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During its fifty-five years of history, the flagship journal of the scientific society SEDOPTICA has, together with its members, witnessed the transformation of a country. In this article we analyse how values such as equality between men and women have been reflected in the magazine over this time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Spanish Optical Society was founded in 1968. Its constitution is the culmination of a long process whose foundations emerged in the twenties and thirties of the twentieth century and whose immediate predecessor was the creation of the Spanish Committee of Optics (CEO) in 1950. An international institution, the International Commission of Optics (ICO), served as a guide and reference; and a national institution, the Institute of Optics "Daza de Valdés", was the state promoter who led the process from the re-foundation of the Spanish Committee of Optics in 1958. The most singular aspect of this development is that international integration set the pace of national construction. However, contrary to what happened in other branches of Spanish science at that time, the Spanish optical community did not act as a mere periphery but actively shaped the international community of the ICO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work the dynamics of solitary waves in optics is reported. The dynamics of these structures is governed by the nonlinear Schrödinger’s general equation. Particle-like behavior is shown, due to the interaction of dispersion and nonlinearity expressed in the nonlinear dependence on the refractive index of the optical medium. The solitons obtained are propagated in an optical fiber without altering their shape and speed and therefore can be considered as a natural means to transmit information or energy without significant losses. Their stability properties depend on the speed of solitonic waves which, in the case of nonlinear dark waves, or bubbles are subsonic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses pseudoscientific ideas regarding the influence of the Moon on our planet. To do so, a study is made of whether and how high school and higher education physics textbooks deal with the influence of the Moon's gravity on Earth. A sample of 17 High School physics textbooks and 17 textbooks used in science and engineering courses (13 in Physics, 2 in Optics and 2 in Astronomy) from different years of publication are used for the analysis. The results reveal that these books pay little attention to topics related to the physics of the Moon and its influence on our planet, as well as a decontextualized approach to the teaching of Physics. This is followed by a proposal for a correct introduction to basic aspects of the Moon's physics (gravitation, tides, luminosity) that refutes the Moon's supposed influences on living things. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recomposition of a ray of white light, initially decomposed by a prism, by using another identical prism and inverted with respect to the former is impossible and, however, many (bibliographic and internet) sources usually present this supposed experiment as a demonstration of easy execution and unquestionable result. This article shows the use of different optical elements to recompose a ray of white light, previously decomposed by a prism. All the materials employed can be easily acquired and assembled, which allows the use of these experiments when discussing refraction and reflection of light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to analyze the role of prescribers of eyeglasses in 19th- and 20th-century Mexico City, their origins, and how they attended the city's residents. It addresses little-studied aspects of this visual aid resource like the diversity of models, their origins, and availability. The personnel devoted to this trade were "opticians" of foreign nationality who received clients in independent physical spaces, some for only short periods. The variety of ophthalmic spectacles available was limited, and their characteristics show mostly ordinary types with few more refined prescriptions. In addition, limited models of dark lenses were offered in public establishments called "haberdasheries". Another type was protective eyewear, but all were of foreign origin. The use of glasses was limited to people who required excellent visual acuity and protection to carry out their activities and had the economic capacity to purchase them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Liber de crepusculis by Gerard of Cremona (1114-1187) is the Latin version of a lost text written by cadi Ibn Mu'ādh al-Jayyānī about the calculation of the height of the atmosphere, a question related to issues of 'ilm al-tawqīt (timekeeping). This paper presents the Arabic textual tradition of this optics problem and the two main textual branches that have transmitted Ibn Mu'ādh's lost Arabic text: 1) the Latin branch: Gerard of Cremona's De crepusculis and 2) the Hebrew branch: the translation by Samuel ben Judah of Marseille. The paper concludes that Gerard of Cremona's alterations to the text during the translation process were made for sociolinguistic reasons and it discusses the methodological relevance of using the concept of necessitas et utilitas to better understand the translation process, which must be viewed not just as a linguistic