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This paper presents an at-speed built-in test method for logic circuits with multiple clocks. It is clear that BIST (built-in self-test) plays a key role in test strategy for SoCs. It is also obvious that at-speed BIST is necessary for high quality test. Though several approaches enable at-speed BIST, there still exist several issues, such as multiple clocks, multi-cycle transfers and false paths. The proposed method realizes at-speed test for arbitrary combination of release and capture clocks at reasonable test time by utilizing the LFSR reseeding technique. Experimental results for benchmark circuits and an industrial circuit are given to illustrate the effectiveness of our approach.

A description is given of two test generation methods for sequential logic circuits. One method, called the 9ED method, is based on a path sensitization technique and is effective for asynchronous sequential circuits. The other methods, called the 4SP method, is also based on the path sensitization technique and is effective for sequential circuits with a design-for-testability (DFT) structure. The capabilities of these methods are examined with regard to the benchmark circuits prepared for ISCAS'89. The experimental results verified the effectiveness of the 4SP method for these circuits. >

An enhanced delay test generation procedure for high-speed logic LSIs is presented. The procedure is applicable to general scan-designed sequential circuits including both level-type flip-flops and edge-type flip-flops. Some techniques are introduced to solve the problem of 'same-clock signal transfer' between these flip-flops and to enhance the performance of the delay test generation procedure. The effectiveness of the procedure is demonstrated by the experimental results obtained. >

The authors present a design-for-testability approach to logic LSIs which are embedding random-access-memories (RAMs). This approach uses scannable RAMs for enhancing the testability of not only the RAMs themselves but also their peripheral circuits. Automatic test generation is applicable for both the RAMs and the whole logic circuit. >

This paper presents a genetic algorithm to generate tests for logic circuits. Bit strings corresponding to primary input patterns are evolved into tests for detecting a target fault by genetic operations. Some new techniques, such as a crossover operation based on fault-excitability and fault-drivability, are introduced to achieve high fault coverage. Experimental results show that the genetic approach is effective for solving test generation problem. >

This paper presents a design for delay testability approach to improve delay fault coverage for high speed logic LSIs. In order to simplify the model for delay test generation from two stage combinational circuit model to ordinary combinational circuit model, we add an extra latch, called sub-latch for each scannable flip-flop. A procedure for delay test generation is also developed to establish high fault coverage. The results for a practical application to logic LSIs used in mainframe computers is given to illustrate the effectiveness of our approach.

This paper presents a practical approach to functional test pattern generation for gate level faults in functional modules of VLSI processors. Test patterns are generated by constrained test generation and translated to functional test patterns, each of which is a sequence of instructions. In this paper, the outline of instruction-based test generation system, ALPS, is given first, and then constrained test generation is described in detail. Finally, the result of practical application to a VLSI processor is given to illustrate the effectiveness of our approach.

This paper presents an accelerated test points selection method for circuits designed by a full-scan based BIST scheme. In order to speed up the test points selection method based on cost minimization, and reflecting random pattern testability, we introduce three techniques, the simultaneous selection of plural test points, the simplified selection of test points by the cost reduction factor, and the reduction of the number of test point candidates. We implement a program based on the proposed method and evaluate its efficiency experimentally using large scale circuits (26 k-420 k gates).

This paper presents a parallel, automatic test generation system, DESCARTES, for synchronous sequential circuits. This system parallelizes the test generation algorithm based on real-valued logic simulation. By addition of a redundant fault identification program and an algorithmic test generation program, test generation is speeded up and test quality is improved. Experimental results for ISCAS '89 benchmark sequential circuits illustrate the efficiency of this approach.

We have recently encountered a rare case of anterior cerebral artery dissecting aneurysm, presenting cerebral infarction and subarachnoid hemorrhage, associated with fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD). A 50-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with complaints of headache and hemiparesis. A right carotid angiogram obtained 9 hours after the onset revealed stenosis and slight dilatation in the A1 portion of the anterior cerebral artery. At 12 hours after the onset, the patient fell into a coma. CT scan showed diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage. An angiogram had revealed aneurysmal dilatation and double lumen in the A1 portion, but, 34 days after the onset, angiogram showed growth of the aneurysm in the A1 portion and stenosis in the A2 and A3 portions. At 38 days after the onset, the trapping of the dilated aneurysm to prevent rerupture was performed. Pathological diagnosis was concluded to be FMD. We concluded that FMD caused stenosis as well as the formation and rupture of the dissecting aneurysm in the anterior cerebral artery.

