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This article correlates the results of three studies carried out between 2019 and 2022, on the situation of women in the context of the palm oil industry, water quality, and the dynamics of expansion of oil palm cultivation, with the period 2010-2020, in seven municipalities of the Northern Lowlands of Guatemala (Ixcán, Sayaxché, Chisec, Raxruhá, Fray Bartolomé de las Casas, Panzós and El Estor). The results of these analyses allow the authors to draw some conclusions that corroborate the complaints of local communities regarding the socio-environmental impacts of this monocrop. The article concludes with the need for the Guatemalan State to exercise its role as guarantor of human and environmental rights. At the same time, the international community must advance in approving regulations that ensure that transnational corporations observe "due diligence" throughout supply chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes in a comparative way how the availability or not of data on plantations, through updated national records, can affect the increase or decrease in the production of palm oil, a derivative of Elaeis guineensis. For which a correlational analysis is carried out between the variations presented in the production of palm oil in Ecuador, Colombia and Peru, during the last 20 years, to discover if there are connections or not, in order to determine if the neighboring countries are They are affected by bud rot and other oil palm pests in the same way as Ecuador. The Excel programs in their most recent version 2020 and Eviews 6.0 are used in order to make the connection and the regressive connection of the palm oil production of these three countries, finding that despite the geographical proximity in their plantations there is no between the growth rate of the countries. Which leads to the conclusion that it would be convenient to implement modern data analysis system, starting with a national registry for palm producers in Ecuador, since the falls in palm production have always been greater than in Colombia and Peru, which it does have a registration system or national plan for its development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the lubricating greases on the market are products based on mineral oil, which are finally discarded, generating great pollution in the environment; on the other hand, the vegetable oil used in cooking is almost always disposed of through a sink, a landfill or a sewer, without prior treatment, causing environmental problems as a consequence. The objective of this research was to obtain a lubricating bio-fat by reusing vegetable oil used in kitchens in frying processes. To carry out this research, sodium hydroxide was used to obtain the soap and recycled oil to carry out the saponification process and as a base oil to obtain the fat. In this investigation, eight different formulations were made, with variations in the amounts of NaOH and antifoam, finally a formulation was obtained, whose soap was formed by 40 ml of used oil plus 40 ml of sodium hydroxide and its base was 80%. of the same used oil, presented physicalchemical characteristics similar to commercial fats on the market. In conclusion, the obtained lubricating grease is a grade 2 grease, according to the National Institute of Lubricating Greases, it is a soft grease suitable for use in bearings, bearings and valves, which can be subjected to temperatures not exceeding 160 °C, where the presence of water is minimal, it can also be used in structures exposed to the air. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with three analytical issues central to the study of the worldwide expansion of palm oil plantations from a relational and historic standpoint, based on the process in Southeastern Chiapas. The author initially reflects on the pertinence of the notion of enclave in contexts in which this single-crop cultivation is carried out by small producers. She then shines a light on the case by reviewing the relationship between different kinds of peasantries and plantation systems in past and contemporary periods. Finally, she describes the apparent disconnect between social and environmental content expressed in recent collective actions sparked by single-crop farming in this area, reflecting about the importance of considering them in light of different scales and arenas of discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Amazônia, Organizações e Sustentabilidade (AOS) is the property of Amazon, Organizations & Sustainability - AOS / Amazônia, Organizações e Sustentabilidade (AOS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Geopolitica(s): Revista de Estudios Sobre Espacio y Poder is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lubricating greases are vital elements for proper operation and for extending the life of engines. At present, most of the lubricating greases on the market use mineral oil as base oil, which means that the disposal of these greases, after use, pollutes the environment, in addition to increasing prices, due to the increase in the prices of oil and its derivatives in the market generate a higher cost in the acquisition of these. The objective of this work was to obtain a lubricating biogrease for engines, from by-products of African palm