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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative virus for the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). After more than one year it becomes apparent that for some patients the acute symptoms can persist for several months. Post-acute COVID-19 is defined as the persistence of symptoms and/or long-term complications beyond 4 weeks from the onset of the acute symptoms. Even though the evidence is preliminary, the prevalence in the general population is reported to range from 15 to 30%. The symptoms can be assigned to numerous organ systems and are described as very heterogenous with regards to their number, duration and severity. To this day it is not exactly known what causes the subacute and chronic manifestation of acute COVID-19. The treatment should be guided by the individual symptoms of the patients. To prevent setbacks, it is recommended to plan and monitor physical activity carefully. Athletes returning to sports with or recovered from post-acute COVID-19 require a thorough physical examination and a stepwise increase of training load to prevent long-term organ damage and a reduction in physical capacity. The aim of the scoping review is to summarize ongoing symptoms and possible causes for post-acute COVID-19 (“long-COVID”) and to classify essential aspects for post-acute COVID-19 management to regain physical fitness on the basis of current evidence. © 2021 Das schwere akute respiratorische Syndrom Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ist der Erreger der pandemischen Erkrankung COVID-19, fur die nach mehr als einem Jahr erkennbar ist, dass nach einer uberstandenen akuten Erkrankung andauernde Symptome existieren konnen. Als post-akutes COVID-19 werden das Anhalten klinischer Symptome und/oder das Auftreten langfristiger Komplikationen uber 4 Wochen nach der akut symptomatischen Krankheitsphase hinaus definiert. Aussagen uber die Pravalenz sind vorlaufig und abhangig vom Betrachtungszeitraum und untersuchter Bevolkerungsgruppe. In der Allgemeinbevolkerung wird das Auftreten derzeit mit einem Anteil von 15-30% der Infizierten angegeben. Die angegebenen Symptome lassen sich einer Vielzahl von Organsystemen zuordnen und weisen, was Anzahl, Dauer und Schweregrad anbelangt, teilweise grose, interindividuelle Unterschiede auf. Die Ursachen fur die subakute und chronische Manifestation der Symptome sind noch ungeklart und verschiedene Mechanismen, wie funktionelle Einschrankungen multipler Organsysteme durch Gewebeschadigung sowie eine postivirale Autoimmunitat werden diskutiert. Cluster aus moglichen individuellen Risikofaktoren, wie Alter und Geschlecht, kombiniert mit den Symptomen in der Akutphase zeigen sich am vielversprechendsten, um die Entwicklung von post-akutem COVID-19 zu prognostizieren. Ziel des Scoping Reviews ist es, andauernde Symptome und mogliche Ursachen fur post-akutes COVID-19 (”long-COVID“) zusammenzufassen und wesentliche Aspekte fur ein post-akutes COVID-19-Management zur Wiedererlangung der korperlichen Leistungsfahigkeit evidenzbasiert einzuordnen. © 2021 more...

Physical pain, far from being a monolithic sensation, is a complex and varied somatic response to trauma or pathophysiology. The body registers pain in response to a threat to bodily wholeness; the patient or clinician interprets pain, seeking to associate the pain with its cause (diagnosis or etiology) in order to undertake a remedy and to predict its future course (prognosis). In nursing clinical practice, where symptom assessment and management are central to the scope of practice, reading pain as sign (the clinician’s empirical observation) or as symptom (an experience reported by the patient) entails complex interpretation and translation of the body’s manifestations. This article will make explicit the semiotic dimensions of nursing pain research (and its concomitant implications for clinical practice) in two cases : Xiaomei Cong’s research into procedural pain in infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) and Deborah Dillon McDonald’s research into pain communication between older adults with osteoarthritis or post-surgical pain and their healthcare providers., Loin d’être une sensation monolithique, la douleur physique est une réponse somatique complexe et variée à un trauma ou une pathophysiologie. Le corps enregistre la douleur en réponse à une menace à son intégrité; le patient ou le clinicien interprète la douleur, et cherche à associer la douleur à sa cause (diagnostic ou étiologie) afin d’établir un traitement et prédire son évolution (pronostic). Dans la pratique clinique des soins infirmiers, pratique centrée sur l’évaluation et l’encadrement des symptômes, la lecture de la douleur en tant que signe (l’observation empirique du clinicien) ou en tant que symptôme (l’expérience rapportée par le patient) implique une interprétation et une traduction complexes de manifestations corporelles. Cet article explicitera les dimensions sémiotiques des recherches sur la douleur dans un contexte infirmier (et des implications associées à la pratique clinique) dans deux cas : les études de Xiaomei Cong sur la douleur interventionnelle chez les nourrissons dans des services de soins intensifs néonataux, et les études de Deborah Dillon McDonald sur la communication de la douleur entre soignants et adultes âgés souffrant d’arthrose ou de douleur post-opératoire. more...

Ziel dieser Studie war, medizinische Daten von freilebenden H. albicilla mit diagnostizierter Bleiintoxikation auszuwerten. Hierzu wurden klinische, bildgebende, blutchemische- und hämatologische Parameter sowie Blut- und Organbleikonzentrationen untersucht. Es wurde überprüft, ob das Vorhandensein verschiedener klinischer, bildgebender und labordiagnostischer Befunde Einfluss auf die Prognose einer Bleiintoxikation bei freilebenden H. albicilla hat. Über den Zeitraum von August 1998 bis Januar 2020 wurden Daten von 238 freilebenden, verletzt aufgefundenen H. albicilla, die in der Abteilung für Heim-, Zoo- und Wildtiere der Klinik für kleine Haustiere der Freien Universität Berlin vorgestellt wurden, ausgewertet. Als Einschlusskriterium für eine Bleiintoxikation wurde eine Blutbleikonzentration ab 0,4 ppm einhergehend mit typischen klinischen Symptomen gewählt. 31 % der Seeadler (73/238) wiesen eine Bleiintoxikation als alleinigen Befund auf und wurden in die Studie einbezogen. Die Seeadler stammten aus Brandenburg (44/73), Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (14/73), Sachsen (6/73), Schleswig-Holstein (4/73), Sachsen-Anhalt (3/73) und Berlin (2/73). Ein Großteil der Seeadler wurde in den Herbst- und Wintermonaten (Oktober bis März) aufgefunden (60/73, 82 %). Die häufigste Altersgruppe waren adulte Seeadler (50/73, 69 %), gefolgt von immaturen (17/73, 23 %) und juvenilen Vögeln (4/73, 5 %) sowie Nestlingen (2/73, 3 %). Weibliche Seeadler (40/73, 55 %) wurden häufiger vorgestellt als männliche (30/73, 41 %). Typische klinische Untersuchungsbefunde, die bei 72 der 73 Seeadler erhoben werden konnten, waren Apathie (72/72, 100 %), Dyspnoe (50/72, 68 %), ein schlechter Ernährungszustand (44/72, 60 %), Biliverdinurie (35/72, 48 %), Erbrechen (23/72, 32 %), Kropfstase (21/72, 29 %) und neurologische Ausfallserscheinungen (19/72, 26 %). Bei der röntgenologischen Untersuchung konnten bei 44 % der Vögel metalldichte Fragmente im Verdauungstrakt nachgewiesen werden (32/73). Die Bleifragmente befanden sich am häufigsten im Magen, gefolgt von Darm und Kropf. Eine Hämolyse der Erythrozyten wurde bei 62 % (45/73) der Seeadler nachgewiesen. Die mediane Blutbleikonzentration lag bei 3,0 ppm (Min=0,4 ppm; Max=21,7 ppm). Signifikant höhere Blutbleikonzentrationen konnten bei Seeadlern mit Biliverdinurie (rs=0,44; p=0,002), Dyspnoe (rs=0,38; p=0,001) und metalldichten Fragmenten im Verdauungstrakt (rs=0,3; p=0,009) festgestellt werden. Zudem wiesen adulte Seeadler signifikant häufiger höhere Blutbleikonzentrationen auf als andere Altersgruppen (rs=0,25; p=0,03). Die hämatologische Untersuchung ergab bei 26 % der Seeadler (18/73) eine Anämie (Hämatokrit unter 29 %). Bei den blutchemischen Parametern konnten die stärksten Abweichungen von den Referenzintervallen bei der Aspartat-Aminotransferase- und der Kreatinkinaseaktivität sowie der Glukosekonzentration beobachtet werden. Eine therapeutische Endoskopie erfolgte bei 59 % (16/27) der Seeadler mit metalldichten Fragmenten im Magen. In 69 % (11/16) der Fälle wurden die Fragmente zwar erfolgreich entfernt, aber trotz Endoskopie verstarben 13 von 16 Seeadlern. Die Blutbleikonzentration konnte mit Ca-Na2-EDTA 50 mg/kg KGW i.m. BID und 100 mg/kg KGW i.m. BID bzw. Ditripentat 50 mg/kg KGW i.m. SID intramuskulär kontinuierlich gesenkt werden. Insgesamt verstarben 79 % der Seeadler (31 weibliche, 25 männliche und zwei unbekannten Geschlechts) an den Folgen der Bleiintoxikation. Faktoren, die die Prognose signifikant beeinflussten, waren das Vorhandensein einer Dyspnoe (r=0,63; p=0,001), das Vorhandensein einer Biliverdinurie (r=0,43; p=0,005), die Höhe der Blutbleikonzentration (rs=0,36; p=0,002) sowie eine Hämolyse (r=0,31; p=0,01). Eine Überlebensbaumanalyse ergab, dass Dyspnoe und Anämie die einflussreichsten Faktoren für die Beurteilung der Prognose bei Seeadlern mit Bleiintoxikationen waren. Seeadler mit einer Dyspnoe wiesen eine Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit von 6 % auf, Seeadler mit einer Anämie von 24 %. Die Leberbleikonzentrationen der Seeadler mit Bleiintoxikation waren höher als die Nierenbleikonzentrationen (rs=0,8; p=0,001). 74 % (34/46) der verstorbenen Tiere wiesen deutlich erhöhte Leberbleikonzentrationen und 24 % (11/46) deutlich erhöhte Nierenbleikonzentrationen auf (>8 ppm). Bei 86 % der Seeadler, die mit einer Blutbleikonzentrationen unter 1 ppm verstarben (6/9), konnten Leber- und Nierenbleikonzentrationen von über 1 ppm nachgewiesen werden. Dies ist die erste Studie, die den Verlauf einer Bleiintoxikation bei einer größeren Anzahl von Seeadlern auswertete. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit können helfen, anhand klinischer, bildgebender und labordiagnostischer Befunde, die Prognose einer Bleiintoxikation bei Seeadlern besser zu beurteilen., The aim of this study was to evaluate medical data from German white-tailed eagles with diagnosed lead poisoning based on clinical signs, diagnostic imaging and laboratory diagnostic findings. From August 1998 to January 2020 238 free-living H. albicilla were presented at the Small Animal Clinic of the Freie Universität Berlin. Inclusion criterion was a blood lead concentration of 0.4 ppm, typical clinical symptoms associated with lead intoxication and absence of any other clinical findings. Based on these, data of 73 free-living white-tailed eagles were included in this study. The majority of eagles originated from Brandenburg (44/73), followed by Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (14/73), Saxony (6/73), Schleswig-Holstein (4/73), Saxony-Anhalt (3/73) and Berlin (2/73). Most of the birds were found in autumn and winter months (October to March) (60/73, 82 %). The most common age group were adult white-tailed eagles (50/73, 69 %), followed by immature (17/73, 23 %) and juvenile birds (4/73, 5 %) as well as nestlings (2/73, 3 %). Female white-tailed eagles (40/73, 55 %) were presented more often than males (30/73, 41 %). Typical clinical findings could be evaluated in 72 out of 73 birds including apathy (72/72, 100 %), dyspnoea (50/72, 68 %), poor nutritional status (44/72, 60 %), biliverdinuria (35/72, 48 %), vomiting (23/72, 32 %), crop stasis (21/72, 29 %) and neurological signs (19/72, 26 %). Metal-dense fragments within the digestive tract were detected in 44 % of the birds during radiological examination (32/73). Those were most frequently located in the stomach, followed by intestines and crop. In 12 % of the white-tailed eagles, metal-dense fragments were furthermore found outside the digestive tract (4/34). Hemolysis was observed in the plasma of 62 % of all birds examined (45/73). The median blood lead concentration was 3.0 ppm (min=0.4 ppm; max=21.7 ppm). Significantly higher blood lead concentrations were found in white-tailed eagles presenting with biliverdinuria (rs=0.44; p=0.002), dyspnoea (rs=0.38; p=0.001), and metal-dense fragments located within the digestive tract (rs=0.3; p=0.009). Furthermore, higher blood lead concentrations were significantly more common in adult white-tailed eagles (rs=0.25; p=0.03) than in other age groups. Hematological examination of white-tailed eagles revealed anemia in 26 % of the birds (18/73). The greatest deviations from reference intervals in blood biochemistry parameters were observed in aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase activity as well as in glucose concentration. Therapeutic endoscopy was attempted in 59 % (16/27) of white-tailed eagles with metaldense fragments located in the stomach. Lead fragments were successfully retrieved in 69 % (11/16) of birds, but despite endoscopic treatment 13 of 16 white-tailed eagles died due to lead intoxication. Blood lead concentration could be continuously reduced with intramuscular administration of Ca-Na2-EDTA at 50 mg/kg BW BID, at 100 mg/kg BW BID or Ditripentate at 50 mg/kg BW SID. Overall, 79 % of the white-tailed eagles (31 females, 25 males and two unknown sex) presented died as a result of lead poisoning. Factors that significantly influenced the prognosis were the presence of dyspnoea (r=0.63; p=0.001), biliverdinuria (r=0.43; p=0.005), blood lead concentration (rs=0.36; p=0.002) as well as hemolysis (r=0.31; p=0.01). A survival tree analysis indicated that dyspnea was the most relevant factor for assessing the prognosis of white-tailed eagles with lead intoxication followed by the presence of anemia. White-tailed eagles with dypnoea had a 6 % survival rate, while the chance of survival of birds with anemia was 24 %. Postmortem liver lead concentrations of white-tailed eagles were higher than kidney lead concentrations (rs=0.8; p=0.001). 74 % (34/46) of the birds showed significantly increased liver lead concentrations while 24 % (11/46) had increased kidney lead concentrations (>8 ppm). In 86 % of the white-tailed eagles dying with blood lead concentrations of less than 1 ppm (6/9), liver lead concentrations higher than 1 ppm were detected. To the author’s knowledge this is the first study evaluating the course of lead intoxication in a larger number of white-tailed eagles. The results of this study should therefore help to better assess the prognosis of lead intoxication in this species and treat affected birds accordingly. more...