matter arising out Latin scholars' need to expand learning and knowledge in the late Middle Ages, but also as a complex process, comprising both cultural and linguistic elements, that linked two languages, Arabic and Latin, but also separated two cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 70's decade, Cujae has been a pioneer institution in the field of optics research in Cuba. Some faculties and departments of this university have developed research projects on the field. Many of its affiliates are former or current members of the Cuban Physics Society, which is celebrating its 40th anniversary this year. In this scenario, the main achievements of Cujae in the optics field are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Practical teaching experiments on optical Doppler effect are not a simple task, not only by the design but also because the experiment itself have many issues. The main problem is to produce a smooth movement of the light source, for little imperfections, of the order of the wavelength, result in important noises in the final measurements. Using a rotating mirror in which the incident beam is reflected in both the receding and the advancing parts of its surface, allows to minimize noise problems as well as mechanical deviations. The laboratory practice described in this paper can be constructed using low cost parts that are usually found in student laboratories. We also propose some questions and problems to help the teaching to work out this matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Celebrating the designation of 2015 as the International Year of Light and Light-based Technologies, an overview of the research in the field of optics in Cuba is presented. The main results achieved in the institutions that have done research in the field of optics in the country are described and put into an historical context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of an infrared focal plane array camera (IRFPA) in terms of image sharpness is conditioned on the sophisticated manufacturing process of its sensor stage. That is, it is hard to build photo detectors with exactly the same response of electrical signal. This problem is known as "non-uniformity" in IR technology and it manifests itself as superimposed grid in the output image of the camera, termed as fixed pattern noise (FPN). This noise emerges since the weak electric signals from the detectors must undergo a high gain amplifier stage, thus magnifying their differences notoriously at the exit of the camera. To address this problem, the detector is characterized as a linear model with two parameters (gain and offset). To find these parameters and counteract this inequality we propose an algorithm based on a nonlinear digital filter extended from a simple yet consistent experimentally verified theoretical development of the standard method of Constant Statistics (CS). We demonstrate that the new filter compares favorably with CS standard, in terms of convergence speed and therefore prompt fading of ghosting artifact or "ghosting". Parameters of the proposed algorithm were adjusted and when it was tested with synthesized and real infrared video, high levels of correction was achieved, notoriously decreasing the non-uniformity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a simple construction model of the human eye to be used to teach the technique of direct ophthalmoscopy to medical students. The model facilitates the learning process and contributes to the training of physicians adequately prepared to diagnose problems that can lead to blindness, allowing rapid referral of patients to specialized services. Here we discuss some basic aspects of the human eye optics and direct ophthalmoscope as well as its use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Fourier transform provides a physical link with optical theory. This work presents a simple relationship but valuable academically, between the diffraction of light through a long slit under the Fraunhofer criteria and possibilities of its complementary analysis using imaging processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the behavior of the diffraction efficiency (DE) and the phase conjugation reflectivity (PCR) of speckle patterns generated by plastic optical fibers and recorded in BSO photorefractive crystals by two and four wave-mixing arrangements is analyzed. As a first step, an experimental technique which allows demonstrating that a speckle pattern produced by a plastic optical fiber transporting laser radiation of 532nm has a Gaussian behavior is implemented, which in turn, allows modifying the average dimensions of a speckle grain by changing slightly the output pupil aperture used to obtain subjective speckle. Throughout the analysis of diffracted and phase conjugated images, estimations of diffraction efficiency and phase conjugation reflectivity were calculated, which allowed identifying their dependence with the speckle size in a non-constant modulation condition. Experimental results were compared with a simplified model where both the modulation and the speckle size change simultaneously and, very good results were observed. The behavior of the DE and PCR presented in this work are very useful in the implementation of holographic speckle metrology arrangements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, ultra short laser pulses (110 fs, 1 kHz; up to 