Search

INTRODUCTION: The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is transmitted through corporal fluids as infected people’s blood and semen. Thus, sexual intercourse, blood transfusion, accidents with sharp materials are some of the main mechanisms of transmission of this virus. The HBV has tropism for hepatic cells and the infection by the virus can evolve on variable clinical conditions. The vaccine against hepatitis B has been available on the SUS (Brazilian Unified Health System) since 1998 and is an important collective prevention strategy. The present research aims to perform a sociodemographic evaluation of the hepatitis B diagnoses between the years 2007 and 2018, and to correlate it with the advances of the vaccination coverage in Brazil against hepatitis B. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is an ecological study, retrospective and descriptive study that it has as methodology the use of secondary data from Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAM). The sample was composed of all acute hepatitis B’s diagnoses in Brazil during the period from 2007 to 2018, totalizing 21432 records. In the research, the following variables were used: sex, age group, skin color/race, marital status, and schooling. RESULT AND DISCUSSION: This study has demonstrated that the male gender, as well as the brown population represents the largest number of cases. From the evaluation of the variables age and schooling, it was concluded that the population at the age group that, in general, is sexually active (from 20 to 39 years) is the most affected, and the population that presents low schooling characterizes the majority of individuals infected with HBV. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: It is necessary to expand vaccination coverage by identifying the weak points of vaccination activity, besides the supply of the vaccine, location and adequate schedule to help the health system’s user accession. It is essential that the public policy of information and the campaigns are also directed to health professionals.

A majority of students in career and technical education teacher academies indicate that they do not want to be educators. Recognizing this, Skyline High School propelled its teacher academy program in a new direction and redesigned it in a way that is mutually beneficial to the teacher academy students, preK-12 learners, and the education workforce. R. Lennon Audrain and Gregory Mendez recount how, working in close partnership with its district human resources department and Arizona State University, Skyline’s teacher academy students develop pedagogical content knowledge about the science of reading, apply it tutoring experiences at a local elementary school, and earn industry credentials that signal specialized knowledge and skills.

La sociedad contemporánea, desde el 11 de septiembre de 2001, ha incrementado sus miedos de manera relevante. Quizás, las principales responsabilidades que generaron esta sociedad temerosa sean la individualización moderna, por un lado y la información que exacerba la percepción del riesgo. Hemos sustituido las comunidades y las asociaciones de lazos estrechos por el deber individual del interés, la preocupación y el apego por uno mismo, así la sociedad se construyó sobre el terreno sinuoso de la contingencia. En la mente del ciudadano común se conforma, a través de la información que recibe de los medios sociales, la sospecha de la existencia de una motivación malévola en ciertos sujetos concretos, o en ciertos grupos y así el miedo se inocula en su acción cotidiana. El miedo paraliza, es conspiratorio, manipula y fragmenta a la sociedad. La sociedad se ve constantemente sometida al miedo mediático que se propaga a través de las redes sociales con inusitada velocidad. Y esto provoca, en los diversos grupos una limitación de los lazos sociales, incluso un enmudecimiento colectivo ya que al ver al otro como potencial agresor se abstiene de opinar y deja que los medios hablen por el resto. En definitiva, cuando la visibilidad de los riesgos se acrecienta o, por el contrario, se oculta, se exacerba el miedo o se lo silencia pero ambas estrategias de poder generan una pérdida de control que puede desembocar en acciones fuera de lugar, irreflexivas y dominadas por el miedo.

Gymnogeophagus is a genus of fish from the family Cichlidae present in freshwaters from Southern South America, and the knowledge on its parasite communities is rather scarce. Therefore, the present study evaluated, for the first time, the parasite community of G. balzanii. Fish were collected in the Pantanal wetlands, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil and analysed for metazoan parasites. Ten taxa (larvae and adult) were found including Nematoda (3), Digenea (5), Copepoda (1) and Monogenea (1). All taxa were aggregated within the host population, few showed high prevalence and all had low abundance. The parasite community was composed by few specialists and several generalist and characterised by low richness, diversity and, consequently high dominance of few species and low evenness. These characteristics are typical of isolationist parasite communities. The predominance of larval forms indicates that G. balzanii occupies a lower position within the food chain, acting as an important link for trophic relations. Host length and weight were strong determinants in the parasite community, making fish sex also important since males were significantly longer and heavier than females. Generally, the parasite fauna did not influence host body condition, indicating no apparent debility. Presence of Clinostomum metacercariae is important for human health issues.