Si l’existence de liens entre consommation éthylique et symptômes thymiques paraît évidente, la nature et les mécanismes qui sous-tendent ces interactions s’avèrent en revanche très complexes et moins bien connus. Cet article, qui s’appuie essentiellement sur des données empiriques et destinées aux cliniciens, vise à décrire de quelle manière la compréhension de ces symptômes thymiques permet de dégager des pistes de travail ou leviers pour le travail clinique avec les patients alcoolo-dépendants. Nous développons en particulier la manière dont la consommation aiguë entraîne des réactions émotionnelles, hors contexte d’abus ou de dépendance (caractère syntone par rapport au cadre social de consommation, « binge-drinking »). Les consommations chroniques, menant à l’abus ou à la dépendance, sont par la suite abordées en détaillant de quelle manière leur interaction biologique avec le circuit de récompense cérébrale modifie notablement l’humeur, en fonction d’un principe d’allostasie. Nous mettons aussi en évidence le rôle de facteurs de personnalité tels que la conscience de Soi dans la relation qui peut exister entre dépression et « craving ». Nous insistons également sur des manifestations annexes aux symptômes thymiques que sont les troubles de cognition sociale fréquents chez les patients alcooliques, menant souvent à un isolement social ainsi qu’à des relations interpersonnelles conflictuelles qui peuvent à leur tour être des facteurs d’accentuation du vécu dépressif. [Thymic symptoms related to the use of alcohol] Although the existence of links between alcohol consumption and thymic symptoms seems obvious, the nature and mechanisms underlying these interactions are, on the other hand, very complex and less well-known. This article, which relies mainly on empirical data and is intended for clinicians, aims to describe how understanding these thymic symptoms can identify avenues of work or levers for clinical work with alcohol-dependent patients. In particular, we develop the way in which acute consumption leads to emotional reactions, outside the context of abuse or dependence (symptom with the social framework of consumption, “binge-drinking”). Chronic consumption leading to abuse or dependence is then discussed, detailing how their biological interaction with the brain reward circuit significantly changes mood, based on a principle of allostasis. We also highlight the role of personality factors such as self-consciousness in the relationship between depression and craving. Furthermore we emphasize manifestations related to thymic symptoms such as social cognition disorders common in alcoholic patients, often leading to social isolation as well as conflicting interpersonal relationships which can in turn be factors of accentuation as far as depression symptoms are concerned. more...

International audience; Purpose : Conventionally, symptoms occurring during the methacholine test are not taken into account when interpreting the test results. We examined whether the evaluation of methacholine-induced symptoms (MIS) added to the test interpretation based on the PC20FEV1 by assessing their prevalence, their similarity with symptoms justifying referral and their relationship with airway responsiveness.Methods : Eighty-two patients with suspected asthma completed a questionnaire of symptoms and underwent bronchial challenge with methacholine. Based on MIS and airway responsiveness (responders = PC20FEV1 more...

In December 1995, leaf scald symptoms were observed in sugarcane (Saccharum sp.) cultivar B64277 in French Guyana. Symptomatic plants occurred both in a sugarcane germplasm collection near the road between Sinnamary and Saint-Elie and in a nursery near Sinnamary. Sugarcane imported from Martinique had been used to establish the germplasm collection that in turn had been used to establish the nursery. Ten-month-old mature plants in the germplasm collection had abnormal side shoots on the lower part of the stalks and suckers (nonmillable stalks) with white scalded areas on leaves. Leaves on 1-month-old shoots in the nursery exhibited chlorosis and white, pencil-line streaks. Samples prepared from symptomatic stalks from the two locations were plated on a selective medium (1), and two isolates of Xanthomonas albilineans were recovered. Both of these isolates caused leaf scald symptoms on leaves of sugarcane cultivar B69566 inoculated by a decapitation technique, and belong to serovar 3 previously reported in the Caribbean from Guadeloupe, Martinique, and St. Kitts. The RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) pattern of these two isolates was different from the 54 patterns among 218 other strains collected throughout the world (2), but similar to the pattern of a strain of serovar 3 from Martinique. This indicated that the pathogen might have been introduced with cuttings imported from Martinique. Three stalks of mature cane from varieties B5992, B64277, and R570 from the germplasm collection were tested for the presence of Clavibacter xyli subsp. xyli, causal agent of ratoon stunting disease. Immunofluorescence tests on sap (3) revealed the presence of the pathogen in the three stalks of B64277. All sugarcane plants in the nursery and the germplasm collection were destroyed by the use of glyphosate sprays in January 1996 in an attempt to arrest the spread of the two bacterial pathogens. In order to obtain healthy seed cane for future planting, a new germplasm collection of 0.6 ha and consisting of 11 cultivars was planted in January 1996 with disease-free, tissue-cultured plants provided by the CIRAD sugarcane breeding station in Guadeloupe. References: (1) M. J. Davis et al. Plant Dis. 78:78, 1994. (2) M. J. Davis et al. Phytopathology 87:316, 1997. (3) M. J. Davis and J. L. Dean. Plant Dis. 68:896, 1984. more...

Xanthomonas citri pv. mangiferaeindicae is the causal agent of bacterial canker of mango (Mangifera indica, Anacardiaceae), a disease of international importance. Since the original description of the bacterium in the 1940s, the status of cashew (Anacardium occidentale, Anacardiaceae) as a host species has been unclear. Here, we report the first outbreak of a cashew bacterial disease in Burkina Faso (Western Africa) where X. citri pv. mangiferaeindicae recently emerged on mango. A comprehensive molecular characterization, based on multilocus sequence analysis, supplemented with pathogenicity assays of isolates obtained during the outbreak, indicated that the causal agent on cashew in Burkina Faso is X. citri pv. mangiferaeindicae and not X. citri pv. anacardii, which was previously reported as the causal agent of a cashew bacterial leaf spot in Brazil. Pathogenicity data supported by population biology in Burkina Faso suggest a lack of host specialization. Therefore, the inoculum from each crop is potentially harmful to both host species. Symptoms induced on cashew leaves and fruit by X. citri pv. mangiferaeindicae and nonpigmented strains of X. citri pv. anacardii are similar, although the causative bacteria are genetically different. Thus, xanthomonads pathogenic on cashew may represent a new example of pathological convergence in this bacterial genus. more...