1.1 mJ/pulse) were used for micromachining steel samples. Processing with ultra-short laser pulses allowed achieving circular micro holes, with precise measurements and no significant chemical or mechanical disruption of adjacent areas. The helical drilling optics system by TGSW-Stuttgart is used to generate the holes. This system allowed producing high aspect ratio and complex structures with variable diameter throughout the hole. To did this, up to three processing parameters may be changed at the same time (beam rotation speed, angle and of the beam) and during the processing. We study the influence of the laser wavelength on the holes geometry. Specific optics for both the fundamental (λ = 790nm) and second harmonic wavelength (λ = 395nm) were used to microstructure steel, comparing the results. From the study we can conclude that there aren't advantage when using the second harmonic. Weaknesses in the experimental device had been detected, to find the solution at this topics allow precisely evaluate the influence of wavelength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to determine the degree in quality, stated in terms of interactivity and usability, of websites from Spanish franchises in the field of Optics & Optometrics. For this purpose, all the existing bibliography was checked and the concept of interactivity and usability in websites was also defined. Besides, a series of indicators to set up parameters which could measure the level of interactivity were established. The objective public for the franchise firm was outlined and hence the analysis of websites of firms from the Optic & Optometrist sector carried out. The techniques of analysis used were those which limit observation to a single moment in time with the aim of describing the present situation. The objective was to determine whether the websites are being designed, and therefore used, as corporate catalogues or else, they favour the participation of possible users (customers, current franchisers and potential franchise-holders) thus establishing a feed-back process by means of which the addressees play an active role. As a final conclusion, the hypothesis of the research is corroborated and it can be stated that websites of franchises from the sector Optics & Optometrics are not designed offering a high degree in interactivity and accesibility in communication through Internet with their different objective publics. The possible advantages of the Internet are wasted by a low level of interaction. Our research team is in favour of a higher interactivity level which corresponds to that in which a marketing and communication strategy of the franchise may offer added value of the brand and could let the contributions of customers, franchisers and potential franchise holders be taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For ten months we have undertaken an action-exhibition at the Science Park of Granada. In the "Window on Science", the exhibition What the eye does not see has tried to show the public aspects of optics related to the limits of human vision and scientific advances that have enabled it to overcome these limits. It was an educational, informative and interactive activity, which has sought to encourage reflection on the visitor. The main objective of this study is to analyze the experience, asking whether experiences like this help to promote scientific culture of citizenship. To perform its evaluation a survey has been applied to a sample of visitors whose results show that over 90% think to have learned from it and consider it as funny. Likewise, when we asked they qualify it, they did so with an average of 9 out of 10. For the experience and the results obtained, we believe that activities like this are of interest and should be strengthened as a valid way for the popularization of science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an experimental prototype set for learning optics. The prototypes were developed with materials affordable and easy acquisition, improved their designs, validated by experts and tested in the classroom for their valuation. They recreated a methodology based on "building" and processes that improves the achievement of the students, showing their relevance and effectiveness for the teaching of optics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study a tripartite system made up of a two-level atom and two leaky QED (quantum electrodynamical) cavities, prepared in coherentes states in the dispersive regime, generalizing [Phys. Rev. A.59, 3918 (1999)] which examines the interaction of an atom with a single cavity. We consider an experimental setup in which the atom interacts succesively with an inital high-Q cavity, a Ramsey zone and a final high-Q cavity. We compute the dynamical evolution of the total system and the concurrences of the three different two-qubit subsistems, varying the cavity mean-photon numbers and the dissipation rates. The entanglement transfer is different from zero, regardless the dissipation rate or the average photon number, unless the flight time is large as compared to the photon lifetime or it is equal to very specific instants of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical radiation is increasingly applied in the treatment and diagnosis of different pathologies and it has been extended to different fields of medicine. One of the most important aspects in order to