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El articulo discute sobre las importantes implicaciones económicas y arquitectónicas de albergar importantes eventos deportivos como los Juegos Olímpicos y la Copa del Mundo. Tambien se destaca sobre los desafíos de gestionar los costos y reutilizar la infraestructura después del evento, La importancia de los modelos de gestión sostenible y la tendencia hacia la utilización de la infraestructura.

It is pertinent to highlight the positive impact that digital platforms have on the sale of beauty products; Digitalization has revolutionized this sector and will continue to do so in the future. The research seeks to analyze how social networks have influenced the purchasing and consumption behavior of beauty products between 2020 and 2023, a period marked by the pandemic and the rise of e-commerce. It is a mixed, observational, non-experimental, retrospective, longitudinal study, which includes the analysis of a questionnaire using a Google forms, which was developed with the objective of assessing the adaptation to the new modality of the sales of these products, in addition from an interview conducted with coordinators of the different beauty product distribution companies. The questionnaire was answered by 77 people, and among the conclusions, it was seen that the economic impact on this group of people was mostly positive, and the social network that had the greatest adaptation was WhatsApp. The interview with the sales coordination of the beauty products distributor YANBAL concluded that at the beginning of the pandemic there was a negative impact, but the market was managed to stabilize, and they are betting on their own distribution networks for their regular customers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Smartphones provide immediate access to information, and nursing students consider them essential tools. However, the addiction to these devices is increasing. Objective: To identify smartphone addiction among nursing students. Methodology: A descriptive correlational study was conducted using the stratified random sampling method. The sample size was calculated based on a confidence level of 0.05, with 90% power, and a median effect size of 0.09. The study included 149 nursing students. Results: The component "Smartphone use, abuse, and addiction" correlated negatively with the component "Personality traits" (rs = -0.228; p = 0.005); the component "Smartphone use, abuse, and addiction" correlated positively with the component "Financial spending" (rs = 0.376; p = 0.001). Conclusion: Smartphone use is high. Understanding the extent of this phenomenon can aid in de- veloping effective strategies to prevent smartphone addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tax influence on sports prediction establishments in the city of Portoviejo is dated as a fun-damental and functional element, which addresses the relationship between businesses and local tax collections. Within this study, the activities of sports forecasting establishments will be car-ried out where they are directly impacted by tax revenues in the city. From that point, the relationships between the tax rates that are applied within the estab-lishments and the resulting financial contribution will be analyzed. However, the communities' perceptions of the presence of businesses and their impacts on local economies are explored. This research seeks to provide the comprehensive version of the tax dynamics associated with sports forecasting establishments in the city of Portoviejo, in order to inform future fiscal policies or their strategic decisions. A study of the impact of taxes on sports betting centers in the city of Portoviejo is pre-sented, in the form of a detailed analysis of the integration of these companies with local tax collection. Facilities of this type, focused on sports betting, are not only an important part of the city's commercial fabric, but play an important role in generating tax revenue. Understanding the dynamics between tax rates and the financial stability of gambling or-ganizations is important because it can have a direct impact on business owners' strategic decisions and local tax policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the relationship between the services sector and Ecuadorian economic growth using cointegration and causality econometric techniques from 1990-2018. The results indicate that services as a whole, particularly trade and transportation, positively impact economic growth in the long run. However, in the short term, services as a whole have a negative effect, which may be explained by the continuous deterioration of their productivity. Meanwhile, there is a causality effect ranging from trade to economic growth, and from GDP per capita to services as a whole and transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The large group of small mining entrepreneurs from the different reales de minas of the Guanajuato district in the second half of the 18th century, was characterized by its intermittent industrial activity due to different economic and sociopolitical factors. The factor with the greatest incidence in the exploitation of its mines was the lack of capital to denounce mines and extract metals on a small scale. However, the identification and knowledge, still fragmentary, both of its trajectory and that of its mines, reveal that small-scale mining was practiced by individuals with different profiles, who in multiple cases showed their ability to resolve the problems implied by their activity. This allows us to deduce that the intermittency, although it was another of the factors