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The financial inclusion (FI) literature claims that expanding access of the poor to consumer credit in the formal financial system is an instrument to alleviate poverty. This view has been increasingly challenged by the financialization literature, which highlights unsustainable indebtedness of low-income borrowers following the introduction of FI policies. While a welcome contribution and antidote to mainstream assessments, much of the financialization literature on Brazil has, to date, focused on a macro-oriented analysis. As a major testing ground for FI, a better understanding of these dynamics in Latin America's largest country deepens our understanding of the socio-economic consequences of inserting poor populations into the financial system. This paper contributes to the financialization literature by drawing on interviews conducted in a Rio de Janeiro slum to understand how debt dynamics operate in everyday life, along with its structural conditioners. It shows that FI policies provide limited consumption smoothing and instead increase the structural vulnerability of low-income households. Wage and welfare support along with greater oversight and control of financial products supplied to low-income borrowers are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lumbrineriopsis dulcis sp. nov. is morphologically described from the continental shelf and slope of Espírito Santo and the Campos Basin of Rio de Janeiro state, southeastern Brazil, at depths between 14 and 400 m. Lumbrineriopsis mucronata is the only species of the genus recorded until now in Brazil. The new species differs from other congeneric species in its jaw-apparatus morphology with unfused mandibles and a fixed number of simple limbate chaetae and simple, bidentate, hooded hooks in each parapodium. This paper aims to fill the gap in knowledge on the family Lumbrineridae, which has not been studied in Brazil for the last 25 years and provides the first record of the genus from Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro states. This record is significant given the damage to the marine ecosystem of the Espírito Santo region due to the 2015 rupture of the Samarco mining company dam, the largest environmental disaster in Brazil's history. In addition, this region has important environmental conservation units such as Costa das Algas Environmental Protection Area, Santa Cruz Wildlife Refuge, and Comboios Biological Reserve. All these preserved areas are of paramount importance for the protection of marine biological diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The objective of this paper is to describe the clinical and epidemiological profile and the early outcomes of patients with omphalocele born in a fetal medicine, pediatric surgery, and genetics reference hospital in Rio de Janeiro - Brazil. To determine its prevalence, describe the presence of genetic syndromes, and congenital malformations, emphasizing the characteristics of congenital heart diseases and their most common types. Methods: Using Latin-American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC) database and records review, a retrospective cross-sectional study was performed, including all patients born with omphalocele between January 1st, 2016, and December 31st, 2019. Results: During the period of the study, our unity registered 4,260 births, 4,064 were live births and 196 stillbirths. There were 737 diagnoses of any congenital malformation, among them 38 cases of omphalocele, 27 were live born, but one was excluded for missing data. 62.2% were male, 62.2% of the women were multiparous and 51.3% of the babies were preterm. There was an associated malformation in 89.1% of the cases. Heart disease was the most common (45.9%) of which tetralogy of Fallot was the most frequent (23.5%). Mortality rate was 61.5%. Conclusions: Our data showed a good correspondence with the existing literature. Most patients with omphalocele had other malformations, especially congenital heart disease. No pregnancy was interrupted. The presence of concurrent defects showed a huge impact on prognosis, since, even if most survived birth, few remained alive and received hospital discharge. Based on these data, fetal medicine and neonatal teams must be able to adjust parents counseling about fetal and neonatal risks, especially when other congenital diseases are present. Summary of findings: Most patients with omphalocele had other malformations, especially congenital heart disease. The presence of concurrent defects showed a huge impact on prognosis. A clear perinatal plan should be developed for couples with a multidisciplinary team, aimed at minimizing maternal morbidity and providing better care for the newborn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper intends to investigate if there is, and if it exists, the depth of the relationship between the consolidation of higher education in Brazil and the culture of higher education enforced nowadays. The first graduation course was inaugurated in 1808, with the foundation of the School of Surgery and Anatomy in Salvador and Rio de Janeiro, and until now, even after the proclamation of Brazilian independence, continues aiming to provide manpower skills to fulfill liberal and manpower skills for the state bureaucracy. The pragmatic disdain for areas considered futile or unnecessary in a State that aimed to reach a certain level of production and industrialization was not only present in colonial culture but also in public policies to promote courses and research between fields of study considered essential or nonessential, in the 21st century; as well as the centralization of chair decisions in the hands of the Emperor and the reserving of the rector's free choice by the head of the Executive (federal or state) are tangible remnants of an alienating national project. In order to achieve these objectives, historical studies will be analyzed on the discussions during the implementation of higher education courses in Brazil, as well as the courses authorized to operate and documents of university deliberations from the beginning of the 19th century, as well as the direction of the research funding notices launched, and public policies for access to higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pure Neural Leprosy (PNL) is a rare clinical form of leprosy in which patients do not present with the classical skin lesions but have a high burden of the disability associated with the disease. Clinical characteristics and follow up of patients in PNL are still poorly described in the literature. Objective: This paper aims to describe the clinical, electrophysiological and histopathological characteristics of PNL patients, as well as their evolution after multidrug therapy (MDT). Methods: Fifty-two PNL patients were selected. Clinical, nerve conduction studies (NCS), histopathological and anti-PGL-1serology were evaluated. Patients were also assessed monthly during the MDT. At the end of the MDT, all of the patients had a new neurological examination and 44 were submitted to another NCS. Results: Paresthesia was the complaint most frequently reported by patients, and in the neurological examination the most common pattern observed was impairment in sensory and motor examination and a mononeuropathy multiplex. Painful nerve enlargement, a classical symptom of leprosy neuropathy, was observed in a minority of patients and in the motor NCS axonal injuries, alone or in combination with demyelinating features, were the most commonly observed. 