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This study examines two syntactic analyses of P/Case-drop in Korean gapping (aka right-node-raising or right-peripheral ellipsis): LF copying (Abe & Hoshi 1997) and PF deletion (Kim 1997). We employ two online acceptability rating experiments to investigate to what extent the distribution of P/Case-drop is controlled by grammatical and extra-grammatical constraints. The experimental findings suggest that (a) linear non-parallelism elicits a processing cost for gapping and (b) P/Case-drop is a costly operation, which results in higher frequencies of PP fragments (in relation to NP fragments) and Case-marked NP fragments (in relation to Case-less NP fragments). We argue that the parallelism effect follows from the parser’s general preference to keep the structure of each conjunct maximally parallel in a coordination structure (Kim et al. 2020). Given this, we conclude that P/Case-drop phenomena in Korean gapping are better explained by a PF deletion analysis, supplemented with extra deletion (An 2016, 2019; Erschler 2022) and ellipsis parallelism (Frazier, Munn & Clifton 2000; Kehler 2000; Frazier & Clifton 2001; Carlson 2002), rather than by an LF copying analysis.

In recent years, modular-type floating islands have been considered as a promising option for future ocean space utilization. A modular floating island consists of a number of standardized pontoon-type modules and connectors between them. In this study, the motion responses of a modular floating island in waves was investigated based on frequency-domain numerical analysis. The numerical method is based on the potential flow theory and adopts a higher-order boundary element method with Green’s function. First, motion RAOs were directly compared with the model test data by reference to validate the present numerical method. Then, numerical investigations were conducted to analyze the motion characteristics of the floating island by considering various modules shapes and arrangements. It was found that motion responses were reduced in a single central module compared to when divided central modules were used. Finally, the effect of modular arrangement on the motion responses in irregular waves was discussed. It was confirmed that multiple-layer outer modules are more effective in calming the central module than using single-layer outer modules, except under very long period conditions.

Left-node-raising (LNR), as a mirror image of right-node-raising (RNR), is a phenomenon in which the leftmost constituent is shared by the two conjuncts. In this paper, we empirically and theoretically explore two distinctive properties of LNR in Korean: licensing Case-mismatches of a shared element and the dependent plural marker tul. We argue that the first conjunct Case-licensing of the shared element in LNR is crucial across Case types. We thus confirm the explanatory edge of the scrambling-plus-pro analysis of LNR, nullifying previous symmetric analyses of LNR such as across-the-board scrambling and multidominance. Additionally, we argue that LNR is not a mirror image of RNR in that symmetric analyses may explain the distribution of the dependent plural marker in RNR but not that of the dependent plural marker in LNR. Therefore, we argue against a unified analysis of RNR and LNR. We further show that the island effect of LNR is evidence of the scrambling-plus-pro analysis of LNR.

In recent years, various studies have been conducted on oscillating-water-column-type wave energy converters (OWC-WECs) with multiple chambers with the objective of efficiently utilizing the limited space of offshore/onshore structures. In this study, a numerical investigation based on a numerical wave tank was conducted on single, dual, and triple OWC chambers to examine the hydrodynamic performances and the energy conversion characteristics of the multiple water columns. The boundary value problem with the Laplace equation was solved by using a numerical wave tank based on a finite element method. The validity of the current numerical method was confirmed by comparing it with the measured data in the previous experimental research. We undertook a series of numerical simulations and observed that the water column motion of sloshing mode in a single chamber can be changed into the piston motion of different phases in multiple OWC chambers. Therefore, the piston motion in the multiple chambers can generate considerable airflow at a specific resonant frequency. In addition, the division of the OWC chamber results in a reduction of the time-dependent variability of the final output power from the device. As a result, the application of the multiple chambers leads to an increase of the energy conversion performance as well as a decrease of the variability of the wave energy converter.

Aim: Bone healing becomes problematic during certain states, such as trauma. This study verifies whether the application of c-myb with gelatin promotes bone healing during bone injuries. Materials & methods: A biodegradable membrane was modified with adenoviral vector c-myb ( Ad/c-myb) and gelatin and applied in the bone injury site of rat tibia. Results: c-myb enhanced osteogenic differentiation and mineralization in bone marrow stromal cells after induction with osteogenic media. In vivo examination of rat tibia after application of the biodegradable membrane with Ad/c-myb and a gelatin layer demonstrated increased bone volume, bone mineral density, new bone formation and osteogenic molecules, compared with Ad/LacZ. Conclusion: c-myb has the potential to assist bone healing and may be applicable to the treatment of bone during injury.