that had a negative impact on mineral extraction, did not prevent the efforts of successive small miners from giving results that must be resized. Proof of this are some of the underground and exterior works they carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change leads to an increase in the frequency, duration and intensity of climate risks. Rising temperatures and heat waves constitute the climatic risk that causes the most deaths in Europe. More and more economic and natural implications are also being identified. Municipalities must guarantee a fair and equitable socio-ecological transition in urban centers through adaptation. Nature-based Solutions (NbS) can facilitate this and several European cities are already applying them. However, smaller municipalities may be left behind. The literature identifies different incentives and barriers during the phases of adaptation policy making. The research objective of this paper is to determine the perception that technical and political managers have of this climate risk, the level of adaptation through NbS of the municipalities and the incentives and barriers that may arise in the Costa Brava Region. To do this this, seven public officials from different municipalities of Cap de Creus (Alt Empordà, Catalonia) have been interviewed. The analysis has been carried out with a mixed triangulation methodology. The main results indicate that the risk studied is not perceived as being of great concern. NbS are adaptation measures that are little known by municipalities but relevant measures in the adaption process. New incentives and barriers not identified in the literature have also emerged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to present the cost analysis of the production of an embryo by follicular oocyte aspiration technique, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, considering the time measurement of the activities that comprise the processes of the embryo transfer program in the coffee triangle of Colombia. Based on qualitative research, with a descriptive, exploratory and correlational approach, 16 Gyr breed donors, without hormone treatment, were aspired, 47 bovine recipients were transferred, and the times used in the activities, the times of the embryo transfer process were measured, besides the production costs were calculated with an average of 4.8 transferable embryos per donor and with 2 ovum pick up sessions by month per donor. The production cost of the embryo transferred and confirmed is given at 90 days of pregnancy. For the producer, the major cost of the program is the maintenance of the recipients until pregnancy is achieved, which is the most important economic factor, contrary to what happens in superovulation schemes, in which the highest cost is represented by the donor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mexico and South Korea have progressed in their commercial affairs since they began diplomatic relations in 1962. Currently, the possibility of negotiating a free trade agreement between both economies is being raised. The objective of this research is to evaluate the potential effects of such a trade agreement for both countries. For this, indexes of commercial intensity, revealed comparative advantages, complementarity, and commercial similarity are used. The results show that these two countries have intensified their trade relations, turning Mexico into South Korea's main trading partner in Latin America and giving rise to a complementary trade structure with advantages for Mexico in the trade of mineral fuels, lubricants, machinery, and transport equipment. Also, an asymmetry was found in the tariff rates that could generate commercial advantages, especially for Mexico in the primary sector in case of the signing of a free trade agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A computable general equilibrium model of Argentina was adapted to analyze the impact of the Covid-19 pandemia on the economy and to assess the mitigating effects of anticyclical policies. The simulations are consistent with the observed performance of GDP, unemployment and social welfare. The anticyclical program is effective in reducing the short term adverse impact on several economic and social indicators, particularly, on social welfare. But over the medium and long term, smaller capital accumulation and sovereign indebtment imply lower growth and welfare. A sustainable fiscal policy -that stabilizes the debt-GDP ratio-allows the economy to, through higher investment and employment creation recover the base scenario levels (only) after 10 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent global trends show high levels of households' indebtedness in developed and emerging economies. This paper proposes a method applicable in those economies where a household financial survey and interest rate caps exist. The method applies to the country with the most indebted households in Latin America, Chile. The results state that: (i) the same debt threshold does not apply to all households as variables such as income affect it; (ii) the debt threshold increases with households' income level; (iii) the presence of mortgage debt increases the debt thresholds; (iv) Chilean households overindebted are more than a quarter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El articulo discute sobre la migración venezolana en América Latina, destacando su impacto en los países receptores y en los propios migrantes. El articulo discute cifras de migración, condiciones de vulnerabilidad, integración socioeconómica, contribución económica y los retos y oportunidades asociados con este fenómeno.