Cette contribution, recourant à l’analyse des interactions, envisage l’expertise médicale sous l’angle des savoirs. À partir d’un corpus d’interactions de médecine générale, elle décrit les orientations épistémiques asymétriques entre médecin et patient. Elle a pour objectifs de montrer que ces orientations sont partagées et que l’expertise est répartie différemment selon le domaine notionnel dont il est question. Les analyses sont focalisées sur les cas exemplaires que sont le diagnostic et le symptôme, le premier faisant partie du territoire épistémique du médecin, le second de celui du patient. more...

Os manuais de classificação e diagnóstico são bastante objetivos ao descreverem a etiologia, o diagnóstico diferencial e o tratamento para todos aqueles que padecem dos chamados transtornos alimentares. Todavia, se a Medicina, como área do saber científico, deve generalizar, a psicanálise tem como campo de pesquisa o inconsciente, o sujeito como efeito de linguagem. Com isso, a partir de observações sobre as entrevistas preliminares de um caso, no qual se evidenciava o sintoma bulímico, o presente artigo coloca em relevo algumas questões: as especificidades do sintoma para a psicanálise, a diferença radical entre instinto e pulsão e a particularidade da produção de saber em psicanálise. Manuals of classification and diagnosis are highly objective when describing the etiology, differential diagnosis and treatment for persons suffering from the so-called eating disorders. But whereas medicine as a science must seek generalizations, psychoanalysis has the unconscious as its field of research and the subject as an effect of language. This paper deals with issues based on observations of preliminary interviews in a clinical case where the symptom of bulimia was present. The observations refer to specific aspects of the symptom in psychoanalysis, the radical difference between the concepts of "instinct" and "drive" and the particular production of knowledge in psychoanalysis. Les manuels de classification et diagnostique font une description bien objective de l'étiologie, du diagnostic différentiel et du traitement destiné aux personnes souffrant des dits troubles de l'alimentation. Toutefois, si la Médecine, comme champ de connaissance scientifique, opère par la généralisation, le domaine de recherche de la Psychanalyse porte sur l'inconscient, sur le sujet comme effet du langage. Ainsi, à partir des observations sur les entretiens préliminaires d'un cas de boulimie, cet article met en relief quelques questions, telles que : les spécificités du symptôme dans la psychanalyse, la différence radicale entre l'instinct et la pulsion, ainsi que la particularité de la production du savoir en psychanalyse. Los Manuales de clasificación y diagnostico son bastante objetivos y o describen la etiología, el diagnostico diferencial y el tratamiento para todos aquellos que padecen los llamados trastornos alimenticios. Todavía, la medicina como área del saber científico debe generalizar, el psicoanálisis tiene como campo de pesquisa el inconsciente y el sujeto como un efecto del lenguaje. Con esto a partir de observaciones sobre las entrevistas preliminares de un caso en la cual se evidenciaba el síntoma Bulímico, el presente articulo revela algunas reflexiones:las especificaciones de síntomas para el psicoanálisis la diferencia radical entre instinto e pulsión yla particularidad de la producción de saber en psicoanálisis. Die Klassifizierungs- und Diagnosehandbücher sind objektiv in ihrer Beschreibung der Ätiologie, der differenzierten Diagnose und der Behandlung all derjenigen, die an Essensstörungen leiden. Während die Medizin, als wissenschaftliches Fach, verallgemeinert, hat die Psychoanalyse das Unbewusstsein, das Subjekt als sprachliches Wirkungselement als Untersuchungsgebiet. Ausgehend von Beobachtungen vorangehender Interviews eines Untersuchungsfalls, in dem sich das Symptom von Bulimie klar herauskristallisierte, behandelt der vorliegende Beitrag vorwiegend folgende Punkte: die spezifischen Aspekte des Bulimiesymptoms für die Psychoanalyse, der radikale Unterschied zwischen Instinkt und Trieb und die Eigenheit der Wissensschaffung in der Psychoanalyse. more...

UMR AGAP Equipe Diversité, adaptation et amélioration de la vigne (DAAV); Eutypa lata is a fungal pathogen causing severe dieback in vineyards worldwide. This fungus colonizes vines through pruning wounds, eventually causing a brown sectorial necrosis in wood as well as stunted vegetative growth. Several years may pass between infection and the expression of external symptoms, hindering the rapid evaluation of both grapevine cultivars susceptibility and E. lata variation in aggressiveness. We aimed to develop a rapid quantitative method for the assessment of wood colonization after inoculation of cuttings in controlled conditions. We used several grape cultivars varying in susceptibility in the vineyard and fungal isolates with different levels of aggressiveness to monitor wood colonization during a maximum period of 2 months. Re-isolation allowed demonstration of the effects of both cultivars and fungal isolates on the rate of wood colonization. We also developed a real-time PCR method that was efficient in measuring fungal biomass, which was found to be correlated with isolate aggressiveness based on foliar symptom severity. The real-time PCR approach appears to be a useful technology to evaluate grapevine susceptibility to E. lata, and could be adapted to other pathogens associated with grapevine trunk diseases. more...

Theoretischer Hintergrund: Derzeit ist unklar, auf welche Faktoren frühe Symptomveränderungen während einer Psychotherapie zurückzuführen sind. Fragestellung: Die vorliegende Studie untersucht verschiedene intrapsychische und interpersonelle Prädiktoren des Patienten und seines Partners auf den Symptomverlauf während einer Depressionsbehandlung. Methode: Die Analysen wurden mittels hierarchisch-linearen Modellen durchgeführt und basieren auf Daten von 60 Paaren, die im Rahmen einer kontrolliert-randomisierten Studie Psychotherapie in Anspruch nahmen. Resultate: Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass bei den intrapsychischen Variablen vor allem Depressionsdauer, individuelles Coping und allgemeine Lebenszufriedenheit und bei den interpersonellen Variablen die soziale Unterstützung und das negative Verhalten im Konfliktgespräch den Symptomverlauf während der Therapie vorhersagen können. Das Hinzufügen von interpersonellen zu den intrapsychischen Variablen erhöht die Varianzaufklärung von 30% auf 50%. Schlussfolgerung: Interpersonelle Probleme sollten vermehrt in die Therapieplanung einbezogen werden, da sie einen wichtigen Einfluss auf den Symptomverlauf haben, jedoch bisher oft vernachlässigt wurden. Theoretical background: At present, little is known about variables that influence early changes in symptoms during psychotherapy. Objective: This study investigates whether various intrapersonal and interpersonal factors of depressed patients and their spouses are predictive of the course of depressive symptoms during psychotherapy. Method: Results are based on hierarchical linear modeling and included, in a randomized clinical trial, data from 60 couples, treated with cognitive-behavioral, an interpersonal, or a couple-based intervention. Results: Results show that intrapersonal variables such as duration of depression, life satisfaction, and individual coping and interpersonal variables such as social support and negative communication behavior in conflict discussions influence the course of depression during therapy. When interpersonal variables we added to intrapersonal variables, the explained variance increased from 30% to 50%. Conclusion: Interpersonal aspects should be considered further in the treatment of patients suffering from depression, because they have a significant impact on the course of depression symptoms during psychotherapy but are often neglected. more...

The modern city of New York, visited after a twenty-year absence, did not only come as a sentimental and cultural shock to the Europeanized novelist; it simply shattered his long-standing literary credos. The chaotic welter of impressions, as well as the substitution of uniform expressionless skyscrapers for the picturesque vestiges of the past under the pressure of the economic law, make the megalopolis an eminently non pictorial object and the task of the painter of life an impossible one. Since artistic composition is ruled out, the writer undertakes to capture epiphanic moments of acute perception, when a pattern of meaning suddenly looms out of the prevailing confusion, revealing the essence of the city. In order to convey the overriding impression of intense life going on, he adapts his technique to the object under observation, availing himself of all the resources provided by the materiality of language and by the capacity for compression afforded by metaphor, thus transmuting discordance into art. more...

Ausgehend von normalen, passageren kindlichen Zwangsphanomenen werden Merkmale der kindlichen Zwangsstorung beschrieben. Fur die Indikationsstellung und Planung der Behandlung ist die Abklarung der Funktionalitaten der Zwange von zentraler Bedeutung. Je nachdem, welche Funktionen die Zwangssymptomatik hat, ist eher eine storungsspezifische Behandlung der Zwangssymptomatik, eine Bearbeitung der dem Zwang zugrunde liegenden Probleme oder gar eine Ursachentherapie der Zwangsstorung mit den Angehorigen des vom Zwang betroffenen Kindes oder Jugendlichen angezeigt. Es werden dann einige Besonderheiten der Therapie von Kindern und Jugendlichen beschrieben. Schlagworter Passagere Entwicklungsphanomene vs. Zwangsstorung - Funktionalitat der Zwangssymptome - Behandlungsindikation - Besonderheiten der Therapie bei Kindern und Jugendlichen Based on normal developmental phenomena we describe characteristics of obsessive-compulsive disorder in childhood. The functionalities of OCD symptoms are crucial for the treatment planning. According to the functions of symptoms a treatment of OCD symptoms or a treatment of their underlying problems or even a treatment with the family members of the child with OCD is indicated. Finally the peculiarities of OCD treatment with children and adolescents are described. Keywords Normal development phenomena vs. OCD - the functionality of OCD-symptoms and their treatment impact - peculiarities of OCD treatment with children and adolescents more...

Le Parti puis l’État nazis se sont intéressés à la philosophie grecque, lue comme symptôme d’un état de la race. Quand on lit les spécialistes du temps, les manuels et les fascicules du parti, on distingue deux périodes dans l’histoire de la pensée grecque : celle, héroïque et virile, de Platon, à laquelle succède celle des Stoïciens. Autant Platon est célébré comme le père de l’eugénisme sélectionniste d’État, autant les Stoïciens, philosophes allogènes ou mélangés venus d’Asie, sont flétris pour leur individualisme et leur universalisme. La lecture nazie de la philosophie grecque nous présente le combat du dernier penseur nordique de l’Antiquité contre les précurseurs de 1789. The Nazi Party and later the Nazi State showed an interest in Greek philosophy, read as a symptom of the condition of the race. When you read the specialists of the time, the handbooks and pamphlets of the party, two moments can be discerned in the history of Greek thought : the moment, heroic and manly, of Plato, followed by the moment of the Stoics. Just as Plato is extolled as the father of selectionist State eugenics, likewise are the Stoics, non native or cross-bred philosophers from Asia, reviled for their individualism and universalism. The nazi reading of Greek philosophy stages the struggle of the last Nordic thinker of Antiquity against the forerunners of 1789. more...