88% of the patients did not present any leprosy reaction during MDT. There was no statistically significant difference between the neurological examinations, nor the NCS pattern, performed before and after the MDT. Discussion: The classical hallmarks of leprosy neuropathy are not always present in PNL making the diagnosis even more challenging. Nerve biopsy is an important tool for PNL diagnosis as it may guide therapeutic decisions. This paper highlights unique characteristics of PNL in the spectrum of leprosy in an attempt to facilitate the diagnosis and management of these patients. Author summary: Neuropathy is responsible for most of the disability associated with leprosy disease. The pure neural leprosy (PNL), in spite of being a rare clinical presentation of that, has some singular characteristics that are still poorly studied. In this study, we selected 52 patients at the diagnosis to describe their clinical, neurophysiological and histopathological presentation patterns as well as their evolution during the multidrug therapy (MDT). We confirmed that sensitive symptoms were the most commonly described by PNL patients but neural pain is rare. Also confirmed that mononeuropathy mutiplex was the most common pattern observed at neurological examination and at the nerve conduction studies at the moment of the diagnosis. However we showed that painful nerve enlargement other cardinal signs of leprosy, besides the skin lesions, is not common in this group of patients, There was no statistically significant difference between the neurological examination and NCS performed before and after the MDT.During the MDT88.4% of the patients did not have any leprosy reaction. This may suggest that that MDT was effective in stopping disease progression. Our results highlight the difficulties in the diagnosis of PNL and the progression following MDT in an attempt to prevent further disability in PNL patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Brazil, with its remarkably diverse marine habitats, harbour one of the world's richest fish diversities. Consequently, the diversity of their trematode parasites is also expected to be extremely rich. However, our current knowledge on this group of animals is incomplete and there are many unknown trematode species that await discovery and genetic characterisation. The Hemiuridae (Digenea) is the second most speciose trematode family in marine fishes from Brazil; however, to date, it remains understudied. We examined forty-three specimens of nine fish species belonging to eight families (Carangidae, Clupeidae, Haemulidae, Muraenidae, Percophidae, Pinguipedidae, Trichiuridae, and Triglidae) collected from the coastal zone off Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and found hemiurid trematodes in the stomach of 14 fishes. Using morphological and molecular analyses, we identified eight species from four genera of the family Hemiuridae. One of these species is reported in Brazil for the first time, four are reported from new fish hosts, and four were genetically characterised for the first time. Our novel data contributes to the knowledge on marine biodiversity in Brazil and will further contribute to the classification of the family Hemiuridae. Brazil is a tropical country with remarkably diverse marine habitats that harbour a rich diversity of fish. Only a small portion of this fish diversity has been investigated for parasites, and thus the diversity of their trematode parasites remains unexplored. Moreover, only 5 out of 184 known digenean trematode species of marine fish in Brazil have been genetically characterised. The Hemiuridae Looss, 1899 is the second most speciose trematode family in marine fishes from Brazil but, in many ways, it remains a neglected group. Forty-three trematode specimens from nine fish species were collected from the coastal zone off Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Trematodes were found in the stomach of 14 specimens of 9 fish species belonging to 8 families (Carangidae, Clupeidae, Haemulidae, Muraenidae, Percophidae, Pinguipedidae, Trichiuridae, and Triglidae). Trematode specimens were studied using morphological and molecular genetic analyses. A total of eight hemiurid species from four genera, Ectenurus, Lecithochirium, Myosaccium, and Parahemiurus were identified. This paper reports on new host records for four species of hemiurids, adds a new record on the geographical distribution for one species, and provides the first DNA sequence data supplemented with the detailed description of morphology for five species. Phylogenetic analyses supported that the subfamily classifications of the Hemiuridae—based entirely on morphological characters—needs to be reconsidered, taking into account a wider range of information sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the field of emotional mapping, and mapping more broadly, nonhuman things are often understood as mere instruments - they have utility but not agency to shape meaning-making. In this paper we experiment with a new method that aims to challenge the dualism between human and non-human things by bridging new materialism and participatory emotional mapping. We experimented with this “new materialist methodology” during a one-day workshop to explore residents’ spatio-emotional experiences in a disaster-affected favela in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Reflecting on this one-day workshop, we argue that materials with diverse colors, textures, shapes, densities, weights, and smells are key collaborators in emotional mapping. Materials have agency to invoke and evoke diverse emotions with past, present, and future temporalities, and which fall within and beyond the positive-negative emotion binary. Materials can facilitate conviviality and discussion amongst mapping participants, which enables participants to speak about their emotional-spatial experiences with more nuance and complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the Atlas of Human Development in Brazil, the income dimension of Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI-I) is an indicator that shows the population's ability in a municipality to ensure a minimum standard of living to provide their basic needs, such as water, food and shelter. In public policy, one of the research objectives is to identify social and economic variables that are associated with this index. Due to the income inequality, evaluate these associations in quantiles, instead of the mean, could be more interest. Thus, in this paper, we develop a Bayesian variable selection in quantile regression models with hierarchical random effects. In particular, we assume a likelihood function based on the Generalized Asymmetric Laplace distribution, and a spike-and-slab prior is used to perform variable selection. The Generalized Asymmetric Laplace distribution is a more general alternative than the Asymmetric Laplace one, which is a common approach used in quantile regression under the Bayesian paradigm. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated via a comprehensive simulation study, and it is applied to the MHDI-I from municipalities located in the state of Rio de Janeiro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper conceptualizes dwelling as an analytical lens to study the effects of combined human-made and environmental threats on the governing of peripheral urbanization. I call this grounded and phenomenological-analytical approach to dwelling dwelling in limbo to highlight the improvised and always uncertain nature of low-income populations' forms of residence. As such, dwelling will be explored as a temporal, political, and more-than-human process: as residents' exposure to, endurance while, and ways of navigating towards urbanization. Combining three data sources - semi-structured interviews with residents, politicians, state attorneys; own observations/ fieldwork notes, and local media reports - the paper situates this approach in the northern periphery of Rio de Janeiro. I present cases of once promised, yet suspended resettlement and highlight the role of organized criminal actors in the partial implementation of the Project Iguaçu - a disaster prevention program financed by Brazil's Federal Growth Acceleration Programme (PAC). The paper identifies such dwelling in limbo, that is, residents' exposure to criminal actors' dominion, enduring (non)resettlement, and navigating amidst uncertainty, to illustrate the effects of standby urbanization. Standby urbanization, I argue, is characterized by an active passivity of marginalized residents: To secure future dwelling, low-income populations are forced into supporting structures that perpetuate their marginality. In other words, dwelling in limbo is not an accidental side-effect of urbanization, but a form of political violence inherent to the governing of urban peripheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The public policies that make possible to democratize access to land have been a issue discussed for many decades as a way of reducing land inequality in Brazil. A lot of expectations about the democratization of access to land were created during the two Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's