Study Design: Level III retrospective study.Purpose: We investigated the impact of short-segment lumbar fusion on the restoration of global sagittal alignment and the correlations between spino-pelvic parameters and clinical outcomes.Overview of Literature: Sagittal imbalance leads to energy consumption and pain in maintaining a standing position. For adult spinal deformity, it is critical to create optimal lumbar lordosis (LL) in order to achieve restoration of sagittal imbalance. However, surgeons do not pay attention to correcting LL in short-segment lumbar fusion.Methods: A total of 69 patients with transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) for degenerative spinal disease were evaluated with a minimum 2-year follow-up. All patients underwent TLIF with hyper-lordotic angle cages to achieve higher LL. Radiological spino-pelvic parameters including sagittal vertical axis (SVA) and clinical outcomes using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) were evaluated.Results: The average LL was 35.8°±9.9° before surgery, 42.3°±9.3° 1 year after surgery, and 40.3°±10.2° 2 years after surgery (p p p

Modern electronic devices have been designed to allow many types of human–machine interfaces with flexibility. One of the user-friendly navigations is interfacing a human hand, but the implementation using conventional devices, such as additional controllers or image sensors, requires a larger size or a higher power. In this paper, a small-size and low-power 3D touchless hand navigation sensor (HNS) is presented. The proposed HNS based on a proximity sensor consists of an LED and integrated photosensors. The $x$ - and $y$ -directions can be controlled by tilting a hand in the x-axis and the y-axis without the need of swiping. The distance between the hand and HNS in the z-axis is calculated by the photosensor dedicated to the z-axis. The experimental results show that the proposed HNS is superior to other types of navigation sensors in terms of size and power.

Exercise and healthy diet consumption support healthy aging. Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) also known as "Baill." has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, the role of S. chinensis as an antiaging compound has yet to be demonstrated. This study elucidated the antiaging effect of S. chinensis ethanol-hexane extract (C1) and the effect of C1 treatment on muscle and bone following physical exercise in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. RAW 264.7, human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs), C2C12 myoblasts, bone marrow macrophages, and MC3T3-E1 cells were used for in vitro, and muscle and bone of OVX rats were used for in vivo study to demonstrate the effect of C1. The C1 significantly inhibited the expression of inflammatory molecules, β-galactosidase activity, and improved antioxidant activity via down-regulation of reactive oxygen species in RAW 264.7 and aged HDF cells. The C1 with exercise improved muscle regeneration in skeletal muscle of OVX rats by promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy. C1 induced osteoblast differentiation, and C1 + exercise modulated the bone formation and bone resorption in OVX rats. C1 exhibited anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, myogenic, and osteogenic effects. C1 with exercise improved age-related muscle wasting and bone loss. Therefore, S. chinensis may be a potential prevent agent for age-related diseases such as sarcopenia and osteoporosis.

New findings What is the central question of this study? What is the effect and mechanism of interval running training on age-related muscle wasting and bone loss in an ovariectomized rat model? What is the main finding and its importance? Interval running training improved muscle growth and osteogenic differentiation by enhancing the expression of bone morphogenic proteins and sirtuins in ageing-induced ovariectomized rats. Therefore, the repetition of low and high intensities within a single exercise bout, such as interval running training, may be recommended as a practical intervention to prevent skeletal muscle wasting and bone loss in the elderly. Abstract Effective prophylactic strategies are needed for the suppression of age-related muscle wasting and bone loss after menopause. Exercise training is attractive due to its potential for improving energy metabolism, as well as age-related muscle wasting and bone loss. In particular, interval running (IR) training involves a repetition of low and high intensities within a single exercise bout. Therefore, this study elucidated the effect of interval training on muscle and bone health, as well as anti-ageing, in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The anti-ageing effect of IR on muscle and bone was tested using western blotting and micro-computed tomography analysis, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and immunohistochemical staining. IR significantly inhibited the expression of inflammatory molecules, and improved antioxidant activity via down-regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the ageing-induced OVX rats skeletal muscle. IR compared with continuous running (CR) improved muscle mass and growth in OVX rats by the promotion of muscle growth-related factors including MyoD, myogenin, phospho-mechanistic target of rapamycin (p-mTOR), sirtuins (SIRTs), and bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs). IR also effectively recovered OVX-induced bone loss via the down-regulation of bone resorption and osteoclast formation in receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)-treated bone marrowmacrophages (BMMs). In particular, IR led to high expression of SIRT1 and 6, which promoted osteogenic differentiation and bone formation via modulating the BMP signalling pathway compared with CR training. The in vivo effect of IR was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining with the improvement of bone formation molecules such as BMPs and SIRTs. These results suggested that IR training affected myogenic and osteogenic formation. So, IR training may be considered for prevention of muscle wasting and bone loss for the elderly.

