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When a canal’s size or shape changes, usually over a short distance, a section of the channel, known as a transition structure, is needed to connect the waterway’s two stretches. Fifth-degree parametric equations are developed to calculate the cross-section dimensions and bed centerline elevations (thus, the geometric surface coordinates) between the two ends of a warped transition structure in a water-supply canal. The parametric modeling approach provides a smooth representation of the mixed geometry that results from terminal sections having vastly different shapes. A generalized cross-section defined by four parameters enables a straightforward model of various forms ranging from trapezoids to semi-circles. This approach significantly simplifies the interpolation of surface coordinates between the terminal points of a transition structure. It also maintains a smoothness that helps avoid undesirable consequences of channel contractions and expansions. An example is presented that applies the parametric modeling approach to design a significant canal transition where the cross-section changes from a standard trapezoidal shape with rounded bottom vertices to a rectangular section in a steeper aqueduct that carries the flow across a broad valley.

Humans have constructed canals to support agriculture, to mitigate flooding, and to discharge stormwater, especially in the Intermountain West. These canals are common in Cache Valley, where they receive flows from the Logan River during summer months. However, the ecological structure (e.g., water quality, freshwater invertebrates) and function (e.g., leaf decomposition) of these canals remains largely unknown. Studying ecosystem structure and function of these urban waterways is important because it can inform us of the health of these waterways. My research had three objectives. First, I compared water chemistry, invertebrate assemblages, and leaf decomposition in an urban canal and the Logan River in Logan, Utah. Next, I compared these variables along a longitudinal urban gradient (i.e., from upstream reaches to downstream reaches of the waterways). Last, I examined which of the various environmental factors I measured was correlated with shredders (i.e., leafshredding invertebrates) and leaf decomposition in both waterways. Water quality was similar between the Logan River and the canal, except for the most downstream site of the Logan River which had a higher concentration of nutrients and heavy metals. The canal had faster leaf decomposition, and facultative shredders were abundant in the canal. Facultative shredders increased with the decay rate in the canal, suggesting that these shredders are playing a critical role aiding in leaf decomposition in the canal. The most downstream sites in the canal may have had faster leaf decomposition due to facultative shredders whereas the most downstream sites in the Logan River may have had faster decomposition because of elevated concentrations of nutrients. I found that physical forces from the flow of streams (e.g., water velocity) and shredder biomass were correlated with leaf decomposition in both waterways. Total phosphorus was also correlated with shredder biomass and leaf decomposition, the latter of which is likely due to enhanced microbial activity on leaf litter.

This study intended to investigate the hydraulic performance of the new types of LOPAC gates, namely the elliptical LOPAC (EL) gate, and the rectangular LOPAC (RL) gate for irrigation canals. To that end, 90 experiments were carried out at three different flow discharges (25, 35, and 45 l/s), three different submergence ratios (y2/y1 = 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9) and five different gate opening angles (35, 40, 45, 50, and 52.5°). In the EL gate, as the submergence ratio decreased by 20%, the maximum increase in Cd for the discharges of 25, 35, 45 l/s at 52.5° of gate opening angles happened in the order of 0.426, 0.475, and 0.506, respectively. Moreover, the maximum decrease ratios in ΔE/E1 followed by 20% increase in the submergence ratio for the same discharges at 35° of gate opening angles were 0.195, 0.1944, and 0.1922 respectively. Finally, the empirical rating curve and equations were proposed to predict Cd and ΔE/E1 for both the EL and RL gate models. For the EL gate, the RMSE ratios for the proposed Cd and ΔE/E1 equations were obtained 0.0027 and 0.0021 respectively.

Tot i que aquest article tracta aspectes referits a la toponímia del terme de Borriana, se centra en la hidronímia o nom de les séquies. El sistema de reg de Borriana és un dels més antics de les nostres comarques, la complexitat de la xarxa de séquies que duen l’aigua des del riu de Millars fins a cada racó del terme es veu reflectida en el nom dels diferents tipus de canalitzacions, tant pel que fa a la part comuna del nom com pel que fa referència al nom propi. Formes arcaiques, noms de persona, cognoms, malnoms, topònims, referències orogràfiques, edificacions, conreus, vegetals, entre d’altres, són els noms que s’han consolidat al llarg dels segles en les séquies principals i al llarg de dècades en les ramals finals. Us convidem a fer una passejada pel terme municipal i saber per on arriba l’aigua a cada tros, al nostre tros. Aunque este artículo trata aspectos referidos a la toponimia del término de Borriana, se centra en la hidronimia o nombre de las acequias. El sistema de riego de Borriana es uno de los más antiguos de nuestras comarcas, la complejidad de la red de acequias que llevan el agua desde el río de Mijares hasta cada rincón del término se ve reflejada en el nombre de los diferentes tipos de canalizaciones, tanto en lo que se refiere a la parte común del nombre como en lo que se refiere al nombre propio. Formas arcaicas, nombres de persona, apellidos, apodos, topónimos, referencias orográficas, edificaciones, cultivos, plantas, entre otros, son los nombres que se han consolidado a lo largo de los siglos en las acequias principales y a lo largo de décadas en las ramificaciones finales. Os invitamos a dar un paseo por el término municipal y a saber por donde llega el agua a cada parcela, a nuestra parcela. Although this article deals with aspects concerning the toponymy of the area of Borriana, it focuses on the hydronyms or names of the irrigation canals. The irrigation system of Borriana is one of the most ancient in our region, the complexity of the irrigation network that carries water from the Mijares river to every corner of the region is reflected in the number of different types of conduits, not only regarding the common part of the name but also in respect of the name itself. Archaic forms, personal names, surnames, nicknames, toponyms, orographic references, constructions, crops, plants, among others, are the names that have become consolidated over the centuries in the main irrigation canals and over the decades in the final divisions. Bien que cet article aborde des aspects ayant rapport avec la toponymie de la commune de Borriana, il se porte sur l’hydronymie ou le nom des canaux d’irrigation. Le système d’irrigation de Borriana est l’un des plus anciens de nos contrées ; la complexité du réseau portant l’eau depuis la rivière Millars jusqu’à chaque coin de la commune se reflexe sur le nom des différentes sortes de canalisations, soit concernant la partie commune de leur nom soit leur nom propre. Tout le long des siècles, les noms qui se sont renforçé pour les canaux principaux d’irrigation, ainsi que tout le long des décennies pour les ramifications finales, ont été des formes archaïques, des prénoms, des noms de famille, des surnoms, des toponymes, des références orographiques, des bâtisses, des cultures et des plantes (parmi d’autres). Nous vous invitons à faire une randonnée à travers notre commune et à connaître par où arrive l’eau à chaque parcelle, à notre parcelle.

The Panama Canal, an asset historically under U.S. protection, is easily threatened by enterprising adversaries. A closure event of the Canal would have significant economic and strategic implications for the United States in a great power conflict (GPC) war, principally with China. Since 2017, the United States has sought to realign its National Defense Strategy toward a GPC, broadening the active focus of the U.S. defense strategy and reexamining U.S. policies toward its traditional backyard in Latin America, specifically the Panama Canal. The purpose of this thesis was to determine whether current U.S. national defense policies toward the Panama Canal have adequately prepared the U.S. military to cope with GPC adversaries in this new security landscape. This thesis endeavored to answer the following questions: What are the military and economic repercussions of a closure event for the United States? What is the likelihood of an attack on the Canal? What do China’s current actions foretell concerning its current strategy toward the Panama Canal? Finally, what security policies can the United States undertake to ensure Canal viability in a potential GPC war? Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

Рассматривается история сооружения корезов (каризов) в горных районах Уструшаны на примере корезной (каризной) системы в межгорном проходе Басманда-сая в Деваштичском районе. Отмечено, что в Уструшане сооружались уникальные формы древней корезной ирригации, которые были специфическими для горных районов и рассчитывались для использования водных потоков из рек, текущих в глубоких каньонах. Необходимость искусственного орошения привела население Уструшаны к открытию и использованию специфического корезного орошения, приспособленного к местным условиям, так как подгорная равнина, на которой расположено село Басманда, была лишена водного источника. Именно этот фактор заставил жителей селения ещё в глубокой древности искать способы орошения окрестных полей. Изучение корезной системы показывает, что строители хорошо знали топографию местности. Также показано сегодняшное состояние корезного сооружения Басманды. Представлено мнение, что кариз Басманды заслуживает внимания как оригинальное гидротехническое сооружение в истории ирригации Уструшаны и всей Средней Азии., The history of the construction of korez in the mountainous regions of Ustrushan is considered, using the example of the korez system in the intermountain pass of Basmandasay in the Devashtich region. In Ustrushana, unique forms of ancient irrigation system were built, which were specific for mountainous regions and designed to use the water of rivers flowing in the deep of canyons. The need for artificial irrigation led the population of Ustrushana to discover and use the specific korez system of irrigation, which was adapted for local conditions. The piedmont plain on which the village of Basmanda is located was devoid of a water source. It was this factor that forced the inhabitants of the village in ancient times to look for ways to irrigate the surrounding fields. The study of the korez system shows that the builders knew the topography well. The article also reflects the current state of the korez structure of Basmanda. According to the authors, the Basmanda korez deserves attention as an original hydro-technical structure in the history of irrigation in Ustrushana and all Central Asia.