This paper aims to estimate the economic impact of the Buenos Aires Tango Festival 2019, Argentina. For this, the effects method is used, which includes direct, indirect and induced effects. In addition, some indicators are proposed and calculated to account for the relative impact of the event. The data was collected through an own survey carried out in person. The results show that the 2019 edition left nearly USD 680 million in the city's recreational and commercial circuit, equivalent to 0.6% of the annual production of the City of Buenos Aires. In addition, more than USD 100 million constituted a genuine foreign exchange income for the country. It is concluded, then, that the event generated a strongly positive economic impact in 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper identifies key research on the factors that help to explain university dropout and how these factors are being explored by means of artificial intelligence (AI). The study describes the methodology employed to select 31 papers from a repository of 2,745 reported in the literature. The analysis centered on the main AI methods used and four categories of explanatory factors of university dropout: academic factors; factors associated with motivation and study habits; institutional factors; and economic and sociodemographic factors. The conclusion drawn from this literature review is that AI is most commonly used for decision tree-based classification, and most studies focus on predicting university dropout on the basis of explanatory factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public administration is conceptualized as the set of actions carried out by state entities, at different levels of government, for the achievement of purposes, objectives and goals framed in government policies, using appropriate means and decision mechanisms for the allocation and Correct distribution of public resources for the welfare of the population. In recent decades, it has been part of the political agenda due to the phenomenon of corruption, due to the directing of resources to satisfy the personal interests of public officials, hindering equal access to essential goods and services, mainly affecting life, health and other important rights of citizens. The objective of this article is to understand corruption in public administration and the impact it generates on political, economic and social development, in the Peruvian context. A retrospective study was carried out based on a systematic review of research on the subject, whose results show corruption as the use of public resources of the State for private benefit, generating political, economic and social repercussions, violating human rights, to the detriment of the social development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study proposed to estimate the carbon equivalent (CO2e) generated by livestock activity in the Amazon piedmont and how it relates to economic benefits. Profitability indicators (such as net present value, benefit-cost ratio and single rate of return) were calculated and CO2e emissions from operational, administrative and marketing activities were estimated for a sample of 60 farms located in the Colombian Amazon piedmont. Cluster analysis was used as a multivariate technique to determine typologies according to the socioeconomic characteristics of producers and production levels of the farms. An econometric model was proposed to find the marginal CO2e emission attributed to utility generation, whose theoretical and statistical validity used the maximum likelihood estimator and hypothesis testing of means. Two types of farms were found according to economic and environmental factors: simple accumulation livestock systems and subsistence livestock systems. The impact of livestock activity on the environment is observable through the carbon footprint: for each million pesos generated in profits, 0.033 Mg of CO2e are emitted, while for each cattle introduced, 1.337 Mg of CO2e are emitted. A carbon footprint of 3.1 Mg CO2e.ha-1 was estimated for the farms. These data provide environmental and economic indicators for the assessment of sustainability and show the impact of livestock activity on the emission of greenhouse gases, which has led to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the theories around the constitutionalization of the right to work in comparison to the prevailing economic model in Colombia, which has caused a detriment to the fundamental and constitutional nature of such prerogative. The methodology used is based on a documentary and bibliographic review of the current implications of the economic model for the purpose of identifying whether workers' rights are being undermined and whether labor relations are being distorted. The results indicate the violation of the right to work and the failure to comply with the promises enshrined in the 1991 Political Constitution, given the validity of substantially earlier norms that are contrary to it. It is concluded that there is no labor statute that is in line with the new forms of contracting and the technological advances in the different workforces, which leads to civil and commercial contracting1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Business Judgment Rule (BJR) is a rule developed by the case law of the American courts that establishes that judges will respect directors' business decisions, as long as they made an informed decision, in the best interest of the company and without violating the law or breaching their fiduciary duties. This paper reviews the application of the BJR in Colombia and the unsuccessful bills presented on this matter. In addition, it aims to analyze the economic implications of its adoption and, through a qualitative methodology and from a law and economics perspective, demonstrates its significant macroeconomic and microeconomic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pandemic resulting from the onset of COVID-19 was largely a health emergency. However, it also had a direct legal, economic and social impact. In the legal sphere, one of its main effects was the resurgence of the doctrine of rebus sic stantibus as a mechanism for modifying contractual relationships. The present paper discusses whether the rebus clause can be invoked for judicial relationships that have already been debated, settled and subjected to a ruling. In other words, it analyses the clash between the rebus clause and the effectiveness of the res judicata of legal rulings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low back pain is one of the most common problems in the general population, and it is