fully understand the interaction of the light with tissues is their correct optical characterization. In those cases where the power density of the incident light is sufficiently high (as in Photodynamic Therapy), it is also needed the knowledge of the thermal properties of the tissue because the temperature rise could be significant and it could play a role in the therapeutic effects of the treatment. The thermal penetration depth of human blood has been measured applying the diffusion approximation of the radiative transfer equation. The results and the experimental setup are presented and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we studied the main conditions for the Plasmas generation air, copper and aluminum, using a laser Nd: YAG pulsed with wavelength 1064 nm with a pulse of 500 mJ Energy and 9 ns duration at a repetition rate of 10 Hz. Through spectroscopy, we have analyzed Optical Emission lines Spectral emission, which were obtained by varying the Atmospheric pressure. Emissivity to High pressure is greater because of the confinement of the plasma and Increasing collisions between different species, in the case Plasma in the air we compared the data obtained from each Wavelength due to each transition and electronic state of Ionization with wavelengths characteristic of each Element reported by the database of the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Fresnel zone plates are described suitably with the help of the classic theory of the diffraction; in this particular case when a plane wave illuminates a certain type of bicomponent optical system, consisting of plane screens with circular apertures on a given optical axis, a multifocal diffractive focusing effect can appear; this configuration allows to obtain small regions with much intensity, here the diffraction picture in the focal planes represents the circular nonlocal bands of the Fresnel zones with a bright narrow peak at the center. In this article a detailed description of the working principle of the Fresnel zone plates and general equation for the Fresnel zonal plate diffraction is derived within the framework of the fractional Fourier transform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. To investigate the relation between contrast sensitivity and hole higher-order aberrations, coma-like and spherical-like aberrations by optimized laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Material and methods. Prospective, longitudinal, controlled clinical study. In 38 eyes of 22 consecutive patients undergoing optimized LASIK with mean age 27.6 ± 6.22 years. The preoperative refraction was - 3.2487 D ± 1.1287. Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and hole higher-order aberrations (RMSh), coma-like (RMS 3) and spherical-like aberrations (RMS 4) were determined before and one month after surgery. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Pearson correlation were applied. Results. One week after surgery, contrast sensitivity significantly decreased at spatial frequencies from 6 to 18 cyc/deg ( p < 0.05 ) and all contrast sensitivity levels returned to pre-LASIK levels one month after surgery, except 18 cyc/deg. There was a negative correlation at 6 cyc/deg between changes in coma-like aberration and contrast sensitivity and at 3, 18 cyc/deg between spherical-like aberration and contrast sensitivity. Conclusions. There is a negative correlation between coma-like, spherical-like aberrations and contrast sensitivity by LASIK optimized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental setup for the fabrication of optical waveguides by means of ion exchange process is developed and the planar optical waveguides by the different controllable parameters in the fabrication process are obtained. Additionally, an experimental setup for the optics characterization of waveguides is developed, that allows accomplish semi-automated measurements of different angular position values of the propagation modes. An interface in Delphi 6.0 for the IWKB ( Inverse Wentzel Kramers Brillouin ) program is developed, that allows the determination of the refractive index profiles of waveguides fabricated. As result of the developed processings, the technological letters of fabrication process for the different parameters of waveguides are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work shows the characterization for polarized Light microscopic of a sets of samples from Coveñas, Moñitos, Los Cordobas, San Bernardo del viento and San Antero beaches. The results indicate that the first three beaches are rich in quartz and fedelpast, while the San Bernardo's beach is composed basically for minerals concerning to the group of the Pyroxene, in addition to, the San Antero's beaches that are rich in minerals of the group of the Calcite, furthermore, in it's found a high content of organic impurities. The morphologic, morphometric and morphoscopi of the samples also were studied. The determinations of the minerals constitute the different beaches that can be important for future technological and researching applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work we study the optical properties of the ternary compound CuInSe2 and CuGaSe2 using the DFT and FP-LAPW method. These materials are important to have applications in non lineal optics in the construction of infrared detectors and solar cells polycrystalline based on thin films of high efficiency and low cost where are used like active layer. Therefore, it is important to know so much theoretical as experimentally their optic properties (complex dielectric tensor, complex refraction index and absorption coefficient). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the macroscopic formalism of the Kerr Effect, the magneto-optical (MO) response of (Cox/Pdx)n and (Cox/Ptx)n multilayers was simulated while varying x (monolayer thickness) and n its periodicity . Later the MO response of the same multilayers was simulated with Pd and Pt cov-ers. With the variation of those parameters the MO effects Faraday-Kerr transition (TF-K) is ob-served. It is shown a TF-K surface as a function of those parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

