lactrimel agar. The obtained isolates were examined directly with lactophenol blue and microculture to identify the etiologic agent. It was found that 63.4% of the athletes had lesions by dermatophytes, identifying the species T. rubrum (23.9%), T. mentagrophytes (19.7%) and E. floccosum (19.7%); in 36.6% of lesions, the yeast Malassezia furfur (29.6%) and Malassezia ovalis (7.1%) were identified; males were the most affected. The findings are relevant because these agents take advantage of adverse conditions to colonize and cause lesions that could decrease athletic performance. Resumen: Las dermatofitosis constituyen uno de los problemas de salud más frecuente a nivel mundial, con mayor incidencia en países tropicales y subtropicales, más frecuentemente en el sexo masculino. Los atletas están en constante predisposición a sufrir de infecciones micóticas por la variabilidad de las condiciones individuales, así como ambientales. El objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia de los agentes etiológicos causantes de micosis superficiales en los atletas de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad de Carabobo. La muestra estuvo representada por 71 atletas de diferentes disciplinas que presentaban lesiones sospechosas de micosis superficiales en piel y uñas, realizándoles un examen directo con KOH, Cinta adhesiva, cultivo en Agar Lactrimel. Los aislados obtenidos se les practicó un examen directo con azul de lactofenol y microcultivo para identificar el agente etiológico. Se encontró en los atletas 63,4% de lesiones por dermatofitos identificando las especies T. rubrum (23,9%), T. mentagrophytes (19,7%) y E. floccosum (19,7%) y 36,6% de lesiones por levaduras identificando Malassezia furfur (29,6%) y Malassezia ovalis (7,1%) siendo el sexo masculino el más afectado. Estos hallazgos son relevantes debido a que estos agentes se aprovechan de condiciones desfavorables para colonizar y ocasionar lesiones que pudiesen disminuir el rendimiento deportivo del atleta.

Dermatophytosis is one of the most common health problems worldwide, with greater incidence in tropical and subtropical countries, most often in males. Athletes are constantly predisposed to suffering from fungal infections due to the variability of individual and environmental conditions. The objective was to determine the prevalence of etiological agents causing superficial mycosis in athletes from the School of Educational Sciences at the University of Carabobo. The sample was represented by 71 athletes from different disciplines that had lesions suspected of being surface mycosis on skin and nails; a direct examination was made with KOH, adhesive tape and cultivation on Lactrimel agar. The obtained isolates were examined directly with lactophenol blue and microculture to identify the etiologic agent. It was found that 63.4% of the athletes had lesions by dermatophytes, identifying the species T. rubrum (23.9%), T. mentagrophytes (19.7%) and E. floccosum (19.7%); in 36.6% of lesions, the yeast Malassezia furfur (29.6%) and Malassezia ovalis (7.1%) were identified; males were the most affected. The findings are relevant because these agents take advantage of adverse conditions to colonize and cause lesions that could decrease athletic performance.

O tegumento de bovinos pode albergar uma grande diversidade de fungos filamentosos, potencialmente capazes de causar dermatoses, incluindo fungos do grupo dos dermatófitos. O presente estudo teve por objetivos caracterizar a microbiota de fungos filamentosos do tegumento hígido de bovinos de corte, verificar a presença de dermatófitos como parte integrante da microbiota, assim como avaliar a ocorrência de dermatófitos no solo dos estabelecimentos estudados. Durante o período de um ano, 56 bovinos sadios de quatro propriedades da fronteira Oeste do RS foram submetidos a coletas mensais de pelos e raspado cutâneo. No mesmo período, foram obtidas amostras de solo para pesquisa de dermatófitos. As análises dos resultados indicaram uma microbiota de fungos filamentosos classificada em 30 gêneros, dos quais os mais frequentes foram (nesta ordem): Nigrospora, Fusarium, Curvularia, Alternaria, Epicoccum, Paecilomyces e Trichoderma. Nas amostras de pelame, obteve-se o isolamento de Trichophyton mentagrophytes (0,4%), Microsporum gypseum (0,3%) e Trichophyton verrucosum (0,1%). M. gypseum foi o dermatófito mais frequentemente isolado do solo. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que a microbiota fúngica do tegumento hígido de bovinos de corte comporta-se de maneira transitória e que bovinos sadios não atuam como portadores assintomáticos de T. verrucosum, sugerindo que esta espécie de dermatófito é não residente no tegumento dos animais.The tegument of cattle may harbor a great diversity of filamentous fungi that can potentially cause skin diseases, including fungi belonging to the dermatophyte group. This study aimed to characterize the population of filamentous fungi from a healthy coat of cattle, checking for dermatophytes as part of the microbiota, as well as evaluating the presence of dermatophytes in the soil occupied by the animals. During the period of one year, 56 healthy cattle in four properties in the western boundary of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil, were subjected to monthly samples of hair and skin scrapings. In the same period soil samples were obtained for the detection of dermatophytes. The results indicated a fungal biota classified into 30 different genera, among which the most frequent were (in order of frequency): Nigrospora, Fusarium, Curvularia, Alternaria, Epicoccum, Paecilomyces and Trichoderma. Isolates of Trichophyton mentagrophytes (0.4%), Microsporun gypseum (0.3%), and T. verrucosum (0.1%) were obtained in the samples of skin scrapings. M. gypseum was the dermatophyte most frequently isolated from soil. The results showed that the fungal biota of the external tegument of healthy cattle is transient. Moreover, it was shown that healthy cattle do not act as asymptomatic carriers of T. verrucosum, suggesting that this species of dermatophytes is not resident in the tegument of animals.