estimated that almost everyone will experience an episode of low back pain during their lifetime. The management of acute low back pain is a health problem that causes significant costs not only in terms of medical resources but also in terms of absenteeism from work. Different alternatives to the management of low back pain have been proposed to reduce the risk of chronification, and its social, occupational and economic impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nomograms are instruments that facilitate the interpretation of numerical calculation, based on the graphic representation of equations with a practical level of precision. This article aims to show the nomogram called Graphic of State of Rationality, conceived by the authors and its use, for classifying the degree of rationality of the use of vehicles. The Nomogram allows simplifying the practical and periodic evaluation of vehicles. In the investigation, the analysis of lease fleets was carried out according to several criteria. The fleet was segmented in homogeneous blocks according to the car model, the season and the time in exploitation. Finally, it was defined that the influence on the negative economic impact of the inactive time of vehicles is greater than that the time out of service, which is contrary to the generally accepted criteria in which, maintenance is the fundamental cause of irrationality in the use of vehicles and indicates the need of decision -making associated with the operations function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The confrontation to the epidemic of COVID-19 had a negative economic impact in the world, what generated an increment of the expenses and costs in the health sector of Santiago de Cuba province. Objective: To describe the economic impact of the COVID-19 in the sanitary sector of Santiago de Cuba during a year. Methods: A descriptive and prospective study was carried out in Santiago de Cuba province in the year 2021, for which the day-patient, budgetary expenses, average salary, total costs of a day-patient and unitary costs of a day-patient variables were analyzed. Results: The investigation revealed an increment in the expenses and its effect in the economy of the sanitary sector in 2021. When analyzing the expenses for departures, a higher significance was determined in those of medications, with 59.0 % of the total, what represented a growth of the unitary costs in comparison with the published standards. Conclusions: The expenses of the sanitary sector in this province contributed to control the propagation of COVID-19, to avoid the over expense for the introduction of vaccines, and allowed the decrease of the infection indexes. Also, the increment of the costs was evidenced in the different activity levels between 3 and 29 times more than the standardized costs of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to investigate how the economic impact of the Olmeca refinery occurs in the municipality of Paraíso, Tabasco and understand the importance of refineries to be able to process crude oil so that it can be converted into gasoline, gas and oil, being the most important fuels due to the use that is given to it in our daily lives, remembering that oil is not only used for those three products mentioned above, but it is also used for the production of plastics, polyethylene, heating and a host of other products. Documentary research, searching Google Scholar, Science Direct, Research Gate, ScieELO, on the official website of the Mexican government and renowned newspapers such as Milenio, El Financiero, finding more than 18 articles that supported the development of this research. Governments, by having more refineries, seek to expand their crude oil refinancing capacity to reduce dependence on gasoline imports and have an impact on the high volatility of its prices in the national market. The project of a new refinery impacts the municipality, and especially the country in economic matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the need and urgency brought about by the COVID-19 health crisis, governments closed the doors of educational institutions as a measure to mitigate the effects of the pandemic, thus affecting 94% of students worldwide (UNESCO, 2020). Therefore, according to the WHO, teachers, administrators, and students should continue to acquire knowledge and skills despite the pandemic, but now virtually to protect themselves from the school risks they face, so that they can acquire knowledge safely and effectively. The present study aims to know the economic position of accounting students in the Academic Division of Economic-Administrative Sciences during the transition from face-to-face to virtual education in the face of the pandemic in the period from June to October 2020, with the purpose that the teacher can adopt good practices to ensure the good school performance of students. The study is descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective and analytical. Surveys were applied to university students, 47% of the population were female and 53% were male. The results show that 98% of the students had access to technology, although only 66% were able to use it without problems, such as lack of internet, poor signal, electricity, among others. It is concluded that among the economic implications that the epidemic imposes on home conditions is that many students have limited access to wifi and must take their lessons through their mobile devices or cell phones using data consumption, in some cases, the service does not reach their homes, which limits good communication. That is why for teachers and educational institutions it is a great challenge, since they must use all the ingenuity and creativity to have learning methodologies that enhance the quality of students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay describes the impact of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (eclac) of Prebisch and company, in economic studies in the region, which were very dominated by the neoclassical approach. Then, it points out that the program of transformations that was deduced from the eclac ideology failed due to the quasi-disappearance of those who should have been its driving social agents (classes). It summarizes the impact of neoliberalism: high exploitation, high waste, and stagnation. And it examines the contributions of the new eclac, those that recover the critical edge and relevance of the classic eclac. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. In this document, the performance of the following social and economic sustainability factors is evaluated: "non-compliant" proportion generated by worker fatigue, sound intensity level, lighting level penalty, makespan time and direct labor costs. Objective. In this sense, it seeks to achieve balanced management at a multi-objective level of the sustainability factors, when carrying out the sequencing of a manufacturing process of "non-standardized goods". Materials and methods. This is how two multi-objective methodologies are developed and compared. The first refers to a hybrid algorithm; while the second corresponds to an algorithm based on the determination of weighted sums. Results. When comparing the minimum values detected in relation to the various factors of interest, it is found that such values are significantly lower, when the "first method" is compared to the "second method". Likewise, from the perspective of the C-Metric parameter, "method one" obtains a value that exceeds the performance of "method two" by 567 %. It is determined that "method one" has the ability to find a high diversity of "non-dominated" solutions. Conclusions. Given the case that priority is given to the implementation of short process times, it is essential to complement such decision with criteria of a social nature, seeking to guarantee the reduction of exposure to certain occupational risks. Additionally, this study should integrate future concepts of system dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Among the factors that affect the competitiveness of the sugar sector, there are common elements that can be observed in the transformation processes of the agroindustry in other countries, in one way or another, whose identification and analysis is useful in the process of rescuing the Cuban value chain. Objective: Identify elements necessary for the recovery of the sugar agroindustry, making case studies of the sugarcane agroindustries in countries with significant participation in the international market in recent years. Materials and methods: Different sources describing changes in both production volume and international sugar market share are reviewed, fundamental facts are exposed and internal and external factors that influenced the different scenarios are discussed. Results and Discussion: Based on the analysis of the production volume between 1995 and 2019, two groups were formed: the first, with three island countries displaced from the international sugar market in relatively short periods of time, and the other, with current leaders in the production and export of sugar worldwide, identifying the factors present in both processes. Conclusions: The contribution of scientific entities, the national industry, sources of financing and the government have been decisive in strengthening the sugar value chain, while the lack of agro-industrial diversification and consensus in the search for solutions to risks have cause the deterioration and disappearance of the sector in specific conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El articulo discute sobre el aumento de los ciberataques y su impacto económico y la falta de conciencia y preparación adecuada de las organizaciones. El articulo también se destaca la preparación adecuada por parte de las organizaciones y la alta dirección, la percepción de los riesgos cibernéticos y la adopción de mejores prácticas en las organizaciones.

In Mexico, Technical professional education has transformed its graduation profile for almost two decades, going from offering training for work with a terminal character to adopting the baccalaureate, enabling the transition to higher education. The transformations of the academic and curricular model have brought about a change in the student profile that has been little studied up to now. Due to the above, the present work provides relevant evidence from the study of the educational and labor expectations of students about to graduate from Conalep. The main finding identified is that the expectations towards higher education are a generalized desire, regardless of the family context and economic situation. In this sense, family and economic factors exert a major influence that limits the realization of said life project. These two factors condition the decision to opt for work and not follow the vocational effect of careers. Likewise, the study provides evidence of the vocational strength towards work the Training Model holds in the Conalep System. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intense and long-term exploitation of mining equipment causes wear, deterioration and breakdown of all its parts; Under Cuba's economic conditions, replacement by new equipment is not always feasible, that is why technical professionals Is requiered by the creative and inventive capacity. This work proposes a procedure for the replacement of damaged parts in transport front loaders dedicated to nickel mining. For this, actions of mechanical design and welding are interrelated. The floors and floors of the cubes of this equipment were replaced for their start-up in ore extraction and debris collection tasks, which contributes of obtaining favorable economic and import reductions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We deal with a study of the impact, in the area of the isthmus of Tehuantepec influenced by Eolic projects, by evaluating the criteria of the ejidatarios (owners of small farms). For evaluating the impact a survey was developed using two-stage cluster sampling, without replacement an equal probabilities in each stage. The information was obtained by designing a questionnaire with a Likert scale, considering opinions on approving the impacts in environment, social and economic. An agreement index (IA) was constructed using the responses. IA was computed taking as reference the extreme and mean values, weighting was used by considering that responders with high qualifications (close to 10) have a high agreement; respondent with low punctuations express the contrary. The inferences are developed using point and interval estimations, after deducing approximate expressions of the error and its estimator. The estimations are analyzed for guiding the decision makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that Logistics services, custody and dispensing have been automated for assistance services, aimed at promoting pharmaceutical intervention in treatments. Topic include demand presented by the new biotechnological drugs, in terms of safety and efficacy control, and efficient management due to the high economic impact; and the pharmacotherapeutic needs of patients treated in aimed at achieving an appropriate, safe and cost-effective use of medicines and medical devices.