As the representative targeted anticancer drug for colon cancer patients, cetuximab is the EGFR targeted therapeutic antibody and used for treatment of KRAS wild type cancers. Even some patient with KRAS wt gene did not respond cetuximab. However, there is no treatment available for cetuximab-resistant patient group, which is almost 50% of KRAS WT gene holders. Recently, our team identified cetuximab primary resistant related proteins named as mtRTK (mutant receptor tyrosine kinase) by array analysis based cetuximab responder or non-responder colon cancer patient tissues. We investigated mtRTK’s oncogenic potential as a novel anti-cancer target. A large proportion of colon cancer patients (36.2% Caucasian, 56.9% Korean) expressed the mtRTK was identified, using the sequencing analysis of patient samples. Based on these results, our efforts have led to the discovery of WM-S1, mtRTK inhibitor, which is the first mtRTK inhibitor in clinical development. The potent enzyme inhibitor showed a high anticancer activity confirmed in Patient-Derived Cells (PDC) and Patient-Derived Xenograft (PDX) animal models expressing the mutation. In preclinical studies demonstrate that WM-S1 is well tolerated in rats and dogs. Furthermore, WM-S1 has potent anticancer activities for various solid tumor (NSCLC, cholangiocarcinoma, etc.) including activated mtKRAS colon cancer expressing the mtRTK. Currently we are investigating WM-S1 in a phase 1a trial in AUS, which is the first mtRTK inhibitor in clinical development. Meanwhile, the mtRTK inhibitor WM-S1 drives antitumor immunity (with anti-PD-L1) in NSCLC. Combinational approaches with immunotherapy showed that synergistic effect of WM-S1 and anti-PD1 monoclonal antibody, suppressing tumor growth by 75% in anti-PD1 resistance NSCLC-derived humanized mouse model. A phase 1b trial is expected to develop WM-S1 through not only indication expansion but also combination therapy with immuno-checkpoint inhibitors in the USA, AUS and KOR from Q2 2022. In conclusion, mtRTK is a potential oncogenic driver mutation in various solid tumor. A first-in-class anticancer agent WM-S1 targeting mtRTK can be promising therapeutic agents for cetuximab-resistant colon cancer patients regardless of KRAS mutation status and other cancers. Citation Format: Joseph Kim, Jai-Hee Moon, Kyung-Mi Lee, Hyun Ryu, Eun Hye Park, Sang Hee Kim, Jeong Seok Kim, Young Ok Ko, Yong Seok Kim, Hyo Jin Kim, Tae Young Kim Kim, Moon Seong Yoo, Soll Jin, Seongrak Kim, Yoon Sun Park, Min Ki Lee, Mi So Lee, Ji Hyun Go, Yu Geun Ji, Jun Hyung Lee, Haneul Lee, Min Hwa Kim, Eun Hee Ko, Yeo Jin Lee, Seung-Mi Kim, Joon-yee Jeong, Yeon-seoung Choi, Seung-geon Bae, Jinwoo Lee, Won Jun Lee, Min-Kyeong Kim, Ji min Shin, Dong-in Koh, Sun-Chul Hur, Chun-Ho Park, Hyun Ho Lee, Dong-Hoon Jin. WM-S1, the novel small molecule inhibitor of mutant RTK/receptor tyrosine kinase, for the treatment of cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 6219.

In this study, we sought to describe a novel imaging apparatus that is lightweight, inexpensive, and highly effective for use in colorectal diagnostic and treatment settings. Typical probes for use in colorectal ultrasonic imaging applications are developed for surgeons to diagnose and stage rectal tumors and image the rectum and anus. Here we outline a new technique and use it for colorectal imaging in an animal. This technique involves use of an ultrasound array module positioned along the axis of rotation such that improved rotation is possible. This module is in the shape of a linear rod with a rotary linear component that allows for emission of focused ultrasonic echo signals from a linear section of the probe. The usability of the transducer and rectal image quality are satisfactory in a porcine model with the technique proposed here, axial/lateral resolution as 0.96/2.24 mm with 6 dB applied through the contour map using the point spread function. When compared to currently available methods, this technique provides superior diagnostic 3D volumetric image quality with reduced acquisition time. Given this, the ultrasound device proposed here may prove a viable and preferable method to those currently available for urology and colorectal imaging applications.

