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Objectives: The objective of the study was to study the compressive strength of the partially replaced paper mill waste in cement. Methods/ Statistical analysis: The concrete cube specimen were prepared for compressive strength test. In this study, the cement has been replaced with 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% of hypo sludge. The specimens were cured for two different ages (7 days and 28 days) and tested for compressive strength. The quadratic polynomial prediction equation was proposed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The prediction model was developed using the experimental output results. Thus, the prediction model facilitates the further research work to be conducted by researchers on paper mill waste replacement. The rate analysis was also further carried out to show the cost effectiveness of using the waste replacement in cement. Findings: The test was conducted on the compressive strength (7 days and 28 days) of control specimen (0%) and partial replacement of 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% of cement using the hypo sludge. Thus, 20% replacement of cement using hypo sludge has shown good compressive strength than the control specimen. The cost of 20% paper mill waste was less when compared to the cost of control specimen. Novelty/ Applications: The compressive strength of 20% partial replacement of paper mill waste in cement can be used in further construction. The prediction model can be used to predict the future compressive strength of partially replaced paper mill waste concrete. Keywords: Ordinary Portland cement; Paper mill waste; Hypo sludge; Partial replacement; RSM

Does the materiality of a three-dimensional model have an effect on how this model operates in an exploratory way, how it prompts discovery of new mathematical results? Material mathematical models were produced and used during the second half of the nineteenth century, visualizing mathematical objects, such as curves and surfaces—and these were produced from a variety of materials: paper, cardboard, plaster, strings, wood. However, the question, whether their materiality influenced the status of these models—considered as exploratory, technical, or representational—was hardly touched upon. This article aims to approach this question by investigating two case studies: Beltrami’s paper models vs. Dyck’s plaster ones of the hyperbolic plane; and Chisini’s string models of braids vs. Artin’s and Moishezon’s algebraization of these braids. These two case studies indicate that materiality might have a decisive role in how the model was taken into account mathematically: either as an exploratory or rather as a technical or pedagogical object.

We present a metapopulation dynamic model for the diffusively-coupled rock-paper-scissors (RPS) game with mutation in scale-free hierarchical networks. We investigate how the RPS game changes by mutation in scale-free networks. Only the mutation from rock to scissors (R-to-S) occurs with rate μ. In the network, a node represents a patch where the RPS game is performed. RPS individuals migrate among nodes by diffusion. The dynamics are represented by the reaction-diffusion equations with the recursion formula. We study where and how species coexist or go extinct in the scale-free network. We numerically obtained the solutions for the metapopulation dynamics and derived the transition points. The results show that, with increasing mutation rate μ, the extinction of P species occurs and then the extinction of R species occurs, and finally only S species survives. Thus, the first and second dynamical phase transitions occur in the scale-free hierarchical network. We also show that the scaling law holds for the population dynamics which suggests that the transition points approach zero in the limit of infinite size.

Many complex physical systems exhibit a rich variety of discrete behavioural modes. Often, the system complexity limits the applicability of standard modelling tools. Hence, understanding the underlying physics of different behaviours and distinguishing between them is challenging. Although traditional machine learning techniques could predict and classify behaviour well, typically they do not provide any meaningful insight into the underlying physics of the system. In this paper we present a novel method for extracting physically meaningful clusters of discrete behaviour from limited experimental observations. This method obtains a set of physically plausible functions that both facilitate behavioural clustering and aid in system understanding. We demonstrate the approach on the V-shaped falling paper system, a new falling paper type system that exhibits four distinct behavioural modes depending on a few morphological parameters. Using just 49 experimental observations, the method discovered a set of candidate functions that distinguish behaviours with an error of 2.04%, while also aiding insight into the physical phenomena driving each behaviour. © 2019 Howison et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

There is demand from science funders, industry, and the public that science should become more risk-taking, more out-of-the-box, and more interdisciplinary. Is it possible to tell how interdisciplinary and out-of-the-box scientific papers are, or which papers are mainstream? Here we use the bibliographic coupling network, derived from all physics papers that were published in the Physical Review journals in the past century, to try to identify them as mainstream, out-of-the-box, or interdisciplinary. We show that the network clusters into scientific fields. The position of individual papers with respect to these clusters allows us to estimate their degree of mainstreamness or interdisciplinary. We show that over the past decades the fraction of mainstream papers increases, the fraction of out-of-the-box decreases, and the fraction of interdisciplinary papers remains constant. Studying the rewards of papers, we find that in terms of absolute citations, both, mainstream and interdisciplinary papers are rewarded. In the long run, mainstream papers perform less than interdisciplinary ones in terms of citation rates. We conclude that to avoid a trend towards mainstreamness a new incentive scheme is necessary., 12 pages, 9 figures