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Its hydroecological condition depends on the size, regime and chemical composition of river waters coming from the territory of the Orenburg region, and on local natural and anthropogenic factors. The current situation concerning the state of the lower Urals and the influence of local economic activity on it are little studied. In the spring and summer of 2019, complex expedition studies were carried out in the lower reaches of the Ural River. Later, the existing water management complex, its problems and the hydroecological consequences of the functioning were analyzed in detail. The structure of the modern water management complex that has developed in the West Kazakhstan and Atyrau regions of Kazakhstan based on the use of the Ural waters was determined; its parameters, volumes and regime of water use (for the 1980s and the present) were revealed; the nature of the impact on the water resources of the river and water quality were considered; the main difficulties are identified. A catalog of all water users in the river valley starting from the city of Uralsk has been prepared; a GIS of the hydrographic network, posts and water users of the lower Ural has been created. It has been determined that at present the volumes of irretrievable water consumption are ~0.80-0.95 km3/year, whereas in the 1980s, they reached 1.56 km3, or 15 % of the runoff coming from the territory of the RSFSR. The main consumer was the huge Ural-Kushum irrigation system (0.81 km3/year) with the largest water intake from April to July. Nevertheless, there is no water shortage, even in low-water years. The lack of sufficient water discharge is experienced by the natural floodplain-channel complex, especially during flood, due to a decrease in the size and frequency of flooding of the floodplain and spawning grounds, poor "sanitary flushing" of the riverbed. The main problems in the water management complex of the Atyrau region are identified. Some of them are related to the poor quality of river waters, mainly due to their pollution in the middle part of the basin. There are little wastewater discharges into the river within the Kazakhstan section of the river. The waters of the lower Ural are characterized as "very polluted" and "polluted", according to the classification of Roshydromet. According to the results of field works in 2019, bioindicators revealed a mesotrophic-eutrophic level of phytoplankton development and high indicators of its species diversity, poor development of zooplankton and zoobenthos, and an average level of saprobity, which is typical for environmental problems and moderately polluted waters.

En estos últimos años, la ausencia de cableado en las redes inalámbricas ha favorecido la separación del mundo de las redes fijas. El uso de ontologías como modelos computacionales de cualquier dominio permite desarrollar cierto grado de razonamiento. El objetivo principal de este proyecto final de carrera será la realización de un primer prototipo de ontología que permita modelar todos los conceptos y sus relaciones, dentro de las redes inalámbricas. La tecnología de sistema de redes de datos inalámbricos más exitosa es 802.11., In recent years, the absence of cabling in wireless networks has favored the separation from the world of fixed networks. The use of ontologies as computational models in any domain allows to develop a certain degree of reasoning. The main objective of this final degree project will be the realization of a first prototype of ontology that allows modeling all the concepts and their relationships within wireless networks. The most successful wireless data network system technology is 802.11., Grado en Ingeniería en Tecnologías de la Telecomunicación

The Netherlands has an extensive network of rivers and canals systems serving purposes like irrigation, transportation and water removal. The banks along the canals are either protected by earth retaining structures such as sheet pile walls or left unprotected. A bulk of the engineered sheet piles used to protect the canal banks in the Netherlands are made of timber. Tropical hardwoods such as Azobé (Lophira alata) are used to make these timber sheet piles durable, owing to its high biological resistance to decay. Pine from North-west Europe is also used, but need to be treated chemically for sufficient durability. Even though roots of vegetation are known to increase the shear strength of soil, the positive effects of vegetation are not quantified in depth. Vegetation roots in a root-soil composite primarily act in tension when subjected to load, thus acting similar to steel in reinforced concrete. This thesis summarizes the efforts to study a bio-engineered earth retaining structure made of non-durable locally available wood species and vegetation to protect the canal banks as an alternative to the currently used bank protection structures. Such a retaining structure would not only reduce the need for durable hardwoods, but are also more environmentally friendly than the ‘hard’ retaining structures currently in use.Two vegetation types, Humulus lupulus L. and Salix fragilis L. were chosen for investigation based on their potential to reinforce canal banks, nativity, root characteristics and growth conditions such as presence of high ground water table. An extensive laboratory campaign was planned and conducted to characterize the strength of roots, root-soil composite and to study the behavior of the timber sheet pile-vegetation combination as a system. The experimental results were further extended to develop approaches in the design of timber sheet pile-vegetation system.To study the root-soil composite behavior in shear, a large scale direct shear apparatus was built. The apparatus was built in the view of conducting tests in dual loading modes, displacement controlled and load controlled shear. In order to simulate the canal bank conditions as closely as possible, the samples were tested in saturated conditions at low confining pressure. Bare soil, rooted samples of Humulus lupulus L. and Salix fragilis L. were tested in both displacement controlled and load controlled conditions. The roots were excavated after the test and analysis of root orientation, diameter and root biomass was conducted. Rooted samples showed a higher friction angle when compared to bare soil. Contractive behavior was shown by rooted samples and the peak stress ratio vs displacement trend of rooted samples were seen to diverge from the trendfor bare soil. Burger model was seen to be able to capture the time dependent behavior under loading mode, when simulated over the experimental results.A tensile testing program was devised to test roots in tension in a displacement controlled and load controlled tests. Roots of Humulus lupulus L. and Salix fragilis L. were tested in both wet and dry conditions in displacement controlled tests. Load controlled tensile testing was conducted on samples of Humulus lupulus L. of two diameters. Power law was observed to estimate volume-effect and fit all the tensile strength-diameter variations. Comparison of tensile strength in dry and wet conditions revealed that significant difference in tensile strength was observed for Salix fragilis L. while no significant difference in tensile strength was observed for Humulus lupulus L. Further, time to failure of roots were studied using a power law model.A physical modelling approach was attempted to study the behavior of the timber sheet pile-vegetation system. A root system similar to Humulus lupulus L. was 3Dprinted using PLA material to be used in physical model. A comparison of unreinforced bank and bank reinforced with root analogues revealed that the presence of roots increase the volume of soil that needs to be mobilized for failure to occur. It was also observed that when root analogues were placed in the most efficient spatial pattern, among the conducted tests, are able to sustain twice the drawdown pressure. Subsequently, finite element modelling was conducted by including the effect of roots as an increased cohesion parameter. The results from modelling were seen to be able to capture the failure. Parametric analysis revealed that the influence of spatial distribution of the roots on forces acting on the sheet pile is higher, after a threshold value of additional cohesion is reached. That implies any additional cohesion after the threshold value mightnot provide any additional benefits to the stability. The results thus indicate that vegetation with more spatially distributed roots will be more suitable to be used in timber sheet pile-vegetation retaining system.Finally, two different perspectives in design approach of a timber sheet pile-vegetation system are investigated. The system approach is based on the concept that the mechanical reinforcement of the soil with growth of vegetation could result in a reduction of horizontal pressure against the sheet pile, bending moments and shear stresses acting on the sheet pile over time. This results in decreasing the duration of load effect in the timber and counteracting the effects of slow biological degradation of wood in air-water-soil conditions. Timber sheet pile components that are below the water level are less prone to decay. However, those components that are at the air water-soil interface are more susceptible to decay. In the discrete approach the vegetation is perceived as supporting the top parts of the stream bank (< 2meters) after timber decay has occurred. The effectof vegetation is analyzed as both increase in internal friction angle and increase in cohesion, on stream banks of retaining height of 2m and 3m. An increase in service life of nthe timber sheet pile-vegetation system is achieved in a system approach compared to when only timber sheet pile is present. In the discrete approach, it was observed that modification to the landscape by changing the slope angle of the bank might be necessary when the influence of vegetation is incorporated as an increase in friction angle of soil.In laboratory scale, as in this study, timber sheet pile-vegetation earth retaining systems show promises to be used for stream bank protection. Future studies need to focus on field scale system level studies and quantification of reinforcement of vegetation in presence of multiple species of vegetation.

En este estudio se analiza la relación entre el espesor de grasa subcutánea (EGS), espesor muscular (EM) y espesor de grasa subcutánea y espesor muscular juntos (EGSM), medidos con ultrasonido en un solo punto anatómico de cerdos vivos y los parámetros más importantes de la canal . En nuestro experimento utilizamos cerdos híbridos de las razas Pietrain, Landrace y Yorkshire en cantidad de 25 animales de ambos sexos. Los resultados del estudio sugieren que los parámetros de la composición de la canal aquí analizados están altamente correlacionados con el espesor de la grasa subcutánea medida con el ultrasonido en la última costilla del musculo longuísimo dorsal en el lado izquierdo del cerdo vivo (r = 0.53 - 0.67). La correlación múltiple del modelo de predicción de regresión lineal entre los parámetros de la canal y el espesor de grasa dorsal fue (0.74) y el coeficiente de determinación mostró suficiente capacidad de predicción (R2 = 0.55). Los modelos de predicción de regresión lineal de los componentes de la canal con el espesor muscular obtuvieron baja capacidad de predicción (R2 = 0.23). Igualmente en el modelo de regresión del espesor de grasa subcutánea y espesor muscular juntos ( R2= 0.25). Entre las correlaciones más importantes encontradas están: lomo derecho, carne clase A (r = 0.80), peso vivo y canal entera (r = 0.85) paleta derecha y carne clase B (r = 0.88) siendo este patrón repetitivo en todas las correlaciones de las mediciones ultrasonografica y los componentes de la canal.

In this article, we draw on recent scholarship on home, property, and regulation to develop an idea of home as being co-constituted by, and through, three different types of regulation – regulation of the self, regulation of life, and regulation as enforcement. We demonstrate how a focus on the mundane in regulation, as opposed to the spectacular, impacts on the making and unmaking of home in this context. Rather than draw on traditional housing tenures to make our point, we seek to de-dramatise the relationship between home and tenure (ownership or renting) by drawing on a case study of a particular type of owned but precarious housing – those living in boats on a canal in England, subject to the regulatory requirement of being “continuous cruisers”. We demonstrate how these different forms of regulation affect their everyday lives around their homes, in quite visceral ways, and suggest that these effects are likely to be reflected in other tenures.