Benefits of hamstring lengthening surgery on the sagittal plane in children with cerebral palsy have been previously demonstrated, but there is limited information on its effects on the transverse plane. This study compared the effects of medial hamstring lengthening (MHL) with those of medial and lateral hamstring lengthening (MLHL) procedures in the transverse plane. Children with gross motor function classification system (GMFCS) levels I-III who had MHL or MLHL were included. Baseline, short- (1-2 years), and long-term (3+ years) postoperative three-dimensional gait analysis outcomes were compared using analysis of variance. Children were excluded if they had concurrent osteotomies or tendon transfers. One hundred fifty children (235 limbs) were included, with 110 limbs in the MHL group (age 8.5 ± 4.1 years, GMFCS I-27%, II-52%, and III-21%) and 125 limbs in the MLHL group (age 10.0 ± 4.0 years, GMFCS I-23%, II-41%, and III-37%). Time between surgery and short- and long-term follow-up gait analysis was 1.5 ± 0.6 years and 6.6 ± 2.9 years, respectively. Transmalleolar axis became more external after MHL at both short and long terms ( P0.05), whereas there were only significant differences at long term in MLHL ( P0.05). Although hamstring lengthening has a positive impact on stance phase knee extension in children with cerebral palsy, intact lateral hamstrings after MHL likely contribute to increased tibial external rotation after surgery. Significant increases in external rotation at the knee in the long term are likely related to a trend present with growth in children with cerebral palsy rather than a direct result of surgical intervention.

The methanol-to-hydrocarbons reaction uses a zeolite catalyst (typically H-ZSM-5 or SAPO-34) to produce light olefins (mainly C2–C4) for chemical feedstocks and methylated benzenes for use as fuels. The reaction is a major industrial process world-wide, and consequently it has been extensively studied by a wide range of physical methods (e.g. reaction testing) and spectroscopic methods. One approach that has been used relatively little to-date is neutron scattering. Neutron methods can provide information about structure, diffusion at the microscopic scale and vibrational spectra that are not limited by selection rules, fluorescence or absorption. In this mini-review we give a short introduction to neutron scattering, then describe how neutron scattering provides insight into the Brønsted acid sites of the catalyst, then consider each of the three stages of the process; induction, steady-state and deactivation. We conclude with a perspective on how neutron scattering can further support studies of MTH chemistry.

Binuclear Cu(i) complexes bearing N-heterocycles-containing phosphines function as luminescent sensors for N-nitrosamines.

The mechanism of palladium-catalysed carbene insertion cross-coupling reactions was studied by variable time normalisation analysis (VTNA), NMR spectroscopy, tandem eletrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and density functional theory calculations. VTNA revealed a zero-order dependence on benzyl bromide and base, a first-order dependence on diazo substrate and Pd, and a negative first-order dependence on the PPh3 ligand. These results suggest rate determining carbene formation and the existence of an off-cycle bisphosphine turnover determining intermediate prior to this step. A time-adjusted same excess protocol showed that, while the catalytic cycle was stable, an induction period was present when the Pd : PPh3 ratio was greater than 1 : 3. NMR spectroscopic study revealed a large degree of phosphorous speciation, with control experiments allowing each species present to be identified. The turnover determining intermediate implicated during kinetic studies was identified, along with a second, η3-benzyl, turnover determining intermediate placed off the catalytic cycle after carbene insertion but prior to β-hydride elimination. ESI-MS of the reaction mixture was conducted, providing additional evidence for the existence of both turnover determining intermediates. Theoretical investigations suggest carbene insertion as the origin of selectivity, rather than β-hydride elimination as is generally assumed. Selectivity during carbene insertion was found to be governed by frontier molecular orbital interactions which heavily favour (E)-selectivity. Energy span and degree of TOF control analysis strongly support experimental observations and mechanistic rationale, validating theoretical work. Beyond defining aspects of the mechanism of palladium carbene insertion reactions, this study reveals that, when a pendant migrating group is present, carbene insertion is the selectivity determining step. These results can be used to rationalise unexpectedly high selectivities reported for similar reactions in the literature, suggesting this to be a general model for selectivity in palladium-catalysed carbene insertion reactions.