a retrospective is made, where it is shown that the ondulatory mechanics elements World be insinuated by William Hamilton in the XIX century. He obtained a set of equations from the unifying of optical and dynamics laws, that could be used to describe the wave movement and the particle one. From his findings, it is deduced equal that the light rays are substituted by the concept of waves in optics, the particle trajectories must be substituted by ondulatory movement in mechanics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The behavior of a flowing viscoelástico Maxwelliano is studied through a Porous media one (MP). In first instance the solution of the problem of the flow of Poiseuille is presented for a flowing stationary newtoniano using a group of capillary tubes as MP, finding the permeability of the MP. Later is solved the problem for a flowing dependent Maxwelliano of the time through a MP, generalizing the permeability concept to the dynamic case and analyzing the behavior of the dynamic permeability in function of the frequency, that which will allow to analyze the human heart frecuency from this optics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A preliminary study of the reflected light spectrum of coffee berries in different stages of development was made, in order to get spectral information for the design of Automatic Artificial Vision Systems with color response, applicable to the coffee agroindustry. In this work, the normalized spectrum of the light reflected by coffee fruits of different ripeness stages are presented, observing typically that the unripe fruits spectrum present maximum peaks between 560 nm and 610 nm, and the ripe ones between 610 nm and 650 nm. On the other hand, it was observed that the unripe and ripening berries presented fluorescence in the neighborhood of 685 nm, whereas the ripe, overripe and dry ones did not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the nature of the polarized light, has allowed the development of classical and modern theories of great interest, in the technological systems, in addition to being able to study other phenomena from the states of polarization of the light. In this work the notation due to P. A. Dirac for the description of the polarization states is used, showing the analogies with the electromagnetic theory, and the obtaining of the parameters of Stokes and its relations with the correlation matrix, with the aim to establish the important relations between polarization and coherence. An experimental procedure sets out to establish these correspondences and some of its implications, in addition to a form to generate mutually exclusives states in a same system and the results of the variation of the coherence within this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work we conducted a qualitative analysis of the effect of fluoroaluminate and fluoroindate glasses upon the lanthanide ion Er3+, and particularly the behavior of the 4I15/2 → ²H11/2 and 4I15/2 → 4H11/2 bands, corresponding to hypersensitive transitions in the optical spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The equilateral hyperbolic zone plates (EHZP) of fixed and variable focal length, who exhibit cross focal shaped pattern, are elements used in far distance transversal detection systems, among others. Nevertheless, the shape that can be achieve with this diffractive systems, is affected by the out of focus produced when data is taken from planes at distances different to the focal distance, In this work we study how the focal pattern of a fixed focal length EHZP varies and how the precision in the measure of the displacement is affected, in planes close to the focal length of the EHPZ. With this we pretend to determine the out of focus sensibility of this elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The circularly symmetric Laguerre Gaussian (L-G) laser modes have generated great interest in recent years because they possess an orbital angular momentum of ihl per photon in addition to the spin angular momentum associated to the polarization state of the beam, where part of the experimental efforts have focused to obtaining them. In this work, we have used the Fourier optics formalism to describe an optics system known as "π/2 astigmatic mode converter" a practical method of getting L-G laser modes from the more usual Hermite Gaussian (H-G) laser modes. The system consists in two aligned cylindrical lenses with opposite orientations, and we also have simulated the effect of the converter over an H-G laser mode (m = 1, n = 0), (m = 0, n = 1) having the lens as Fourier transformed, obtaining functional relations whose intensity pattern seem like those corresponding L-G. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The determination of transect size is of great importance in the projects where Remote Sensing techniques are used. In these projects the covered areas are generally widespread and the cost of the fieldwork must be balanced with the total cost of the project. The optimal transect size to supervise remote sensing techniques is determined in the present work. For this, the complex relationship between the vegetation of semi-arid with reflectance and space resolution of TM/Landsat images was considered . The information of six field campaigns in a large region of the Brazilian northeast was used. Once the type of vegetal cover which better explains the values of reflectance of the images was determined, the optimal transect size of the fieldwork was specified. It allows to obtain reliable data to supervise remote sensing techniques. At a first stage, it was determined that the total and arboreal vegetal cover explains better the values of reflectance in the visible spectral images. Although the correlations are not high, they are consistent for change detection in the visible range. Using the Pearson-Hartley graphics of Power of F Test, it was specified that 45 m would be the minimum length of transect. This size would allow to obtain excellent data from the vegetation of Caatingas abertas (shrub steppes) up to Caatingas arboreas (dry forest). Based on this and the size of pixels of the images, the sampling with transects of 50 m with north-south direction was recommended. This size and direction will allow to obtain data of the land with 80% of probability of representing a TM/Landsat pixel value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A system of experimental methods and computer programs for X-Ray diffraction analysis is presented. The most important cases occurring in practice are considered. Program MARIA for spectral analysis is described. The external standard method for powder analysis is presented. Program STANDEXT calculates the sample absorption coefficient, the concentrations and standard deviations by a least squares method. For the case of partly identified samples, the internal standard method is developed. All measured peak are considered in the calculations. Program STANDINT solves the concentrations of the identified phases, their errors and the sample's absorption coefficient. A modification is introduced in the so-called direct method for massive sample analysis. The effect of texture is characterized by model representation of the inverse pole figure associated to the sample diffracting surface. Program DIREC is proposed for fitting texture- modulated theoretical diffraction patterns to experimental ones, thus calculating phase concentrations and corresponding errors. Examples are given in some applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this text, the work done in a postgraduate seminar for secondary school teachers is analyzed During this seminar a detailed study of the original article of Newton (1672) on color optics was undertaken. This study allowed an analysis of actual epistemological problems on the production of scientific knowledge, a reflection on the role of history in science teaching and a comparison between the newtonian development of color optics and the presentation of the same subject in modern teaching texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this report we developed software that it adds primary optical aberrations to imported images by user. The software funtionality is achieved by means of the implementation of the library JAI (Java Advanced Imaging). The program's operation is simple and visually nice. The user chooses the percentages of participation of aberrations that will accompany the original image and equally the user could improve the quality of original image by mean of the modification of shine and contrast. From optical view point, the software simulates a lens with choosed aberrations that it operates on imported image, taken as the object, and it can to deliver images around the best focus plane. The aberrations are induced by by the addition of phases wi th definied shapes (these phases can be visualized by the user), to the phase of the imported image. An online tutorial has been constructed about the software's operation and the optical aberrations theory from the diffraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discurre sobre la investigación del esparcimiento de dipalmitoil-fosfatidilcolina (DPPC), una capa de moléculas fosfolípidas, utilizando varias técnicas ópticas. Los autores comentan sobre el diseño del sistema experimental, el cual incluye la deposición de DPPC en una superficie acuosa.

El artículo presenta información relacionada con la Conferencia Internacional de Óptica, Fotónica y Fotociencias, la cual tuvo lugar el 15 al 17 de octubre de 2014 en Cuba.

El artículo anuncia que un grupo de científicos en el campo de óptica y fotónica de la Universidad de La Habana en Cuba ha ganado el Premio de La Comisión Internacional de Óptica (ICO).

Se presenta información sobre la Reunión Internacional Óptica, Vida y Patrimonio, llevada a cabo del 27 al 30 de septiembre de 2004 en La Habana, Cuba. Los temas abordados incluyeron instrumentación óptica en la biomedicina, óptica en las ciencias de la vida y óptica arqueológica.