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto del suplemento de levadura completo (LC) y de la pared celular (PcSc) de Saccharomyces cerevisiae sobre la ganancia de peso, conversión alimenticia y características de la canal del cordero Rambouillet. Los tratamientos fueron: T1 (sin LC y sin PcSc), T2 (1 g/kg-1 MS LC) y T3 (0.6 g/kg-1 MS PcSc) con seis repeticiones (corderos) por tratamiento. La prueba duró 55 días. Se trabajó con 18 corderos (36.5±2.5 kg) alojados en corrales individuales que recibieron agua y una dieta que proporcionó 14.8% de proteína y 12 384.64 kJ/kg-1 MS. Se evaluó la ganancia diaria de peso y la conversión alimenticia durante la engorda, así como el peso de la canal caliente y fría, pH, temperatura (45 min y 24 h) y el color objetivo (24 h) de la canal. No hubo diferencias significativas para la variable ganancia diaria de peso ni para conversión alimenticia por efecto de los tratamientos, pero las variables de color a* y C tuvieron una diferencia estadística significativa (p

The problem structuring method of General Morphological Analysis was used to explore the factors and uncertainties to be considered in the proposed building of a canal linking the Morava and Vardar Rivers, which in recent years has taken on greater importance given its possible link in China’s one belt initiative. Facilitated workshop sessions identified five main factors – investors, risks, the motivation to invest, type of investment and long-term benefits – and 19 conditional states resulting in 1440 unique scenarios. Using specialist software and input from subject matter specialists from the fields of geography, environment and security, 81 scenarios were isolated. Modelling indicated that over two-thirds of scenarios did not feature the impact on environmental damage such as raised pollution and effect on biodiversity. Interestingly, while financial institutions and the EU did feature because of reputational and ethical reasons, non-EU governments, construction firms and some regional governments did not. The implications of these findings warrant additional research but results of this study suggest that strengthening of governance would be required to mitigate impact on the local environment.

Study design Retrospective study (level of evidence: level 3). Purpose To study the anatomy of the conus medullaris in Koreans. Overview of literature The anatomical position of the conus medullaris is well-documented in anatomy textbooks; however, the shape of the conus in the canal rarely described. Furthermore, to our knowledge, no study in Korea has not yet assessed the shape of the conus as well as its position in the canal via cadavaric dissection and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods MRI findings of 189 Korean patients aged 2-94 years (93 men and 94 women) were assessed. No subjects from other ethnicities were included. The method proposed by Arai and colleagues was used to assess the termination point and shape of the conus in the canal. The position of the intervertebral disc trisection of the vertebral body closest to the tip of the conus was recorded at the canal level. Results The tip of the conus medullaris was positioned from the upper T12 body to the L2-L3 disc, mostly in L1 bodies (52.4%), followed by the L2 bodies (22.5%), the L1-L2 disc, and the L2-L3 disc (1.1%). The shape of the conus was classified as type A in 74 (39.6%), type B in 58 (31%), and type C in 55 patients (29.4%). The conus did not terminate at the L3 body in any patient. In the first decade ones (five children) conus positioned rather lowly from L1 bodies to L2-L3 disc, and no type A conus shape, and mostly type B (80%). Conclusions The conus medullaris was positioned mostly in the lower one-third of L1 and it in the first decades terminated lowly. No type A in the first decade one, and type B was mostly frequently formed which was followed by type C.

En els últims anys, les xarxes de comunicacions IoT han millorat significativament, tant respecte a la cobertura com a l'eficiència i el rendiment. Encara que aquestes millores són molt rellevants, no cobreixen la totalitat del territori mundial. Zones molt aïllades del món, com els pols o zones muntanyenques de difícil accés, no disposen d'aquesta mena de cobertura de dades, ja que les característiques del terreny limiten l'accés dels dispositius IoT en aquests entorns. Actualment, les solucions existents se centren en les comunicacions per satèl·lit que, si bé permeten la comunicació en aquests escenaris, tenen un cost econòmic molt elevat. D'altra banda, una possible solució seria l'ús de comunicacions HF. Gràcies a aquesta mena de comunicació es poden aconseguir velocitats de fins a 100 kbps, segons els estàndards i recerques prèvies. Una de les aplicacions de les comunicacions HF és la comunicació a través de la ionosfera. Aquest tipus d'enllaços proporcionen unes característiques ideals per a les comunicacions a llarga distància. En els últims quatre anys, el grup de recerca en tecnologies d'Internet (GRITS) de l'Escola d'Enginyeria de La Salle (Universitat Ramon Llull), s'ha centrat en les comunicacions ionosfèriques i, especialment, en la tecnologia NVIS (Near Vertical Incidence Skywave). En particular, ha posat el seu focus en les comunicacions amb la Base Antàrtica Joan Carles I. Aquest tipus de comunicació HF ofereix unes característiques ideals per a les comunicacions remotes de llarg abast, amb un radi de fins a 350 km i sense necessitat de visió directa entre els diferents transceptors. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és definir el millor escenari de comunicacions amb tecnologia NVIS per a una xarxa de cobertura IoT en entorns remots. Una de les principals metes és la disminució del consum en potència dels dispositius remots. Això proporcionarà una comunicació de llarg abast i maximitzarà el temps de vida de la bateria per a aquesta mena de dispositius, un factor primordial per a comunicacions IoT. A més, la solució proposada intenta mitigar el sobrecost econòmic que implicaria l'ús dels satèl·lits com a mitjà de comunicació, adaptant el desenvolupament de la tecnologia a dispositius de baix cost. Com a factor principal de millora, aquesta tesi se centra en la definició d'una capa física adaptada a l'entorn de comunicació NVIS. Per a optimitzar aquest enllaç, s'estudien les principals característiques d'un entorn wireless multicamí, el Doppler Shift, Doppler i Delay Spread, la qual cosa permet definir els temps de trama més adaptats a aquest canal. D'altra banda, es comparen les característiques de les modulacions QAM, PSK i FSK (d'ordre 2 a 32) en transmissions de molt baixa potència (de 0,5 W a 25 W) i en un entorn multicamí. Aquesta anàlisi permetrà definir la millor trama de comunicació, establint la capa física per a comunicacions NVIS en entorns remots. Finalment, i per a demostrar la viabilitat de la tecnologia desenvolupada en un entorn civil, es defineix i implementa un procés de transferència de coneixements del món acadèmic al món empresarial. S'estudien els diferents mercats on es podrien integrar aquest tipus de comunicacions, i es defineix una proposta de valor per al mercat de les comunicacions remotes, tot això amb la finalitat d'arribar a una conclusió tant de viabilitat econòmica com de necessitat de la tecnologia per a un escenari d'ús civil. En los últimos años, las redes de comunicaciones IoT han mejorado significativamente, tanto con respecto a la cobertura como a la eficiencia y el rendimiento. Aunque estas mejoras son muy relevantes, no cubren la totalidad del territorio mundial. Zonas muy aisladas del mundo, como los polos o zonas montañosas de difícil acceso, no disponen de este tipo de cobertura de datos, ya que las características del terreno limitan el acceso de los dispositivos IoT en estos entornos. Actualmente, las soluciones existentes se centran en las comunicaciones por satélite que, si bien permiten la comunicación en estos escenarios, tienen un coste económico muy elevado. Por otra parte, una posible solución sería el uso de comunicaciones HF. Gracias a este tipo de comunicación se pueden alcanzar velocidades de hasta 100 kbps, según los estándares e investigaciones previas. Una de las aplicaciones de las comunicaciones HF es la comunicación a través de la ionosfera. Este tipo de enlaces proporcionan unas características ideales para las comunicaciones a larga distancia. En los últimos cuatro años, el grupo de investigación en tecnologías de Internet (GRITS) de la Escuela de Ingeniería de La Salle (Universidad Ramon Llull), se ha centrado en las comunicaciones ionosféricas y, especialmente, en la tecnología NVIS (Near vertical incidence skywave). En particular, ha puesto su foco en las comunicaciones con la Base Antártica Juan Carlos I. Este tipo de comunicación HF ofrece unas características ideales para las comunicaciones remotas de largo alcance, con un radio de hasta 350 km y sin necesidad de visión directa entre los diferentes transceptores. El objetivo de esta tesis es definir el mejor escenario de comunicaciones con tecnología NVIS para una red de cobertura IoT en entornos remotos. Una de las principales metas es la disminución del consumo en potencia de los dispositivos remotos. Esto proporcionará una comunicación de largo alcance y maximizará el tiempo de vida de la batería para este tipo de dispositivos, un factor primordial para comunicaciones IoT. Además, la solución propuesta intenta mitigar el sobrecoste económico que implicaría el uso de los satélites como medio de comunicación, adaptando el desarrollo de la tecnología a dispositivos de bajo coste. Como factor principal de mejora, esta tesis se centra en la definición de una capa física adaptada al entorno de comunicación NVIS. Para optimizar este enlace, se estudian las principales características de un entorno wireless multitrayecto, el Doppler Shift, Doppler y Delay Spread, lo cual permite definir los tiempos de trama más adaptados a este canal. Por otra parte, se comparan las características de las modulaciones QAM, PSK y FSK (de orden 2 a 32) en transmisiones de muy baja potencia (de 0,5 W a 25 W) y en un entorno multitrayecto. Este análisis permitirá definir la mejor trama de comunicación, estableciendo la capa física para comunicaciones NVIS en entornos remotos. Finalmente, y para demostrar la viabilidad de la tecnología desarrollada en un entorno industrial, se define e implementa un proceso de transferencia de conocimientos del mundo académico al mundo empresarial. Se estudian los diferentes mercados donde se podrían integrar este tipo de comunicaciones, y se define una propuesta de valor para el mercado de las comunicaciones remotas, todo ello con el fin de llegar a una conclusión tanto de viabilidad económica como de necesidad de la tecnología para un escenario de uso civil. In the last years, IoT communications networks have improved significantly, both in terms of coverage and in terms of efficiency and performance. Although these improvements are very relevant, they do not cover the entire world territory. Very isolated areas of the world, such as the poles or mountainous areas that are difficult to access, do not have this type of data coverage, as the terrain characteristics limit the access of IoT devices in these environments. Currently, existing solutions are focused on satellite communications that, although they allow communication in these scenarios, have a very high economic cost. On the other hand, a possible solution would be the use of HF communications. Thanks to this type of communication, speeds of up to 100 kbps can be achieved, according to standards and previous research. One of the applications of HF communications is communication through the ionosphere. This type of link provides ideal characteristics for long distance communications. In the last four years, the research group on Internet technologies (GRITS) at the La Salle School of Engineering (Ramon Llull University), has focused on ionospheric communications and, especially, on NVIS technology (Near Vertical Incidence Skywave). In particular, it has focused on communications with the Juan Carlos I Antarctic Base. This type of HF communication offers ideal characteristics for long-range remote communications, with a radius of up to 350 km and without the need for direct vision between the different transceivers. The purpose of this thesis is to define the best NVIS technology communications scenario for an IoT coverage network in remote environments. One of the main goals is to decrease the power consumption of remote devices. This will provide long range communication and maximize battery life for these types of devices, a major factor for IoT communications. In addition, the proposed solution attempts to mitigate the economic over-cost that would be involved in using satellites as a means of communication, by adapting the development of the technology to low-cost devices. As a main improvement factor, this thesis focuses on the definition of a physical layer adapted to the NVIS communication environment. In order to optimize this link, the main characteristics of a multipath wireless environment, the Doppler Shift, Doppler and Delay Spread, are studied, allowing the definition of the most adapted frame times for this channel. Furthermore, the characteristics of QAM, PSK and FSK modulations (from order 2 to 32) in very low power transmissions (from 0.5 W to 25 W) and in a multipath environment are compared. This analysis will allow to define the best communication frame, establishing the physical layer for NVIS communications in remote environments. Finally, and in order to demonstrate the viability of the technology developed in an industrial environment, a process of knowledge transfer from the academic world to the business world is defined and implemented. The different markets where this type of communications could be integrated are studied, and a value proposal for the remote communications market is defined, all with the aim of reaching a conclusion on both the economic viability and the need for the technology for a non-military use scenario.