Research paper recommenders emerged over the last decade to ease finding publications relating to researchers' area of interest. The challenge was not just to provide researchers with very rich publications at any time, any place and in any form but to also offer the right publication to the right researcher in the right way. Several approaches exist in handling paper recommender systems. However, these approaches assumed the availability of the whole contents of the recommending papers to be freely accessible, which is not always true due to factors such as copyright restrictions. This paper presents a collaborative approach for research paper recommender system. By leveraging the advantages of collaborative filtering approach, we utilize the publicly available contextual metadata to infer the hidden associations that exist between research papers in order to personalize recommendations. The novelty of our proposed approach is that it provides personalized recommendations regardless of the research field and regardless of the user's expertise. Using a publicly available dataset, our proposed approach has recorded a significant improvement over other baseline methods in measuring both the overall performance and the ability to return relevant and useful publications at the top of the recommendation list.

Stochasticity plays an important role in the evolutionary dynamic of cyclic dominance within a finite population. To investigate the stochastic evolution process of the behaviour of bounded rational individuals, we model the Rock-Scissors-Paper (RSP) game as a finite, state dependent Quasi Birth and Death (QBD) process. We assume that bounded rational players can adjust their strategies by imitating the successful strategy according to the payoffs of the last round of the game and then analyse the limiting distribution of the QBD process for the game stochastic evolutionary dynamic. The numerical experiments results are exhibited as pseudo colour ternary heat maps. Comparisons of these diagrams shows that the convergence property of long run equilibrium of the RSP game in populations depends on population size and the parameter of the payoff matrix and noise factor. The long run equilibrium is asymptotically stable, neutrally stable and unstable respectively according to the normalised parameters in the payoff matrix. Moreover, the results show that the distribution probability becomes more concentrated with a larger population size. This indicates that increasing the population size also increases the convergence speed of the stochastic evolution process while simultaneously reducing the influence of the noise factor.

Background/Objectives: The paper is classified to analyze different Peak to Average Power Ratio techniques and centered on that the PTS method is used for finding the PAPR and BER value for different partition groups. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The PAPR reduction is done using MATLAB for different blocks in PTS technique based on different partition groups. Findings: The proposed PTS method reduces PAPR for higher partition groups by doing phase optimization to each sub blocks up to 2-3 dB at the cost of good BER performance. The results are shown by plotting CCDF and error rate performance of the system that are generated from the system using MATLAB. Applications/Improvements: The proposed method used for finding PAPR and BER, uses less iterations and for each sub block the phase optimization is done. Also, by increasing the number of subcarriers the PAPR performance will get better as compared to other techniques.

Moderate-to-severe psoriasis is associated with significant comorbidity, an impaired quality of life, and increased medical costs, including those associated with treatments. Systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analyses (MAs) of randomized clinical trials are considered two of the best approaches to the summarization of high-quality evidence. However, methodological bias can reduce the validity of conclusions from these types of studies and subsequently impair the quality of decision making. As co-authorship is among the most well-documented forms of research collaboration, the present study aimed to explore whether authors' collaboration methods might influence the methodological quality of SRs and MAs of psoriasis. Methodological quality was assessed by two raters who extracted information from full articles. After calculating total and per-item Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) scores, reviews were classified as low (0-4), medium (5-8), or high (9-11) quality. Article metadata and journal-related bibliometric indices were also obtained. A total of 741 authors from 520 different institutions and 32 countries published 220 reviews that were classified as high (17.2%), moderate (55%), or low (27.7%) methodological quality. The high methodological quality subnetwork was larger but had a lower connection density than the low and moderate methodological quality subnetworks; specifically, the former contained relatively fewer nodes (authors and reviews), reviews by authors, and collaborators per author. Furthermore, the high methodological quality subnetwork was highly compartmentalized, with several modules representing few poorly interconnected communities. In conclusion, structural differences in author-paper affiliation network may influence the methodological quality of SRs and MAs on psoriasis. As the author-paper affiliation network structure affects study quality in this research field, authors who maintain an appropriate balance between scientific quality and productivity are more likely to develop higher quality reviews.

Analysis contradicts previous work that showed little connection between grant-review scores and subsequent research outcomes.