mandates (2003 - 2010) like brasilian president. In this sense, this paper investigate, with regard to the expropriationist agrarian reform proposal and that of land credit, if these proved to be sufficient to modify the agrarian structure in Rio de Janeiro state, in order to contribute to the democratization of access to lands in the state. To this end, it is important to understand the historical factors that influenced the process of elaborating the social function of land and land credit. Regarding the quantitative analysis of expropriations for land reform and land credit, the number of beneficiaries of the programs, hectares available and amounts executed will be observed. The results show that, for the analyzed period, it cannot be said that one proposal overlapped the other. However, the discontinuity in expropriations after 2007 may indicate a paralysis of this form of access to land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The public policies that make possible to democratize access to land have been a issue discussed for many decades as a way of reducing land inequality in Brazil. A lot of expectations about the democratization of access to land were created during the two Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's mandates (2003 - 2010) like brasilian president. In this sense, this paper investigate, with regard to the expropriationist agrarian reform proposal and that of land credit, if these proved to be sufficient to modify the agrarian structure in Rio de Janeiro state, in order to contribute to the democratization of access to lands in the state. To this end, it is important to understand the historical factors that influenced the process of elaborating the social function of land and land credit. Regarding the quantitative analysis of expropriations for land reform and land credit, the number of beneficiaries of the programs, hectares available and amounts executed will be observed. The results show that, for the analyzed period, it cannot be said that one proposal overlapped the other. However, the discontinuity in expropriations after 2007 may indicate a paralysis of this form of access to land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last 20 years, extreme weather-related events like floods, landslides, droughts, and wildfires have caused the death of 1.23 million people and a loss of 2.97 trillion dollars. Studies show that low and lower-middle income countries are the most impacted ones given the lack of investment in disaster risk management. To reduce the impact of these events, weather researchers have been developing numerical weather models that inform public agencies about the impending extreme events in advance. Despite being powerful tools, these models can suffer from several sources of uncertainty, ranging from the approximation of micro-scale physical processes to the location-dependent calibration of parameters, which is especially critical in developing countries. To minimize uncertainty effects, researchers generate several different weather scenarios to compose an ensemble of simulations that typically are inspected using manual, laborious, and error-prone approaches. In this paper, we propose an interactive visual analytics system, called X-Weather , developed in close collaboration with weather researchers from Brazil. Our system contributes a set of statistics and probability-based visualizations that allows the assessment of extreme weather events by effortlessly navigating through and comparing ensemble members. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the system through two case studies analyzing tragic events that happened in the mountain region of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. [Display omitted] • Our visualizations help identify extreme weather scenarios in large simulation ensembles. • Our web-based system enables the investigation of individual weather ensemble members. • Two case studies highlight our system's utility by analyzing extreme weather events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the development of an empirical study over the Comfort Zone (2004; 2006; 2018), shedding light on the role played by emotions in empowering learners to confidently interact in English classes at a public university in Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil. The theoretical framework was based on the concept of the Comfort Zone (2004; 2006; 2018); and that of emotions (ARAGÃO, 2004; 2011; BARCELOS, 2018; MATURANA, 2002; ZEMBYLAS 2004; 2018). This qualitative and interpretive study (DENZIN; LINCOLN, 2006; LINCOLN; GUBA, 2006) used an individual questionnaire, field observations, individual participants' reports of observation of classes and peers' performance, individual exploratory conversations and an ethnographic group interview (ERICKSON, 1986) for debriefing, and a final individual diary of participants as tools for data collection. Results display a range of emotions impacting learners' performance in interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive ionospheric studies were conducted to support the initial phase of system design approval for the existing SLS‐4000 GBAS installed at Antonio Carlos Jobim International Airport (formerly Galeão International Airport) (GIG) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This paper focuses on determining the broadcast value of the standard deviation of vertical ionospheric gradients (or σvig) that is required to bound ionospheric spatial gradients in Brazil under nominal conditions during daytime hours. The time‐step method is useful for gaining sufficient samples at distances less than the physical separation distance of ground stations and was utilized to estimate ionospheric spatial gradients. A new method called "geometric similarity" was developed to estimate ionospheric temporal gradients and evaluate the temporal effect added to the bounding σvig values. As a result, a σvig of 13 mm/km, including a temporal gradient contribution of approximately 2 mm/km, is conservative enough to bound ionospheric spatial decorrelation for daytime GBAS operations in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to reflect on the practice of plagiarism in academic texts in a Pedagogy Degree Course at a public higher education institution in the state of Rio de Janeiro / Brazil. Therefore, bibliographic research and field research were carried out, using the questionnaire technique, with fifty-three graduates from the last periods of the course. The results show that most of the interviewed undergraduate students understand what plagiarism is, have heard about it at some point during their graduation and have seen plagiarism during their course. On the other hand, many of them have some difficulties in carrying out academic work and, for them, this is one of the factors that lead to the practice of plagiarism, as well as the lack of time and the ease found by the presence of many ready materials on the internet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lately, there has been an increasing demand for language courses that focus on specific purposes. Based on that, this paper investigates the training of teachers in this area, in view of the multiple roles that this professional is expected to play. To this end, a brief overview of ESP teaching in the world and in Brazil is outlined and we share an account of experience we have lived through distance learning, with a group of teachers-to-be in the 3rd academic term of the English major in a public university in Rio de Janeiro. The study proposes (re)thinking the training of ESP professionals within the undergraduate program and it demonstrates (tele)collaborative and interactive practices in the instruction and construction of knowledge by future teachers, besides that, it suggests the need for continuing education in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally the classical linear regression models (CLRM) are used on mass appraisal of real estate, however, there has been the need to model the data spatially. The real estate values in rural areas are also affected by geographical location, nevertheless the modeling of the geographical effects has been used mainly in evaluations of urban areas. The purpose of this paper to use the geographically weighted regression models (GWR) in a sample of rural properties for the preparation