A lo largo de los siglos XVIII y XIX se construyó en Europa una extensa red de canales. Su desarrollo permitió la conexión del territorio, en donde los puntos de intercambio y conf luencia de rutas comerciales formaron focos de actividad. Estos lugares, situados en su momento en la periferia, pronto empezaron a conformar ámbitos de crecimiento urbano. El ferrocarril primero y el automóvil provocaron la obsolescencia de los canales como sistemas de transporte. En las ciudades, algunos fueron soterrados para nuevos viarios, otros mantuvieron su uso como canales de riego y abastecimiento y, en otros muchos casos, quedaron abandonados convirtiéndose en focos problemáticos tanto a nivel urbano como social. A partir de algunos ejemplos representativos, como Milán, París, Londres y Zaragoza, se analiza su transformación y la persistencia de su traza en la trama urbana. Esa permanencia en la ciudad ha resultado esencial para la revitalización de las vías navegables en las últimas décadas. En el siglo XXI, los canales han asumido nuevos valores y usos más allá de su función inicial convirtiéndose en argumento de nuevas estrategias de regeneración y desarrollo urbano. Destacan entre ellas su puesta en valor como elementos patrimoniales y rasgo característico del paisaje, así como su continuidad como sistema de espacios libres urbanos y corredores ambientales. During the 18th and 19th centuries an extensive network of canals was built in Europe. Their development allowed the connection of the territory, where the points of exchange and conf luence of commercial routes formed activity centers. These places, first located on the periphery, soon began to define urban growth areas. Railways and automobiles caused the obsolescence of the canals as transport systems. In the cities, some were replaced for new roads, others remained in use as irrigation and supply canals and, in many other cases, they were neglected becoming both urban as social problematic areas. Using some representative examples, such as Milan, Paris, London and Zaragoza, the present paper analyses their transformation and the persistence of their design in the urban pattern. This permanence in the city has been essential for the revitalization of canals in recent decades. In 21th century, they have acquired broader values and uses beyond their initial function, becoming arguments for new strategies of urban regeneration and development. It is worth highlighting their value as heritage and characteristic paths of the cityscape, as well as their continuity as a system of urban open spaces and environmental corridors. Sin financiación No data JCR 2020 No data SJR 2020 0,000 IDR (2020) C4, 99/132 Arte

Для восстановления экосистемы переувлажненных урбанизированных территорий на примере Экологического стационара РГАУ-МСХА им. К.А. Тимирязева разработана методика посадки влаголюбивых культур: тростник обыкновенный (Phragmites australis), рогоз узколистный (Typha angustifolia), мох Гипнум кипарисовый (Hipnum cupressiforme). Посадка влаголюбивых культур проведена также для получения биомассы, которую будут использовать в дальнейших исследованиях. Агрохимические и агрофизические свойства субстрата, на котором выращивали данные культуры, изучены методом пенетрации., To restore the ecosystem of waterlogged urbanized territories, using the example of the Environmental Station of the Russian Timiryazev State Agrarian University (RSAU-MTAA), a method of planting moisture-loving crops (Phragmites australis, Typha angustifolia, Hipnum cupressiforme) was developed. The planting of moisture-loving crops was also carried out to obtain biomass, which will be used in further research. The agrochemical properties and hardness of the substrate on which the moisture-loving crops grow were studied by the penetration method.

El presente estudio estimó si la vida útil de las canales porcinas podría ampliarse a los 12 días de caducidad frente a los 7 días establecidos por el proveedor. Para ello, se aplicó un procedimiento de muestreo según la normativa ISO 17604:2015 analizando los indicadores microbiológicos figurados en el Reglamento (CE) 2073/2005 para la categoría alimentos “canales porcinas”; así como el control de factores que tiene una alta incidencia en su conservación: temperatura, pH y actividad de agua (Aw). También se llevó a cabo un análisis sensorial, analizando propiedades cualitativas como el olor y el color. No se detectaron recuentos de Salmonella en ninguna de las canales, y los recuentos de enterobacterias totales y aerobios mesófilos mayormente se encontraron por debajo de los establecidos en el Reglamento (CE) 2073/2005 a pesar de encontrarse en etapas posteriores a la fase de aplicación del criterio. Para eso, se estableció un criterio microbiológico propio sobre el que evaluar la seguridad de las canales. Sensorialmente, las muestras dieron resultados correctos, por lo que, en su conjunto, se determinó la aceptabilidad de las canales a los 12 días, siempre y cuando se lleve a cabo la vigilancia y control de la temperatura de conservación. The present study estimated whether the useful life of the pig carcasses could be extended to 12 days of expiration as opposed to the 7 days established by the supplier. For this purpose, a sampling procedure was applied according to the ISO 17604:2015 standard, analyzing the microbiological indicators included in Regulation (EC) 2073/2005 for the food category "pig carcasses"; as well as the control of factors that have a high incidence in their preservation: temperature, pH and water activity (Aw). A sensory analysis was also carried out, analysing qualitative properties such as odour and color. No counts of Salmonella were detected in any of the channels, and the counts of total enterobacteria and mesophilic aerobes were mostly below those established in Regulation (EC) 2073/2005, despite being in stages subsequent to the criterion application phase. For this reason, a specific microbiological criterion was established on which to evaluate the safety of the carcasses. Sensorially, the samples gave correct results, so, as a whole, the acceptability of the carcasses was determined after 12 days, provided that the surveillance and control of the conservation temperature is carried out.

Los resaltos hidráulicos es un fenómeno que se presenta dentro de aliviaderos, tomas de presas o presas vertedoras, esto representa una disipación de energía de la cual resulta imprescindible estudiar para un correcto diseño de estructuras hidráulicas. El propósito principal de estudio es usar diferentes tipos de revestimientos y vertederos para ver si al cambiar el tipo de material se logra mejorar la disipación de la energía y su vez optimizar el proceso de socavación en el lecho de la estructura donde se presente el resalto hidráulico. Las pruebas serán de tipo experimental, se realizaron en el laboratorio de hidráulica en la Universidad Santo Tomas cede Villavicencio. Se realizó la adecuación del canal rectangular donde se ubicó el vertedero a una distancia prudente para que el flujo se estabilizara, la compuerta final se ubicó a una altura entre 5cm y 10cm para que esta generara el resalto hidráulico sin que se produjera ahogamiento en el vertedero, los datos fueron recolectados de manera sistemática con ayuda de una tabla. El resultados de las pruebas realizadas con los diferentes tipos de sección y material de vertederos y diferentes revestimientos se pudo evidenciar que se puede aumentar la energía ya sea dejando una pendiente constante y aumentar el caudal o dejando un caudal constante e ir aumentando la pendiente pero que en los dos casos al usar un revestimiento más rugoso ocasiona que los tirantes antes y después del vertedero aumenten pero que la altura del resalto disminuya. Palabras clave: Caudal, resalto hidráulico, canal, revestimiento, pendiente, velocidad, área hidráulica, perímetro mojado, radio hidráulico, velocidad, energía específica. : Hydraulic protrusions is a phenomenon that occurs within spillways, dam intakes or spill dams, this represents a dissipation of energy which is essential to study for a correct design of hydraulic structures. The main purpose of the study is to use different types of linings and landfills to see if changing the type of material improves energy dissipation and in turn optimizes the excavation process in the bed of the structure where the hydraulic protrusion is presented. The tests will be experimental, they will be successful in the hydraulics laboratory of the Santo Tomas University in Villavicencio. The rectangular channel was adapted where the weir was located at a prudent distance for the flow to stabilize, the final gate was located at a height between 5cm and 10cm so that it generated the hydraulic ridge without drowning occurring in the weir, the data was collected in a systematic way with the help of a table. The result of the tests carried out with the different types of section and material of landfills and different coatings, it was evident that it can increase energy and the sea, leaving a constant slope and increasing the flow, or leaving a constant flow, and the slope will go down. in both cases, using a rougher coating causes the before and after weir ties to increase but the height of the shoulder to decrease. http://www.ustavillavicencio.edu.co/home/index.php/unidades/extension-y-proyeccion/investigacion Pregrado