Various wave energy converters (WECs) have been developed to utilize ocean wave energy resources. Among them, an oscillating water column (OWC) device is a promising wave energy converter that has undergone several pilot tests in the ocean with various prototype devices. Recently, a breakwater-integrated OWC-WEC system was proposed to improve the economic feasibility by reducing the construction and installation costs of the OWC chamber structure. In this study, a numerical investigation was conducted to simulate the hydrodynamic energy conversion problem for a breakwater-integrated OWC-WEC. The boundary value problem with the Laplace equation was solved directly by using a three-dimensional numerical wave tank based on a finite element method in the time domain. In the present numerical method, an efficient numerical model for the tetrapod (TTP), which is an armored rubble mound breakwater, was introduced using multiple blocks and numerical damping zone. Further, numerical investigations were performed on the effects of breakwater integration, TTP layer modeling, and the application of the numerical damping zone, and their features in terms of the wavefield and the OWC chamber responses were analyzed. Finally, the validity of the present numerical method was examined by comparing it with the experimental data.

Cloud-based video surveillance service is being deployed ubiquitously, and the service normally stores video streams in the cloud over the Internet. The main problem of this service is that the user never knows how secure the video stream is transferred and stored. Although the video contains sensitive data that is related to personal or area-specific information, there is no way to objectively check whether the video is securely managed. Therefore, a user must trust that the service provider will keep their video secure without any evidence. Ensuring confidential information and privacy is protected, the sensitive data should be encrypted and traceable when they are transferred. In this paper, an architecture to build a key management system based on blockchain and public-key cryptography is proposed. The video encryption is possible by a block-cipher algorithm with a given symmetric key. In the proposed system, the symmetric key is also encrypted by a public key and stored as a ledger in the blockchain. Thus, when the symmetric key is requested, every operation is traceable, so a user can trust how a video stream is transferred and stored securely because of the nature of blockchain, decentralization, transparency, and the impossibility of being tempered. In addition, the user can monitor the request flow of the key, and then, the key is selectively distributable by the user’s intention. Therefore, the system meets the requirement of a fully secure method to manage the whole life cycle of video from creation to deletion. In this paper, we propose to apply this architecture to video surveillance service and also extend them to general-purpose systems.

This paper reports a 1280×960 DVS. A 4.95-μm pixel pitch is achieved with in-pixel Cu-Cu connection and the newly designed GIDL-suppression scheme. A sequential column selection scheme and a global event-holding function are implemented to minimize motion artifacts. The power consumption per pixel of 122 nW is 1.25× smaller and the maximum readout speed of 1.3 Geps is 4.33× faster than the previous state-of-the-art.

In the ultrasound display image, users, such as sonographers or doctors, use the zoom function to observe a specific area in more detail. However, the zoom function enlarges the corresponding area image using some simple algorithms, such as linear interpolation. The zoomed image quality is usually quite poor and blurry. Such poor image quality can be improved using deep learning technology. In this study, the applied Super-Resolution Using Very Deep Convolution Networks (VDSR) [1] prepared with natural images (1,800) and ultrasound images (200) was tested on both an experimental phantom image and a scanned ultrasound image of the liver. The resolution (axial/lateral) of the output and input image was 0.42/1.94 and 1.04/2.52, respectively. In addition, the peak signal-to-noise ratio of output and input images were 35.91/35.70/35.52/34.58(dB) and 32.24/32.86/32.57/31.89(dB), respectively. The contrast of the output image compared to the input one was also excellent. Overall, the output images that were exposed to the applied network were perfect compared to the input images.