Las micosis superficiales constituyen una patología prevalente en Dermatología. Son producidas por dos grandes grupos de hongos: las levaduras y los dermatofitos (tiñas). Las primeras ocurren por una alteración de la microbiota que lleva a una proliferación del hongo y las segundas son infecciones exógenas en que el contagio está dado por transmisión de un animal u otra persona. A las tiñas se les denomina por el nombre del área anatómica afectada. En el presente artículo, se entregan las herramientas para el manejo de estas patologías por parte del médico no especialista, se señalan los aspectos más relevantes de la clínica y los medicamentos usados en los diferentes tratamientos orales y tópicos. Se sugieren también los criterios de derivación al especialista.

Objetivo. Establecer las características clínicas, epidemiológicas y microbiológicas de la onicomicosis en pacientes mayores de 16 años de Manizales. Método. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo y prospectivo de 232 pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de onicomicosis, remitidos de los diferentes centros de atención de Manizales en el año 2009. Se recolectaron las muestras y se hizo examen directo en KOH al 20 % y en dimetil-sulfóxido al 36 %, cultivo en agar Sabouraud y agar Sabouraud con antibióticos, en todos los casos. Se identificaron los 146 aislamientos obtenidos con métodos específicos para dermatofitos, levaduras y mohos. Resultados. La presentación más frecuente fue la forma distal de la enfermedad, la cual se asoció con mayor frecuencia a calzado oclusivo y predominio del sexo femenino; el número de casos de lesiones ungulares indicativas de onicomicosis fue menor en mayores de 70 años de edad; los agentes más frecuentemente aislados fueron Trichophyton rubrum (26,7 %), Fusarium spp. (14,4 %), T. mentagrophytes (11 %), Candida tropicalis (11 %), Candida krusei (6 %) y Geotrichum candidum (6 %). Conclusiones. La onicomicosis es más frecuente en las mujeres de Manizales. Hay una alta frecuencia de aislamientos de hongos no dermatofitos. Trichophyton rubrum fue el hongo dermatofito más frecuentemente aislado. La frecuencia de personas con examen directo o cultivo positivo es mayor de 70 % en todos los grupos de edad, y la edad no se encontró como un factor de riesgo para la enfermedad.Introduction: Onychomycosis is the leading cause of nail disease and represents 30% of superficial fungal infections. The fungi that cause the condition vary according to geographic location and individual risk factors. Even with the identification of the causative agent, the treatment failure rate is high. Objective: To establish the clinical, epidemiological and microbiological causes of onychomycosis in patients over 16 years old in the city of Manizales. Materials and methods: A prospective descriptive study in 232 patients with clinical diagnosis of onychomycosis sent from different medical centers of Manizales in 2009. A sample collection, direct examination with KOH 20% and dimethyl sulfoxide 36%, culture in Saboreaud agar with antibiotics in all cases were performed. Identification was done for the 146 obtained isolates with specific methods for dermatophytes, yeasts and molds. Results: The most common presentation of the disease was the distal; the disease is more commonly associated with occlusive footwear, for females. The clinical manifestations was the type subungual distal in patients over 70 years old; the most frequently isolated agents were Trichophyton rubrum (26.7%), Fusarium spp (14.4%), T. mentagrophytes (11%), Candida tropicalis (11%), Candida krusei (6%) and Geotrichum candidum (6%). Conclusions: There was a female predominance of onychomycosis in Manizales and a the high frequency of non-dermatophyte fungi; T. rubrum was the most frequently isolated dermatophyte; the frequency of patients with KOH or positive culture is higher than 70% in all age groups. It was found that age is not a risk factor for the disease.