На основе научно-исторических и архивных источников автор статьи анализирует историю выработки планов по орошению целинных земель центральной части Ферганской долины в первой половине ХХ века крупными русскими учеными, специалистами и показывает историческую картину строительства ирригационных сооружений в Ферганской долине в 1940 году скоростным народным методом «хашар». Со строительством гидротехнических сооружений, таких как Северный и Южный Ферганские каналы, начался новый этап в развитии орошаемого земледелия Ферганской долины, так как воды этих гидротехнических сооружений дали возможность оросить новые целинные земли центральной части и предгорных районов Ферганской долины. Следует отметить, что эти крупные и по своей конструкции сложные оросительные каналы были построены в основном с помощью примитивных орудий труда, таких как кетмень, лом, лопата, носилки, кирки и мешки, благодаря трудовому подвигу народов Узбекистана. Эти гидротехнические сооружения вот уже почти 80 лет обеспечивают сельскохозяйственные районы живительной влагой. Также в статье автор обобщает суть экономических мероприятий, осуществленных Советским правительством по развитию орошаемого земледелия в долине., Based on scientific, historical and archival sources the author of the paper analyzes the history of developing plans aimed at irrigation of virgin lands in the central part of the Ferghana Valley in the first half of the 20th century by large Russian scientists and specialists. The author also shows a historical picture of the construction of the irrigation facilities of the Ferghana Valley using the high-speed «hashar» folk method in 1940. With the construction of hydraulic structures such as the northern and southern Ferghana canals, a new stage began in the development of irrigated agriculture in the Ferghana Valley, since the water of these hydraulic structures made it possible to irrigate new virgin lands in the central part and foothill areas of the Ferghana Valley. But it should be noted that these large and complex irrigation canals were constructed by the peoples of Uzbekistan mainly with the use of primitive tools such as a hoe, a crow, a shovel, a stretcher and pickaxes. For nearly 80 years, these hydraulic structures have provided agricultural areas with life-giving water. The author of the paper also summarizes the essence of economic measures carried out by the Soviet government on the development of irrigated agriculture in the valley.

En Inchola, caserío situado en la umbría de la Sierra de Carrascoy, se levantan los restos de una estructura defensiva medieval, llamada Torre de Inchola, y los de una antigua conducción hidráulica conocida como Caño del Barracón. En ambas edificaciones se desarrolla un variado repertorio de signos grabados sobre sus muros, entre los que predominan los que reproducen la forma de herradura. En este trabajo se describe la tipología de los grabados, proponiendo posibles líneas de interpretación histórica y una probable datación de los mismos en el contexto de los inicios de la Edad Moderna en el Reino de Murcia. In Inchola, a hamlet located in the shaded areas of the Sierra de Carrascoy, we find the remains of a medieval defensive structure, called Torre de Inchola, and those of an old hydraulic conduction known as Caño del Barracón. There is a wide collection of signs engraved on the walls of both constructions. The signs reproducing horseshoe shapes predominate. This paper describes the typology of these engravings, proposing different lines of historical interpretation and a likely dating in the context of the beginnings of the Modern Age in the Kingdom of Murcia.

Purpose: to choose a method of steel syphon reconstruction in Barsuki village, Republic of Ingushetia, to prevent flooding of the rural territory. Immediacy of the problem lies in the fact that the Alkhanchurtsky canal with the conjugation of the upstream and downstream through the water-conveyance structure of a three-ply siphon passes along the territory of Barsuki community. The condition of the syphon is pre-emergency, as a result of which, on August 24, 2019, a breakthrough occurred in the coat of one of the pipe strings where a water emergency volume fell into the territory of the village of Barsuki, under a pressure of about 3.7 atm. Materials and methods. The materials were data from a field survey of the internal and external state of the siphon walls at the end of January 2020. As a result of the examination, it was found that the inner surface of the two siphon strings is in a pre-emergency state. As a result of metal corrosion inside the pipes, spots with laminated flaking of the pipe walls and their subsequent collapse were detected. Processing of the survey material was conducted using the method of statistic analysis. Results and discussion. The processed materials showed that the water conducting part of the Alkhanchurtsky canal in the siphon middle pipe no. 2 is in pre-emergency condition. A metal siphon with a diameter of 2 m is designed for water passage with a flow rate of 7 cubic meters per second. Geodetic studies of the siphon route showed that its part of 497 m long has an angle of inclination of 4.7 degrees to the horizon, and on the remaining 79.78 m, the siphon is laid at an angle of 23.9 degrees. Conclusions. The need to develop measures to protect metal structures from corrosion is caused by the fact that the main damage from corrosive effects is the failure of a significant part of metal structures, since due to corrosion they lose strength, reliability and other necessary qualities. Among currently existing methods for reconstructing a steel pipe, the cold compression technology is the most suitable for the rehabilitation of siphons with polyethylene pipes.

El canal de panamà es podria definir com un dels nodes del transport marítim de mercaderies de llarga distància més importants a nivell mundial, ja que permet un gran trànsit diari d’embarcacions que realitzen rutes entre continents. des de la seva construcció ha tingut una gran influència en l’evolució del transport marítim en aspectes que van des de la planificació de les rutes fins al disseny de les embarcacions. tot i això, en els últims anys el canvi climàtic ha començat a afectar notablement el clima a nivell mundial, el que ha fet que sigui necessari replantejar el futur de les instal·lacions que depenen de medis naturals per funcionar, i el canal és una d’elles. aquest tfg neix amb la idea d’estudiar de manera específica com el canvi climàtic afectarà el canal, quan tardarà a fer-ho i quines mesures es poden prendre per evitar-ho.

The Wieprz-Krzna Canal, built in 1961, is one of the longest in Poland (142 km). Although the drainage construction was intended to revitalize the region of wetlands and peat-bogs of the West Polesie, it caused large hydrological changes. Research on catchments of three natural lakes and three retention reservoirs involved cartographic analysis using photointerpretation, as well as the Braun-Blanquet method. In the studied area, between 1939 and 2016 the length of rivers and ditches increased more than three times. Macrophytes covered about 20-27% of the natural lakes water surface, whereas in retention reservoirs the coverage was 12-15.5%. Also a greater diversity of macrophytes occurred in natural lakes. In retention reservoirs it was restricted to only emerged macrophytes.

The tuntian system was a state-promoted system of military–agriculture, which originated in the Western Han dynasty (206 BC–9 AD). All the imperial dynasties in Chinese history adopted the practice of tuntian to cultivate and guard frontier areas as an important state policy for developing border areas and consolidating frontier defense. This paper describes the use of satellite remote sensing data to uncover an ancient canal-based tuntian system located in an oasis agricultural landscape adjacent to the ancient Kingdom of Loulan at the southern margin of the Tarim Basin. The remote sensing data examined include Chinese Gaofen-1 (GF-1) VHR imagery, Landsat-8 (LS-8) OLI data and ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model Version 2 (ASTER GDEMV2) products. The effective irrigated tuntian area was estimated to be 2800 ha and the maximum irrigated tuntian area was found to be more than 8000 ha during the area's most prosperous period. The overall spatial structure of Milan's tuntian agricultural landscape was explored using the patch–corridor–matrix model. By detailed analysis of satellite remote sensing data, this study reconstructed a 3D view of Milan's tuntian agricultural landscape in a GIS.

Introduction: The recent study aimed to assess the root canal morphology of mandibular canines in the Syrian population depending on the cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Materials and Methods: A total of 418 fully developed mandibular canines in Syrian individuals aged between 16 and 60 years were included. The presence of at least one mandibular right or left canine with fully developed roots was recorded in each image. The root canal configurations were classified according to the method of Vertucci. The mandibular canines were examined in sagittal, coronal, and axial dimensions. The CBCT images were evaluated by three endodontists with at least 9 years of clinical experience in endodontics. Data were analyzed with descriptive analysis and Chi-square tests using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 25 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). Results: Out of the 418 mandibular canines, 409 (97.85%) were single-rooted canines while only 9 (2.15%) were double-rooted canines. The most common type of Vertucci in single-rooted canines was Type I (1-1) in the percentage of 95.87% and the least type was Type V (1-2) in the percentage of (0.24%). The Chi-square tests showed no significant association between gender and number of roots (P = 0.64) and gender and root canal configuration in single-rooted canine (P = 0.194). Conclusion: Single-rooted with Type I canal configuration was the most common anatomy in mandibular canines in the Syrian population. Incidence of more than one root canal foramen at the end of the single root was detected in one case only.