oil. For this, was used sodium hydroxide to obtain sodium soaps and, as base oil, as by-products from palm were used: crude oil, Stearin or Olein; In addition, mineral oil was used as a control. Different formulations were obtained using combinations of the oils, both in obtaining soaps and in obtaining bio-greases. As conclusions, it can be stated that a lubricating bio-grease was obtained with a composition of 93% crude palm oil, 6% sodium hydroxide and 1% defoamer, which presented physicochemical characteristics similar to commercial lubricating greases. In addition, according to the classification of the National Institute of Lubricating Greases, it could be classified as grade 2 lubricating bio-grease, that is a soft grease suitable for use in bearings, and valves, which are not subjected to high pressures or loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The thousand peso palm tree (Oenocarpus bataua) is a promising species, both for its oil-rich fruits of excellent properties and for its unique adaptation to poor soils. Objective: Analyze the fatty acid profile and physicochemical properties of oil from the thousand peso palm tree. Materials and Methods: The physicochemical properties and the percentage of saturation ere found using AOAC techniques, and the fatty acid profile was analyzed by liquid gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Results: The oil analyzed had a fatty acid profile similar to olive oil, with the following percentage distribution of fatty acids: palmitic (11.9±1.1), oleic (76.1±1), linoleic (3±0.4), a-linolenic (1.9±0.3), with a predominance of monounsaturated fats (77.0±1.0%), moderate contribution of saturated (18.1±1.2%) and low polyunsaturated (4.9±0.6%). Only the polyunsaturated profile would constitute a limitation for use as a sole source of fat for food preparation, otherwise thousand peso palm oil complies with the Colombian standard for high oleic palm oil in terms of the fatty acid profile and its physicochemical characteristics. Conclusions: The oil studied is potentially marketable for human consumption and has cardiovascular health benefits for consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of CLIO América is the property of Universidad del Magdalena and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Ciencias de la Salud is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of CIRCULO de Linguistica Aplicada a la Comunicacion is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Antecedentes: la palma almendrón (Attalea nucifera H. Karst) es una especie nativa de Colombia con potencial de aprovechamiento sostenible en la obtención de ingredientes naturales y productos de alto valor. Objetivo: determinar el potencial bioeconómico del aceite obtenido del fruto de la palma almendrón Attalea n. Métodos: se realizó la recolección de frutos de palma almendrón Attalea n. en estado silvestre de un relicto de bosque húmedo tropical ubicado en la ciudad de Barrancabermeja - Colombia. Se aplicaron las técnicas de extracción mecánica y soxhelt para la extracción de aceite. Se determinó el porcentaje de rendimiento, las características fisicoquímicas y organolépticas, así como el perfil de ácidos grasos de los aceites extraídos mediante cromatografía líquida de gases con detector de ionización de llama (CGFID). Resultados: comparando las técnicas de extracción empleadas se obtuvo que, el rendimiento en la extracción mediante soxhelt fue de 32,6 % a diferencia del 12,2 % por extracción mecánica. Por otra parte, el tiempo de extracción (4 horas y 1,5 horas respectivamente) y uso de solvente (hexano) en la técnica soxhelt, marca una diferencia desde el punto vista sostenible de las técnicas. En relación con las características organolépticas se logró establecer que se presentan cambios en el color y apariencia según la técnica utilizada, conservando el olor ligeramente dulce en ambas. En cuanto a las propiedades fisicoquímicas determinadas se halló que según la técnica de extracción mecánica o soxhelt la densidad a 20 °C gr/cm3 es de 0,92 y 0,89; humedad (%) de 0,91 y 0,42; punto de fusión (°C) de 27 y 25; índice de refracción 25 °C de 1,5 y 1,5; índice de acidez (mg KOH/g) de 0,8 y 0,4; índice de peróxido índice (meq O2/kg) de 7,1 y 6,9; yodo (g/ 100 g) de 12,1 y 20,3; índice de saponificación (mg KOH/g) de 223 y 227, respectivamente. Conclusiones: las características fisicoquímicas y organolépticas del aceite extraído del fruto de la palma almendrón Attalea n. presenta un potencial bioeconómico para el aprovechamiento sostenible en la elaboración de detergentes, jabones, cosmética, grasas de repostería, entre otros. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú is the property of Sociedad Quimica del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction. The use of clays activated by chemical modification for the adsorption and removal of analytes in different matrices has opened a great window in the investigation of their potentialities in different fields from those that have already been studied, due to their excellent capacity of cation exchange and their great physicochemical properties. In this work the application of natural montmorillonite type clays (Mt-Na) activated by specific functionalizing agents is studied. Objective. Activate a Mt-Na type clay and use it in the bleaching process of crude palm oil, and for the removal of the indigo carmine dye used in the textile industry. Materials and methods. The clay was provided by the company Bentominercol S.A.S. (Líbano-Tolima). Crude palm oil was purchased from the Oleodavila palm plant in the Tumaco region (Nariño). The chemical reagents used are of analytical grade. The modified clay was characterized by X-rays, TGA thermal analysis, and FTIR infrared spectroscopy. Results. The bleaching of crude palm oil was achieved, obtaining a CB bleaching capacity of 96%. It was also used in the adsorption of the indigo carmine dye in a prepared water matrix contaminated with said dye, where the removal of up to 97% of said dye in water was achieved. Conclusions. Montmorillonite clays are a material that is easily modified or structurally functionalized, which allows obtaining new materials for technical and industrial application according to the results obtained in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil extraction plants demand large amount of water in their processes, generating wastewater, solid residuals and therefore negative environmental impact. The research objective was to evaluate the effectivity of aluminum polychloride (PAC) on contaminating parameter [Oxygen Chemical Demand (OCD), fats and oils (F and O), turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS) and volatile suspended solids (SSV)] removal from the wastewater effluent of OLEOFLORES´ biological treatment in Codazzi – Cesar. Composed sampling of wastewater and characterization were performed according to IDEAM Initial values for OCD, F and O, turbidity, TSS and VSS of 4111,20 mg.L-1, 737,26 mg.L-1, 939,33 NTU, 870 mg.L-1, 673,33 mg.L-1, respectively, were found. An optimal dose of 3963 mg.L-1 of PAC, removing 75,79%, 86,21% y 98,8%. Compared with Aluminum sulphate were the maximum removal rate for OCD, TSS and F and O were 34,14%, 11,88% y 85,64%, respectively. It is concluded that the PAC is an effective option for wastewater treatment, contributing to improve life quality of life for populations who benefit from water affected by effluents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú is the property of Sociedad Quimica del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Este artículo resume las impresiones del autor a partir de una visita a las instalaciones de la empresa Guaicaramo, ubicada en el piedemonte de los Llanos Orientales de Colombia. En particular, se presentan varios ejemplos de cómo la empresa ha incorporado elementos tecnológicos y de ingeniería en su proceso productivo, tanto agrícola como industrial. Adicionalmente, se explica cómo la empresa contribuye a generar bienestar y desarrollo sostenible en las comunidades aledañas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of osmotic dehydration and frying temperature on the color and fracture maximum force of yucca root slices, ICA-costeña variety, during deep-fat frying is studied. The yucca root slices were dehydrated in a solution of sodium chloride 3% (w/w). The dehydration process took four hours, the temperature was set to 30°C and the ratio sample/solution was set to 1/20. The frying was performed in palm oil at 140, 160 and 180°C for 240 seconds. The color was determined by Computational Vision and the fracture maximum force was measured in a texture analyzer Shimadzu EZ Test ®. It was found that the frying temperature had significant effect (p<0,05) on the color changes and the fracture maximum force of the yucca root slice. The osmotic dehydration, on the other hand, significantly affected (p<0,05) the fracture maximum force of the yucca root slice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to analyze the working conditions of rural young people who stand out among rural workers not only in quantitatively terms but in qualitative terms as well. Young people are the focus of capital interests because their physical and social conditions make them prone to be exploited in the current territorial expansion of the agro-hydro-business of flexible crops in Latin America (such as sugar cane, palm oil, and soy). This situation is exacerbated by the commodity export cycle and the production of agrofuels. In order to analyze this reality, we present data on the age composition of rural young workers involved in the production of sugarcane in the State of São Paulo (Brazil) and palm oil in the departments of Meta and Casanare (Colombia). The methodology of this project is based on the review of databases and interviews with workers and employees of companies that produce the mentioned products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palm oil is obtained from Elaeis guineensis, E. oleifera or the hybrid OxG palm fruits. When crude, it contains high carotenoid concentrations (responsible for the red color), tocopherols and tocotrienols, but most of them are eliminated during its refining. Palm oil main components are palmitic and oleic acids, both near 50%, but their proportion changes depending on the fraction used. Fatty acids absorption and the effect on blood lipid profile depend on the position in the triacylglycerol, especially in the sn-2 position. The location of the monounsaturated or saturated fatty acids varies depending on the type of palm oil or fraction used. We critically review