Trichophyton mentagrophytes is a fungus causative agent of dermatophytosis, affecting humans worldwide. This has driven the search for products for the treatment of these infections. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal activity of the Cymbopogon winterianus essential oil against T. mentagrophytes. The antifungal tests consisted of antifungal screening, determination of MIC and MFC, analysis of the essential oil's effects on mycelial growth, germination of fungal spores, fungal viability, morphogenesis, cell wall (test with sorbitol) and cell membrane (cell leakage test) of T. mentagrophytes. Upon screening, the oil inhibited all strains, with zones of growth inhibition of 24-28 mm in diameter. The MIC was 312 μg/mL and CFM was 2500 μg/mL for almost all the strains tested. There were morphological changes in the conidia group, form and pigmentation of hyphae. The antifungal action of the product does not involve the cell wall and its action may involve the fungal plasma membrane. It is concluded that C. winterianus essential oil constitutes a potential antifungal product, especially for the treatment of dermatophytosis.Trichophyton mentagrophytes é um fungo causador de dermatofitoses, afetando humanos em todo o mundo. Isto direciona a busca de produtos para o tratamento destas infecções. Assim, este estudo teve por objetivo investigar a atividade antifúngica do óleo essencial de Cymbopogon winterianus contra T. mentagrophytes. Os ensaios antifúngicos foram constituídos do screening antifúngico, da determinação CIM e CFM, da análise dos efeitos do óleo essencial no crescimento micelial, na germinação dos esporos, na viabilidade fúngica, na morfogênese, na parede celular (ensaio com sorbitol) e na membrana celular (ensaio de lise celular) de T. mentagrophytes. No screening, o óleo inibiu todas as cepas, com zonas de inibição de crescimento de 24-28 mm de diâmetro. A CIM foi de 312 μg/mL e a CFM foi de 2500 μg/mL para quase todas as cepas testadas. O óleo essencial inibiu o desenvolvimento micelial, a germinação dos esporos e a viabilidade fúngica. Houve alterações morfológicas no agrupamento dos conídios, na forma e pigmentação das hifas. A ação antifúngica do produto não envolve a parede celular e parece estar envolvida com a membrana celular fúngica. Pode-se concluir que o óleo essencial de C. winterianus se apresenta como um potencial produto antifúngico, especialmente para o tratamento das dermatofitoses.

The purpose of this study was to compare the agar dilution and broth microdilution methods for determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, griseofulvin and terbinafine for 60 dermatophyte samples belonging to the species Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum canis. The percentage agreement between the two methods, for all the isolates with < 2 dilutions that were tested was 91.6% for ketoconazole and griseofulvin, 88.3% for itraconazole, 81.6% for terbinafine and 73.3% for fluconazole. One hundred percent agreement was obtained for Trichophyton mentagrophytes isolates evaluated with ketoconazole and griseofulvin. Thus, until a reference method for testing the in vitro susceptibility of dermatophytes is standardized, the similarity of the results between the two methods means that the agar dilution method may be useful for susceptibility testing on these filamentous fungi.O propósito do presente trabalho foi comparar os métodos de diluição em ágar e diluição em caldo para a determinação de concentração inibitória mínima de fluconazol, itraconazol, cetoconazol, griseofulvina e terbinafina para 60 amostras de dermatófitos pertencentes às espécies, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton. mentagrophytes e Microsporum canis. A porcentagem de acordo entre os dois métodos para todos os isolados testados considerando-se valores < 2 diluições, foram de 91,6% para cetoconazol e para griseofulvina, de 88,3% para itraconazol, de 81,6% para terbinafina e de 73,3% para fluconazol. Uma concordância de 100% foi obtido para isolados de Trichophyton mentagrophytes avaliados com cetoconazol e griseofulvina. Desta forma, até que um método de referência seja padronizado para testar a suscetibilidade in vitro para os dermatófitos, os resultados semelhantes encontrados para os dois métodos fazem com que o método de diluição em ágar possa ser útil no teste de suscetibilidade para estes fungos filamentosos.

During a six-year period from 2000 to 2006, 257 animal samples (fur and skin desquamation) were submitted to mycological examination in the Laboratory of Microbiology at the Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal. Dermathophytes were cultured from 38 of 257 (14.8%) specimens. Chi-squared test was used to compare differences between independent groups. The most frequent isolated dermathophyte was Microsporum canis (47.4%). Other isolated dermathophytes were: Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes (31.5%), Microsporum gypseum (15.8%), and Microsporum nanum (5.3%). The rates of dermathophytes isolation were 8.4% in dogs; 21.3% in cats; 66.7% in rabbits; and in 11.1% in horses.