Many results have been obtained when studying scientific papers citations databases in a network perspective. Articles can be ranked according to their current in-degree and their future popularity or citation counts can even be predicted. The dynamical properties of such networks and the observation of the time evolution of their nodes started more recently. This work adopts an evolutionary perspective and proposes an original algorithm for the construction of genealogical trees of scientific papers on the basis of their citation count evolution in time. The fitness of a paper now amounts to its in-degree growing trend and a "dying" paper will suddenly see this trend declining in time. It will give birth and be taken over by some of its most prevalent citing "offspring". Practically, this might be used to trace the successive published milestones of a research field., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Recently, there has been a growing emphasis on basic number processing competencies (such as the ability to judge which of two numbers is larger) and their role in predicting individual differences in school-relevant math achievement. Children's ability to compare both symbolic (e.g. Arabic numerals) and nonsymbolic (e.g. dot arrays) magnitudes has been found to correlate with their math achievement. The available evidence, however, has focused on computerized paradigms, which may not always be suitable for universal, quick application in the classroom. Furthermore, it is currently unclear whether both symbolic and nonsymbolic magnitude comparison are related to children's performance on tests of arithmetic competence and whether either of these factors relate to arithmetic achievement over and above other factors such as working memory and reading ability. In order to address these outstanding issues, we designed a quick (2 minute) paper-and-pencil tool to assess children's ability to compare symbolic and nonsymbolic numerical magnitudes and assessed the degree to which performance on this measure explains individual differences in achievement. Children were required to cross out the larger of two, single-digit numerical magnitudes under time constraints. Results from a group of 160 children from grades 1-3 revealed that both symbolic and nonsymbolic number comparison accuracy were related to individual differences in arithmetic achievement. However, only symbolic number comparison performance accounted for unique variance in arithmetic achievement. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed which include the use of this measure as a possible tool for identifying students at risk for future difficulties in mathematics. © 2013 Nosworthy et al.

It is very common in mathematics to construct surfaces by identifying the sides of a polygon together in pairs: For example, identifying opposite sides of a square yields a torus. In this article the construction is considered in the case where infinitely many pairs of segments around the boundary of the polygon are identified. The topological, metric, and complex structures of the resulting surfaces are discussed: In particular, a condition is given under which the surface has a global complex structure (i.e., is a Riemann surface). In this case, a modulus of continuity for a uniformizing map is given. The motivation for considering this construction comes from dynamical systems theory: If the modulus of continuity is uniform across a family of such constructions, each with an iteration defined on it, then it is possible to take limits in the family and hence to complete it. Such an application is briefly discussed.

We implemented three recently proposed approaches to the identification of overlapping and hierarchical substructures in graphs and applied the corresponding algorithms to a network of 492 information-science papers coupled via their cited sources. The thematic substructures obtained and overlaps produced by the three hierarchical cluster algorithms were compared to a content-based categorisation, which we based on the interpretation of titles and keywords. We defined sets of papers dealing with three topics located on different levels of aggregation: h-index, webometrics, and bibliometrics. We identified these topics with branches in the dendrograms produced by the three cluster algorithms and compared the overlapping topics they detected with one another and with the three pre-defined paper sets. We discuss the advantages and drawbacks of applying the three approaches to paper networks in research fields., Comment: 18 pages, 9 figures

Though the decoupling of displacement potentials in case of fibrereinfoced anisotropic elastic media is not possible in the general case, an attempt has been made to decouple the equation as a particular case. The assumptions made in this paper satisfy both set of equations formed by the displacement potentials, which is the main feature of the criticism made by Sarvajit Singh

IN paper chromatography, the RF value, or ratio of distance travelled by substance to the distance travelled by solvent front, is generally used as the criterion of identity. If two substances have the same RF values in two or more solvent systems, they are assumed to be identical. But although RF values are often quoted with great precision, experience shows that they are, at best, only a rough guide and should not be used as the sole means of identifying a substance.

FOR quantitative determinations of amino-acids separated on filter paper, it is often desirable that the spots should contain a larger quantity of substance than is as a rule possible to achieve with unaffected resolution. A one-dimensional technique in which the substance to be analysed is applied along a line across the paper has been described by Yanofsky, Wasserman and Bonner1. I have successfully applied the following two-dimensional technique for separating comparatively large quantities of amino-acids in bacterial hydrolysates.

IN the original publication by Consden, Gordon and Martin1 on the application of partition chromatography on filter paper to the separation of amino-acids, the positions of these acids were determined by spraying the whole of the paper with a 0 1 or 0·05 per cent solution of ninhydrin in butanol. This procedure appears to have been adopted by subsequent workers in spite of inherent objections to the use of butanol in a fine spray in more or less close proximity to the operator. To avoid this objection, and to determine whether this stage could be entirely eliminated, a series of 'runs' has been made in which the ninhydrin has been incorporated in the moving phase.