the two main reviews published about palm oil, which analyze 67 publications, and several studies that are more recent. Most of the studies were performed in non-European countries where palm oil is the main culinary oil. The effect on cardiovascular risk factors depends on the fat used as counterpart. Palm oil improves lipid profile after a diet rich in trans and saturated fats, while it impairs lipid profile after a diet rich in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats. Relevant methodological errors have been identified, such as not differentiating between palm oil, palm kernel oil and their fractions, comparing single fatty acids with whole oils or fats, or not considering physical activity or other factors that can affect blood lipids. No studies considering palm oil as an ingredient in a Mediterranean diet context, where olive oil is the main culinary oil, were found, so extrapolation of data is currently very difficult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Perfiles Latinoamericanos is the property of FLACSO - Mexico (Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Palobra is the property of Universidad de Cartagena and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Roystonea regia oil is the raw material for obtaining D004, an active pharmaceutical ingredient used in the prevention and treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. This oil consists mainly of a mixture of fatty acids with a more than 40 % of unsaturates. The degradation of the latter generates a large number of compounds, which can cause changes in the organoleptic properties of the oil and affect its quality. Among these compounds, although the volatiles are those of lower concentration, they are those that greatly affect the aroma of the oil. Due to the lack of knowledge about the volatile compounds that could be generated by this degradation, samples of this oil were subjected to forced degradation: oxidation (hydrogen peroxide), photoxidation (UV light at 254 nm) and thermooxidation (80 ° C, 110 ° C and 185 ° C), the volatile compounds were determined by the headspace technique gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and their results were compared with that of an undegrated sample. It was determined that the thermo-oxidation at 110 ° C was the process that generated the largest amount of volatile compounds, in the studied extract, the presence of 2-hexenal, 2-heptenal, 2-hexanone, 2-heptanone, 2-heptene, toluene, octane, 1-pentanol and pentylfuran in the degraded oil were detected. It was found that the concentrations of some compounds present in the volatile fraction of the undegraded oil, such as pentanal, hexanal, heptane and octane, increased with the advance of degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of activated carbon from residual biomass generated in the production o f oil palm, fiber (F) and shell (C) was studied. The chemical activation was done using ZnCl2 and the adsorption capacity of methylene blue (AM) at different concentrations (50, 100, and 150 mg/L) was evaluated. Results showed a good development of pore with surface areas of 835.3 m 2/g for activated fiber (FA) and 575.1 m2/g for activated shell (CA). A good fit of the experimental data with the pseudo second order kinetic model and with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms models was found. In addition, maximum adsorption capacities of 763.4 and 724.6 mg/g for FA and CA were found, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultivation of palm oil has expanded quickly in Campeche under a model of small-scale peasant landholdings, with the intention of turning the state into the main producer of palm oil in Mexico. Campeche's territory has a high degree of biological conservation and the expansion of palm oil cultivation is controversial because of its environmental and social impacts. We present the case study of the ejido Independencia in order to explore the perspective of the peasants and the impacts generated by the palm oil plantations. In general, the peasants have a positive vision of palm oil as a source of income and employment, but they do not perceive that it has improved the living conditions of the community. The peasants perceive environmental benefits associated with the plantations of palm oil through the reforestation of plots and the recovery of biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Ciencia Política is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Frying conditions affect fatty acids proportion in fried foods. Objective: To determine the effect of frying conditions on fatty acid composition: saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and trans fatty acid in fried food and frying oils. Materials and methods: 22 food samples and their frying oils were collected in 4 restaurants, 4 coffee shops, and 3 street stalls placed at universities in Medellin, Colombia. Fatty acids composition was determined by gas chromatography after the frying. Oil composition was associated with frying conditions. Results: Palm oil was used in 7 places, soya oil in 2 and a mixture of vegetable oils was used In another 2 places. In fried potatoes, palm oil increased saturated fatty acid content and reduced polyunsaturated fatty acid content (p<0,05). Soya oil had a greater