Gomisin A from the fruit of Schisandra chinensis has many pharmacological properties, including hepato-protective, anti-diabetic, and anti-oxidative stress. However, the potential benefit of gomisin A is still not well understood, especially in aging progression. Therefore, the aim of this study was to clarify whether the promotion of mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy of gomisin A affects anti-aging progression, and its mechanism. Intermediate (PD32) human diploid fibroblast (HDF) cells were brought to stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) using hydrogen peroxide. Gomisin A inhibited reactive oxygen species production even in the SIPS-HDF cells. Gomisin A was also able to attenuate the activity of senescence-associated β-galactosidase and the production of pro-inflammatory molecules in the SIPS as well as aged HDF cells. The antioxidant activity of gomisin A was determined by recovering the Cu/Zn, Mn-SOD, and HO-1 expression in the SIPS-HDF cells. In mechanistic aspect, gomisin A inhibited the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and the translocation of nuclear factor kappa B to the nucleus. In addition, gomisin A promoted the autophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis factors through the translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2, and inhibited aging progression in the SIPS-HDF cells. In summary, the enhanced properties of mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy of gomisin A has a benefit to control age-related molecules against SIPS-induced chronic oxidative stress, and gomisin A may be a potential therapeutic compound for the enhancement of intracellular homeostasis to aging progression.

[Purpose] Recent evidence suggests that regular exercise training plays a decisive role in maintaining homeostasis and promoting muscle and skeletal formation. However, the effect of downhill exercise training on osteogenesis-related factors is not well understood. [Methods] Thus, we investigated the effect of uphill and downhill training on ovariectomy (OVX)-induced bone loss. After ovary removal, the exercise method performed included uphill (16 m/min, +15°) and downhill training (16 m/min, –15°) for 60 min/day and 5 days/week, respectively, for 8 weeks. [Results] Our results showed that both uphill and downhill training significantly decreased the body weight, total cholesterol, and creatine kinase (CK) levels in the context of OVX-induced bone loss. On the contrary, levels of an osteogenesis indicator, osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase were elevated. Consequently, the uphill and downhill training reduced OVX- induced bone loss in the distal femoral metaphysis. Likewise, the bone microstructure in OVX-induced bone loss was enhanced upon training. In particular, the inhibition of RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and osteoclast-specific gene expression improved upon downhill training compared to uphill training. [Conclusion] These results suggest that the uphill and downhill exercise types appeared to positively affect the expression of osteogenesis-related factors along with bone density and microstructure. Particularly, the downhill training has more beneficial effects on the maintenance of homeostasis during bone formation.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) has a detrimental effect on osseointegration, stability and longevity of implants due to osteoporosis. In this study, PPARγ-loaded dental implants were investigated for the improvement of osseointegration and peri-implantitis. Chitosan gold nanoparticles conjugated with PPARγ cDNA were introduced on titanium mini-implant surfaces for PPARγ release to rat mandibular. DM-induced rat mandible showed structural changes such as decreased bone mass and increased inflammatory molecules, and diminution of PPARγ expression and bone formation molecules compared to normal rats. PPARγ induced bone formation via reduction of inflammatory molecules even under glucose oxidative stress. Furthermore, PPARγ strongly activated mitochondrial biogenesis and cell viability via p-AMK and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Consequently, PPARγ gene delivery on regional dental implants contributed osseointegration, new bone formation and mineralization in DM-induced rats. This study demonstrates that PPARγ can be used as a therapeutic gene with dental implantation in diabetic patients since regional PPARγ expression enhances osseointegration and implant longevity.

NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Exercise training by running has an effect on age-related muscle and bone wasting that improves physical activity and quality of life in the elderly. However, the effect of downhill running on age-related muscle and bone wasting, and its mechanisms, are unclear. What is the main finding and its importance? Gradual downhill running can improve skeletal muscle growth and bone formation by enhancing autophagy and bone morphogenetic protein signalling in aged rats. Therefore, downhill running exercise might be a practical intervention to improve skeletal muscle and bone protection in the elderly. Recent evidence suggests that autophagy and the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling pathway regulate skeletal muscle growth and bone formation in aged rats. However, the effect of downhill running on muscle growth and bone formation is not well understood. Thus, we investigated the effect of downhill and uphill running on age-related muscle and bone weakness. Young and late middle-aged rats were randomly assigned to control groups (young, YC; and late middle-aged, LMC) and two types of running training groups (late middle-aged downhill, LMD; and late middle-aged uphill, LMU). Training was progressively carried out on a treadmill at a speed of 21 m min-1 with a slope of +10 deg for uphill training versus 16 m min-1 with a slope of -16 deg for downhill training, both for 60 min day-1 , 5 days week-1 for 8 weeks. Downhill and uphill training increased autophagy-related protein 5, microtubule-associated protein light chain, Beclin-1 and p62 proteins in aged rats. In addition, superoxide dismutase, haem oxygenase-1 and the BMP signalling pathway were elevated. Phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin and myogenic differentiation were increased significantly in the LMD and LMU groups. Consequently, in the femur, BMP-2, BMP-7 and autophagy molecules were highly expressed in the LMD and LMU groups. These results suggest that both downhill and uphill training appear to have a positive effect on expression of autophagy molecules and BMPs. In particular, these physiological adaptations from gradual downhill exercise have an effect on bone morphological changes and muscle quality similar to gradual uphill training interventions in ageing.