Background/Objective: Denim fabric is the most versatile dress material and acclaimed the most popular among the young generations due to its trendy looks. Since stone is being vastly used to improve the softness and comfort feeling along with fading effects, but bearing some problems. For instance, stone leads to deterioration of fabric strength, machine wear, and tear, grit deposition in the effluent plant, increasing labor cost to separate the stone powder from the pockets, and also harmful for the expensive laundry machine, etc. On the contrary, post-used rubber shoe soles are thrown or burnt which leads to ozone depletion. Therefore, this study was carried out to mitigate both the existing problems of stone washing and also this endeavor was done to find a suitable alternative of pumice stone. Methods: Washing was continued with both stones, collected rubber shoe sole against enzyme, acid, and bleaching agent. Eventually, washed garments have been tested and compared with the unwashed regular ones, based on visual appearance, degree of shade change, tensile strength, tear strength, abrasion resistance, and weight per unit area, and crimp interchange. Findings: Result reveals the satisfactory values, but the degree of shade changes against acid has poor value due to not having the absorption ability of potassium permanganate (KMnO4). Also, the result tellsthe noise intensity is much lower (68-72 dB) compared to stonewash (89- 90dB). Introducing the aforementioned alternative in denim washing, it shows the perfect results rather than stone one without compromising the trendy looks. Keywords: Denim fabric; garments washing; physical and mechanical properties; sustainability

Two entire literatures relating to research in mast cells and schistosomiasis have been found to differ in almost every respect.

PROF. C. V. BOYS'S puzzle (NATURE, June 9, p. 774) is a deal less puzzling (as he doubtless knows) if we begin it at the other end. Instead of making the long belt with its two loops which he describes, and then trying to reduce it to the well-known half-twist “double surface” (cf. e.g. Forsyth's “Differential Geometry,” p. 296) of double thickness, let us begin by laying two strips of paper one on the other; then with a half-twist bring the ends together, and fasten the corresponding ends each to each. Our half-twist will have brought one end of the lower strip into contact with the other end of the upper strip; and what we then obtain, on opening out, is the long loop (or “worble,” to use Maxwell's word) with its two curls, which Prof. Boys starts with. We have simply split into two sheets our original onesided, one-edged surface, and obtained a new bifacial surface thereby, precisely as Mr. B. M. Sen explains in his recent paper on “Double Surfaces” in the Proc. Lond. Math. Soc.

The brew temperature is widely considered a key parameter affecting the final quality of coffee, with a temperature near 93 °C often described as optimal. In particular, drip brewers that do not achieve a minimum brew temperature of 92 °C within a prescribed time period fail their certification. There is little empirical evidence in terms of rigorous sensory descriptive analysis or consumer preference testing, however, to support any particular range of brew temperatures. In this study, we drip-brewed coffee to specific brew strengths, as measured by total dissolved solids (TDS), and extraction yields, as measured by percent extraction (PE), spanning the range of the classic Coffee Brewing Control Chart. Three separate brew temperatures of 87 °C, 90 °C, or 93 °C were tested, adjusting the grind size and overall brew time as necessary to achieve the target TDS and PE. Although the TDS and PE both significantly affected the sensory profile of the coffee, surprisingly the brew temperature had no appreciable impact. We conclude that brew temperature should be considered as only one of several parameters that affect the extraction dynamics, and that ultimately the sensory profile is governed by differences in TDS and PE rather than the brew temperature, at least over the range of temperatures tested.

DR. WATSON has shown in his letter to NATURE of March 31 (p. 512) how the general methods of Maxwell and Boltzmann may be applied to the particular problem discussed by Prof. Burnside. He has also pointed out an error in Burnside's reasoning—namely, the non-introduction of the factor u − U + c?, whereby Burnside's conclusions at variance with the Maxwell-Boltzmann law of partition of energy are vitiated.

AN easy solution of the paper-band puzzle described by Prof. C. V. Boys in NATURE of June 9, p. 774, is obtained as follows: Hold the hand with thumb up and palm towards you; place the paper band over the index finger, letting the ends hang down. Observe which way the original four half-twists were applied. Treat the nearest of these to the index finger on the palm side of the hand as if it were that of an ordinary single half-twist band; which complete, by looping up one-half of the band over the finger (the other twists being pushed out of the way into the remaining half). Then apply the surfaces one upon another at the finger; and turn the other half of the band inside out so as to get rid of two of the twists. It will be found to fit exactly upon the first half, as required.