Objetivos. Demostrar la actividad antimicótica in vitro y la elucidación de algunos de los metabolitos del aceite esencial de hojas de Minthostachys mollis (muña) proveniente del distrito de Huacrapuquio (2700 msnm), Junín. Materiales y métodos. El aceite esencial se obtuvo por el método de destilación por arrastre de vapor de agua. Este fue sometido a análisis físico-químico y determinación de la composición química mediante cromatografía de gases. Mediante el método de agar en difusión se evaluó la inhibición del crecimiento fúngico de Candida albicans y también por el método de dilución en tubo para Trichophytun tonsurans, Trichophytun mentagrophytes, Microsporun canis. Resultados. Se encontraron los siguientes monoterpenos: pulegona, mentona, limoneno y mirceno. El aceite esencial de muña inhibió completamente el desarrollo de T. tonsurasn, T. mentagrophytes y M. canis con ambos métodos de evaluación y dosis, para C. albicans se logró un halo de inhibición de 30 mm para el aceite esencial al 100% y de 35 mm al 50%. Conclusiones. Se demostró la actividad antimicótica del aceite esencial de muña, probablemente por la acción de los monoterpenos encontrados.

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Descreve-se, neste trabalho, um surto de dermatofitose eqüina no Sul do Brasil. Cinqüenta e oito animais jovens (55,2%) apresentavam lesões clínicas características da enfermidade. O diagnóstico micológico realizado pela presença do fungo nos pêlos, associado às características macro e micromorfológicas das colônias isoladas em meio de cultivo, permitiram a classificação do dermatófito como Trichophyton equinum var. equinum.One outbreak of dermatophytosis in horses is described in south Brazil. Fifty eight young animals (55.2%) presented clinical signs of the disease. The mycological diagnosis was realized through the presence of fungus in the hair, associated with the macro and micromorphologic characteristics of the isolated colonies in agar also allowed the dermatophyte´s classification as Trichophyton equinum var. equinum.

Abstract: There are no test standarizaded for the antifungal susceptibility of dermatophytes. The aim of this study is to probe the well diffusion technique as antifungal susceptibility test for dermatophites. One hundred species of dermatophytes were isolated and identified (74 Trichophyton rubrum, 18 Trichophyton mentagrophytes, 1 Trichophyton tonsurans, 5 Microsporum canis and 2 Epidermophyton floccosum).in the Medical Micology Departament of TMI. The antifungal sensitivity of the isolates of the dermatophytes to the drugs was carried out using the well diffusion technique. The antifungal agents tested were griseofulvin, terbinafine, itraconazole and fluconazole. Results were interpreted according to NCCLS breakpoints. The inoculum suspension was standardized by weight measurement. Agar Staib was considered the most suitable, because 97% of the isolates grew on it. This is the first time the inoculum suspension of dermatophytes is standardized by weight measurement. Terbinafine was found to be the most effective drug, followed by Griseofulvin and Itraconazole. Fluconazole were not found to be effective. Resumen: No existe hasta los momentos una prueba estandarizada para realizar la susceptibilidad antifúngica de los dermatofitos. El objetivo de este estudio fue implementar la técnica de los pozos de difusión para el estudio de la susceptibilidad de los dermatofitos. Se utilizaron un total de 100 aislados de dermatofitos (74 Trichophyton rubrum, 18 Trichophyton mentagrophytes, 1 Trichophyton tonsurans, 5 Microsporum canis y 2 Epidermophyton floccosum) provenientes de muestras clínicas aisladas e identificadas en la Sección de Micología Médica, IMT. Se empleó la técnica de los pozos de difusión con los siguientes antimicóticos: Griseofulvina, Terbinafina, Fluconazol e Itraconazol. Se aplicaron los criterios de interpretación acordados por la NCCLS. El inóculo, se estandarizó utilizando el peso como unidad. El medio Agar Staib demostró ser el más adecuado, al obtenerse un mejor crecimiento de los aislados en un 97 %. Esta es la primera vez, que se utiliza el peso como medida para cuantificar el inóculo en los dermatofitos. La mayor sensibilidad se evidenció ante Terbinafina seguido de Griseofulvina e Itraconazol. No se demostró sensibilidad alguna ante el Fluconazol. Sin embargo, se requieren más estudios en los cuales se relacione la susceptibilidad “in vitro” con los resultados “in vivo”.