In the present study, the primary energy conversion performance of an oscillating water column (OWC) was evaluated through experimental tests and numerical simulations. The experimental tests were performed at an ocean basin located in Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering (KRISO), Korea. A 1/4 scaled OWC chamber model with an orifice to account for the turbine effect was set up at the 3-dimensional basin, and regular wave tests were performed at various incident wave periods. The water surface level inside the chamber, the differential pressure between before and after the orifice, and the airflow speed through the orifice were measured. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was performed using the Star-CCM+ commercial software to analyze the performance of the OWC for the same model that was used in the experiment. Detailed flow fields were discussed based on the CFD results, and the numerical and experimental results were compared. The validation results showed good agreement.

Osseointegration of dental implants is affected by osteoporosis. The purpose of this study was overcome the implant failure and facilitate the osseointegration of dental implants by c-myb in ovariectomized (OVX)-induced osteoporosis. c-myb is a transcription factor and supports bone formation. Plasmid DNA/c-myb conjugated with chitosan-gold nanoparticles (Ch-GNPs/c-myb) promoted osteogenesis and inhibited osteoclastogenesis in MC-3T3 E1 cells. Ch-GNPs/c-myb involved the reduction of the nuclear factor of activated T-cells 1, c-Fos, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated osteoclasts in receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) stimulated bone marrow macrophages. In vivo results of rat mandibles demonstrated Ch-GNP/c-myb-coated titanium (Ti) implants increased the volume and density of newly formed bone and the osseointegration of dental implant with bone by micro computed tomography examination after OVX-induced osteoporosis. Immunohistochemical analysis showed increased c-myb expression and upregulation of bone morphogenic proteins, osteoprotegerin and EphB4, as well as the downregulation of RANKL by Ch-GNP/c-myb-coated Ti implants. Hematoxylin and Eosin staining expressed new bone formation by Ch-GNP/c-myb-coated Ti implants. Our findings indicated that c-myb delivered by Ch-GNPs supports osseointegration of dental implant even in osteoporotic condition. c-myb may be applicable to support dental implant integration and treatment in age-dependent bone destruction disease.

This paper explores the derivation of the so-called Transparent Free Relatives (TFRs). Its bewildering characteristics have been investigated in a...

This paper explores Locative Inversion (LI) in English. Following Kim (1998, 2000), we argue that the inverted locative PP is in fact an NP with a null head N. Consequently, we confirm Chomsky’s (1995) suggestion that it is only the nominal feature that enters into a checking relation with the EPP requirement of T. LI involves the special alignment of semantic properties with syntactic positions driven by information structure. It allows the presentation of relatively familiar information before comparatively unfamiliar information. In a minimalist framework, we propose that syntax may manipulate discourse-related features like [+topic] and [+focus] via uninterpretable versions of these on functional heads, Top and Foc. The proposal will be extended to the analysis of the cleft construction involving LI.

Aging is characterized by the progressive decline in mass and function of the skeletal muscle along with increased susceptibility to inflammation, oxidative stress, and atrophy. In this study, we investigate the effect of intermittent bout and single bout exercise training on inflammatory molecules in young (3 months) and old (22 months) male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were divided into 6 groups. Young and old rats were randomly assigned for control and two exercise training groups, single bout (S type): 30 min/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks and intermittent bout (I type): three times for 10 min/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks respectively. The exercise training was carried out by a treadmill at a speed of 15m/min (young) or 10 m/min (old) with a slope of 5°. After 48 h of the final exercise bout, muscle samples were collected for biochemical assay. I type exercise training reduced the serum levels of inflammatory molecules such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in old rats. By contrast, interleukin-4 (IL-4) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were elevated. Consequently in skeletal muscles, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were decreased significantly in the old group of I type. However, the matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) level had no positive effects. Also, phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) and myogenic differentiation (MyoD) were increased markedly in S and I types of old rats. These results suggest that I type exercise training appears more effective to reduce age-associated inflammatory molecules, and may recommend in regulating against chronic complicated disease induced by aging.