This scientific commentary refers to ‘Cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulins in primary progressive multiple sclerosis are pathogenic’ by Wong et al. (https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awad031).

Introdução: A grade curricular da maior parte dos cursos de graduação em medicina do Brasil carece de carga horária prática adequada ao aprendizado das disciplinas de abordagem ao paciente crítico, assim a simulação realística de alta fidelidade pode ser uma alternativa válida para promoção do ensino sem danos para estudantes e pacientes. Objetivos: Avaliar a satisfação e autoconfiança dos alunos da graduação em medicina após dois cenários de prática com simulação nos cenários de abordagem ao paciente com insuficiência respiratória aguda (IRpA) e em choque hemodinâmico (CH). Métodos: Para avaliação da satisfação e autoconfiança dos alunos foi utilizado um instrumento validado após as respectivas práticas no centro de simulação realística. Resultados: o instrumento foi respondido voluntariamente por 39 alunos da graduação. Na Escala de satisfação de estudantes e na Escala de autoconfiança na aprendizagem, o escore médio obtido no cenário de IRpA foi de 4,80, sendo obtido 4,99 na subescala de satisfação e 4,71 na de autoconfiança. No cenário de CH, o escore médio foi de 4,73, sendo obtido também 4,99 na subescala de satisfação e 4,61 na de autoconfiança. Conclusão: Embora as oportunidades de aprendizado prático dos temas de abordagem ao paciente crítico sejam limitadas, a simulação realística pode ser uma metodologia de ensino eficaz para suprimir essa demanda.

A produção agrícola brasileira é considerada uma das maiores do mundo, devido ao seu tamanho territorial e o seu potencial em produzir grãos. Trichoderma spp. é um dos fungos mais pesquisados no Brasil, pois tem ocorrência natural em praticamente todos os tipos de solos, e por possuir uma versatilidade de ação próprias, podendo atuar como promotor de crescimento vegetal. Diante disso, objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência da inoculação do isolado UFT-201 como promotor de crescimento nas culturas do milho e arroz em casa de vegetação. O experimento foi conduzido na estação experimental da Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT) - Campus Universitário de Gurupi. Os tratamentos consistiram em cinco doses do inoculante (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 g kg-1), misturados à semente no momento da semeadura. A cepa utilizada foi obtida no Laboratório de Agromicrobiologia Aplicada e Biotecnologia da Universidade Federal do Tocantins. O inoculante utilizado foi preparado em fermentação sólida utilizando arroz como substrato. Foram avaliadas características morfológicas (altura, volume de raiz, massa seca) e fisiológicas (pigmentos fotossintéticos e trocas gasosas) aos 30 e 45 dias após a semeadura. O fungo Trichoderma asperellum UFT-201 inoculado via semente aumentou o volume radicular e a biomassa das plantas de milho e arroz na dose de 6 g kg-1 de sementes. O ganho em biomassa das culturas está relacionado com alterações fisiológicas nas culturas promovido pela inoculação e doses acima de 12 g kg-1 de sementes podem reduzir o desenvolvimento inicial das culturas, principalmente para arroz.