of a map of standard ground value (MSGV) of an area of the North region of Rio de Janeiro--RJ, Brazil. The proposed methodology was based on the application GWR, evaluate its fitness and performance with respect to the CLRM and produce the MSGV through the Kernel interpolator. The sample used was composed by 113 observations and 25 validation samples. The performance of the surface values obtained were analyzed through the median of ratios, Coefficient Of Dispersion (COD) and by the Price Relative Differential (PRD) and compared with the reference values recommended by International Association of Assessing Officers (IAAO). The GWR model was superior to the CLRM in all analyzed criteria. This led to the conclusion that the GWR yielded a better model adjustment and, therefore, was superior to the classical regression model. Regarding the use of Geostatistics to interpolate the values and generate the MSGV, the Kernel proved to be appropriate, as it generated a detailed surface, enabling the generation of values between the neighbors, in regards that it is difficult to obtain data for the entire studied area during field collection, especially in collection, especially in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study made by the Federation of Industries from Rio de Janeiro - FIRJAN pointed the growth of the Public Relations profession in Brazil between 2015 and 2017 years associated to the concern in organizations with the understanding by the consumers in the promotion and maintenance of the image (FIRJAN, 2019). The hiring of this kind of professional may be recognized as an intellectual investment cost to the organizations (Bolaño, 2002), reflecting directly in the formal labor activity. The study is reflexive to the Public Relations. First, because it says that the growth of the formal labor in Public Relations is connected to the impact in the digitization and experience value of the consumer. It implies in the graduation and qualification of the professionals inside the market. Second, because it takes to discuss the intense structural transformation of the profession: structural; if it is realized the changes in the position of the profession in economic activities and, consequently, in form of constitution of the profession while a know-how technique; intense, if it can be analyzed in time and in the quantity of formal labor constituted by the profession in Brazil. From these elements, the present research broadens the labor analysis in Public Relations. The methodologic approach made in this investigation used the qualitative and quantitative procedures. Qualitative, by the bibliographic review to build the theoretical framework about a paper for and in the economic system, as the occupation particularities of the Public Relations and the recent transformations. Quantitative, the research shows the view of the formal labor of the public relations through de Annual Relation of Social Information from Economic Ministry (Brazil), in a time analysis from 2013 to 2018. It was specifically analyzed the occupation of the Public Relations inside the National Classification of the Economic Activities (CNAE), while there is formal labor in public and private organizations. The study discussions point to a more specific view to quantity, the sectors of actuation, the salary dimension and the possibility to realize some transformation in the professional act in the economy of Brazil. Among 2013 and 2018 almost two thousand jobs were created in the area. In 2013, five sectors corresponded 53% of the occupations (1. Industry of transformation; 2. Administrative activities; 3. Technical and scientific activities; 4. Business and vehicles reparation; 5. Public administration). In 2018, one more time, five sectors corresponded 54% of the occupations (1. Technical and scientific activities; 2. Education; 3. Industry of transformation; 4. Administrative activities; and 5. Other service activities). By the organization side, it was realized that the number public relations bonds are an allocation of the professional sources with the capacity to comprehend and use knowledge pro the organizations. However, this knowledge was not implied in the sectors which generate material products constituted after a process of factory transformation, as it was spread in the conception in the labor value since XVIII and XIX centuries. The growth in number of jobs was in a sector which the final product did not constitute in a material physical good, but in services which effort the ampliation in the competitivity and conflict resolution generated in (re) production in economy. The public relation professional is, as a fact, part of a group intelligence in service of capitalist accumulation (Bolaño, 2002). The collected data corroborate to the perception of the professional in the broadening of the competitivity and in the resolution of conflicts generated in the (re) production of the economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comparative study about the male teacher who works in the elementary public education in Rio de Janeiro - Brazil and in Aveiro - Portugal. We intended, fundamentally, to investigate the consequences of teachers' professional choice who are engaged in area typically associated to women, this association is so strong that these teachers looks like a "foreign body" in quotidian of "elementary" public schools. We use the quantitative and qualitative research methodology according to a multimodal and mixed research model that converges such approaches taking advantage of their advantages, questionnaires were applied and narrative interviews were conducted. The research is based on a sample of 209 public school teachers who previously answered a questionnaire (objective and subjective), 60 from the Aveiro District (Portugal) and 149 from the Rio de Janeiro State (Brazil), as well as in interviews with six teachers chosen at random, 3 teachers in Brazil and 3 in Portugal with different age groups. They are men who are at school rethinking the men and women roles in the professions. Because of this they suffer lots of discriminations, one of these discrimination is the homophobia against male teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lytoneuron is circumscribed in the family Pteridaceae (Cheilanthoideae) and was segregated from Doryopteris s.l. through morphological and molecular evidences, as a monophyletic lineage. This study is based on the analysis of field work and herbarium collections. As a result 11 species have been reported to Rio de Janeiro. Nine species are considered endemic of Brazil and restricted to the Atlantic forest biome (Lytoneuron acutilobum, L. itatiaiense, L. feei, L. ornithopus, L. paradoxum, L. quinquelobatum, L. rosenstockii, L. subsimplex and L. tijucanum). The species Lytoneuron quinquelobatum, L. subsimplex and L. tijucanum are known only for Rio de Janeiro state. This paper presents the taxonomic treatment of the species with identification key, descriptions, comments and illustrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To ascertain whether factors of the family environment and gestational period are associated with the appearance of ADHD in children, as reported by various different informants (mothers and teachers). Methods: This paper presents results from the dataset of a longitudinal study to evaluate behavioral problems among schoolchildren in São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro State, in 2005 and 2006. The cross-section considered for this paper comprises records of exposure factors and ADHD. In all, 370 schoolchildren of the public school system were assessed by 3-stage cluster sampling. The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the Teacher Report Form (TRF) were used to measure outcomes. The exposure factors examined were: profile of child and mother, variables relating to the family environment, and perinatal considerations. The questions were answered by mothers and teachers. A hierarchical logistic regression model was used. Results: Precariously functioning families, lack of social support for mothers, adverse life events and discord during pregnancy were the factors associated with mother-reported ADHD. When ADHD was reported by teachers, the variables selected were: Intelligence quotient (IQ) and sex, with children with low IQ scores and boys more likely to display the