Three cases with a pituitary cystic mass that spontaneously disappeared were discussed. Common characteristics of these 3 cases were presence of headache, cystic mass, spontaneous disappearance, and no recurrence. Based on clinical course, MRI findings such as cystic mass with ring enhancement, no calcification, and displacement posteriorly of the normal pituitary gland, and previous reports, these 3 cases were diagnosed as an equivocal Rathke's cleft cyst. We suggested that operative indication in an equivocal Rathke's cleft cyst, even though it was symptomatic, should be decided after sufficient follow-up, because there may be a possibility of spontaneous reduction or disappearance like our cases.

This work presents an approach to the test generation for synchronous sequential circuits. This approach utilizes an extended logic simulation, called real-valued logic simulation, and solves the sequential test generation problem as a kind of optimization problem. The approach has the possibility of high speed test generation, because high speed processing techniques, such as, vector processing, parallel processing, and so on, can be efficiently applied to the most time-consuming part of this approach. Experimental results for ISCAS'89 benchmark sequential circuits also illustrate the eficiency of this approach.

Preincubation of fluorescent Ca2+-indicator quin 2 resulted in inhibition on platelet aggregation and secretion in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. And the mechanism of the inhibition was studied. The inhibition by quin 2 of thrombin stimulated aggregation and ATP secretion of human platelets was dose and incubation time dependent and the inhibition was overcome by an addition of CaCl2 to the suspending buffer. Combination of quin 2 and Ca2+-blockers exerted the complete inhibition of the reaction in the presence of extracellular Ca2+. The inhibitory effect was observed when the intracellular concentration of quin 2 exceeds 3 mM, regardless of the initial dose or the preincubation time. The cellular content of ATP was not reduced by loading platelets with quin 2 in the concentration which exerted an inhibitory effect on the platelet reaction. From these observations, it was postulated that the inhibition is due to chelation of intracellular Ca2+ by quin 2 and the application of this agent as an intracellular Ca2+ antagonist was proposed. Also, we discussed the limitations in the use of quin 2 system as an intracellular Ca2+ indicator.

The responsiveness of washed human platelets to thrombin was well preserved up to 72 and 96 hours, when they were stored at 4°C with prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) and its stable analogue OP-41483, respectively, while the washed platelets stored with sodium citrate completely lost their responsiveness to thrombin at 48 hours. The effect of PGI2 or the analogue on the resting level of intra-platelet Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) was investigated, utilizing fluorescent Ca2+ indicator quin 2. PGI2 lowered the resting [Ca2+]i in a dose related manner in the presence or absence of the extracellular Ca2+. The similar results were obtained when OP-41483 was added to the quin 2 loaded platelets. From these results, it was concluded that the lowering of the resting [Ca2+]i may be the prerequisite for the cytoprotective effect of PGI2 or OP-41483.

A series of extracted fractions from sophora subprostrata was screened by determining anti-ulcer effects in pylorus ligated and stressed rats. Fr. [C-2] had the most potent anti-ulcer effects of all fractions extracted. Sophoradin and sophoranone which were isolated from Fr. [C-2] were also found to have inhibitory effects on ulcer formation in pylorus ligated and stressed rats. The anti-ulcer effect of sophoradin was relatively potent in comparison with that of sophoranone and/or Fr. [C-2]. The anti-ulcer effect of sophoranone was approximately the same as that of Fr. [C-2]. The authors examined the effects of sophoradin and sophoranone on gastric secretion in pylorus ligated rats. Sophoradin and sophoranone significantly reduced the volume of gastric juice. Sophoradin but not sophoranone inhibited the free and total acid output of gastric juice. The effect of sophoradin was examined on various secretagogues which induced gastric secretions in rats with acute fistula. Sophoradin showed a tendency to inhibit tetragastrin- and insulin-induced gastric acid secretion, but there were no effects on methacholine- and histamine-induced secretions. These results suggest that sophoradin may have marked anti-ulcer and inhibitory effects on gastric secretion.

This paper reviews some of the current techniques used to investigate contaminated soil sites. It covers the areas of remote sensing, soil gas monitoring, groundwater monitoring and soils sampling. Each discussion focuses on current techniques, major problem areas, advantages and disadvantages of the techniques. It is the intent of this paper to provide a basis of understanding and evaluating the other papers presented in the session on site investigation.