polyunsaturated and trans fatty acid content, and a lower saturated content (p=0,05), in all cases. In oils, saturated fatty acid were associated with present solids (p=0,03) and TFA were associated with hours/usage/day (p=0,02) and presences of solids (p=0,04). Frying conditions were inappropriate. Conclusion: Fatty acid distribution in fried potatoes depends of oil used for frying. Poor frying conditions affect saturated and trans fatty acid content in oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results on the development of new coatings and sealants for wood based on alkyd resins are presented. Indigenous castor and palm oils as well as used cooking oils were used to replace imported soybean oil in the synthesis of the resins. The products developed were characterized in terms of brightness, viscosity, adhesion to the substrate, thermal stability and drying times, under international and national standards, in order to determine similarity or changes with respect to commercial dupes. Is results indicate the possible inclusion of such raw materials, indigenous to the region, as an alternative for reducing costs, generating direct and indirect jobs and the incorporation of these vegetable oils of low commercial value in the production chain of wood coatings. Besides, added value is given to recovered frying oils by making them raw materials of commercial interest and minimizing their environmental impact on water ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, two new kinetic models for the palm oil transesterification with methanol, by using calcium oxide, are proposed. The first model, which includes the alcohol and the oil's adsorption on the catalyst, is carried out by the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanisms, while the second model only considers the alcohol adsorption on the solid, through the Eley-Rideal mechanisms. The Kinetic parameters were determined, by using the initial reaction rates method (t < 30 min), while the data taken for longer times (until 240 min) were used for the models validation. For the proposed models' deduction, it was studied the alcohol/oil molar ratio's variation effect (4.9-8.9), of the catalyst %w/w (0.3-0.7) and the temperature (328-338 K) on the reaction speed. The kinetic parameters were determined using the initial reaction rates method (t < 30 min), while the data taken for longer times (until 240 min) were used for models validation. It was found that the proposed models represent, an acceptable experimental data, according to the squared residuals' sum < 0.045. The models contribute to this catalytic system understanding, by introducing the adsorption/desorption concepts, on the reaction kinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results on the synthesis of alkyd resins from mixtures of castor oil, palm oil and frying oils with refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) soybean oil are presented. Iodine value, acidity number, saponification number, moisture content, hydroxyl number, gas chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis were used to characterize raw materials and products. It was found that mixtures containing 30, 50 and 70% by mass of these oils, balancing with RBD soybean oil, allow obtaining alkyd resins that comply with the quality criteria required for the development of finished products such as sealants and wood coatings. These results represent a technologically and economically feasible alternative for cost reduction by incorporating these crude oils in industries that produce polymeric resins or unsaturated polyester alkyd resins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tendencias: Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas is the property of Universidad de Narino, Facultad de Ciencias Economics y Administrativas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Palms (Arecaceae family), broadly spread in tropical and subtropical regions, have different uses. Although native or cultivated Arecaceae that grow in Cuba have been widely used as ornamental plants, they have been relatively poor studied. In light of these facts, the authors studied extraction yield, organoleptic characteristics and fatty acid composition of lipid fractions, extracted with hexane from dried and milled ripe fruits of three Arecaceae species cultivated in Cuba: Veitchia merrillii, Caryota urens and Wodyetia bifurcata. The three fractions were brown greenish (V. merrillii), brown reddish (C. urens) and yellow orange (W. bifurcata) semisolids with characteristic odor. Extraction yields of 3,8; 1,0 and 0,6 %; total fatty acids contents of 68,2; 58,4 and 59,1 %; and free fatty acids contents of 25,6; 5,5 and 11,3 % were found for V. merrillii, C. urens and W. bifurcata, respectively. The fatty acid composition, determined by gas chromatography, rendered that palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were the major compounds in extracts from the three species; while lauric and myristic acids were also major components in the fraction extracted from C. Urens. This study shows, for the first time, the extraction yield, organoleptic characteristics and fatty acid composition of lipid fractions, extracted from whole fruits of Veitchia merrillii, Caryota urens and Wodyetia bifurcate, harvested in Cuba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se presenta un resumen de un trabajo del grado científico de doctor en ciencias farmacéuticas acerca del desarrollo de un ingrediente farmacéutico activo de la palma real.