The conventional infrared (IR) proximity-based three-directional (3D) motion gesture sensors (MGSs) detect hand motion by using either a single IR LED and multiple photosensors or multiple IR LEDs and a single photosensor. Since an IR LED is the most power hungry component, MGSs with a single IR LED and multiple photosensors are preferred for low-power applications. In this configuration, the recognition rate of an MGS is the function of the space between each photosensor. In order to achieve a high recognition rate, external photosensors resulting in a large form factor are inevitable. In this paper, a 3D MGS for low-power portable applications is proposed. The proposed optical blocks allow for a small form factor and ultra-low profile packaging by integrating photosensors in a single chip.

Palate carcinoma often challenges to the treatment options. It depends on the histologic type, local invasion, and nodal or distant metastasis. Hard palate tumors that invade the nasal cavity can be operated by midfacial degloving approach, lateral rhinotomy approach, and lip splitting incision with infrastructure maxillectomy. These approaches inevitably coincide with facial scars, nerve injuries, facial swelling, and long hospital stay. Transoral robotic assisted surgery can be applied; however, this needs high price and has a weakness of accurate handling about intranasal lesion. The authors have performed transoral and intranasal endoscopic-assisted palatal removal of recurrent palatal carcinoma for a patient and herein report their technique and result.

In this study, a time-domain numerical method based on three-dimensional potential flow was developed to analyze the hydrodynamic characteristics of an inclined oscillating-water-column (OWC) wave energy converter (WEC). A finite element method was applied to solve the potential flow around and inside the OWC chamber. A turbine&ndash, chamber interaction was considered to take into account the pressure drop inside the OWC chamber, which is a nonlinear function of airflow speed via turbine operation. The instantaneous pressure drop was updated on the free-surface boundary condition inside the chamber in the time-domain to account for the coupling effect between the turbine and the chamber. The present numerical method was verified by comparing it with the model test results. The hydrodynamic characteristics of an inclined OWC chamber in terms of potential flow, such as the water column motion and the three-dimensional flow distribution around the chamber, were investigated. In terms of hydrodynamic performance, the energy conversion efficiency of the chamber showed a nonlinear response characteristic dependent on the incident wave height. In addition, numerical calculations were carried out to clarify the relationship between the main geometric parameters and the hydrodynamic response of the inclined OWC chamber.

Biological repair of cartilage lesions remains a significant clinical challenge. A wide variety of methods involving mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been introduced. Because of the limitation of the results, most of the treatment methods have not yet been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) and human umbilical cord blood derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs) implantation were approved by Korea FDA. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) outcomes after two different types of MSCs implantation in knee osteoarthritis. Fifty-two patients (52 knees) who underwent cartilage repair surgery using the BMAC (25 knees) and hUCB-MSCs (27 knees) were retrospectively evaluated for 2 years after surgery. Clinical outcomes were evaluated according to the score of visual analogue scale (VAS), the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective, and the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). Cartilage repair was assessed according to the modified Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue (M-MOCART) score and the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) cartilage repair scoring system. At 2-year follow-up, clinical outcomes including VAS, IKDC, and KOOS significantly improved ( P < 0.05) in both groups; however, there were no differences between two groups. There was no significant difference in M-MOCART [1-year ( P = 0.261), 2-year ( P = 0.351)] and ICRS repair score ( P = 0.655) between two groups. Both groups showed satisfactory clinical and MRI outcomes. Implantation of MSCs from BMAC or hUCB-MSCs is safe and effective for repairing cartilage lesion. However, large cases and a well-controlled prospective design with long-term follow-up studies are needed.