Banks have been dragging a diffuse and unreliable image for years since the economic and financial crisis of 2009. All this, together with the pandemic suffered since March 2020, makes it even more difficult. Banks play a very important role in reducing the negative economic impact that the pandemic has caused to both individuals and companies. In this framework, banks must look for new communication channels and digital processes to favor the management of their customers and make life more comfortable. All this will result in an improvement of their confidence and corporate image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

And the future of democracy and the search for the consolidation of the right State, implies debating the effectiveness of human rights in times of crisis, wars and pandemics, which represents the greatest challenge that we currently face as a global society, above all. little development of public policies and the lack of a general direction aimed at alleviating the suffering of people, as a consequence of the economic imbalance, the unjust distribution of wealth, and the inequalities generated by globalization and the errors that converged the advent and installation of the neoliberal economic model; this is despite the fact that, to a large extent, human rights have become fundamental rights, due to their constitutionalization and full recognition in the majority of Western constitutions. Therefore, during a crisis, and especially from a derivative of SARS-CoV2, called COVID-19, considered by the World Health Organization - WHO, as a pandemic, it is important to address the repercussions that have had on the effects of Globalization in their constitutions and in their institutions, especially in the catalog of human rights, as some human rights have passed to form part of positive rights, they do not imply, as Ferrajoli denounces: "la misma democracy", but en cambio, if it necessarily implies el derecho. This decision mentioned by Ferrajoli has had a deep analysis in recent times, and has brought about structural reforms to modern constitutional ones, mainly to the fundamental rights and their laws and guarantee procedures, which has implied a new constitutional order, more the demands of a global world, and above all, the recommendations of the United Nations Organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact on economic activity due to the confinement and temporary closure decreed to non-essential companies by COVID-19 caused a differentiated impact by gender in Sonoran MSMEs. Objective: To describe the economic impact of the COVID-19 contingency in Sonoran MSMEs, identifying differences by gender. Methodology: Relational, comparative, cross-sectional exploratory study using unstructured survey and interview techniques, simple random sampling method, sample size 107 of businesspersons and women from the formal sector in Sonora. For data processing, the SPSS version 25 Program was used. Limitations: Since the survey was applied during confinement by COVID-19, business chambers were asked to provide support to answer it, registering a lower participation by municipalities. Results: That are more significant correlations were found for women entrepreneurs than for men in: jobs generated, income level, dismissal of workers and essential activity, as well as the problems caused by COVID-19. Conclusion: Evidence was found that for women entrepreneurs MSMEs in Sonora, the effect of the pandemic is greater than for men in these types of companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different parameters that affect the territorial planning with photovoltaic systems are valued, the behavior of the solar potential of each municipality is included, highlighting those that meet the best conditions to install a photovoltaic power plant. The economic and environmental impact is evaluated, information on the maximum and minimum potential of each territory is presented, in addition to the behavior of the angle of inclination and the technical performance of the technology, the energy, economic and environmental efficiency in different connection modes is analyzed, the technical elements that must be considered in the project of assembly and installation of the technology are proposed, In addition to the risks to which these facilities are subjected to ensure an adequate efficiency of use of the solar resource, the losses in the processes of distribution and transportation of electricity are assessed, expressing the elements that influence and determine the levels of efficiency in the use of the energy generated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigated the causes that lead university students to abandon their careers as well as the reasons that would drive their return. With the application of the Net Promoter Score (NPS) metric, it was found that 301 (69.95 %) of the 551 students who left the institution did not return. The economic factor (56.8 %), the academic organization (20 %) and health (13.6 %) were identified as the main causes of student dropout. Students would be willing to return if better technological platforms were implemented (27.2 %), if tuition and enrollment costs were reduced (31.8 %), and if a job bank were made available (27.3 %). Promoter (23.6 %), passive (34.9 %) and detractor (41.5 %) students were identified; the promoters are those who are willing to recommend the educational institution and at the other extreme are the detractors who are capable of harming the image of the institution. In conclusion, the intention to return to their studies depends on the type of student. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antecedentes: la infección por Trypanosoma vivax es hoy endémica en ganaderías del trópico bajo americano asociada a transmisión por tábanos. Nuestro equipo estableció recientemente la prevalencia de parasitemia en fincas del departamento del Caquetá y se confirmó su condición de endemicidad de carácter subclínico y ocurrencias esporádicas de brotes epidémicos. Objetivo: usar modelos econométricos estructurales para estimar el impacto de la tripanosomosis en Caquetá‚ con un enfoque de cadenas de valor y los métodos del Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs). Métodos: las simulaciones usaron los datos locales de prevalencia del estudio transversal y las conductas de productores a partir de un ejercicio de epidemiología participativa. Se simuló pérdidas directas (visibles e invisibles) e indirectas (esfuerzos para el control‚ otros gastos e ingresos no percibidos). Las pérdidas directas se calcularon usando datos de estudios previos sobre la enfermedad en la región. El modelo se extrapoló para estratos de finca; y sistemas de producción‚ atendiendo la población existente en el departamento en 2018. Resultados: la simulación consideró dos escenarios; ocurrencia endémica subclínica caracterizada por disminuciones en la ganancia de peso y alteraciones de la fertilidad; y la ocurrencia de brotes de enfermedad caracterizada por caída drástica en producción de leche‚ abortos y mortalidad de animales. El mayor impacto se relacionó con pérdidas directas de brotes epidémicos de enfermedad‚ por el impacto sobre producción de nuevas crías y la finalización de lactancias; además del costo de fármacos y medidas de intervención. Sin embargo‚ el impacto de la ocurrencia subclínica es considerable‚ particularmente para los pequeños productores. Conclusiones: en las cadenas de valor de los sistemas de producción ganadera del departamento del Caquetá‚ la tripanosomosis afecta la eficiencia de producción en las cadenas de valor de carne y de leche. Dado que no existen alternativas para una eliminación definitiva de la enfermedad del territorio‚ el énfasis de mitigación debe basarse en la adecuada capacitación de productores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research is to carry out an analysis of the economic factors that influenced the Amazon chestnut exports from Peru to the US, with economic data from 2015 to 2020. The study is one of an applied, descriptive type with longitudinal design, using the database expressed in current terms of the Central Reserve Bank of Peru (BCRP) and the Ministry of Agrarian Development and Risk (MINAGRI), through the document review technique and the use of an observation guide based on the pre-established indicators on Amazon chestnut exports per year. The research answered the question about economic factors, transforming current quantities into constants in order to consider price variations and seasonality inherent to the item. It was possible to demonstrate that the existing relationship of the factors (production of external competitors, the exchange rate and internal production) are those that explain the variation in the chestnut exports, in addition to checking their influence statistically on shipments made from Peru to the US market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The University of Bío-Bío is a chilean higher education institution, state-owned. There is no a study that measures the economic impact made by the University of Bío-Bío ans its different related persons in Bío-Bío Region. Therefore, using an approximation of the input-output matrix of the Bío-Bío Region for 2012, I estimate the impact that the University and the persons related to it make on the product of Bío-Bío Region. I find that the University contributes to the production of the región both directly and indirectly, totalling $483,049,705,595 for 2020, with wich I make a serie of propossals for the authorities of the University and the authorities of the education of the Region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When we talk about the economic impact of Covid-19, we usually refer to a short-term horizon. In other words, how the pandemic has affected both the evolution of GDP and employment in the different countries, as well as their rate of recovery to return to their pre-pandemic levels, which is considered "normal". For this, the health impact of the pandemic will be analyzed on the one hand and, on the other, the economic impact, relating them to each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of public and economic policies aimed at improving the quality of life of the Caribbean coast requires the process of transformation of the educational system in the Tourist and Cultural District of Riohacha. Relevant public policies were systematically reviewed, and stakeholder interviews were conducted. Tourism is a wasted resource in La Guajira due to a lack of vision and government management, the three sectors that must be involved and articulate in joint projects are isolated, showing that public and economic policies have not impacted on the reality of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to present the organization of the stages of the inter-institutional research “The social impacts of the Bioceanic Route on Kadiwéu and Ayoreos indigenous territories in Brazil and Paraguay”, linked to the indigenous populations and social vulnerabilities axis of the social impacts working group, developed in partnership with the University Network of the Latin American Integration Route (UniRila). Therefore, it presents the geographical and historical context of the proposal, as well as general aspects of the original Kadiwéu, Kinikinau and Terena peoples who live in the Kadiwéu Reservation, known as Campo dos Índios, in Porto Murtinho, Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Brazil. In times of the covid-19 pandemic, the data reveal that the diagnostic script adapted from the document used by the National Institute for Educational Studies and Research Anísio Teixeira (INEP) for the school census can identify what those native peoples think about the education, social, cultural and economic impacts caused by the construction of the Bioceanic Route that