To protect canal beds against erosion and to prevent seepage from the bottom or side of a canal, impermeable linings are often used. These linings can suffer from several problems including damage due to uplift pressure when the groundwater table is high. Thus, it is necessary to provide a drainage system under the hard lining of the canal to reduce the water pressure, especially at the end of the operation season, when the canal is empty. This work evaluates the performance of a drainpipe with a filter envelope located under the bed of canal. The solution method uses the finite element method to analyze and minimize uplift force. Various combinations of drain diameters, envelop thicknesses, depths of drain under the canal invert, and groundwater surfaces are considered. Simulation results indicate that with increasing drain diameter and depth of drain under the bed of canal, the groundwater surface declines and the uplift force is reduced. The use of a filter envelope around the drainpipe for decreasing hydrostatic pressure is found to be effective. Linear and nonlinear regression equations for predicting the pressure head in canal bed centerline are provided.

With a water shortage reaching alarming proportions, Pakistan shows every sign that it is on its way to a serious water crisis. Such external factors as climate change and trans-boundary developments pose some problems for Pakistan’s water supply; poor resource management at all levels of Pakistan’s government and administration exacerbates the crisis. While most people attribute the crisis simply to the lack of adequate storage capacity, very few recognize that the heart of the problem lies in other water resource management issues: inefficient supply and delivery systems, irrational distribution and consumption patterns, low irrigation efficiency, incorrect selection of crops, overexploitation of groundwater, and other governance and administrative failures. The state’s apparent apathy and indifference to this looming crisis represent an even greater crisis. This thesis asks: With no additional water to import, how can Pakistan cope successfully with its water scarcity? After taking stock of the water resources and identifying the causes adding to the crisis, this thesis offers a way forward on conservation and efficiency, storage, modernization of irrigated agriculture, crop selection, public awareness, regulatory framework, and other governance and administrative measures to enable Pakistan to cope with this resource crisis successfully. http://archive.org/details/runningdrywaters1094562789 Lieutenant Colonel, Pakistan Army Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Grado en Ingeniería civil

espanolEl siguiente articulo tiene como objetivo principal realizar un primer analisis de los items que se encuentran presentes en Elche relacionados con la arquitectura hidraulica. En particular hablaremos de la Sequia Major y la Canalizacion del Obispo Tormo. La Sequia Major es la mas antigua, fechada en la segunda mitad del siglo X y principios del siglo XI. Fue construida en epoca andalusi perdurando hasta nuestros dias. Por otro lado nos encontramos con la Conduccion de aguas dulces del Obispo Tormo, fechada entre 1785 y 1789. La traida de agua potable supuso un verdadero cambio social para la poblacion. Mediante este trabajo se pretende elaborar una propuesta con el fin de musealizar los restos arqueologicos mencionados anteriormente, ademas de las infraestructuras que hay vinculadas con la utilizacion de la fuerza del agua (fabricas y molinos). A traves de una ruta de senderismo se quiere poner en valor el lugar y posteriormente divulgarla a la sociedad con la finalidad de que conozcan la historia que hay tras los vestigios arqueologicos. EnglishThe following article has as main objective to make a first analysis of the items that are present in Elche related to the hydraulic architecture. In particular we will talk about the Sequia Major and the Canalizacion del Obispo Tormo. The Sequia Major is the oldest, dated in the second half of the 10th century and the beginning of the 11th century. It was built in Andalusian times lasting until today. On the other hand we find the Driving of fresh waters of Bishop Tormo, dated between 1785 and 1789. The bringing of drinking water was a real social change for the population. This work is intended to develop a proposal in order to musealize the archaeological remains mentioned above, in addition to the infrastructure that is linked to the use of water force (factories and mills). Through a hiking route it is intended to musealize the place and subsequently disseminate it to society in order to know the history behind the archaeological remains.

Objective: This study aims to determine changes in the proportions of types I and III collagen in hemorrhoids and to verify the sliding anal canal lining theory. Patients and method: The study is focused on a sample of 17 patients, 9 females and 8 males (age range: 30–70 years), with grade III and grade IV hemorrhoids. Tissue from 4 fetuses (age: 16 weeks of gestation) was used as control sample. All the participants gave their informed consent. Samples were gathered in 2014. All patients underwent open hemorrhoidectomy by using the technique described by Milligan and Morgan, published in Lancet journal in 1937. The hemorrhoid samples were stained with hematoxylin–eosin for the histologic study to confirm the hemorrhoidal tissue diagnosis. The picrosirius red staining protocol was used after the histologic analysis. The method used for image processing is described in the text. Images were imported to the Image Tool for Windows software. The same process was used on the embryonic tissue. Data resulting from the analysis of images were processed using STATISTICA, a software for statistical analysis. Results: When compared, it was found that the two tissues presented very different values, with hemorrhoids containing the highest type III collagen values. Conclusion: Our results seem to imply that hemorrhoids have a larger proportion of type III collagen than fetal tissue. They also suggest a possible age-related deterioration of the tissue. Resumo: Objetivo: Esse estudo tem por objetivo determinar mudanças nos percentuais do colágeno dos tipos I e III em hemorroidas e verificar a teoria do revestimento de canal anal deslizante. Pacientes e método: O estudo está focado em uma amostra de 17 pacientes (9 mulheres e 8 homes; faixa etária: 30-70 anos), com hemorroidas de graus III e IV. Utilizamos tecido de quatro fetos (idade: 16 semanas de gestação) como amostra de controle. Todos os participantes deram consentimento informado. As amostras foram reunidas em 2014. Todos os pacientes passaram por uma hemorroidectomia aberta; para tanto, foi empregada a técnica descrita por Milligan e Morgan, publicada no periódico Lancet em 1937. As amostras de hemorroida foram coradas com hematoxilina-eosina com vistas ao estudo histológico para confirmação do diagnóstico de tecido hemorroidal. Após a análise histológica, o material foi corado com o protocolo de picrosirius red. O método empregado para o processamento das imagens está descrito no texto. As imagens foram importadas pelo software Image Tool for Windows. O mesmo processo foi empregado no tecido embrionário. Os dados resultantes da análise das imagens fora processados com o programa STATISTICA, um software para análise estatística. Resultados: Por comparação, constatamos que os dois tecidos apresentavam valores muito diferentes, e as hemorroidas continham os mais altos valores de colágeno do tipo III. Conclusão: Nossos resultados parecem implicar que hemorroidas possuem um percentual mais elevado de colágeno do tipo III versus tecido fetal. Os resultados também sugerem uma possível deterioração do tecido, relacionada à idade. Keywords: Hemorrhoids, Anal, Canal, Collagen, Type I, Type III, Fetus, Deterioration, Palavras-chave: Hemorroidas, Anal, Canal, Colágeno, Tipo I, Tipo III, Feto, Deterioração

Inland Navigation via the Moselle : Regional Sources of Documentation and Tracks for Research. Inland navigation via the Moselle between the urban district of Nancy and its confluence with the Rhine is essential to regional and local economy ; as early as the 19th century it supports mainly the coal and steel industry. It required permanent efforts to adapt to the changing and raising needs of economic actors. These historical developments have left a record of various archives about major works in the inland rivers and ports. Some sources on never started projects enlighten promising fields for further research in economic and social history. We can mention for example a project aimed at providing the Lorraine coal mines their own waterway., De scheepvaart op de Moezel : stand van zaken van de departementale bronnen en pistes voor verder onderzoek. De scheepvaart op de Moezel tussen de agglomeratie rond Nancy en de samenvloeiing met de Rijn, is sinds de negentiende eeuw op de zware industrie gericht, en is van essentieel belang voor de lokale economie. Dit bracht voortdurende aanpassingen aan de steeds groeiende behoeften van de economische actoren met zich. Deze ontwikkelingen hebben grote hoeveelheden aan informatiebronnen opgeleverd, die vooral draaiden om de werkzaamheden aan de waterwegen en de havens. Sommige bronnen over nooit uitgevoerde projecten brachten onderzoekers informatie over de economische en politieke bekommernis van belangengroepen en hun wensen, zoals het project om de Lotharingse steenkoolmijnen met een eigen waterweg uit te rusten., Mellard Sébastien. La navigation fluviale en Moselle : état des sources départementales et piste de recherche. In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 94, fasc. 4, 2016. Histoire médiévale, moderne et contemporaine – Meddeleeuwse, Moderne en Hedendaagse Geschiedenis. pp. 1005-1013.

Dorello´s canal is an eponym term referring to a small fibro osseous landmark, by way of arc, located at the apex of the petrous temporal region and for which the nerve abducens passes before reaching the cavernous sinus. This landmark is not referenced in Terminologia Anatomica, even as a variable structure. We selected 74 adult dry skulls and six heads fixed in formalin 10 % without classifying them by ethnicity or gender. As inclusion criteria, we selected those where the middle cranial fossa and the apex of the petrous temporal region were in good condition. Fifty seven (57) skulls (83, 82 %) showed the presence of canal bilaterally; 4 (5.89 %) showed it unilaterally to the right; 4 (5,89 %) were unilaterally at the left and 3 (4,41 %) had no canal. The results of this study indicate that this bone landmark is present in most of the skulls, even bilaterally. Since it is not referenced in the Terminologia Anatomica, we propose the term canal abducens nerve to avoid using the eponymous term Dorello´s canal.