Poor bone quality and osteolysis are the major causes of implant failure in dentistry. Here, this study tested the effect of phelligridin D-loaded nanotubes titanium (Ti) for bone formation around the dental implants. The purpose of this study was to enhance osseointegration of phelligridin D-loaded implant into the bone for bone formation and prevention of osteolysis. Cell viability, crystal violet staining, Western blot, alizarin red S staining, alkaline phosphatase activity, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining, micro-computed tromography (μ-CT), hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemical staining were used in vitro and in vivo to test the biocompatibility of phelligridin D. Phelligridin D enhanced osteoblast differentiation and mineralization by increasing bone morphogenic protein-2/7 (BMP-2/7), Osterix, Runx-2, osteoprotegerin (OPG), alkaline phosphatase and inhibited osteoclast differentiation by decreasing receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) in MC-3T3 E1 cells. Further, phelligridin D promoted bone regeneration around nanotube Ti implant surface by increasing the levels of BMP-2/7 and OPG in a rat model. Phelligridin D also inhibited osteolysis by suppressing the expression of RANKL. These findings strongly suggest that phelligridin D is a new compound representing a potential therapeutic candidate for implant failure caused by osteolysis and poor bone quality of teeth.

This study investigated whether multiple bioactivity of terrein such as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant inhibits age-related inflammation by promoting an antioxidant response in aged human diploid fibroblast (HDF) cells. HDF cells were cultured serially for in vitro replicative senescence. To create the ageing cell phenotype, intermediate stage (PD31) HDF cells were brought to stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) using hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2). Terrein increased cell viability even with H2O2 stress and reduced inflammatory molecules such as intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Terrein reduced also phospho-extracellular kinase receptor1/2 (p-EKR1/2) signalling in aged HDF cells. SIPS cells were attenuated for age-related biological markers including reactive oxygen species (ROS), senescence associated beta-galactosidase (SA β-gal.) and the aforementioned inflammatory molecules. Terrein induced the induction of anti-oxidant molecules, copper/zinc-superoxide defence (Cu/ZnSOD), manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in SIPS cells. Terrein also alleviated reactive oxygen species formation through the Nrf2/HO-1/p-ERK1/2 pathway in aged cells. The results indicate that terrein has an alleviative function of age-related inflammation characterized as an anti-oxidant. Terrein might be a useful nutraceutical compound for anti-ageing.

Various power supply noise sources in a system integrated circuit degrade the performance of a low dropout (LDO) regulator. In this paper, a capacitor-less low dropout regulator for enhanced power supply rejection is proposed to provide good power supply rejection (PSR) performance. The proposed scheme is implemented by an additional capacitor at a gate node of a pass transistor. Simulation results show that the PSR performance of the proposed LDO regulator depends on the capacitance value at the gate node of the pass transistor, that it can be maximized, and that it outperforms a conventional LDO regulator.

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The molecular study of muscles is needed to overcome chronic inflammation and maintenance of muscles in the human body. Schisandrin C is a pharmacological compound derived from the fruit of Schisandra chinensis and has many characteristics including anti-inflammation, anti-tumor, and anti-oxidation. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of Schisandrin C are still not well understood especially in skeletal muscle. Therefore, the present study was evaluated whether the properties of Schisandrin C in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells involved maintenance of cellular homeostasis and protection against oxidative damage. Differentiated C2C12 cells were exposed to H2O2 to induce oxidative stress. The characteristics of anti-oxidants, anti-inflammation, autophagy, and mitochondrial biogenesis were tested by Western blotting. Confocal microscopy was also used to observe mitochondrial activity. Schisandrin C inhibited inflammatory molecules with enhancing anti-oxidant activity and reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) even in the presence of H2O2. The dual anti-inflammation and anti-oxidant roles of Schisandrin C regulated the translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf-2) to nucleus followed by inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Schisandrin C promoted the expression of autophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis molecules. Furthermore, the effect of Schisandrin C increased the mitochondrial activity against oxidative stress. Consequently, the action of Schisandrin C enhanced the regulation of autophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis with potential involvement of anti-oxidative mechanisms including the MAPKs/Nrf-2/heme oxygenase-1 signaling pathway in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells exposed to oxidative stress. Therefore, Schisandrin C may be considered as a beneficial compound for several muscle inflammations.

In English, there are many verbs that are transitive by nature but are sometimes used without an object. These have been called object-omission verbs. This paper classifies them into two types: indefinite object-omission verbs (e.g., eat, read, write, etc.) and definite object-omission verbs (e.g., know, shake, understand, etc.). Hankamer and Sag (1976) divide anaphora into two types, depending on the availability of linguistic or situational contexts: deep anaphora and surface anaphora. This paper proposes that the understood objects of object-omission verbs induce two different types of anaphora, corresponding to two types of object-omission verbs: inherent anaphora and contextual anaphora. We further propose that inherent anaphora is lexical, while contextual anaphora is either deep- or surface-anaphoric in the sense of Hankamer and Sag.