Cassava is infected by numerous Begomoviruses in Africa and India that cause devastating losses to poor farmers. In order to identify viruses responsible for the disease and characterize them, surveys were conducted in all cassava production zones in Togo. The symptom severity of these viral diseases was recorded. Foliar samples from cassava and other infected plants were collected and analysed by PCR. The results obtained reveal that the severity of the symptoms varies from one locality to another, some more severely cassava infected plants than others. The percentage of the cassava plants presenting typical mosaic symptoms varies from 55 to 85% and the percentage of cassava plants severely infected (score 4 or 5) varies from 4.9 to 36%. Molecular analyses by PCR of the viral DNA extracted from the diseased samples using specific primers revealed for the first time that African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) is not the only Begomovirus responsible of cassava mosaic disease in Togo, but two other Begomoviruses, East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV) and Indian cassava mosaic virus (ICMV) are present in Togo. Their incidence rates are 73.59, 44.62 and 4.01%, respectively for ACMV, EACMV and ICMV. Mixed infections were also identified at the rates of 39.45% in the case of (ACMV + EACMV), 1.72% for ACMV + ICMV and 1.29% when the three viruses were combined (ACMV + EACMV + ICMV). (Resume d'auteur) more...

Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) is the only virus disease of cacao that is prevalent and damaging. CSSV is a dsDNA virus of the genus Badnavirus and the family Caulimoviridae transmitted by several species of mealybugs. The historical emergence of the disease is closely associated with the establishment of cacao cultivation in West Africa as it appeared soon after the introduction of the cacao in West Africa and remains endemic to this area. The disease is likely due to several host shifts from indigenous hosts. We can additionally conclude from the high molecular variability of the virus that the disease consists of a complex of viral species. Although the disease spreads slowly, eradication campaigns have failed to contain the disease which continues to emerge in new West African regions. more...

International audience; Freud mentions the term of mixed neurosis in 1984. F. Villa goes back into this notion which has become obsolete and which is, in fact a lesson in clinical method. Freud, standing at crossroads, takes leave from the german school of anatomic-pathology (Meynert) and the french school of neuropathology by expanding the diagnostic capacity of the clinician. In doing so, he emphasizes the analytical method. To recognizie the illusion of this mixed neurosis makes possible deconstruction and reconstruction by gathering different psychic mechanisms. To deconstruct the setting of mixed neurosis brings in temporality in the bulding of a symptomatic whole and makes possible a genealogy of neurotic forms. The symptom is not anymore a fixed object, which would be inquestionable from the point of view of objective perception. It ceases to be a dinstinctive point in order to become a topographical component among a complex. This critical point is the dynamic scene of the instictual activity and the result of an autoplastic modification. It consists too in an action practise on some objects in the world. In analytical treatment, to think and to seize the symptom reveals its fonction by guessing the autoplastic activity and the allo-plastic modification accomplished through transference.; C'est en 1894 que Freud mentionne la notion de névrose mixte. L'auteur propose de revenir sur cette notion largement tombée en désuétude qui constitue une leçon de méthode clinique. Elle est à la croisée des chemins où Freud, en dégageant la méthode psychanalytique, se sépare tant de l'école allemande d'anatomopathologie (Meynert) que de l'école française de neuropathologie (Charcot) en accroissant la capacité diagnostique du clinicien. La reconnaissance de la dimension leurrante du tableau de la névrose mixte en permet la déconstruction et la construction par inférence de différents mécanismes psychiques. Ces derniers permettront la distinction de différentes affections psychiques. La décomposition du tableau de la névrose mixte introduit la dimension de la temporalité dans la constitution d'un ensemble sympto-matique et rend envisageable une généalogie des formes névrotiques. Le symptôme n'est plus un objet dont l'évidence serait indiscutable du point de vue d'une perception objective. Il cesse d'être un trait dis-tinctif par lui-même pour devenir un élément inscrit topiquement dans une dynamique où il est associé à d'autres éléments avec lesquels il constitue un complexe. Ce point critique est le lieu dynamique d'une activité pulsionnelle et le résultat d'une modification autoplastique, mais il est aussi une activité exercée sur certains objets du monde. Dans le traitement psychanalytique, penser et saisir le symptôme impose de découvrir sa fonction en devinant l'activité autoplastique et la modification alloplastique qu'il accomplit dans le transfert. more...

Die Zunahme der Diagnose "Hyperkinetische Störung" ist nicht auf bessere, sondern auf ungenauere Diagnosen zurückzuführen. In der Regel sind die in der ICD-10 genannten Komorbiditäten, wie emotionale Störungen, Bindungsstörungen und Störungen des Sozialverhaltens, die eigentlichen Krankheitsbilder, welche von den Symptomen Unaufmerksamkeit, Hyperaktivität und Impulsivität begleitet werden. Dies sind Störungsbilder, denen unbewusste Konfliktbereiche zugrunde liegen können, die mit psychoanalytischen Behandlungen zu bewältigen sind. Dabei zeigen sich allerdings erhebliche behandlungstechnische Herausforderungen, weil einige zentrale Probleme bestehen: Kinder mit jenen Störungsbildern haben neben Symbolisierungsstörungen in der Regel auch Spielstörungen. Sie erleben Spielen nicht symbolisch, nicht mehr überwiegend "als ob" und in einem Zwischenbereich von Phantasie und Realität angesiedelt. Das Spiel kann leicht konkretistisch, real werden und blitzschnell aus der Kontrolle geraten. Kinder und Jugendliche mit externalisierenden Störungen greifen zudem ständig Rahmenbedingungen an und suchen sie zu zerstören. Verbale Interventionen erreichen die Patienten oft nicht. Gegenübertragungen sind nur schwer auszuhalten und zu kontrollieren, die Neigung, dass Psychotherapeutinnen oder Psychotherapeuten mitagieren, ist groß. Arbeit an der Symbolisierungs- und Mentalisierungsfähigkeit, an Beziehung und der Übertragung, aber auch zugleich an Rahmen und Struktur, mit Verlässlichkeit, Regelmäßigkeit des Settings, sind daher von großer Bedeutung. Analytische, aber auch tiefenpsychologisch fundierte Therapien können, auch mit parallel erfolgender Medikation, indiziert sein; eine besonders sorgfältige Diagnose sollte zu Beginn erfolgen. Schlagwörter ADHS - Hyperkinetische Störung - Mentalisierung - Symbolisierung - Spielstörungen - externalisierende Störungen - Rahmen - Setting The rise in "hyperkinetic disorder" diagnoses is not based on better but rather on less precise diagnoses. As a rule the co-morbidities as mentioned in ICD-10 like emotional disorders, commitment disorders and social behaviour disorders, are the real clinical pictures accompanied by such symptoms as inattentiveness, hyperactivity and impulsiveness. These are disorder pictures based possibly on unconscious areas of conflict which can be managed by psychoanalytic treatment. However, this involves considerable treatment challenges taking into account that there are some major difficulties: Children showing said disorder pictures have not only symbolizing disorders but mostly also playing disorders. They experience playing not symbolically, no longer mainly "as if" and taking place in a space between imagination and reality. Their play may easily turn into concreteness or reality and get out of control all of a sudden. In addition, children and young people with externalizing disorders constantly attack basic conditions and seek to destroy them. Verbal intervention frequently does not reach the patients. Counter transferences are very diffcult to bear and to control, and the tendency of psychotherapists to join in is strong. It is therefore of great importance to work on the ability of symbolization and mentalization, on relationship and transference, simultaneously however on frame and structure, with reliability and regularity of the settings. Analytic therapies as well as therapies founded on depth psychology may be indicated, possibly supplemented by parallel medication; at the beginning a particularly careful diagnosis should be made. Keywords ADHD - hyperkinetic disorder - mentalization - symbolization - playing disorders - externalizing disorders - frame - setting more...