The water supply of the city of Perpignan (Pyrénées-Orientales) in the Middle Ages and in the Modern Age : an initial investigation. This paper focuses on the development of the hydraulic network of the city of Perpignan in the Middle Ages, which accompanied its urban expansion. A first canal became operational at the end of the XIIth century, while the city was the seat of the Count’s authority. As the population grew in the XIIIth and XIVth centuries, this system became insufficient. The creation of the kingdom of Mallorca, the building of the royal palace and of a wall also required a new supply system. At the very beginning of the XIVth century, Perpignan was supplied through a new canal, approximately thirty kilometers long, interspersed with various structures (aqueductbridges, underground pipes, inspection chambers, wells, etc.) designed to overcome natural obstacles while maintaining a sufficient gradient for the water to reach the city. The canal supplied the city’s eastern boroughs through four fountains which remained operational until the XIXth century., Cet article concerne l’élaboration du réseau hydraulique de la ville de Perpignan au Moyen Âge dont la mise en place accompagne le développement urbain. Un premier canal est mis en fonctionnement à la fin du XIIe siècle alors que la ville est le siège de l’autorité comtale. L’accroissement de la population qui accompagne les XIIIe et XIVe siècles rend ce système insuffisant. La création du royaume de Majorque, la construction du palais royal et d’une nouvelle enceinte nécessitent aussi un autre mode d’approvisionnement. Au tout début du XIVe siècle, Perpignan est alimenté par un nouveau canal long d’une trentaine de kilomètres, ponctué d’aménagements divers (pont-aqueducs, canaux souterrains, regards, puits…) destinés à franchir les obstacles naturels tout en maintenant une pente suffisante pour atteindre la ville. Ce dernier alimente les quartiers est par le biais de quatre fontaines qui ont fonctionné jusqu’au XIXe siècle., El suministro de agua de la ciudad de Perpiñán (Pirineos Orientales) en la Edad Media y en la Época Moderna : primeras calas. Este artículo se centra en la elaboración de una red hidráulica de la ciudad de Perpiñán en la Edad Media cuya construcción acompañó el desarrollo urbano. Se pone en funcionamiento un primer canal a finales del siglo XII en la época en la que la cieudad es sede de la autoridad condal. El sistema se muestra incapaz de suministrar sufiente agua a una población creciente en los siglos XIII y XIV. La creación del reino de Mallorca, la construcción del palacio real y de una nueva muralla necesitan también otro modo de suministro. A principios del siglo XIV, Perpiñan recibe agua por medio de un nuevo canal de nos treinta kilómetros de largo, puntuado por infraestructuras diversas (acueductos, canales subterráneos, bocas de alcantarilla), destinadas a sobrepasar los obstáculos naturales a la vez que buscaban mantener una inclinación suficiente como para llevar agua a la ciudad. Este último suministró agua a la parte oriental de la ciudad mediante cuatro fuentes que funcionaron hasta el siglo XIX., Puig Carole, Carozza Jean-Michel, Durand Sylvain. L’approvisionnement en eau de la ville de Perpignan (Pyrénées-Orientales) au Moyen-Âge et à l’Époque moderne : premiers éléments d’enquête. In: Archéologie du Midi médiéval. Tome 33, 2015. Regards croisés sur la gestion de l’eau dans la ville médiévale et moderne. Actes du séminaire Terrae organisé par Travaux et Recherches Archéologiques sur les Cultures, les Espaces et les Sociétés, TRACES (UMR 5608, CNRS) Toulouse et France, Amériques, Espagne. Sociétés, Pouvoirs, Acteurs, FRAMESPA (UMR 5136, CNRS) Toulouse. Le 18 avril 2014 à Toulouse. pp. 55-76.

Logistics activities are an essential part of the urban economy. In the Brussels-Capital Region, this sector is concentrated in the canal area, as a supplement to port activities carried out there. The neighbourhoods along the canal therefore serve as a space for the concentration and distribution of goods transport necessary for the urban area of Brussels. However, this space is experiencing strong land and political pressure, prompting reconversion and deindustrialisation, to the benefit of housing, commercial and office projects. This movement may have a negative impact on the organisation of logistics in Brussels. More broadly, it highlights the paradoxes and limits of the territorial development policy in Brussels. Les activités logistiques sont une composante essentielle de l’économie urbaine. En Région de Bruxelles-Capitale, ce secteur se concentre dans l’axe du canal, en complément des activités portuaires qui s’y maintiennent. Dès lors, les quartiers bordant le canal agissent comme un espace de concentration et de redistribution des flux de marchandises nécessaire à l’agglomération bruxelloise. Pourtant, cet espace subit une pression foncière et politique forte, poussant à une reconversion et une désindustrialisation, au profit de projets de logements, commerce ou bureaux. Ce mouvement risque d’avoir des conséquences négatives du point de vue de l’organisation logistique bruxelloise. Plus largement, il met en exergue les paradoxes et limites de la politique de développement territorial bruxelloise. Logistieke activiteiten zijn een essentiële component van de stedelijke economie. In het Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest is die sector geconcentreerd in de kanaalzone en complementair met de havenactiviteiten die aldaar worden uitgeoefend. Bijgevolg fungeren de wijken langs het kanaal als een ruimte waar de goederenstromen die noodzakelijk zijn voor de bevoorrading van de Brusselse agglomeratie, samenkomen en herverdeeld worden. Dat gebied is evenwel blootgesteld aan grote vastgoed- en politieke druk om het te reconverteren en te desindustrialiseren ten gunste van woon-, handels- of kantoorprojecten. Die beweging kan negatieve gevolgen hebben voor de organisatie van de logistiek in het Brussels Gewest en onderstreept in ruimere zin de paradoxen en grenzen van het Brussels beleid inzake territoriale ontwikkeling.

Máster en Ingeniería de Caminos, Canales y Puertos

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-28T16:55:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-01-28T17:02:08Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ISSN2178-6011-2014-17-02-10-19.pdf: 666101 bytes, checksum: 791d59c6a40f44577c423402732ea544 (MD5) Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as interfaces cimento/dentina e cimento/pino quando diferentes agentes cimentantes foram utilizados na cimentação de pinos de fibra de vidro. Material e Métodos: Trinta pré-molares humanos foram tratados endodonticamente e divididos em 3 grupos de acordo com o procedimento adesivo: Prime & Bond 2.1/Self Cure + Enforce, RelyX Unicem e RelyX Luting. Corante fluorescente Rodamina B foi incorporado aos agentes cimentantes para a cimentação dos pinos de fibra (Exacto, Angelus). Os dentes foram seccionados em três terços (apical, médio e coronário) e examinados ao microscópio confocal. Os dados foram submetidos aos testes Kappa, Kruskal-Wallis e Dunnet, a um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: O grupo Prime & Bond 2.1 / Self Cure + Enforce apresentou uma formação uniforme de tags na dentina, porém fendas na interface cimento/dentina. Os cimentos RelyX Unicem e RelyX Luting apresentaram uma interface adesiva com pequena quantidade de fendas, mas mostrou pequena formação de tags se comparados ao sistema Enforce. Todos os cimentos apresentaram o mesmo padrão de bolhas em seu interior. O cimento RelyX Luting apresentou grande quantidade de trincas em seu interior se comparado com os outros cimentos no terço coronário, enquanto nenhuma diferença foi observada entre os cimentos RelyX Unicem e Enforce. O cimento RelyX Luting a menor quantidade de penetração de cimento dentro do pino. Conclusão: Em geral, a qualidade das interfaces adesivas dos cimentos foi afetada pela localização e tipo de cimento. Objective: This confocal microscopy study evaluated the cement/dentin and cement/post interfaces along theroot canalwallswhenfiberglasspostswerebonded to dentin using different types of cements. Material & Methods: Thirty endodontically treated premolars were divided into 3 groups according to the adhesive materials used in the bonding procedure: Prime & Bond 2.1/Self Cure + Enforce, RelyX Unicem and RelyX Luting. Rhodamine B dye was incorporated in the luting materials for the cementation of the fiber glass posts (Exacto, Angelus) to dentin. Three transversal slices (apical, middle and coronal) were examined under confocal laser scanning microscopy. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kappa, Kruskal-Wallis and Dunnet tests, in a significance level of 5%. Results: The Prime & Bond 2.1/Self Cure + Enforce presented a uniform formation of tags in the dentin but gaps in the cement/dentin interface. The RelyX Unicem and RelyX Luting presented an adhesive interface with a fewer amount of gaps, but showed shorter tag formation than the Enforce system. All cements presented the same pattern of bubbles inside the cements. The RelyX Luting presented a greater amount of cracks inside the cement in comparison with the other cements in the coronal third, while no difference was observed between RelyX Unicem and Enforce. The RelyX Luting showed the lowest quantity of cement penetration into the post. Conclusion: In general, the quality of bonding interfaces of fiber posts luted to root canals was affected by both location and type of cement. Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, Aracatuba, RUA José Bonifácio, 1193, Vila Mendonça, CEP 16015-050, SP, Brasil Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Departamento de Materiais Odontológicos e Prótese, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, Aracatuba, RUA José Bonifácio, 1193, Vila Mendonça, CEP 16015-050, SP, Brasil Universidade de São Paulo, Department of Operative Dentistry – Endodontics and Dental Materials – Bauru School of Dentistry Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, Aracatuba, RUA José Bonifácio, 1193, Vila Mendonça, CEP 16015-050, SP, Brasil Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Departamento de Materiais Odontológicos e Prótese, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, Aracatuba, RUA José Bonifácio, 1193, Vila Mendonça, CEP 16015-050, SP, Brasil

El sueno del canal tiene raices antiguas en Nicaragua y constituye una parte central del imaginario de la nacion. El articulo presenta el actual proyecto canalero en el contexto de la historia nacional y articula algunas contradicciones que se imponen a primera vista. Primeramente, aunque este se presenta como la realizacion de un sueno nacional, seria la concrecion de una abusiva concesion que colocaria al pais en una situacion geopolitica complicada, fomentaria el distanciamiento con la Republica de Costa Rica, reviviria el autoritarismo del pasado y seria garantia de un desastre ambiental. Sin una discusion critica de las ventajas y riesgos y sin un avance en la cultura politica y participacion popular, los planes traeran graves consecuencias. En su forma actual, el proyecto no solo fallara en sus grandes promesas. En caso de ser realizado, representaria una amenaza al futuro del pais. Palabras clave: Nicaragua / canal / historia / soberania

This study focuses on field measurements of both the velocity and total suspended solids within a combined sewer through use of a two-dimensional sampler called Hydre. The paper begins by presenting this instrument and its experimental applications. The discussion centers on the recorded velocities and concentrations; moreover, analyses of results demonstrate the ability of this Hydre device to provide robust suspended solids and velocity profiles in sewers for a range of flow conditions.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]GEUSI; International audience; Estimating the response time of a canal is essential for the open-loop control of an irrigation canal since upstream flow releases must be anticipated to satisfy scheduled demands at irrigation outlets. The authors consider a flow release at the upstream end of a pool to satisfy a side withdrawal at its downstream end. When the flow is released, wave travel time causes the flow change to arrive sometime later downstream, and attenuation causes the flow to arrive gradually downstream such that the peak discharge is further delayed. A clear definition of this response time is proposed based on volume compensation. A linear approach is used to calculate the canal response to a flow release and a withdrawal and then the volume passing at the downstream end of the canal. The approach provides an analytical determination of the time of opening that ensures volume compensation. A practical method to derive this response time is proposed. It is illustrated for a canal for which different downstream boundary conditions are imposed.