will pass through Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, and Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the current demands of compensation for the damages and crimes caused by the transatlantic slave trade of African persons and from the institution of slavery in the Americas. This proposal has been put forward by many actors and in different global historical contexts and it is currently is fundamental issue in the agenda of Afro-American activism, especially in the English-speaking Caribbean and in the United States. This topic is also under discussion in Latin America as a part of the "afro-reparations" approach. The article analyzes the mobilization around this issue in the English-speaking Caribbean, the "reparative justice" agenda put forward by the CARICOM Reparations Commission --mainly composed by former British colonies in the Caribbean--, and the demands directed against European governments. Using data collected in Jamaica, this text exposes the main arguments presented by advocates of reparations, as well the arenas where they have been more active: public education, awareness raising campaign and archival reconstruction of documentation evidencing the economic impact of slavery. Next, the activity of advocates in the social media and in transnational debates is discussed. Finally, consideration is given to the different approaches to the topic of reparations seen from an interregional perspective, focusing in viewpoints drawn from Cuba as a case representing the Spanish-speaking Caribbean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to determine the economic and social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Peruvian regional market. To achieve this end, the research took two methodological approaches. On the one hand, the quantitative approach, oriented by a correlational design, where the questionnaire was applied as a validation instrument in a population of 51 microentrepreneurs, presenting to consider: 1. Management skills, where data on the dimensions were collected: experience in activities and services, education, and personal skills proposed by Griffin & Fleet (2015). 2. At the sales level, the data report information on the dimensions: sales situation, problems and implications of sales, as well as the need for profit based on Sant's approach (2013). On the other hand, it assumes a theoretical-philosophical approach, where the effects of globalization and capitalism on the Latin American regional market are evaluated, which, accompanied by the presence of COVID-19, have deepened social inequalities, the marginalization of sectors of the population and labor exploitation. The interconnection of these methods allows us to conclude on the need to connect the microenterprise sector with the social reality of the communities, returning to work the human conditions that hegemonic globalization has subtracted from it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To analyze the prevalence of sedentary work in different occupational contexts and to estimate the associated factors to economic activity sector. Materials and methods. Secondary analysis of the Occupation and Employment National Survey (ENOE, in Spanish) was conducted. Occupation was classified into four categories. Sedentary work was the dependent variable; the independent variables were sex, age, education, income, inhabitant of urban area, work formality and socioeconomic region. The associated factors were estimated using multiple logistic regression by economic activity sector. Results. The highest prevalence of sedentary work was found in services sector (43%, 95%CI= 42.3-43.6). The associated factors were college degree, higher income, being a woman and working in the formal sector. Conclusions. Sedentary work has a high prevalence in strategic productive sectors. It is necessary to consider the risk factors identified here to establish mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to use the concept of modernity to analyze and question how the system of patents has sharpened the adverse social and economic impacts of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic since December 2019. The authors review the role played by bio-pharmaceutical companies in the international vaccine market and the intellectual property system associated with it. Finally, in the specific case of Mexico, they analyze the evolution of the intellectual property system and how vaccination has been a process that, while it has moved ahead using criteria based on sectors and age, continues to be slow, and there fore contagion and death rates continue to exist and private interests continue to prevail over social well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Venezuela reports the first case of the Covid-19 virus on March 13, 2020. From that moment on, the State has applied the strategy of restricting the mobility of the population to mitigate the effect of the spread of COVID-19 by contagion between the people. Such measures imply that the production and service provision sectors are affected. In this work a study is carried out of the dynamics of the number of affected, the period in which the volume of contaminated could yield, the scenarios that are visualized of the number of COVID-19 patients and their possible economic impacts for the year 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current context of competition, consolidated destinations need to develop diversification strategies with the objective of maintaining their market share and increasing the benefits of tourism. This research aims to deepen the study of this differentiated form of tourism since its definition, components and operations need to be reviewed in order to understand its scope. In addition, its potential strategic value will be analysed from different perspectives such as destination image and economic benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]