Dermatophytoses have worldwide occurrence with higher prevalence in tropical and subtropical countries. Epidemiological data show that these mycoses are among the most frequent fungal infections. The most common symptoms of dermatophytoses include depigmentation, annular plaques, itching and hair loss, with lesions such as tinea, caused by dermatophytic filamentous fungi of three anamorphic genera: Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton. Topical and/or systemic antifungal medications are used in the treatment of dermatophytoses in general, resulting in problems such as the emergence of multidrug-resistant species. This review discusses dermatophytoses and their etiological agents with a focus on epidemiological aspects, presenting the clinical importance of the issue, with emphasis on cause, prevention, treatment and prognosis of this skin mycosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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OBJECTIVE: Urea is commonly used as a keratolytic substance in the treatment of onychomycoses to improve the penetration of antifungal drugs in the lesion sites. The aim of the present study was to investigate the inhibitory action of urea on samples of dermatophytes in vitro. METHOD: Minimum inhibitory concentration of urea was determined for 31 samples of dermatophytes cultured in Sabouraud-dextrose broth containing different concentrations (7.5% up to 40%) of urea. Absence of growth was the criterion adopted to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration. RESULTS: The majority of samples (87%) were sensitive to urea at 12.5%, or less. 2 isolates of Trichophyton tonsurans and 2 of Trichophyton rubrum required 30%, and 40% urea, respectively, to be completely inhibited. CONCLUSION: In vitro results demonstrate inhibitory activity of urea on dermatophytes, suggesting that it could be used as an adjuvant in topical treatments.OBJETIVO: A uréia é comumente usada como substância queratolítica no tratamento das onicomicoses no intuito de melhorar a penetração das drogas antifúngicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a ação inibitória in vitro da uréia em amostras de dermatófitos MÉTODOS: A concentração inibitória mínima da uréia foi determinada para trinta e uma amostras de dermatófitos semeadas em meio de cultura Sabouraud-dextrose contendo diferentes concentrações (7,5% até 40%) de uréia. Ausência de crescimento foi o critério adotado para a determinação da concentração inibitória mínima. RESULTADOS: A maioria das amostras (87%) foi sensível à uréia em concentrações de 12,5% ou menos. Apenas dois isolados de Trichophyton tonsurans e dois de Trichophyton rubrum foram inibidos completamente na presença de 30% e 40% de uréia, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados in vitro demonstraram atividade inibitória da uréia sobre os dermatófitos, sugerindo que possa ser usada como um adjuvante em tratamentos tópicos.

Onicomicoses são infecções fúngicas que atingem as unhas e acometem cerca de 30% da população. Recentemente tem sido relatado aumento dessas infecções e também alterações em sua etiologia. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a freqüência das onicomicoses e perfil dos pacientes acometidos em Maringá, Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Entre janeiro de 1999 a junho de 2003 foram analisadas, no Laboratório de Micologia do Lepac (Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Análises Clínicas) da Universidade Estadual de Maringá, um total de 435 amostras de pacientes com suspeita clínica de onicomicose. Destas amostras 74,25% (N=323) foram positivas, sendo 15,48% confirmadas por exame direto (N=50), 20,43% exclusivamente por cultura (N=66) e 64,09% por exame direto e cultura (N=207). As mulheres foram mais afetadas que os homens (72,67% e 27,33%), respectivamente, e a maior prevalência foi em indivíduos com mais de 40 anos. As unhas dos pés foram mais acometidas que as unhas das mãos (65,90% e 34,10%), respectivamente. Os agentes etiológicos mais freqüentes foram as leveduras (52,17%) isoladas especialmente das unhas das mãos. Os fungos filamentosos foram prevalentes nas unhas dos pés, destacando-se os dermatófitos responsáveis por 33,85% das onicomicoses e os não dermatófitos (FFND) por 13,97%.Onychomycosis are fungal infections that reach the nails and affect about 30% of the population. Recently has been observed increase of these infections and also alterations in its etiology. The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of these mycosis and profile of the patients attacked in Maringá, Paraná State, Brazil. Between January 1999 to June 2003 were analyzed at the Mycological Laboratory from the Teaching and Research Laboratory in Clinical Analyses (Lepac) a total of 435 samples of patients with clinical symptoms of onychomycoses. Of those samples 74,25% (N=323), were positive, being 15,48% confirmed by direct examination (N=50), 20,43% by culture exclusively (N=66) and 64,09% by direct examination plus culture (N=207). Females were more affected than males (72,67% and 28,33%) respectively and the higher prevalence was in patients more than 40 years old. Toenails were more frequently infected than fingernails (65,90% and 34,10%) respectively. Yeasts were isolated in 52,17% of nail samples analysed, specially from finger nails. Filamentous fungi were isolated mainly from toenails. The dermatophytes and Non-dermatophytes filamentous fungi (NDFF) wereresponsible for 33,85% and 13,97% of cases respectively.