Nach einem Streifzug durch die psychoanalytisch orientierte Literatur zur ADHD Trias werden die bei der ADHD-Symptomatik überzufällig häufig zu findenden frühkindlichen Entwicklungs-, Bindungs- und Beziehungsstörungen (Regulation von Triebimpulsen und Affekten, Ich-Funktionen) sowie die Rolle infantiler Traumata (Objektverlust) und psychischer Konflikte diskutiert. Im analytisch-psychotherapeutischen Prozess manifestiert sich die ADHD-Smptomtrias beim Kind z. B. in Form von intrapsychischen Konflikten auf der Ebene der Selbstrepräsentanz oder von zentralen Objektbeziehungsrepräsentanzen, die durch eine ungenügende Containing-/Holding-Funktion charakterisiert sind, in einer Beeinträchtigung selbstregulativer Funktionen, in inkonsistenter Symbolisierungsfähigkeit oder in mangelnder Regulations- und Steuerungsfähigkeit des Ichs. Wegen der Vielfalt der beteiligten Faktoren können und sollen weder die Ätiologie noch die Pathogenese dieses trisymptomatischen Störungsbildes verallgemeinert werden. Dies wird bei einem beziehungsorientierten Vorgehen besonders deutlich. Anhand eines Erstinterviews illustrieren die Autoren die Fähigkeit eines zehnjährigen (als ADHD-Patient diagnostizierten) Knaben, ein analytisch-therapeutisches Gespräch für sich zu nutzen und seine innerpsychische Erlebnis- und Problemwelt bildhaft und in narrativ-performativer Form darzustellen. Schließlich wird auf spezifische technische Besonderheiten bei der nieder- oder höher-frequenten psychoanalytischen Psychotherapie mit ADHD Kindern eingegangen: entsprechend den weitgehend prägenitalen Beziehungsformen, die sich zumeist in einer intensiven Selbstwertproblematik, narzisstischen Aggressivität und motorischen Impulsivität zeigen, verlaufen die Übertragungs-/Gegenübertragungs-Bewegungen vorwiegend über projektive und introjektive Identifizierungen. Steuerungshilfen und Grenzsetzungen sind beim Containment der Probleme oft langdauernd notwendig. Das Übersetzen von Handeln in Sprache und die Transformation der beim analytischen Therapeuten intrapsychisch ausgelösten Vorgänge in für das Kind hilfreiche Interventionen/Interpretationen erfordern eine konstante Anpassung an die inkonsistenten Ich-Funktionen und an das fragile Selbstgefühl des Kindes. Der zusätzliche Einsatz von Stimulantien, die Arbeit mit dem Umfeld und der im analytischen Bereich noch hohe Forschungsbedarf werden abschließend kurz diskutiert. Schlagwörter ADHS - psychoanalytische Psychotherapie - Frühtraumatisierung - Selbst-Objekt- Beziehungen - Selbstwertprobleme, A brief survey of the psychoanalytically oriented literature regarding the symptom triad of ADHD is followed by the discussion of frequently found disturbances in infantile development, attachment, object relations (regulation of drives and affects, ego functions) of the role of infantile trauma (object loss) and psychic conflict. In the analytic-psychotherapeutic process with a child, the ADHD-symptom-triad may manifest itself e.g. as intrapsychic conflict on the level of the self-representation or of the representation of central self-object-relations (characterized by an insuffcient containing-/holding-function), as impairment of self-regulative functions, as inconsistent symbolizing capacity or as deficient regulating and controlling capacity of the ego. The multitude of factors involved does not allow a generalisation of neither the etiology or the pathogenesis of this symptom triad. This is particularly evident in a therapeutic procedure which is relation oriented. In a first interview the authors illustrate the capacity of a ten year old boy (diagnosed as ADHD patient) to make use of the analytic therapeutic dialogue and to present his intrapsychic experiences and problems in a figurative and narrative performance. Finally some specific technical features of low or high frequent analytic psychotherapy with ADHD children are shown: according to the foremost pregenital form of relations - manifested mostly by intensive self esteem problems, narcissistic aggressiveness and motor impulsivity - the transference and counter-transference movements proceed predominantly by projective and introjective identifications. Containment of the diffculties by the therapist is often paralleled for a long period of time by assistance in regulation and by limit setting for the child. Translation of action into language and transformation of intrapsychic processes within the psyche of the therapist into helpful interventions for the child require a continuous adjustment to the inconsistent ego functions and the fragile self esteem of the child. The additional use of stimulant drugs, the work within the family and/or the social context and the high need for research in the analytical field are briefly discussed at the end. Keywords ADHD - psychoanalytic psychotherapy - early traumatisation - self-object-relations - self-esteem more...

Este artigo apresenta uma discussão sobre a atividade do profissional “psi” na escuta e condução clínica de casos de sofrimento no trabalho, a necessidade do estabelecimento do nexo causal do adoecimento com o trabalho, suas ações decorrentes e os problemas que a questão encontra no campo da saúde mental. Buscamos localizar brevemente a discussão em torno da causalidade psíquica, social e orgânica, problematizando a questão da causalidade no campo da saúde e, especificamente, da saúde mental. Nosso segundo passo é apresentar um caso clínico já clássico da literatura da psicopatologia do trabalho no Brasil, onde o nexo causal é questionado com riqueza de dados. Duas versões do mesmo caso são contrastadas e problematizadas em suas divergências. Ao final, levantamos problemas para a atividade dos profissionais “psi” no campo do trabalho, entre as quais uma se destaca e permite localizar um importante ponto de investigação: o impasse entre tomar o sintoma como disfunção ou como um modo de funcionamento. Este artículo presenta una discusión sobre la actividad del profesional “psi” en la escucha y conducción clínica de casos de sufrimientos en el trabajo, la necesidad de establecer el nexo causal entre la enfermedad y el trabajo, sus acciones derivadas y los problemas que el tema encuentra en el campo de la salud mental. Buscamos localizar brevemente la discusión en torno de la causalidad psíquica, social y orgánica, problematizando el tema de la causalidad en el campo de la salud y, específicamente, de la salud mental. Nuestro segundo paso es presentar un caso clínico clásico de la literatura de la psicopatología del trabajo en Brasil, donde el nexo causal es cuestionado con riqueza de datos. Se contrastan y problematizan en sus divergencias dos versiones del mismo caso. Finalmente, planteamos problemas para la actividad de los profesionales “psi” en el campo del trabajo, entre las cuales se destaca y localiza un importante punto de investigación: el impasse entre considerar el síntoma como disfunción o como un modo de funcionamiento. Cet article présente une discussion sur l’activité du professionnel "psy" dans l’écoute et la prise en charge clinique des cas de souffrance au travail, la nécessité d’établir le nexus causal entre la maladie et le travail, leurs actions résultantes et les problèmes que la (cette) question trouve dans le domaine de la santé mentale. Nous cherchons à situer brièvement une discussion autour de la causalité psychique, sociale et organique, en mettant en problématique la question de la causalité dans le domaine de la santé et plus particulièrement de la santé mentale. Notre deuxième étape consiste à présenter un cas clinique déjà classique dans la littérature psychopathologie du travail au Brésil, où le nexus causal est remis en question avec une richesse de données. Deux versions du même cas clinique sont mise en contraste et problématisées dans leurs différences. Finalement, on pose les problèmes relatifs à l’activité des professionnels "psy" dans le domaine du travail, dont celui qui se démarque nous permet de situer un important point d’investigation: l’impasse entre la prise du symptôme comme un disfonctionnement et un mode de fonctionnement. This article presents a discussion about the activity of the "psi" professional in listening and in the clinical management of cases of suffering at work, the need to establish the causal relationship between illness and work, the subsequent actions and the problems that lie in the field of mental health. We seek to briefly place the discussion around the psychological, social and organic causality, arguing the issue of causality in the health field and, specifically, the mental health field. Our second step is to submit a clinical case of work psychopathology, a classic in Brazilian literature, where the causal connection is questioned with the richness of the data. Two versions of the same case are contrasted and discussed in their differences. At the end, we raise problems for the professional activity of the "psi" in the work field, including one that stands out and allows us to spot an important point of investigation: the deadlock between taking the symptom as dysfunction or as an operating mode. more...

Twelve Arabidopsis accessions were challenged with Plum pox potyvirus (PPV) isolates representative of the four PPV strains. Each accession supported local and systemic infection by at least some of the PPV isolates, but high variability was observed in the behavior of the five PPV isolates or the 12 Arabidopsis accessions. Resistance to local infection or long-distance movement occurred in about 40% of all the accession-isolate combinations analyzed. Except for Nd-1, all accessions showed resistance to local infection by PPV-SoC; in the Landsberg erecta (Ler) accession, this resistance was compromised by sgt1 and rar1 mutations, suggesting that it could be controlled by an R gene-mediated resistance pathway. While most of the susceptible accessions were symptomless, PPV induced severe symptoms on inflorescences in C24, Ler, and Bay-0 as early as 15 days after inoculation. Genetic analyses indicated that these interaction phenotypes are controlled by different genetic systems. The restriction of long-distance movement of PPV-El Amar and of another member of genus Potyvirus, Lettuce mosaic virus, in Col-0 requires the RTM genes, indicating for the first time that the RTM system may provide a broad range, potyvirus-specific protection against systemic infection. The restriction to PPVPS long-distance movement in Cvi-1 is controlled by a single recessive gene, designated rpv1, which was mapped to chromosome 1. The nuclear inclusion polymerase b-capsid protein region of the viral genome appears to be responsible for the ability of PPV-R to overcome rpv1-mediated resistance. more...

Verniere, C., Perrier, X., Dubois, C., Dubois, A., Botella, L., Chabrier, C., Bove, J. M., and Duran Vila, N. 2004. Citrus viroids: Symptom expression and effect on vegetative growth and yield of clementine trees grafted on trifoliate orange. Plant Dis. 88:1189-1197. Citrus are natural hosts of five viroid species: Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), Citrus bent leaf viroid (CBLVd), Hop stunt viroid (HSVd), Citrus viroid III (CVd-III), and Citrus viroid IV (CVd-IV). CEVd and specific sequence variants of HSVd are the causal agents of the wellknown diseases of citrus, exocortis and cachexia. Other viroids have been found to induce different degrees of stunting. Since commercial citrus trees are commonly infected with mixtures of these viroids, only limited information is available on their effect in species other than Etrog citron. A field assay was conducted to establish the effect of each viroid on Commune clementine trees grafted on Pomeroy trifoliate orange. Infected trees were periodically monitored over a 12-year period (1990 to 2002) for symptom expression, growth, and fruit yield. Only CEVd caused bark scaling on the trifoliate orange rootstock and marked dwarfing, both characteristic of exocortis disease as initially described. In addition, very conspicuous bumps were observed in the wood of the rootstock after removing the bark. Only those HSVd variants, previously characterized as pathogenic in several cachexia-sensitive species, induced pits and gum deposits characteristic of this disease in the clementine scion. Bark cracking symptoms on the trifoliate orange rootstock were also observed. They were associated with CVd-IV, HSVd, or CEVd infection, but in the latter, they were only clearly observed in trees that showed mild scaling. Other abnormalities (deep pits, crests, and gummy pits) were not associated with viroid infection. No specific symptoms resulted from infection with CBLVd and CVd-III. HSVd, CVdIV, and CBLVd had little or no effect in growth and yield, whereas CEVd and CVd-III caused a significant reduction of growth and yield, which became more pronounced over time with CEVd infection. Yield reduction was associated mainly with loss of production of large fruits. In general, there was a good correlation between reduction in vegetative growth and yield. more...

Two quantitative trait loci (QTL12 and QTL7) acting in epistatis and associated with Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) infection were introgressed from the traditional Oryza sativa japonica cultivar Azucena into the improved indica cultivar IR64. The response to RYMV infection was followed over time in this nearly isogenic line (NIL). In leaves, the virus coat protein content was detected by ELISA and RNA by RT-PCR. In tissues, the coat protein was localised by immuno-fluorescence labelling and RNA by in situ hybridisation. We found (i) that Azucena combined a tolerance-characterised by mild symptoms despite generalised distribution and large accumulation of the virus-and a partial resistance, (ii) that partial resistance under the control of QTL12 and QTL7, dissociated in the NIL from tolerance and any other morphological or physiological Azucena traits, was expressed similarly in a japonica and in an indica genetic background, (iii) that partial resistance was transient and consisted in a 1-week delay in virus accumulation and symptom expression; passed this delay, partial resistance brokedown, and (iv) a similar delay in virus detection was observed at tissue levels, in the vascular bundle-sheath layers. Impaired virus movement caused by the absence or mutation of a QTL12-encoded plant factor necessary for virus transport through vascular bundle sheaths is proposed to explain this partial resistance. (Resume d'auteur) more...