disorder. Conclusions: Assessment of ADHD by teachers or mothers reveals specific characteristics that reflect how each of these informants understands the children. This highlights the importance of using informants from different environments in diagnosing the disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses how multiculturalism has been studied on teacher education research. Between the years 2000 and 2006, the articles published in the journals highly evaluated, papers presented at ANPEd and ENDIPEs were used as data source. Considering these three sources, we found 13 articles, 17 papers at ANPEd and 27 in ENDIPE. Based on the reading and analysis of the characteristics and the results found in the selected studies, it is possible to affirm that the State of Rio de Janeiro concentrates the largest number of studies on the theme: the categories of social class, race/ethnicity and gender and sexuality. When these categories are analyzed based on concepts such as difference and identity, they tend to assume a binary and essential character. It finalizes highlighting that the categories discussed are still under the aegis of a binary logic and Manichean. The results indicate that those studies are marked by complains, that is, they shows what the training does not do or does mistakenly. The multicultural perspective still has a weak presence in teacher education, and there are categories completely silenced, as, for example, the religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a multi-period dynamic emergency material distribution (EMD) model under uncertain demand by considering the disaster degree and demand of different affected areas to improve the reasonability of disaster relief material distribution in post-disaster emergencies. The objective is to minimize the unsatisfied demand, materials distribution cost, and the risk of choosing the path to distribute materials. The model also focuses on the heterogeneity of emergency materials, the dynamics of demand, and the diversity of transportation tools. In addition, the demands and transportation times are described by fuzzy numbers to better fit with the real situation. To solve the problem we propose a hybrid multi-objective salp swarm algorithm and sine cosine algorithm (HMSSA-SCA). Furthermore, numerical examples of different scenarios and scales are solved and compared with the multi-objective salp swarm algorithm (MSSA), multi-objective evolutionary decomposition algorithm for emergency resource scheduling (MOEA/D-mdERS), non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II), and strength pareto evolutionary algorithm 2 (SPEA2) to verify the performance of the HMSSA-SCA algorithm. Finally, the floods and landslides disaster event in 2011 in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil is used to verify the effectiveness and accuracy of the model and algorithm in the real case. • A multi-period dynamic emergency material distribution (EMD) model is proposed. • An improved multi-objective salp swarm algorithm (HMSSA-SCA) is presented. • Several new mechanisms are designed to propose HMSSA-SCA. • Numeric experiments are carried out to validate the effectiveness of HMSSA-SCA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, our main goal was to present a discussion about small familial organizations inside Mercadão de Madureira (in Rio de Janeiro). The discussion is based on a study of multiple cases. We intended to comprehend how families could survive facing contextual changes along almost a century. We wanted to know which tactics and strategies were used by managers and other subjects involved in familial organizations in order to guarantee their survival. We worked, in this case, with the concept of strategy as practice, which is associated with the perspective of everyday life and influences individuals' practical knowledge. We also based on social representations as a way to relate representation and action. In order to reach our goals, we chose a qualitative methodological approach, because this would be the most appropriate one, considering our theoretical perspective of strategy as practice and process. Qualitative approach allows better observations, arising from associations between research subjects, research locus and researcher. Empirical work was developed by in loco interviews. Conversations were recorded, transcripted and then analyzed according to elements proposed by Discourse Analysis area. Data analysis took into account the identification of implicit ideas (presupposed and inferred), thematic courses and polyphony. From interpretation of collected data, we could comprehend that strategic processes performed by organizational managers are metamorphosed in an everyday basis, continuing carving and polishing practical knowledge and space itself. In addition, we could understand that strategic practices are not delineated only inside familial organizations, because they are never alone in everyday practices. Tactics and strategies are supported by each other. In this way, they all together end up building the Mercadão de Madureira organization. In a nutshell, we observed that, besides all perspectives pointed by spatial representation literature, it is necessary to focus on such representations (physical and symbolical). Indeed, symbolical space was considered a key-element to our research. The paper's originality resides on the way we have studied strategy. We avoided the perspective that subjects (managers of their own organization) cannot develop social practices with strategic and tactic senses in order to maintain their businesses and their families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The art of estimating future values of a random process, based upon previously observed or estimated values, is usually known as a priori estimation, prediction, or forecasting. Power system state estimation process can be enhanced if state/measurement forecasts are incorporated into it. Important research efforts have been made in this direction bringing a fresh perspective to the state estimation problem. This paper (Part I) presents a comprehensive survey of forecasting-aided state estimators. It gathers up-covering a period of three decades-research results on the main benefits achieved by state estimators with forecasting capability regarding: data redundancy, innovation analysis, observability, filtering, bad data, and network configuration and parameter error processing. Aspects of modeling, forecasting techniques, and computational effort are also addressed. The second of this two-paper series presents the results of the implementation of a forecasting-aided state estimator in the energy management system of the LIGHT Services of Electricity, a company which provides electric energy to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the second part of a two-part paper addressing power system forecasting-aided state estimation. Part I presented a comprehensive survey on the subject, including future prospects. Part II is devoted to presentation and discussion of numerical results obtained with the implementation of a forecasting-aided state estimator in the energy management system of LIGHT Services of Electricity, which is company that supplies Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This estimator is submitted to different situations, such as: normal operating conditions, presence of spurious measurements (including those which are critical), and occurrence of unpredictable sudden changes in the state of the LIGHT system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To identify the students' profile and their motivation to attend the Course of Post-Graduation in Medicine (Radiology) at the School of Medicine of Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, as well as to quantitative and qualitatively evaluate their scientific production. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A questionnaire comprised of both open and closed questions was sent to 183 post-graduates, and 148 returned with answers. Expectations, professional destiny and scientific production were evaluated. RESULTS: Technical and scientific improvement (39.08%) and docent career progression (26.82%) were the primary motivating factors for students to attend the post-graduation course. The changes resulting from the conclusion of the course were: improvement of technical knowledge (33.33%) and higher confidence in their professional performance (17.83%). This survey has demonstrated that 60.42% of the respondents work in higher education institutions and 39.58% do not, and that 84.93% of the scientific papers about themes of theses/dissertations were published. CONCLUSION: The course has met the essential requirements for researchers and docents education. Also, the survey has demonstrated the necessity of a more effective performance of the program docents besides curricular changes with the introduction of a discipline dedicated to the preparation of scientific papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practice of overbooking in air transportation is a result of a broader market strategy, known as Yield Management (Revenue Management), which aims at optimizing the total revenues of airlines. Given this complex environment for decision making, one has that the investment in improving demand forecast capabilities, and more specifically, in understanding the process of arrival of requests in Reservation Systems, is potentially competitive advantage enhancing and ultimately improves market performance. The present paper aims at developing an empirical model of the arrivals of requests in airlines' (and, more generally, service firms') Reservation Systems. By making use of a database consisting of actual information collected from an airline operating the Rio de Janeiro - São Paulo shuttle route, here we make use of parametric estimation of a model of reservation arrivals. The time series modeling implemented here can be regarded as within a theoretical framework for demand forecast. Main results are indicative of an autoregressive process of arrivals in which lagged variables along with differences have high predictive power of current arrival levels. This paper is therefore able to fill a gap found in the literature regarding forecast methods applied to corporate Reservation Systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From a sociocultural constructivist perspective, this paper analyses the sociocultural processes involved in children's participation in criminal organizations in Rio de Janeiro, and in other violent and armed environments. The analysis is based on the work of Dowdney (2003, 2005), and the work of the Slum Monitoring Center (Observatorio de Favelas, 2006). The article discusses the concept of childhood, and identifies the major factors affecting child development within such contexts: the strategies used by adults to induct children into a criminal organization and to keep them there. It highlights the role of school and work, two environments universally present in the research participants' own narratives. To study the topic demands a systematic approach so as to account for the variety of factors at work, from the historical-social forces revealed in the social practices and the collective culture of gangs, to issues such as autonomy and social responsibility. The paper stresses the need to create collective spaces for expressing and coconstructing meanings, which may encourage social and personal reflection, and so promote healthy developmental contexts for both the individual and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws upon and contributes to recent discussions concerning the homologous relationship between early cinema and urban space. It focuses on the ways in which the introduction and development of film in Brazil was part of a project of urban transformation that took place in the country's then capital, Rio de Janeiro, at the start of the twentieth century, a project that was intended to transform the city into Brazil's capital of the twentieth century. The paper argues that while the foreign medium's arrival was inscribed and implicated in the city's transformation, helping to map and project an ideal image of urban space, its subsequent development produced patterns of spectatorship and production that charted new spatial practices, in which Brazilian spectators negotiated their own local experiences in the modernized city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines how Brazil's latest public security initiative--its highly controversial Police Pacification Campaign (UPP)--is an integral component of a neoliberal political framework that is enacting rapid urbanization projects in and around strategically located favelas (informal settlements or slums) of Rio de Janeiro. Specifically, it evaluates what kinds of economic development initiatives are moving forward, how they are facilitated by the UPP, how they connect to the city's mega-events, and who is profiting from them. The article also examines how the pacification has affected residents in three favelas over a seven-year period from the inauguration of the UPP in 2008 through to mid-2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to discuss how, in contemporary, everyday life in the city is crossed by the cyberspace, which ushered in new flows, affections and allegories, particularly with the advent of digital social networks. In this cut, we question how narratives about the city of Rio de Janeiro on the social network Facebook publicize relationships they establish tuned sense of production to the company's characteristics in network, where the paradox of mobility is configured in conjunction with the mediated representation of space and experience of urban life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2000 The Law No. 3410/2000 was created which outlined conditions which the funk parties could be held in the Rio de Janeiro city, in 2008, the Álvaro Lins Law stiffened the Law of 2000, was created by imposing a series of restrictions of funk parties and rave parties. However, one year later, on September 1, 2009, a law was passed to lift the Carioca Funk to cultural patrimony of the State of Rio de Janeiro. In same day the Álvaro Lins law has been repealed . The aim of this paper is to analyse the text of the Law 5543/2009, into in dialogue with the experience lived in daily for whose this law apply. We intend through this discussion, capture the socio-political struggles which emerged with the implementation of this law, as well as to understand this changes that it reaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is part of a broader research of the author's Master's Thesis and describes dynamics and values that constitute Rio na Rua's ("Rio on the street") network on Facebook. The page covers frequent popular riots in Rio de Janeiro, since june 2013. Through the description of the constitution and maintenance of the network created by Rio na Rua, we seek to demonstrate that users interaction on the platform is not just a consumption activity of the service offered by Facebook. It also creates a network within the network ecossystem of the platform. Therefore, the interaction is a semiotic and productive work as it is an essencial task on producing signs which are sold by Facebook as keywords to advertisers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the reflections developed over the course of three research papers undertaken in recent years with three different objects of study: social projects aimed at young people, cultural practices in urban outskirts and devices employed by the government in the city of Rio de Janeiro in the process of "pacifying" the favelas. The questions raised facilitate a problematization of how the approach to the so-called "social issue" has shifted over recent decades in Brazil. The opposition between the domain of youth and that of children and teenagers is developed in order to exemplify the changes to have occurred over recent decades in Brazil in terms of the country's approach to the so-called "social issue". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the synchronization of price changes in the context of retail tire dealers in Sao Paulo-Brazil and selected items in supermarkets for cleaning supplies and food in Rio de Janeiro-Brazil. Results indicate similar and non-negligible synchronization for different brands, although magnitudes are distant from a perfect synchronization pattern. We find imeresting patterns in inter-firm competition, with similar magnitudes across different tire types. Intra-chain synchronization is substantial, indicating that a common price adjustment policy tends to he sustained for each chain across different products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the exercise of police authority in "Operação Lei Seca" aimed at curbing DUI in Rio de Janeiro. Two aspects of the description made by these policemen are presented in detail: the absence of ostensive signs of authority (the uniform and the rifle) and the use of politeness. These depictions are then combined with fieldwork data in which citizens and policemen resort to jocose provocations in their interactions. Analysis dwells on a theoretical model proposed for the understanding of this form of exercising police authority, which is based on theses on authority, theories of laughter and interpretations about the relationship between politeness and violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bulhões, E., Fernandez, G.B., Rocha, T.B., 2013. Morphodynamics of Embayed Beaches. Case Study in Cape Buzios, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Cape Buzios is a balneary touristic county located 180 km east of Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil. The geological site is composed by metassedimentary and metavolcanic rocks originated from a Cambrian and Ordovician (530-490 Ma) collisional event named Buzios Orogeny. The main characteristic of Cape Buzios is distinct structurally controlled beaches. The objective of this paper is to present results of morphodynamics of embayed beaches exposed to distinct wave's directions and relate it to the morphological response of beach profiles. Thirteen different beach profiles were monitored during four years in seven embayed beaches using standard topographic methods, resulting in over 250 beach profile data. Wind and wave data statistics; morphodynamic and embayment scale parameters; equilibrium profiles; closure depth; and planform stability were also calculated. Results led to the identification of three different morphodynamic conditions. The first two are low energy reflective and high energy intermediate beaches that are morphologically stable. In the first case beaches are narrow and equilibrated with their transversal profile. Closure depths vary from 3 to 6 meters. In the second case beaches are overfilled with sediments which even in high energy conditions permit rapid morphological recovery, closure depths are up to 20 meters. The third morphodynamic condition refers to unstable beaches that also have two different characteristics: one group of beaches presents permanently erosional profiles, while the other group presents episodic erosional profiles. The differences were in the range of exposition to higher waves and the volume of nearshore sediments available. Estimated maximum wave heights of 1,3; 2,4 and 5,4 meters can be respectively correlated for each one of the morphodynamic conditions described above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moulton, M.A.B., Oliveira Filho, S.R., Rocha, T.B., Fernandez, G.B. 2013. Foredunes of Rio de Janeiro coast: genesis, structure and morphology. Proceedings 12th International Coastal Symposium (Plymouth, England), Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 65, pp. 1319-1324, ISSN 0749-0208.--> The formation of foredunes is one of the most important processes that occur during the evolution of the coastal sandy barriers, and can be observed along the coast of Rio de Janeiro State (Brazil) in both regressive, aggradational or transgressive barriers. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the main processes of foredune development in areas with distinct patterns of coastal sand barriers along the Rio de Janeiro coast, subject to onshore and/or offshore winds. For this purpose we studied three areas in which foredunes present a representative morphology and show different types of coastal barrier. In each area, morphological aspects and foredune sedimentary structure where analyzed. Using total station and DGPS to generate 2D and 3D profiles, and a GPR antenna (400 MHz) to examine the sedimentary structure, an overall picture of the foredune formation process and the barrier type associated was made. The results showed that, foredunes developed on top of the regressive barrier (Atafona Beach) represent less than 2 m of sediment accumulated above the well-preserved beach ridges, suggesting that the main source of sediment supply comes from the river. In the aggradational barrier (Peró Beach) the intense aeolian transport (onshore winds) masks any sequence of beach signal, forming significant sequences of foredunes/blowouts (in this case sediment supply comes from the shoreface). The last area (Massambaba Beach), where winds blow offshore as result to the change of coastline orientation, we registered overwash deposits and occasionally foredune development on top of the transgressive barrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing awareness of increasing trends in coastal erosion and flooding due to climate change is triggering a demand for the rapid assessment of the potential responses of the coastlines around the world, principally in locations where human occupation is especially endangered. Investigations of present and future physical vulnerability and associated social risk have, therefore, become crucial for coastal management. In order to provide a quick and simple methodology for the identification of vulnerable coastal segments, Sharples () has proposed a mapping methodology, called the smartline approach, which consists of representing, by means of simple lines, a geomorphic classification of the hinterland, backshore and beaches. The aim of this paper is to apply the smartline approach to coastal vulnerability assessment with inclusion of social data. The results show that this methodology is appropriate for the indication of coastal segments with varying degrees of vulnerability to erosion and flooding and for the appraisal of the resulting social risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to map the thermal field in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro (MARJ) considering the atmospheric characteristics and the land use that contribute to understanding the urban heat island. Three thermal maps are defined through the use of Landsat5-TM satellite images for three winter events chosen for the decades of 1980, 1990, and 2000, respectively. The results reveal a concentration of warmer cores in urban central areas as well as some local warmer areas in suburban region. Sites with lower temperatures correspond to vegetated areas which are away from the central part of the MARJ, including points of suburban areas. This work emphasizes the importance of the combined analysis of surface temperature with land use and atmospheric conditions, depicting a distinct pattern of heat islands for tropical climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In previous papers, faunistic and preliminary taxonomic data on the gastrotrich communities along the coastline of the Brazilian states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro were reported; among the over 40 records, the occurrence of several species new to science was highlighted. One of such new taxa is described here based on observation carried out on living and SEM prepared specimens. Pseudostomella dolichopoda sp. n. (Gastrotricha: Thaumastodermatidae) is the only species in the genus that attains 420 µm in total length, is covered by pentancres and possesses, among others, caudal pedicles up to 45 µm in length. Additional differences with co-generic taxa characterized by a pentancrous covering are discussed. Furthermore, a key to the described Pseudostomella species of the world based on easily discernible traits, visible in both living and formalin-fixed specimens, is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the demographic responses of the large slaver land holders of Rio de Janeiro, to the British pressure to end slavery in the Atlantic Ocean. It places special emphasis on the decades of 1810 and 1820, although it covers a longer period in lesser detail. The article questions the idea, widely disseminated in Brazilian historiography, that the internal slave trade in Brazil was enough to respond to the demands of growing slaver plantations and, therefore, that the natural positive growth of the slave population and of slavery were incompatible variables in colonial and imperial Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I analyze the trajectory of Brazilian physical