Título en español: Actividad antifúngica de extractos de biomasa celular de neem sobre aislamientos de dermatofitos Título en ingles: Antifungal activity of neem cellular biomass extracts on dermatophytes isolates Título corto: Actividad antifúngica de extractos de biomasa celular de neem Resumen: Las líneas celulares de neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) cultivadas en suspensión líquida han demostrado producir metabolitos secundarios bioactivos, particularmente triterpenoides. En consecuencia, se han realizado estudios para el control de microorganismos de importancia médica, como los hongos dermatofitos. El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue evaluar a través de un método de referencia in vitro la actividad antifúngica de diferentes extractos de cultivos celulares de neem sobre varios aislamientos de Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum y Epidermophyton floccosum. Se realizó un escalado de cultivos de suspensiones celulares de neem, a partir de los cuales se obtuvo un extracto crudo metanólico. Éste extracto fue fraccionado posteriormente por cromatografía en columna de silica gel. Con los extractos obtenidos se determinó la Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria (CMI), siguiendo el método de microdilución en caldo M38-A2, con cinco aislamientos de T. mentagrophytes, cinco de T. rubrum y tres de E. floccosum. Se usó como control positivo el antimicótico Terbinafina. Los resultados mostraron que el extracto crudo de biomasa celular de neem inhibe el crecimiento hasta en 100 % de T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum y E. floccosum. Al evaluar las fracciones por separado, se observó que las de menor polaridad exhibieron en general mayor actividad antifúngica (CMI=109 µg/mL) que el extracto crudo per se (CMI=2500 µg/mL) y las fracciones más polares (CMI=7000 µg/mL). Lo anterior indica que las células de neem cultivadas en suspensión producen compuestos con actividad antifúngica, siendo más bioactivos los presentes en las fracciones de menor polaridad. Palabras clave: método de microdilución en caldo, cromatografía, cultivo de células en suspensión, concentración mínima inhibitoria, compuestos bioactivos. Abstract: Cell lines of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) grown in liquid suspension have shown to produce bioactive secondary metabolites, particularly triterpenoids. In consequence, its use as a control of medical microorganisms (like dermatophytes) is proposed. The main goal of this study was to assess the antifungal activity of methanolic extracts from neem cultured cell suspensions on several isolates of Trichophyton mentagrophytes (five isolates), Trichophyton rubrum (five isolates) and Epidermophyton floccosum (three isolates). Neem cell suspension cultures were scaled up, from which a raw methanolic extract was obtained. This extract was fractionated by silica gel column chromatography. The raw methanolic extract and its fractions were used in order to determine the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) on the dermatophytes isolates by following M38-A2 broth microdilution method. Antimycotic Terbinafine was used as positive control. The results shown that neem raw cellular biomass extract inhibits the growth of T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum and E. floccosum in at least 100%. In the evaluations of the separated fractions, it was observed that the low polarity fractions had higher antifungal activity (MIC=109 μg/mL) than the raw extract per se (MIC=2500 μg/mL) and the most polar ones (MIC=7000 μg/mL). The latter suggest that neem cells cultured in liquid suspension produces compounds with antifungal activity, being more active those present in the low polarity fractions. Key words: broth microdilution method, chromatography, suspension cell culture, minimal inhibitory concentration, bioactive compounds. Recibido: marzo 10 de 2014 Aprobado: octubre 22 de 2014

Background: Identification of dermatophytes is usually performed through morphological analyses. However, it may be hindered due to the discovery of new species and complexes and, with some isolates, by the absence of fructification. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) seems to be an option for improving identification., Aims: To develop a database (DB) for the identification of dermatophytes with MALDI-TOF MS, including 32 isolates from the Red de Micología de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires [Mycology Network of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires] (RMCABA) and one reference isolate (RMCABA DB), and evaluate its performance when added to the DB from the supplier, Bruker (Bruker DB)., Methods: All the isolates in the RMCABA DB were identified based on morphology and sequencing. To evaluate the performance of the extended DB (Bruker DB plus RMCABA DB), 136 clinical isolates were included., Results: The percentages of identification at the species level increased from 45% to 88%, but the identification at the genus level decreased from 23% to 7%., Conclusions: MALDI-TOF MS yielded better performance in the identification of dermatophytes after including the RMCABA DB, which encompassed local isolates., (Copyright © 2021 Asociación Española de Micología. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