Experimental inoculations of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri in different tissues of Tahiti lime and Pineapple sweet orange were conducted monthly under natural conditions on Réunion Island. The interactions between a set of environmental and epidemic variables associated with disease expression and 184 different factor combinations were investigated to determine the parameters needed to explain Asiatic citrus canker (ACC) disease expression. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), inoculation date (Id), fruit and leaf age ratings (FAR and LAR), and number of days during the first 2 weeks postinoculation for which the temperature was less than 14°C (Tmin) or more than 28°C (Tmax) were retained by principal component analysis and canonical correlation analysis as the most meaningful epidemic and environmental variables, respectively. AUDPC as the strongest dependent variable and combinations of the environmental variables as independent variables were used in multiple regression analyses. Tissue age rating at the time of infection was a good predictor for disease resulting from spray inoculation on fruits and leaves and also on fruits following a wound inoculation. Temperature, as expressed by Tmin or Tmax, was also a significant factor in determining disease development described by AUDPC. Mature green stems were highly susceptible after wounding, similarly to leaves, but buds and leaf scars expressed the lowest susceptibility. These variations in disease expression according to the tissues will have different impacts on ACC epidemiology. more...

International audience; A cross section of a human population (501 individuals) selected at random, and living in a Bolivian community, highly endemic for Chagas disease, was investigated combining together clinical, parasitological and molecular approaches. Conventional serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) indicated an active transmission of the infection, a high seroprevalence (43.3%) ranging from around 12% in < 5 years to 94.7% in > 45 years, and a high sensitivity (83.8%) and specificity of PCR. Abnormal ECG tracing was predominant in chagasic patients and was already present among individuals younger than 13 years. SAPA (shed acute phase antigen) recombinant protein and the synthetic peptide R-13 were used as antigens in ELISA tests. The reactivity of SAPA was strongly associated to Trypanosoma cruzi infection and independent of the age of the patients but was not suitable neither for universal serodiagnosis nor for discrimination of specific phases of Chagas infection. Anti-R-13 response was observed in 27.5% only in chagasic patients. Moreover, anti-R13 reactivity was associated with early infection and not to cardiac pathology. This result questioned previous studies, which considered the anti-R-13 response as a marker of chronic Chagas heart disease. The major clonets 20 and 39 (belonging to Trypanosoma cruzi I and T. cruzi II respectively) which circulate in equal proportions in vectors of the studied area, were identified in patients' blood by PCR. Clonet 39 was selected over clonet 20 in the circulation whatever the age of the patient. The only factor related to strain detected in patients' blood, was the anti-R-13 reactivity: 37% of the patients infected by clonet 39 (94 cases) had anti-R13 antibodies contrasting with only 6% of the patients without clonet 39 (16 cases). more...

O termo Psicopatologia é usado em vários sentidos: equivalente da psiquiatria, da parte da psiquiatria que trata dos distúrbios leves em oposição aos graves, da sintomatologia em oposição à nosologia, teorias do psiquismo e dinâmica emocional. Os assuntos incluídos sob este título são tratados por outros autores como Psiquiatria Geral, Psicologia Médica, Psiquiatria Clínica. Autores dos mais notáveis não definem propriamente o termo, mas indicam quais devem ser os objetivos, os métodos de trabalho que atribuem à Psicopatologia. Escolhemos usar o termo para designar o estudos das teorias sobre o desenvolvimento, funcionamento e alterações das atividades mentais, a interpretação dos sintomas e sinais em função de fatores biológicos e psicológicos, o significado dos distúrbios de relacionamento e conduta, as bases principais dos sintomas de classificação nosológica. Pesquisas e reflexões precisam ser realizadas para atualizar a Psicopatologia. Neste sentido, como exemplo, apresentamos certas propostas para conceituar e trabalhar com os delirantes. El término que Psicopatologia se lo usa en varios sentidos: equivalente la psiquiatría, a la parte de la psiquiatría que trata de las perturbaciones leves en contraposición a las graves, a sintomatologia contrapusta a la nosologia, a las teorías de la psique y dinámica emocional. Los asuntos inclusos bajo este título han sido tratados por otros autores como la Psiquiatría General, la Psicología Médica, la Psiquiatría Clínica. Los autores de los más notables no definen el término propiamente, pero ellos indican cuales deben ser los objetivos, los métodos de trabajo que atribuyen a Psicopatologia. Hemos escogido usar el término para designar los estudios de las teorías del desarrollo, funcionamiento y alteraciones de las actividades mentales, la interpretación de los síntomas y señales com respecto a factores biológicos y psicológicos, el significado de las perturbaciones de la relación y de conducta, las bases principales de los síntomas de la clasificación nosologica. Las investigaciones y reflexiones necesitan ser logradas para actualizar la Psicopatologia. En este sentido, como ejemplo, presentamos ciertas propuestas para conceptuar y trabajar con el delirante. Le terme Psychopathologie est employé en differents sens: equivalent de psychiatrie, de la psychiatrie des troubles moins graves, de symptomatologie en opposition à nosologie, des théories du psychisme et de la dinamique émotionelle. Les thèmes inclus sous ce titre, sont traités par certains auteurs sous des titres comme Psychiatrie Générale, Psychologie Médicale, Psychiatrie Clinique. Certains auteurs, des les plus considérables, ne définissent pas le terme, mais indiquent quels sont les objectifs et les méthodes de travail qu’ils attribuent à la Psychopathologie. Nous choisissons ce terme pour désigner l’étude des théories du développement, functionnement et altération des activités mentales, l’interpretation des symptomes et signes en function des facteurs biologiques et psychologiques, la signification des troubles du relationement et comportement, les principales bases des classification nosologiques. Des recherches et reflexions sont nécessaires pour actualiser la Psychopathologie. Dans ce sens, nous présentons comme exemple, quelques propositions aptes à concevoir et travailler avec les délirants. The term Psychopathology is used in various senses: equivalent of Psychiatry, the part of psychiatry which deals with mild disorders as opposed to severe ones, to symptomatology as opposed to nosology, theories of psychism and emotional dynamics. The topics included in the title are adressed by other authors as General Psychiatry, Medical Psychology, Clinical Psychiatry. Even the most renown authors do not properly define the term, but indicate what objectives and work methods should be attributed to Psychopathology. We have chosen to use the term to designate the study of the theories about development, functioning and changes in mental activities, the interpretation of the symptoms and signs in terms of biological and psychological factors, the meaning of relationship and conduct disorders, the major bases of nosologic classification symptoms. Researches studies and reflections are required to update Psychopathology. In this sense, for example, we have presented certain ideas to conceptualize it and work with delirious patients. more...

The interaction between pregnancy and malaria attacks was investigated from 1990 to 1994 among women in the village of Dielmo, a holoendemic area in Senegal where malaria transmission is intense and perennial. Clinical and parasitological data collected during the daily follow-up of 48 pregnancies among 31 women were compared with those collected from the same women using the same methods during the year which preceded or followed their pregnancy. The parasite prevalence, mean and maximum parasite density in #Plasmodium falciparum$ infections were significantly higher during pregnancy. The incidence rate of malaria attacks was, on average, 4,2 times higher during pregnancy than during the control period. Although most pregnancies were not associated with a malaria attack and the incidence of malaria attacks decreased as the number of previous pregnancies increased, a significant increase in risk of malaria attacks among multigravidae was noted until the fifth pregnancy. (Résumé d'auteur) more...

Las discusiones actuales sobre el papel del síntoma en las posiciones subjetivas contemporáneas interpelan constantemente a los analistas sobre su funcionamiento y el de las formas de padecimiento que en él subyacen. Resulta interesante retomar algunos planteamientos freudianos y lacanianos al respecto, en aras de circunscribir los fundamentos del síntoma a la verdad que pone en juego y su forma de implicancia en los lazos sociales. Destacando su lugar esencial en el proceso analítico, se sostiene su función de orientar la práctica analítica, práctica que se guía por la recuperación de goce inherente al síntoma y por la verdad que este evidencia. Current discussions on the role of the symptom in the contemporary subjective positions constantly nterpellate psychoanalysts about its function and its underlying forms of suffering. It is interesting to take another look at some Freudian and Lacanian approaches in regard to circumscribe the symptom fundaments to the truth it puts in play and the implications for social bonds. The article highlights the symptom’s essential place in analytical process and its orientating function in analytical practice, practice that is guided by the recovery of an inherent jouissance of the symptom and by the truth that this evidences. Actuellement, les discussions concernant le rôle du symptôme dans les positions subjectives contemporaines interpellent constamment l’analyste au sujet du fonctionnement du symptôme et des formes de souffrance sousjacentes. Il est donc intéressant de reprendre quelques théories freudiennes et lacaniennes à ce sujet, l’intérêt étant de circonscrire les fondations du symptôme à la vérité que celu-ci met en scène et son implication sur les liens sociaux. Tout en soulignant sa place éminente dans le processus d’analyse, sa fonction d’orientation dans la pratique analytique est mise en avant. Cette pratique est guidée par la récupération de la jouissance qui est inhérente au symptôme, et par la vérité qu’il met en évidence. more...

Un virus a été récemment isolé de l'Arachide dans la région septentrionale de la Côte d'Ivoire, pays où il n'avait pas encore été diagnostiqué. Il provoque, sur les feuilles, des marbrures, des dépressions internervaires ainsi que des taches très typées vert clair et vert foncé. Ce virus a été caractérisé ; il s'agit d'une souche du virus de la Marbrure de l'Arachide (Peanut Mottle Virus), virus membre du groupe des Potyvirus ; les études ont porté sur la gamme des plantes hôtes, le mode de transmission, la morphologie des particules, les propriétés physico-chimiques et sérologiques, en comparaison avec d'autres virus de l'Arachide. (Résumé d'auteur) more...