In order to evaluate the clinical efficacy of combined tegafur plus lentinan treatment, a comparative trial was performed on patients with advanced cancer using two different doses, a conventional-dose group and a high-dose group. Thirty-four patients were evaluable in this trial. The doses of medication were 600 mg of tegafur p.o. daily and 1-2 mg of lentinan i.v. weekly in the conventional-dose group, and 1,200-800 mg of tegafur p.o. daily and 4 mg of lentinan i.v. weekly in the high-dose group. The response was evaluated using the criteria of Koyama. The response rates were 14.3% for the conventional-dose group and 25.0% for the high-dose group, although no statistical difference was observed. Acute toxicities such as oppression in the anterior chest and dryness of the throat, which were considered to be probably due to lentinan, were noted in patients given rapid administration with 20 ml of solution. However, these effects disappeared with slow-drip infusion using 100-200 ml of solution. These results suggest that the combined tegafur plus lentinan treatment would be better administered at a dose higher than the conventional one for the treatment for advanced cancers.

In the United States, the two primary laws which relate to the handling of chemical wastes or hazardous wastes are the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 [1] and less specifically, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 [2]. The first is known as RCRA and has been amended twice, in 1978 and in 1980. Although RCRA also addresses solid waste disposal and recycling, its primary impact was the creation of the U.S. hazardous waste management program. That section of the law which relates specifically to hazardous waste management is known as Subtitle C which includes Sections 3001 to 3013. The second law is known as CERCLA or “Superfund” and was enacted to provide for liability, compensation, clean-up and emergency response for hazardous substances released into the environment and the clean-up of inactive hazardous waste disposal sites. The following discussion will focus on RCRA and its pertinent regulations because it relates specifically to the subject matter of this volume, Chemical Waste Handling.

This chapter describes many of the common problems encountered in each major step of chemical waste handling from the point of generation to ultimate disposal. It reports on the kinds of accidents which can result from mismanagement of chemical wastes and attempts to show the interrelationships between the various problem areas. Mismanagement of such wastes has resulted in severe contamination of air, water supplies, homes and the environment in general. The major problem areas in the storage phase include; (1) Types of containers used, (2) Segregation of containers, (3) Labeling of containers, and (4) Mixing of wastes. In the collection and treatment step, the problem areas are: (1) Manifesting, (2) Mixing of wastes, (3) “Midnight dumping,” and (4) Small generators. The problem of chemical waste treatment are related primarily to: (1) Characteristics of the waste and (2) Management of the residues and emissions from the treatment processes. Land disposal of chemical wastes has caused numereous problems related to: (1) Rupture of containers, (2) Mixing of chemically incompatible substances, (3) Leaking of toxic substances into groundwater, and (4) Emission of volatile toxic substances upon or after disposal.

An analysis of 89 cases with chronic pancreatitis revealed 56% of chronic alcoholic pancreatitis (AP). The sex ratio was 47 males to 3 females and the mean age at onset was 42.4 years in AP and 49.3 years in chronic non-alcoholic pancreatitis (NAP). The 'total amount' of alcohol consumption was correlated to the onset. In AP, the abdominal pain was apt to relapse and severe in nature, furthermore painless pancreatitis was seen in 6%. The association with diabetes or calcification (38%) were more frequently seen in AP. The calcifications in AP appeared to be smaller in size and distributed diffusely or localized in cephalic portion. A striking frequency of liver dysfunctions (39 cases) were demonstrated, however, cirrhosis was rare in AP. The P-S test dysunctions in NAP were frequently reversible in the follow up study, while even some of chronic asymptomatic alcoholics developed clinical signs of pancreatitis during the observed period and proceeded to definite AP, of whom pancreatic dysfunctions showed fluctuation and eventual progression. In other words, even pain free intervals the pancreatic inflammation in susceptible persons may proceed to ultimated destruction of the pancreas. The fatality from chronic pancreatitis was rare (12.3%), which was related diabetes mellitus.

The interrelationship between ATP-secretion, protein phosphorylation and intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) was studied in both 32P and quin 2 loaded human platelets stimulated by thrombin or thromboxane A2 analogue (STA2). In platelets stimulated by thrombin, the degree of 47,000 dalton polypeptides (P47) phosphorylation was observed in completely dose-related manner, regardless of the amount of [Ca2+]i. In the same condition, the degree of myosin light chain (P20) phosphorylation, however, was well correlated with ATP secretion and [Ca2+]i, when platelets were stimulated by lower dose of thrombin. The similar results were obtained in platelets stimulated by STA2. These findings suggested that P20, but not P47, phosphorylation in activated platelets is mediated by a rise of [Ca2+]i and is well correlated with the secretory reaction. It was unlikely that P47 phosphorylation plays any role in promoting platelet activation.