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A total of 68 soil samples was collected from "favelas" (slums), schools, public squares, beaches and vacant lots in the city of João Pessoa-PB, Brazil. A search for dermatophytes in these soils was carried out by using the Vanbreuseghem technique. As a result, 48 strains and 6 dermatophytes species were isolated. Trichophyton terrestre (25.0%), Microsporum gypseum (20.8%) and Anthroderma gypsea (2.1%) were identified among the geophilic species, and T. mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes (37.5%) among the zoophilic species and T. tonsurans (4.2%), among the anthropophilic species. The growth of 75% of dermatophytes occurred in alkaline pH (7.02-9.00) and their presence in the soil should not be underestimated, since some of the identified species are aetiological agents of dermatophytoses in humans and animals.Se informan los resultados obtenidos tras la búsqueda de dermatofitos utilizando la técnica de Vanbreuseghem en un total de 68 muestras de suelo recolectadas de favelas, escuelas, plazas, playas y sitios deshabitados en la ciudad de João Pessoa, PB, Brasil. Se aislaron 48 cepas pertenecientes a 6 especies distintas de dermatofitos a partir de estos suelos. Dentro de las especies geofílicas fueron identificadas Trichophyton terrestre (25,0%), Microsporum gypseum (20,8%) y Anthroderma gypsea (2,1%); dentro de las zoofílicas, T. mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes (37,5%) y entre las antropofílicas T. tonsurans (4,2%). El crecimiento del 75% de los dermatofitos se dio a pH alcalino (7,02-9,00). Se concluye que la presencia de estos dermatofitos en el suelo no debería ser subestimada, dado que algunas de las especies identificadas son agentes de dermatofitosis para los humanos y los animales.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo, avaliar a presença de dermatófitos, especificamente em unhas, pés e mãos de estudantes universitários com e sem lesões sugestivas de dermatofitose. Foram coletadas 280 amostras dessas regiões, das quais 31 (11,1%) apresentaram positividade apenas pelo exame direto, e 20 (7,1%) tiveram, além do exame direto positivo, crescimento de dermatófito, mediante cultivo da amostra biológica. T. rubrum foi o dermatófito isolado com maior freqüência (80%), seguido por T. mentagrophytes (20%). Considerando os sítios analisados neste trabalho, a ocorrência de dermatófitos foi observada em 10,4% nas unhas dos pés, 5% nas escamas de pés, 2,5% nas unhas das mãos e apenas 0,4% nas escamas das mãos.The objective of this paper was to evaluate the occurrence of dermatophytes, specifically in the nails, feet and hands of university students with and without lesions. Two hundred and eighty samples were collected; 31 (11.1%) were positive by direct examination, while only 20 (7.1%) showed dermatophyte growth in culture, as well as direct positive examination. Trichophyton rubrum was the most frequently isolated (80%) dermatophyte followed by T. mentagrophytes (20%). Considering the sites analyzed, dermatophyte occurrence was: 10.4% in toenails, 5% in foot skin, 2.5% in fingernails and 0.4% in hand skin.

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The dermatophytes are a group of fungi that penetrate the stratum corneum invading the skin, hair and nails, using keratin as a substrate, causing infections in humans and animals known as dermatophytosis. It is a common occurrence these fungal infections in tropical countries, constituting a public health problem. A retrospective analysis of mycological tests on samples received in mycology section of the Biological Research Institute / Central Laboratory of the State / State Foundation for Production and Research in Health / Rio Grande do Sul (IPB - LACEN / FEPPS / RS), originating from health centers in Porto Alegre metropolitan areas and the state during the period 2007 to 2011. Statistical data were obtained using the software PASW Statistics 18, measures were used associations applying the Fisher exact test. Thus, this paper aims to contribute to the distribution of the most frequent etiological agents, is of great importance to investigate the prevalence of these cities in Rio Grande do Sul, in order to portray the epidemiological reality of dermatophytosis in the state, contributing to the realization of public health measures. Of the 6452 samples, 2342 were positive for dermatophytes. Among them T. rubrum was the most prevalent species (72.70%), followed by T. mentagrophytes (22.44%), M. gypseum (1.99%), M. canis (1.39%), E. floccosum (1.30%). Presenting a case for T. shoenleinii and a case for T. tonsurans (0.09%). The anatomical site were more infected toenails with 1,248 (53.23%) cases. Females were more affected. Through this study, we characterize the species of dermatophyte dermatophytosis more involved in our state, noting that the species Trichophyton rubrum is the most cosmopolitan of this fungal group, followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum canis, Ephydermophyton floccosun, Trichophyton tonsurans and T. shoenleinii. M. canis was the most frequent species in samples of scalp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutaneous mycoses is a group of entities that occur with high frequency in dermatology consultations, and although the main affected population are adolescents and adults, the incidence in the pediatric population has increased due to multiple factors like person to person transmission and other sources. For this reason it is important to consider major cutaneous mycoses when evaluating a patient in this age group, its diagnosis and management, and in this way, to avoid handling failures and unfavorable results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Durante o período de janeiro de 1999 a julho de 2002 um total de 164 casos de tinha do couro cabeludo foram diagnosticados através de exames micológicos, realizados no Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Goiás. Destes pacientes, 94 (57,3%) pertenciam ao sexo masculino, com idades variando de 3 meses a 13 anos. O diagnóstico e identificação dos agentes de dermatofitoses do couro cabeludo foram feitos utilizando-se exame direto com KOH a 20% e cultivo em ágar Mycobiotic e em ágar Sabouraud dextrose acrescido de cloranfenicol. As seguintes espécies foram identificadas: Microsporum canis (71,3%), Trichophyton tonsurans (11%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (7,9%), Trichophyton rubrum (6,7%) and Microsporum gypseum (3%). Nossos estudos mostraram que o fungo de habitat natural no animal (zoofílico), Microsporum canis foi o agente mais comum de lesões no couro cabeludo em humanos.