La peste porcine africaine (PPA) existe à l'état enzootique en Angola. Elle est provoquée par plusieurs souches de virus dont celles de Silva-Porto et de Huambo 85. Une étude clinique et anatomopathologi que de la maladie naturelle et de l'affection expérimentale, a montré des différences significatives dans le comportement de ces deux souches. Silva-Porto engendre un tableau clinique caractérisé par une diathèse hémorragique généralisée plus accusée sur la peau, dans les organes et les viscères. De plus, les lésions anatomopathologiques sont plus intenses et plus évidentes que celles entraînées par Huambo 85. Cette différence d'intensité dans l'évolution clinique et l'hétérogénéité des lésions anatomopathologiques dépend non seulement de l'état physiologique antérieur des animaux, des susceptibilités de type ou de race, mais aussi des souches elles-mêmes et des particularités biologiques propres à chacun des virus en cause. more...

In compatible interactions between plants and viruses that result in systemic infection, symptom development is a major phenotypic trait. However, host determinants governing this trait are mostly unknown, and the mechanisms underlying it are still poorly understood. In a previous study on the Arabidopsis thaliana–Plum pox virus (PPV) pathosystem, we showed a large degree of variation in symptom development among susceptible accessions. In particular, Cvi-1 (Cape Verde islands) accumulates viral particules but remains symptomless, Col-0 (Columbia) sometimes shows weak symptoms compared with Ler (Landsberg erecta), which always shows severe symptoms. Genetic analyses of Col × Ler and Cvi × Ler F2 and recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations suggested that symptom development as well as viral accumulation traits are polygenic and quantitative. Three of the symptom quantitative trait loci (QTL) identified could be confirmed in near-isogenic lines, including PSI1 (PPV symptom induction 1), which was identified on the distal part of chromosome 1 in both RIL populations. With respect to viral accumulation, several factors have been detected and, interestingly, in the Col × Ler population, two out of three viral accumulation QTL colocalized with loci controlling symptom development, although correlation analysis showed weak linearity between symptom severity and virus accumulation. In addition, in the Cvi × Ler RIL population, a digenic recessive determinant controlling PPV infection was identified. more...

Young buds and leaf tissues of sugarcane cv. R 574 (a Saccharum hybrid), healthy or infected with Maize Streak Virus (MSV) were cultured in vitro. The success rate of the cultures from infected material is lower than that from healthy material. The symptoms of the disease were displayed on most of the plantlets produced from buds but only on 6% of the plantlets regenerated from calli. The indirect double-antibody sandwich ELISA technique using a monoclonal antibody makes it possible to identify virus-infected plantlets. In vitro, the infection results in the reduced growth of shoots. (Résumé d'auteur) more...

L'administration par voie orale de chlorpyrifos à des chèvres de Nubie, aux doses de 1200, 600, 300 mg/kg, a occasionné des troubles nerveux et la mort au bout de 15 minutes à deux jours. Une dose orale de 150 mg/kg a été toxique mais non fatale pour les chèvres. Les animaux ayant reçu du chlorpyrifos, par voie orale, à des doses journalières de 300, 150 et 75 mg/kg, ont montré des signes de toxicité et sont morts aprés deux à sept jours de traitement. Les modifications pathologiques, biochimique s et hématologiques sont décrites dans cette étude. more...

La première apparition d'une infection à réovirus sur des poulets de chair a été observée au Soudan dans le plus grand élevage industriel de la région. La maladie était caractérisée cliniquement par un retard de croissanc e, des boiteries, un plumage clairsemé, une dépigmentation des pattes et, de temps à autre, une rétraction de la tête et du cou. En général, un élargissement du proventricule, une atrophie du pancréas et des anomalies osseuses ont été notés. Parmi les changements histopathologiques, on peut citer l'hépatite, la néphrite, la myocardite et la péricardite, l'entérite catarrhale, la névrose du pancréas, l'encéphalomalacie et des altérations de type rachitique. Tous ces symptômes sont décrits en détail. Un réovirus a été isolé à partir des oiseaux malades, puis réisolé sur des poulets infectés expérimentalement. L'infection a été confirmée par les tests d'immunoélectrophorèse et de précipitation sur gel d'agar-agar. more...

En los hospitales y centros de salud seleccionados en los departamentos de Tarija y Santa Cruz en Bolivia, se analizaron datos y muestras obtenidas de sangre placentaria durante los meses de marzo a junio de 2005. El estudio revela una prevalencia de paludismo por #Plasmodium vivax$ al momento del parto de 3,7%. Al comparar la proporción de mujeres con ifección palúdica placentaria por #Plasmodium vivax$ al momento del parto, en cada departamento, se observó que existe una prevalencia similar en cada uno de ellos. (résumé d'auteur) more...

Cet ouvrage est destiné à aider tous ceux qui, de près ou de loin, participent à la lutte contre la trypanosomiase humaine africaine ou maladie du sommeil. Cette endémie, en rapide extension, concerne 25 pays déjà infectés ou à risque en Afrique tropicale. Les auteurs présentent les généralités nécessaires à la compréhension de la maladie et de son épidémisation à travers l'Afrique depuis plus d'un siècle (historique, géographie, épidémiologie, parasitologie, clinique). Ils décrivent les stratégies de lutte et les outils disponibles pour diagnostiquer, traiter mais aussi lutter contre le vecteur et tenter de prévenir l'extension de l'endémie. Les techniques médicales sont exposées et illustrées : recensement (préalable indispensable à toute opération de lutte), dépistage (passif et actif, classique ou sérologique), diagnostic (de la goutte épaisse à la PCR), traitements (mode d'action, posologie, associations, précautions, complications). Les modalités d'une prospection médicale par équipe mobile sont décrites avec une alternative basée sur l'intégration de la lutte dans les soins de santé primaires et la participation communautaire. Enfin, les opérations de lutte antivectorielle sont détaillées pour faciliter leur mise en œuvre sur le terrain : fabrication de pièges et écrans, dosage des insecticides, modalités de distribution, suivi, logistique. Ce manuel sur la maladie du sommeil et son contrôle montre que la « trypano » n'est pas une fatalité et qu'il existe des méthodes simples pour l'éliminer. more...

Cet article traite du concept de « dégénérescence », importé dans la psychiatrie française par Benedict-Auguste Morel dans les années 1850, et largement diffusé par la suite, dans ce champ ainsi que dans celui de la criminologie. On tente d’analyser la reconfiguration qu’impose ce concept au savoir psychiatrique en dégageant la manière dont il permet d’intégrer en un ensemble cohérent plusieurs modèles théoriques: un paradigme neurologique, une théorie de l’automatisme morbide, un certain évolutionnisme. Sur ces bases, on essaie d’établir les similitudes de fonds existant entre les conceptions psychiatrique et criminologique de la dégénérescence, en montrant qu’elles mobilisent le même réseau « structurant » d’analogies entre les figures de l’anormal (le fou, le sauvage, l’enfant, la femme, l’animal); et l’on s’efforce de montrer que ces théories promeuvent une logique dans laquelle les infractions aux différents types de normes (biologiques, sociales, morales, juridiques, psychologiques, économiques) sont susceptibles de faire systématiquement référence les unes aux autres, de se traduire les unes dans les autres. Puis l’on caractérise les transformations que ce nouveau paradigme impose aux principes de la thérapeutique, de la pédagogie et de la prise en charge des malades mentaux et des déviants. Pour finir, on présente les éléments latents qui dans ce paradigme préparent et indiquent déjà sa remise en cause et son renversement à venir.This article deals with the concept of «degeneration», introduced by Benedict-Auguste Morel in the French psychiatry during the 1850s, and which widely spread afterwards, in this field as well as in the contemporary criminology. An analysis is tried of the changes imposed by this notion on the psychiatric knowledge, changes that resulted in the integration in a coherent system of three other paradigms: a neurological paradigm, a theory of pathological automatism, a certain kind of evolutionary theory. The author then tries to establish the existence of background similarities between the psychiatric and criminological theories of degeneration, namely in as much as they promote the same «structural» analogies between the various forms of abnormality (the madman, the primitive, the woman, the child, the animal); and it is shown that these theories also imply a logic in which all the transgressions of the different kinds of norms (biological, social, moral, juridical, psychological, economical) tend to be systematically referred to one another, and translated into one another. Then a sketch is given of the changes imposed by this paradigm to the principles of therapy and pedagogy for the insane persons. And finally the author presents some of the themes that, in this paradigm, already prepare its deconstruction to come. more...

Este trabalho versa principalmente sobre os aspectos socioculturais ligados à questão da tuberculose (TB). Baseia-se no material de campo que coletei entre os Desana e Tariana, dois grupos indígenas da região do alto Rio Negro (estado do Amazonas), assim como sobre a literatura internacional em antropologia da saúde. more...

At the Hopital du Roi Baudouin in a suburb of Dakar Senegal health workers followed 58 children who were admitted to the Pikine nutrition center for kwashiorkor (edematous malnutrition) between October 1987 and July 1989. Their ages ranged from 6 to 36 months. 67.2% were 13-24 months old. 82.8% were weaned. Treatment failed in 12 children: 6 withdrew during treatment and 6 died. Treatment consisted of vermifuge malaria chemoprophylaxis and antibiotics upon admission; oral rehydration according to WHO protocol (two-thirds WHO approved solution and one-third water); and nutritional rehabilitation beginning at day 1 (fermented milk oil and sugar). Cardiac failure caused the deaths most of which took place during the first week of treatment. A poor estimation of the dehydration level likely contributed strongly to the cardiac failure caused by water and salt overloading. None of the children in the treatment failure group were breast feeding. 62.1% of all children had diarrhea. 25.9% were clinically dehydrated. Children in the treatment failure group were more likely to be dehydrated than those in the recovery group (50% vs. 19.6%; p < 0.05). These findings point to the need for further clinical studies to accurately determine the type of oral rehydration solution the contents of nutritive mixtures to be administered during the first phase of treatment and an accurate estimation of the dehydration level in acute malnutrition cases. more...