A proposta deste artigo, escrito em formato de ensaio teórico é a de mostrar como a genealogia, enquanto um conjunto de operadores metodológicos de pesquisa nas ciências humanas pode ser uma eficaz forma para a análise de acontecimentos tecnológicos recentes, tais como: a internet. Busca-se como objetivo do trabalho, problematizar as práticas que potencializam uma analítica cultural, histórica, política, econômica e social da fabricação da subjetividade na relação com a tecnologia, em especial, da internet. Para tanto, inicia-se o texto com a elucidação da genealogia em algumas definições conceituais das ferramentas principais que a sustentam como campo filosófico contemporâneo e na conversa de dois pensadores que a desenvolveram e a utilizaram: Nietzsche e Foucault. O alemão conferiu importância à presença do “Si” nos estudos genealógicos, enquanto o francês fez questão de utilizar o método para aproximar seus efeitos à análise histórica e política da verdade. Ambos delimitaram que a genealogia não é busca por essências, mas sim o perscrutar de perspectivas e valores, em outras palavras, a relação entre poder, saber e subjetividade na história a favor do tempo e contra o tempo para desnaturalizar os dispositivos sóciotécnológicos.

Red fluorophores synthesized by oral bacteria are important for fluorescence-based diagnosis and treatment because they are used as markers for bacterially infected tissue, mature plaque, or calculus. A range of porphyrins have been identified as the source of this fluorescence in carious tissue. It is not clear which of these porphyrins are produced by individual oral bacteria or whether this ability depends on other factors. This study examined and compared the fluorescence spectra produced by selected cultured oral bacteria when grown on agars containing different nutrients with spectra for protoporphyrin IX, Zn-protoporphyrin IX, haematoporphyrin, and haematin. Actinomyces israelii (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen [DSM], 43320), Actinomyces naeslundii (DSM 43013), Fusobacterium nucleatum (DSM, 20482), Lactobacillus casei (DSM, 20011), Prevotella intermedia (DSM, 20706), Streptococcus mutans (DSM, 20523), Streptococcus oralis (DSM, 20627), Streptococcus salivarius (DSM, 20560) and Streptococcus sobrinus (DSM, 20742) were rehydrated and grown anaerobically on caso, caso blood (containing 5% sheep blood), and caso chlorophyll (containing 5% spinach extract) agar for 3 days at 37°C in the dark. Colonies were harvested, transferred to ethanol, and centrifuged. Fluorescence emission spectra were recorded from the supernatant at 405 nm excitation (Fluorolog 3–22, Jobin Yvon-Spex ISA, Edison, NJ, USA). All Streptococci, L. casei, and F. nucleatum produced red fluorescence when grown on caso and caso chlorophyll agar but not on caso blood agar. A. naeslundii and P. intermedia emitted intense red fluorescence when grown on caso or caso blood agar but not on caso chlorophyll agar. Fluorescence emission spectra of A. naeslundii and P. intermedia grown on caso blood agar correlated exactly with both fluorescence peaks for protoporphyrin-IX at 632 and 701 nm. Most peaks observed could be correlated with at least one of the emission peaks of protoporphyrin IX, Zn-protoporphyrin IX, or haematoporphyrin. Oral bacteria emitted red fluorescence matching known porphyrins, but this depended on nutrients available in the agar.