Se realizó estudio micológico a 52 pacientes que tenían diagnóstico clínico e histopatológico de psoriasis, pertenecientes al servicio de dermatología del Hospital Universitario San Vicente de Paúl, de Medellín, entre agosto de 1991 y febrero de 1993. Se tomaron 109 muestras a partir de las placas psoriáticas y de las lesiones sospechosas de dermatomicosis. En 10 casos (19.2%) se corroboró el diagnóstico de dermatomicosis; en 5 de ellos se encontró onicomicosis por Candida albicans sin asociación con la edad, el sexo, el oficio O el tratamiento de los pacientes. En 4 hombres se aisló E. floccosum de diferentes localizaciones y en una mujer 7: tonsurans de lesiones interdigitales en los pies. Se demostró una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la Infección por dermatofitos y el uso de esteroides sistémlcos (p = 0.021 ). No se obtuvo crecimiento de dermatofitos a partir de las placas psoriáticas ni se vieron cambios histológicos típicos de la enfermedad en las lesiones producidas por los hongos. En conclusión, es baja la frecuencia de dermatomicosis en personas con psoriasis; usualmente la piel comprometida por los hongos está libre de cambios psoriáticos y el riesgo de contraer la dermatofitomicosis se incrementa en unas 30 veces en los pacientes tratados con esteroides sistémicos. Mycological study was performed on 52 patients with clinical and histopathological diagnosis of psoriasis; they were attending the Dermatology Service at Hospital Universitario San Vicente de Paúl, Medellín, Colombia, between August 1991 and February 1993. One hundred and nine specimens were obtained from either psoriatic plaques or lesions suggestive of dermatomycosis. The diagnosis of dermatomycosis was established in 10 patients (19.2%); 5 of them had Candida albicans onicomycosis that was not associated with age, sex, occupation or psoriasis therapy; 4 men suffered from E. floccosum infection and in one woman T. tonsurans was found in interdigitallesions of the feet. Statistically significant association was found between dermatophytic infection and the use of systemic steroids (p = 0.021 ). Dermatophyte growth was not obtained from the psoriatic plaque and histological changes typical of the disease were not seen In the mycotic lesion. In conclusion: the frequency of dermatomycosis is low in psoriasis patients; the skin infected with fungi is free from psoriatic changes and the risk of acquiring dermatophytic mycosis Increases about 30 times In patients receiving systemic steroids.

Onicomicoses são infecções fúngicas que atingem as unhas e acometem cerca de 30% da população. Recentemente tem sido relatado aumento dessas infecções e também alterações em sua etiologia. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a freqüência das onicomicoses e perfil dos pacientes acometidos em Maringá, Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Entre janeiro de 1999 a junho de 2003 foram analisadas, no Laboratório de Micologia do Lepac (Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Análises Clínicas) da Universidade Estadual de Maringá, um total de 435 amostras de pacientes com suspeita clínica de onicomicose. Destas amostras 74,25% (N = 323) foram positivas, sendo 15,48% confirmadas por exame direto (N=50), 20,43% exclusivamente por cultura (N=66) e 64,09% por exame direto e cultura (N=207). As mulheres foram mais afetadas que os homens (72,67% e 27,33%), respectivamente, e a maior prevalência foi em indivíduos com mais de 40 anos. As unhas dos pés foram mais acometidas que as unhas das mãos (65,90% e 34,10%), respectivamente. Os agentes etiológicos mais freqüentes foram as leveduras (52,17%) isoladas especialmente das unhas das mãos. Os fungos filamentosos foram prevalentes nas unhas dos pés, destacando-se os dermatófitos responsáveis por 33,85% das onicomicoses e os não dermatófitos (FFND) por 13,97%

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