Throughout the first three quarters of the 20th century, the incidence of tuberculosis declined in industrialized countries (1,2) (figure 1). Part of this decline may have been due to isolation of infectious tuberculosis patients in sanitariums and the pasteurization of milk, but it is generally thought that improved housing and habitat, decreased crowding, better hygiene and sanitation, use of clean water, and better nutrition all contributed to decreased tuberculosis notification (3-5). Since the mid-1980s, however, this decreasing trend has slowed down and has even reversed in some countries, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, calling for rapid epidemiologic investigations (6, 7). In the United States, the resurgence of the disease in the 1980s was attributed to a group of factors, including the epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, diminished public health efforts to control tuberculosis, rising poverty, homelessness, overcrowded conditions, and immigration from countries with a high prevalence of tuberculosis (8, 9). Identification of these high-risk groups and behaviors has stimulated actions to improve tuberculosis control activities, resulting in a reversed trend in tuberculosis notification rates after 1994 (10, 11). However, developing countries never experienced such a substantial drop, and the number of reported tuberculosis cases increased dramatically during the 1980s, especially in Africa south of the Sahara, where tuberculosis is a leading cause of mortality (12). From 1985 to 1991, the annual number of reported new cases tripled in Zambia, doubled in Malawi, and increased by 76 percent in Tanzania (13) (figure 2). This increase in tuberculosis case rates in developing countries has been attributed mainly to the combined effects of HIV infection, population growth, and poorly organized tuberculosis control programs with low case finding and cure rates more...

Des épidémies de dermatose nodulaire contagieuse bovine observées chez des vaches de races Frisonne et locale dans l'Etat de Karthoum durant la période 1989-1991 sont décrites ici. La maladie a été diagnostiquée grâce à l'examen clinique, à l'isolement et l'identification du virus, au microscope électronique. Les signes cliniques étaient les suivants : fièvre, écoulement nasal, apparition de multiples nodules cutanés de diverses tailles, oedème des membres inférieurs et de la poitrine, avortements. La maladie était sévère chez les bovins de pure race Frisonne, avec un taux de morbidité de 37,9 % et un taux de mortalité de 4,2 % tandis qu'elle était assez modérée chez les bovins de race locale. more...

Bacterial leaf streak (BLS) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola is an important disease of rice. BLS is prevalent in Asia and West Africa, where it was first reported in Nigeria and Senegal in the early 1980s (4). Recently, molecular analysis of strains from Mali (2) and Burkina Faso (5) further confirmed the presence of BLS in West Africa. In Madagascar, BLS symptoms were first reported in the 1980s by Buddenhagen but the causal agent was not unequivocally determined (1). To confirm Buddenhagen's observations using modern molecular typing tools, we surveyed several rice fields in the Antananarivo and Antsirabe districts in March 2013. BLS symptoms were observed on cultivated Oryza sativa grown under both upland and lowland conditions, with a proportion of diseased individuals varying from 30% up to 80%. Symptomatic leaves presenting water-soaked lesions that developed into translucent, yellow streaks with visible exudates at the surface were sampled. One to four centimeter long pieces of diseased leaves were ground using the Qiagen TissueLyser system at 30 rps for 30 s (Qiagen, Courtaboeuf, France). The ground tissue was then macerated in 1 ml of sterile water for 1 h at 4°C. Non-diluted and 10-fold diluted tissue macerates were plated on semi-selective PSA medium (peptone 10 g/liter, sucrose 10 g/liter, glutamic acid 1 g/liter, bacto agar 16 g/liter, actidione 50 mg/liter, cephalexin 40 mg/liter, and kasugamycin 20 mg/liter) and incubated for 3 to 7 days at 28°C. Single, yellow, Xanthomonas-like colonies were isolated on non-selective PSA medium. Diagnostic multiplex PCR was performed on single colonies for pathovar identification (3). Five strains that produced three diagnostic bands corresponding to the X. oryzae pv. oryzicola pattern were further analyzed for pathogenicity on 3-week-old O. sativa cv. Nipponbare plants. Bacteria grown on PSA plates and adjusted to 1 × 108 CFU/ml were infiltrated into rice leaves with a needleless 1-ml syringe (2 × 3 infiltrations per plant and strain). Seven days after incubation in the greenhouse (27 ± 1°C with a 12-h photoperiod), inoculated leaves showed water-soaked lesions that produced yellow exudates corresponding to those initially observed in rice fields and observed for leaves challenged with the X. oryzae pv. oryzicola reference strain BLS256. Symptomatic leaf tissues were ground and plated on non-selective PSA medium, resulting in colonies with typical Xanthomonas morphology that were confirmed as X. oryzae pv. oryzicola by multiplex PCR typing (3), thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. Finally, the five strains were subjected to gyrB sequencing upon PCR amplification using the universal primers XgyrB1F (5′-ACGAGTACAACCCGGACAA-3′) and XgyrB1R (5′-CCCATCARGGTGCTGAAGAT-3′). The 743-bp partial gyrB sequences were 100% identical to the gyrB sequence of strain BLS256. As expected, the gyrB sequence of strains KACC10331, MAFF311018, and PXO99A of the X. oryzae pv. oryzae pathovar respectively showed nine, 16, and 10 mismatches in comparison to the Malagasy strains, thus further supporting that they belong to the pathovar oryzicola. References: (1) I. W. Buddenhagen. Int. Rice Comm. Newsl. 34:74, 1985. (2) C. Gonzalez et al. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 20:534, 2007. (3) J. M. Lang et al. Plant Dis. 94:311, 2010. (4) D. O. Niño-Liu et al. Mol. Plant Pathol. 7:303, 2006. (5) I. Wonni et al. Plant Dis. 95:72, 2011. more...

During a disease inspection at the sugarcane estate SUCAF near Franceville, Gabon, in March 2011, 1- to 3-mm wide and several dm long dark red stripes were observed on sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) leaves of many plants of cultivar R570. These plants were 5.5 months old in the first ratoon crop. Additionally, spindle leaves of several stalks were rotted and could be easily pulled out of the top of the stalk. Longitudinal sections of diseased stalks showed reddish-brown discoloration of the upper stem and the rotted spindle had an unpleasant odor. Circular, convex, smooth, yellow-cream pigmented bacterial colonies with 2 to 3 mm diameter were isolated after 3 days at 28°C from young leaf lesions on YPGA (yeast extract 7 g/L, peptone 7 g/L, glucose 7 g/L, agar 15 g/L, pH 6.8 to 7.0). The 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of two representative colonies was PCR amplified, and the nucleotide sequences were shown to be 99% identical to the 16S-23S ITS sequence from the genome of Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae strain ATCC 19860 (GenBank: CP002521.1). One of these A. avenae subsp. avenae isolates from Gabon was inoculated into greenhouse grown plants of sugarcane cultivar R570. Plants were inoculated by injection into the sheath of spindle leaves above the meristem with the bacterial strain (12 plants) or with a water control (six plants). In this method, the bacteria (108 CFU/ml) were injected using a syringe through the leaf sheath until filling the leaf whorl. Three weeks post-inoculation, one to several cm long red-brown stripes were observed on leaves of 11 of 12 inoculated plants. Seven weeks post-inoculation, all plants exhibited symptoms, from red, brown, or black stripes to leaf necrosis, rotting, and death of the spindle leaves (six plants). All six control plants were symptomless. In a second experiment, 6 of 12 plants showed symptoms 3 weeks post inoculation, and the pathogen was successfully re-isolated from all six symptomatic plants with YPGA medium. The 16S-23S ITS of three single colonies obtained each from different symptomatic plants were PCR amplified and the nucleotide sequences were again found 99% identical to the 16S-23S ITS sequence from the genome of A. avenae subsp. avenae ATCC 19860. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. avenae subsp. avenae, the causal agent of sugarcane red stripe (also reported as top rot), in Gabon. It is also the first description of the occurrence of the top rot form of the disease in R570, a cultivar that is grown in several locations of Africa, the Mascarene Islands, and the French West Indies. A large-scale survey needs to be undertaken to determine the distribution of red stripe in Gabon, a disease for which several outbreaks have been reported recently worldwide (1,2). References: (1) M. P. Grisham and R. M. Johnson. Phytopathology 101:564, 2011. (2) S. Zia-ul-Hussnain et al. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 10:7191, 2011. more...

In summer 2000, symptoms similar to Pelargonium zonate spot virus (PZSV) were observed for the first time on tomato plants in southeastern France. The plants were from commercial glasshouse fresh-market crops. Symptoms observed were chlorotic mottling with bright yellow distinct rings on leaves and curved line patterns on stems. Fruit symptoms included chlorotic and necrotic spotting, marked concentric ring patterns, and distortions. Diagnosis was made from symptomatic leaves and fruits by mechanical inoculation on a set of host plants. Local chlorotic and necrotic lesions were observed on Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quinoa, Cucumis sativus cv. Marketer, Cucumis melo cv. Vedrantais, Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Pinto, Vicia faba cv. D'Aguadulce, Vigna unguiculata cv. Black Eye, and systemic symptoms were observed on Capsicum annuum cvs. Yolo Wonder, Yolo Y, Florida VR2, and Criollo de Morelos 334, Datura stramonium, Lycopersicon esculentum cvs. Momor and Stevens, L. hirsutum (PI 134417 and PI 247087), Nicotiana benthamiana, N. clevelandii, N. tabacum cv. Xanthi nc, Ocimum basilicum cv. Latino, Petunia hybrida cv. Rose du ciel, and Physalis floridana. No reaction was observed on Pisum sativum cv. Douce Provence, Salvia splendens cv. Etna, or Zinnia elegans cv. Liliput. Symptoms on tomato of PZSV, Parietaria mottle virus (PMoV), and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) are similar, particularly those elicited in fruits. Therefore, the field samples were checked using double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay against antisera of the type-strain of PZSV and tomato strain of PMoV and their homologous antigenes, which were supplied by D. Gallitelli and P. Roggero respectively, and our antiserum of TSWV. Electron microscopy of negatively stained preparations from leaves of tomato and D. stramonium showed that the sap contained very few paraspheric shaped particles, 26 to 29 nm in diameter. Three isolates collected from two different regions (Vaucluse and Bouches du Rhône) showed a very close serological relationship with the Italian type-strain of PZSV and tested negative against antisera of PMoV and TSWV. The French isolates were biologically different from the type-strain, but were similar to the Spanish strain of PZSV because they infected D. stramonium, N. benthamiana, O. basilicum, and V. unguiculata (2). Moreover, in transverse tissue sections, virions were not observed in the nucleus and tubular structures, unlike the Italian isolates, (1) but were present in the cytoplasm and particularly in the mesophyll cells. There are only a few records of the occurrence and distribution of PZSV in Mediterranean countries. References: (1) M. A Castellano and G. P Martelli. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 20:64, 1981. (2) M. Luis-Arteaga. Plant Dis. 84:807, 2000. more...