Despite the availability of effective vaccines against COVID-19, booster vaccinations are needed to maintain vaccine-induced protection against variant strains and breakthrough infections. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine (Janssen) as primary vaccination plus a booster dose.ENSEMBLE2 is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial including crossover vaccination after emergency authorisation of COVID-19 vaccines. Adults aged at least 18 years without previous COVID-19 vaccination at public and private medical practices and hospitals in Belgium, Brazil, Colombia, France, Germany, the Philippines, South Africa, Spain, the UK, and the USA were randomly assigned 1:1 via a computer algorithm to receive intramuscularly administered Ad26.COV2.S as a primary dose plus a booster dose at 2 months or two placebo injections 2 months apart. The primary endpoint was vaccine efficacy against the first occurrence of molecularly confirmed moderate to severe-critical COVID-19 with onset at least 14 days after booster vaccination, which was assessed in participants who received two doses of vaccine or placebo, were negative for SARS-CoV-2 by PCR at baseline and on serology at baseline and day 71, had no major protocol deviations, and were at risk of COVID-19 (ie, had no PCR-positive result or discontinued the study before day 71). Safety was assessed in all participants; reactogenicity, in terms of solicited local and systemic adverse events, was assessed as a secondary endpoint in a safety subset (approximately 6000 randomly selected participants). The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04614948, and is ongoing.Enrolment began on Nov 16, 2020, and the primary analysis data cutoff was June 25, 2021. From 34 571 participants screened, the double-blind phase enrolled 31 300 participants, 14 492 of whom received two doses (7484 in the Ad26.COV2.S group and 7008 in the placebo group) and 11 639 of whom were eligible for inclusion in the assessment of the primary endpoint (6024 in the Ad26.COV2.S group and 5615 in the placebo group). The median (IQR) follow-up post-booster vaccination was 36·0 (15·0-62·0) days. Vaccine efficacy was 75·2% (adjusted 95% CI 54·6-87·3) against moderate to severe-critical COVID-19 (14 cases in the Ad26.COV2.S group and 52 cases in the placebo group). Most cases were due to the variants alpha (B.1.1.7) and mu (B.1.621); endpoints for the primary analysis accrued from Nov 16, 2020, to June 25, 2021, before the global dominance of delta (B.1.617.2) or omicron (B.1.1.529). The booster vaccine exhibited an acceptable safety profile. The overall frequencies of solicited local and systemic adverse events (evaluated in the safety subset, n=6067) were higher among vaccine recipients than placebo recipients after the primary and booster doses. The frequency of solicited adverse events in the Ad26.COV2.S group were similar following the primary and booster vaccinations (local adverse events, 1676 [55·6%] of 3015 vs 896 [57·5%] of 1559, respectively; systemic adverse events, 1764 [58·5%] of 3015 vs 821 [52·7%] of 1559, respectively). Solicited adverse events were transient and mostly grade 1-2 in severity.A homologous Ad26.COV2.S booster administered 2 months after primary single-dose vaccination in adults had an acceptable safety profile and was efficacious against moderate to severe-critical COVID-19. Studies assessing efficacy against newer variants and with longer follow-up are needed.Janssen ResearchDevelopment.

This article will address the power of imaginative learning in Christian formation in personal pedagogy as exemplified in the writings of the Oxford Inklings. Foreseeing the dehumanizing effects caused by an overemphasis on utilitarian education, their collective scholarship in literary fiction helped preserve many ideas that were the treasures of Western thought for millennia. As successful as the Oxford Inklings were in influencing their generation through literary fiction and its power to engage the imagination, using literary fiction for Christian formation remains a largely neglected mode of learning in a culture facing even greater idiological challenges—such as those presented by the Simulation Theory Hypothesis.

We designed porous polymers with a tungsten-calix[4]arene imido complex as the nitrosamine receptor for the efficient extraction of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) from water. The interaction between the metallocalix[4]arene and the TSNA, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone, NNK) was investigated. We found that the incorporation of the nitrosamine receptor into porous polymers increased their selectivity toward NNK over nicotine. The polymer with an optimal ratio of calixarene-containing and porosity-inducing building blocks showed a high maximum adsorption capacity of up to 203 mg/g toward NNK under sonication, which was among the highest values reported. The adsorbed NNK could be removed from the polymer by soaking it in acetonitrile, enabling the adsorbent to be reused. A similar extraction efficiency to that under sonication could be achieved using the polymer-coated magnetic particles under stirring. We also proved that the material could efficiently extract TSNAs from real tobacco extract. This work not only provides an efficient material for the extraction of TSNAs but also offers a design strategy for efficient adsorbents.

Introduction A rise in the number of caesarean sections and the rate of birth weight over 4kg prompted an advanced midwife practitioner service to introduce routine weighing for all service users and target weight gain based on Institute of Medicine guidelines. The study's aims were to ascertain if maintaining weight gain reduced pre-eclampsia, caesarean section births, birth weight over 4kg and neonatal intensive care unit admissions. Methods A retrospective study of weight gain and outcomes for 53 pre- and 46 post-routine weighing service users was conducted. Results Over a third (40%) of participants gained excess weight, with a 22% caesarean section rate and 22% of babies weighed over 4kg at birth. There was an overall 6% reduction in caesarean section births and a 22% reduction in babies weighing over 4kg. Conclusions Routine weighing and health promotion techniques have the potential to maximise health and wellbeing and could be a long-term investment in the health and wellbeing of mothers and babies.