In the present study, the oxidative stability of palm oil biodiesel was evaluated under prolonged storage conditions, and in the presence of metallic and polymeric materials which are common both in storage and transportation of fuel, as well as motor vehicles. The stability was evaluated through the induction time, the acid value and the peroxide value. The first two parameters are regulated by national and international standards which regulate the quality of biodiesel. At the end of the 360 days of evaluation, it was found that the biodiesel exposed to copper had the greatest change in the parameters. At 20 days of storage, the biodiesel with copper presented an induction time of 2.63 hours, well below the biodiesel exposed to other materials (18 hours on average) and also below the limit value required by international standards (3 hours in the U.S. and 6 hours in Colombia and the European Union). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Biofuels were obtained by fast pyrolysis of palm oilwastes (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) in a free fall reactor. Previously, palm oil wastes were dried and sieved and then were fed to the reactor. As pyrolysis products, char, non-condensable gas and bio-oil, a condensed liquid composed by alcohols, carboxylic acids, alkanes and aromatics, were obtained. The experiments were carried out at temperature range 500-700°C. The highest bio-oil yield, 23.3%, was obtained at 600°C. The gas compositional analysis showed CO2 2,720%, H2 0,703 % , CH4 1,289%, CO 2,472 % and N2 for the non-condensable gas produced at 600°C. The highest gas yield was obtained at 700°C but bio-oil yield was 14.9%. Results indicate that temperature has an important effect on the product yields and composition. A future step will be an economical analysis in order to evaluate the possibility of using non-condensable gas as energy source for pyrolysis reactor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the irreversibilities of african palm oil extraction process, that takes place in a real extraction plant on San Alberto (Cesar), was estimated. This was done in order to identify the location and magnitude of the main sinks of exergy (related to the highest losses of useful energy) in the process by using the first and second law of thermodynamics; Besides, with the found results it is possible the implementation of future improvements at those stages in order to make more efficient the extraction process. The methodology undertaken was developed in 3 steps: First of all, 30.000 kg/h of fresh fruit bunches enter the process and they are submitted under pressure and temperature effects in the stages of sterilization, stripping or threshing, digestion, pressing, clarification and drying to obtain a total of 6.756 kg/h of extracted oil, it was simulated using Aspen Plus 2006.5™. After that, energy, entropy and exergy balances were done to estimate the irreversibilities through the process, equal to 993,1 GJ/h. Additionally, it was identified that pressing and digestion steps have the highest exergy losses with values of 388,7 and 225,7 GJ/h respectively. Subsequently, exergy efficiency was calculated for each stage in the process, in which drying with 99% and clarification with 97%, were the most outstanding results. Finally, the values obtained by the Gouy-Stodola theorem were compared with the results of the exergy balance, finding a high degree of accuracy between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large amounts of waste rich in lignin and hemicelullose named empty fruit brunch or "raquis" are produced during palm oil extraction process in Colombia. These waste products were a good substrate for growing of Pleurotus ostreatus in solid phase during 10 days of fermentation at 28°C. The aim of this study was to evaluate the enzymatic activity of laccase, manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase from the culture of Pleurotus ostreatus on the empty fruit brunch of palm oil with different particle size (2, 3 and 4 cm) and nitrogen source (NH4Cl and KNO3). The activity of lignin peroxidase was not detected in the substrate without supplement. On the other hand, the better conditions for laccase activity (7,42 U/L) was in the substrate without supplement and with particle size of 3 cm, and for manganese peroxidase (20,29 U/L) was in the substrate supplemented with ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) in carbon/nitrogen ratio of 20 and with particle size of 3 cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method is proposed for the purification of glycerin from palm oil biodiesel production to achieve the required standards, for use in applications non-requiring USP grade (United States Pharmacopoeia), particularly those defined by Colombian standards. A factorial design 2³ was used with the three variables: type of acid (phosphoric or sulfuric acid), quantity of methanol and pH. It was found that the treatment with sulfuric acid, 50% methanol and pH of 6 gave the best results, and requires an activated carbon bleaching to meet the required color. Refined and bleached glycerin obtained meets the requirements of glycerin type 2 grades 1 and 2 according to the Colombian standard NTC1274. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article shows the effect of three different biodiesel blended with diesel on the operation of an electric power plant by simulating power consumption in a small house. Three different loads were tested in the plant in order to evaluate specific fuel consumption (SFC), and gaseous emissions (CO, CO2, O2 and others gases). It used castor oil biodiesel (CO), as well as frying oil (UFO) and palm oil (P), mixed up with diesel in a ratio of 1:4 (B20), in binary and tertiary blends of biodiesel. It was found that the SFC of the motor is directly proportional to the load it receives, while the internal combustion engine is independent from the load imposed on the power plant. Nevertheless, it depends on the kind of fuel used. The mix of fuels that was able to minimize the SFC and the gaseous mixture was D80/P10/UFO10. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a methodology for decision-making based on deterministic and stochastic optimization models to design the network for the supply of palm oil and biodiesel in Colombia. It takes account of the projections of technology available to the transportation sector in scenarios of probabilities associated with the demand for biodiesel in each period of the planning horizon. A base scenario is used to determine the opening of bio-refineries, production plans, optimum flows of raw material and finished products through the network, and the percentage of demand met. This methodology is a flexible took that allows lines of action to be defined depending on the conditions of the supply network, supporting strategic and tactical decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to study some physical, chemical, nutritional and sensory of extruded snacks compounds of corn (90-100%) and taro (5-10%), enriched with partially refined palm oil as a functional ingredient. We tested three formulations of coverage, consisting of a mixture of oil and flavoring (cheddar cheese powder, salt, monosodium glutamate), and were added to the extruded using a homogenizer. The snacks were removed, packaged, sealed and stored at room temperature. The formulations showed significant differences in the content of tocopherols and beta-carotene with averages between 20 and 31 ppm in a-tocopherol, 1.6-4.9 ppm g-tocopherol, and 1.2-5.4 ppm in a-carotene. Extruded snacks 90% corn-10% taro covered with Formulation 2 was significantly more accepted in color and flavor (a = 0.05). Global preference of all formulations was catalogued as ¨good¨. Snacks coated with semi refined palm oil rich vitamin E and provitamin A, are considered as functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The oil extracted from the whole fruits of Cuban royal palm (Roystonea regia) could be used in the food or pharmaceutical industry for obtaining a new active ingredient; then, this study investigates the physicochemical characteristics and stability of this oil. Fatty acids composition was determined by gas chromatography and the other determinations by USP 27 official methods. Stability study was assessed in glass containers with rubber cap and aluminum seal, under climatic zone IV conditions (30 ± 2 ºC and 70 ± 5 % relative humidity) over two years. Relative density was between 0.874 and 0.970 g/mL, refractive index between 1.454 and 1.463, saponification value between 190.0 and 221.8, acid value between 5.2 and 26.4, iodine value between 47.8 and 55.8, and unsaponifiable matter content between 2.0 and 13.4 %. The fatty acids content was between 74.4 and 91.3 %. No significant variations were observed in physic, chemical and microbiological characteristics of the three oil batches studied over two years. In conclusion, some of the physical and chemical characteristics of the oil from R. regia whole fruits were determined. This oil is stable over two years in clear glass bottle with rubber cap and aluminum seal under climatic zone IV conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of BIOAGRO is the property of Revista BIOAGRO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the influence of certain variables of the process of deep fat frying on the lipid profile of the fat fraction of the potato type "french" (Solanum tuberosum) using palm oil. This marked the first fat fraction of both the processing type and the oil used, through the evaluation of various physicochemical parameters, using the method of AOAC and the Standard COVENIN. We identified variables that influenced the process during frying of potatoes, using an experimental design of type 3 * 2², evaluating factors such as the reuse of the matrix fat (1st, the 4th and the 8th fry), temperature (150° and 180 °C) and method of food peeling (chemical and manual), studying the content of polar compounds as an indicator of the deterioration of the fat present in the potato, finding that oil reuse and peeling method significantly influenced in a positive manner, and that the temperature has a negative influence on the absorption of polar compounds in potato chips (α: 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú is the property of Sociedad Quimica del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)