anthropology from the late nineteenth century to the early decades of the twentieth century, framing it within the prevailing historical and sociopolitical context. The focus will be on the research and reflections of anthropologists at the Museu Nacional (National Museum) in Rio de Janeiro, one of Brazil's most influential anthropological research centers, from 1870 to 1930. The main aim is to understand why these anthropologists distanced themselves from explanatory approaches that placed mestizos and other non-Europeans on inferior levels in the hierarchy of human races. I argue that the position taken by physical anthropology at the National Museum was the result of far-reaching intellectual and political dynamics operating well beyond academic borders. Anthropologists from the National Museum--and Edgard Roquette-Pinto in particular--shared the nationalist ideals defended by a portion of the early twentieth-century Brazilian intelligentsia. It is also argued that, contrary to some historical interpretations, the antideterministic position of physical anthropology at the National Museum was independent of the Boasian influence. Although there were superficial similarities between the Boasian ideas and those of a segment of the physical anthropology produced in Brazil, the most significant influences came from other, locally produced sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to analyse the organization and the debates of the First Brazilian Congress of Theatre, which occurred between the 9th and 13th of July in 1951 at Rio de Janeiro. Considering that the Congress represented an attempt of intellectuals and artists to answer several questions that were discussed in the theatrical landscape at that moment, we intend to highlight the main discussions and proposals for solving the problems faced by the theatrical scene at the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Municipality of Campos dos Goytacazes is located on the northern coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The city developed on a floodplain and as a consequence of this occupation it has experienced problems with the water table level, drainage system, soil carrying capacity and aquifers'' contamination. The purpose of this paper was to accomplish a geological and environmental study, producing interpretive and derived geotechnical maps to analyze the degree of aptitudes or restrictions of the physical environment for urban expansion. In order to do this, the methodology of multicriterial analysis was used, combined with pedological indicators resulting in the elaboration of the Favorability Maps for Buildings (Shallow and Deep Foundations). The remote sensing tools, GIS and GPS, sped up the elaboration of the Information Plans. The maps generated in this work allow us to indicate problems in the physical environment serving as a guide to urbanization. It was verified that the city expands into unsuitable areas and it is recommended as areas for expansion those considered favorable in the outcomes of this research. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The world's most influential development agency, the World Bank Group (WBG), is the leading actor in development finance and plays a central role in global efforts to protect the environment. Following the Rio Earth Summit in 1992, the institution was responsible for all investment projects of the Global Environment Facility (GEF), which was then newly established to serve as the interim financial mechanism for the United Nations Conventions on Climate Change and Biodiversity. The promise that the GEF would lead to the “greening” of development finance remains largely unfulfilled. More recently the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change appointed the WBG as the interim trustee of the new Green Climate Fund which plans to mobilize an estimated US$ 100 billion per year by 2020. While the World Bank Group plays this critical role in global environmental efforts, its main business continues to be lending for development. This includes the financing of large-scale infrastructure projects, agribusiness, large dams as well as investments in gas, oil and mining. This regular lending portfolio for development is often at odds with environmental sustainability. For example, despite the growing area of climate finance, support for fossil fuel projects continues to be dominant in the institution's lending for the energy sector. Another climate-related area is the World Bank's pioneering role in advancing REDD+, an initiative designed to reduce the emission of global green house gases by integrating efforts to protect forest areas into global carbon markets. Ultimately, its success will depend on addressing sensitive questions such as land ownership, forest governance and the equitable sharing of benefits. In conclusion the paper considers the underlying corporate culture and the difficulties in reconciling environmental and social sustainability with the institution's supply-side driven focus on meeting lending targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In April 2006, the piece "Desenhando com terços" of the plastic artist Márcia X. is removed from the exhibition "Erotica - Os sentidos na arte", displayed at the Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil of Rio de Janeiro. The decision was taken by the director of the cultural institution after public manifestations of Catholics. With four rosaries united forming two double penis intercrossed, the work was considered offensive by mixing religion and eroticism. From the episode sets up a controversy in which different actors, mainly religious and artists, position themselves on the withdrawal of the work. In this paper, we investigate how the encounter between the different actors and an art object produced a key moment of problematization of the relations and boundaries between religion and art and how both relate to public space [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the struggle over the memory of one of the most remarkable episodes of the Brazilian recent history, the 1964 civil-military coup. Our investigation focuses on the militants of the Union of Printer Workers of Rio de Janeiro and their memories about the events that culminated in the 1964 coup. The construction and reconstruction of the memory of that period and its linkage with the printers' political issues will be discussed in the text. Our analysis takes into account interviews with old militants and Journals of the category. We conclude that in the face of an impending political-institutional crisis, especially after the 1964 coup, the elements that sustain the printers' identity construction are driven and negotiated. This memory, which is part of a historical experience of the group, is also reconstructed in the present to legitimize or contradict the role of social actors who still occupy prominent positions in the Union organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study seeks to understand how young, unmarried mothers and mothers-to-be in the favelas (shantytowns) of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, have experienced religious morality as applied to themselves and other adolescents in their communities, as well as how religious leaders grapple with the moral issue of unmarried adolescent maternity in their midst. Drawing on more than 50 interviews conducted in Rio with young mothers, Catholic and evangelical religious leaders who work with the poor, and staff members of non-governmental organizations, this paper seeks to understand the acceptance—or even approval—that unmarried pregnant teens and adolescent mothers usually encounter, which casts doubt on whether the issue is actually posing a moral dilemma for these religious institutions. The realities of everyday life in Rio's favelas, most prominently the ever-present specter of violence, high rates of teen motherhood, strong popular opposition to abortion, the high value accorded to motherhood, and the intense competition of the religious marketplace appear to influence the ways in which favela residents and religious leaders understand and interpret morality. More generally, this study offers an example of how religious groups working in impoverished communities throughout the world might adapt traditional moral codes to suit their circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]