During field studies of the vegetation in the canal network of the Hydro-System Danube-Tisa-Danube in Serbia, in 2008, 2011 and 2012, populations of Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray 1837 were recorded. Cabomba caroliniana was not previously recorded in the aquatic vegetation in Serbia. It is a popular aquarium plant native to South America (Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, and northeastern Argentina) and, according to some authors, to southeastern United States. It was introduced into the rest of the USA, Canada, Australia, Asia (China, Malaysia, India, Japan), and in many regions of its new range it is considered an invasive and noxious aquatic weed. In Europe, it was found in the United Kingdom (introduced to England), Belgium, the Netherlands, and Hungary. Newly recorded populations in Serbia are restricted to the canals in Bačka. Populations are established only on two localities (Mali Stapar and Odžaci). [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. III43002]

Las técnicas de estudio son un referente en la educación y a lo largo de todos los niveles educativos. Es interesante conocer los procesos cognitivos que intervienen en el desarrollo de tales destrezas para conseguir un progreso óptimo. La competencia en determinadas técnicas como el resumen, el esquema y los mapas conceptuales se transfiere a todas las áreas curriculares mejorando el nivel comprensivo del alumnado. El conocimiento de la memoria a corto y a largo plazo, los diferentes canales visual, auditivo y kinestésico así como el sentido de la práctica masiva y distribuida contribuirán a mejorar el rendimiento académico. The study techniques are a reference in the education and throughout all levels of education. It is interesting to know the cognitive processes involved in the development of such skills to achieve progress optimal. The competition in certain techniques such as the summary, the schema and the conceptual maps is transferred to all the curricular areas by improving the comprehensive level of the students.The knowledge of the memory in the short and in the long term, the different channels visual, auditory and kinestésico as well as the sense of the massive practice and distributed will contribute to improve the performance.

Grado en Ingeniería en Tecnologías Industriales

En el marco de un proyecto de recuperación de la raza Serrana de Teruel, se estudió la calidad de la canal de las categorías comerciales de ternero, añojo y cebón (los últimos castrados con 9 meses), con edades a sacrificio de 12, 22 y 22 meses, y pesos vivos de 470, 720 y 660 kg, respectivamente. Veinte terneros se sometieron a cebo convencional con paja y concentrado a voluntad, desde los 4 meses hasta el sacrificio, excepto entre los 15 y 20 meses, en que añojos y cebones recibieron ensilado de cebada a voluntad y 3 kg concentrado/animal/día. El primer año de vida, la ganancia de peso de los terneros fue de 1,5 kg/día; el segundo año, fue superior en añojos que en cebones (1,1 vs. 0,9 kg/día), como consecuencia de la castración. Las canales de los animales enteros presentaron mayor rendimiento y conformación, y menor engrasamiento que las de los cebones ya que la castración favoreció la deposición de grasa intramuscular. Según los resultados, la raza se encuadró entre las rústicas bovinas españolas. Se abren alternativas de producción como el cebón, susceptibles de acogerse a distintivos de calidad diferenciada, que deberían suponer un incentivo para la explotación de la Serrana de Teruel frente a otras razas, lo que garantizaría su conservación a largo plazo. The carcass quality from three commercial categories (yearling, bull and steer castrated at 9 months old) was studied within the framework of a recovery programme in the Serrana de Teruel breed. Ages at slaughter were 12, 22 and 22 months, and live-weights were 470, 720 and 660 kg, in yearling, bull and steer, respectively. Twenty calves were managed under a conventional feeding programme of ad libitum concentrate and straw from 4 months old to slaughter, except between 15 and 20 months old, in which bulls and steers received ad libitum barley silage as forage supplemented with 3 kg of concentrate/head/day. The gain during the first year of age was 1.5 kg/ day, whereas during the second year it was greater in bulls than in steers (1.1 vs. 0.9 kg/day), as a consequence of castration. Bull carcasses had greater dressing percentages and conformation scores and lower fatness degree than steers, confirming a castration-induced intramuscular fat deposition. Considering these results, Serrana de Teruel breed falls within the group of local Spanish bovine breeds. These studies should provide the conditions for a labelled beef product that allows the farmer's survival and the assurance of Serrana de Teruel breed conservation for a long term. Trabajo financiado por el proyecto INIA PET2007-05-C03-01 y fondos FEDER.

En: Doxa Comunicación : revista interdisciplinar de estudios de comunicación y ciencias sociales. ISSN 1696-019X n. XIII, 2011, pp 171-191 Los nuevos aportes tecnológicos y el desarrollo de la digitalización han hecho posible que hoy día exista una “amplia” gama de Canales Infantiles Politemáticos de televisión que se han convertido en una alternativa para los más pequeños. Con esta investigación, donde se estudian parámetros como el género y el formato, la publicidad y la autopromoción o la segmentación de edades y el curriculum escolar se muestra el panorama existente en España en cuanto a canales infantiles; para ello se ha diseñado una metodología de estudio basada en la triangulación de métodos científicos donde convergen diversas técnicas, lo que nos permite obtener una aproximación a la realidad de los Canales Infantiles Politemáticos.

Les ingénieurs ont progressivement acquis, dans la France du XVIIe siècle, un statut et des compétences recherchées par les princes étrangers. Leur mobilité est fréquente, qu’elle soit provoquée par des raisons conjoncturelles ou personnelles. Ainsi, Guillaume d’Orange, stathouder des Provinces-Unies puis roi d’Angleterre et ennemi de Louis XIV, va tenter de les attirer à son service. Jean Thomas, jeune huguenot formé à la cartographie, à la fortification, à l’hydrographie et à l’art du siège par le célèbre ingénieur de Louis XIV, Vauban, va-t-il réussir à faire carrière en Angleterre en monnayant ses savoirs, après avoir déserté pour conserver sa religion ? D’espérances en désillusions, il apprend à ses dépens que pour réussir et imposer ses talents de fortificateur, il doit obtenir des protections dans un pays qui a fait le choix de la défense maritime, et il ne pourra donner la mesure de son savoir-faire qu’en Irlande et à la fin de sa vie, dans la jeune colonie américaine de Géorgie. L’intérêt de la noblesse anglaise pour les savoirs techniques de la fortification à la française n’a pas permis à Jean Thomas de dépasser son statut de migrant français en Angleterre. In 17th century France engineers progressively achieved a status and skills sought by foreign princes. Either for personal reasons or because of circumstances they frequently moved abroad. Thus, William of Orange of the United Provinces then King of England and foe of Louis the XIVth endeavoured to attract them to his service. Could Jean Thomas, a young Huguenot trained in cartography, fortification, hydrography and the art of siege manage to make a career in England by making money of his skills after deserting to stick to his religion ? Torn between expectations and disappointments, he learnt at his own expenses that to be successful and to impose his talent for fortification he needed to secure protections in a country which had opted for maritime defence. The eventually showed the full extent of his skills only in Ireland and by the end of his life in the young American colony of Georgia. The interest of the English gentry for the technical skills of fortification « à la française » did not allow Jean Thomas to raise above his status of French migrant in England.

International audience; Apart from hydraulic systems linked to major perennial rivers (Orontes, Wadi Barada, Yarmuk, Wadi Zarqa), the control of water in the Near East passes by the exploitation of complementary seasonal resources: springs, water table, river floods, flash floods. It is particularly the case in the areas of contact between plains and mountains and in steppe transition zones. The water is managed through technical installations (springs capture, diversion dams, canals, cisterns, qanats, ...) which need to be understood within historically contingent situations. The results of three French fields research programs covering the area spreading from the Aleppo plateau to the Wadi Zarqa, Arid margins of central Syria survey (B. Geyer dir.), Hawran survey (F. Braemer dir.) and Water systems strategies around the Arabic desert from the antiquity (M. Mouton dir.) will be synthesised.

The performance achieved with both adaptive and non-adaptative Model Predictive Control (MPC) when applied to a pilot irrigation channel is evaluated. Several control structures are considered, corresponding to various degrees of centralization of sensor information, ranging from local upstream control of the different channel pools to multivariable control using only proximal pools, and centralized multivariable control relying on a global channel model. In addition to the non-adaptative version, an adaptive MPC algorithm based on redundantly estimated multiple models is considered and tested with and without feedforward of adjacent pool levels, both for upstream and downstream control. In order to establish a baseline, the results of upstream and local PID controllers are included for comparison. A systematic simulation study of the performances of these controllers, both for disturbance rejection and reference tracking is shown.