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Copyright of Spanish Journal of Finance & Accounting / Revista Espanola de Financiacion y Contabilidad is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Spanish Journal of Finance & Accounting / Revista Espanola de Financiacion y Contabilidad is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Spanish Journal of Finance & Accounting / Revista Espanola de Financiacion y Contabilidad is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Spanish Journal of Finance & Accounting / Revista Espanola de Financiacion y Contabilidad is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Spanish Journal of Finance & Accounting / Revista Espanola de Financiacion y Contabilidad is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This essay examines the use of the road narrative and the hard-boiled detective genre in the 1999 novel by Argentine post-boom writer Mempo Giardinelli, El décimo infierno. The conjunction of these two narrative models allegorizes the national and institutional violence embedded in the political, judicial, and social practices throughout the history of contemporary Argentina. Although the novel takes place after the military dictatorship, violence plays a role as a visible and metaphoric discourse, which represents the fundamental flaws of a democratic transition that remains in state of crisis. On the one hand, this paper discusses how El décimo infierno exploits the motif of the journey as a subversive and symbolic displacement to the margins of society not only geographically, but also legally and morally. On the other hand, Giardinelli uses the criminal universe created by the novela negra to approach the contradictions and ambiguities of the Latin American reality in the context of failed globalized and postmodern cultures. The detective genre also works as a fictional strategy to explore the national imaginary, the limits of violent human behaviour, and the emergence of a problematic value system that blurs the frontiers between reader and narrator, good and evil, love and hate, victims and culprits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The London School of Economics have, since 1959, studied the jobs of supervisors in a number of plants to demonstrate their range and variety and the relation of supervisory systems to technology. A previous article (see below) on the first part of the research argued that there was no straightforward relationship between the two, but that organizational and human factors could also greatly determine supervisory jobs. This paper describes the last part of the research which was devoted to a far deeper and more detailed analysis of supervisory jobs in one large firm in an attempt to find more concrete evidence of different influences on supervisory jobs. The results show that the nature of the product, the technical situation, the factory organization, the supervisory training programme and the supervisor's personality all affected both his behaviour and the demands made on him. A supervisor was seen to be reacting to a continuous succession of pressures, some of which ran counter to others. The relative weighting of these against each other, as well as the supervisor's personality, affected the way in which he behaved as well as the subsequent demands made on his job. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of American Journal of Distance Education is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Spanish Journal of Finance & Accounting / Revista Espanola de Financiacion y Contabilidad is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Spanish Journal of Finance & Accounting / Revista Espanola de Financiacion y Contabilidad is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Spanish Journal of Finance & Accounting / Revista Espanola de Financiacion y Contabilidad is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Spanish Journal of Finance & Accounting / Revista Espanola de Financiacion y Contabilidad is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Latin American & Caribbean Studies (Routledge) is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The unedited correspondence between Gustavo Gili i Roig and Ángel Valbuena Prat allows us to discover important details about the genesis and the intricate editing process of the original and innovative Historia de la literatura española (1937). Because of some notes Valbuena wrote in his major work, he was involved after the Spanish Civil War in a police investigation that led him to publish a clandestine edition of his Historia de la literatura española. Thanks to the documents stored in the prosecution dossier, as well as other personal papers, we can now reconstruct these events involving one of the most brilliant and emblematic minds in Spanish literary historiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Spanish Journal of Finance & Accounting / Revista Espanola de Financiacion y Contabilidad is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The labyrinth in Mexico is a Baroque symbol of identity: in this paper we propose a dialogue between three ‘labyrinth’ texts: a novel by Salvador Elizondo, a sculpture by Gabriel Orozco and a silkscreen print by Pedro Friedeberg. These three texts help us understand Mexican culture in its complexity and dynamism. The continuity of the Baroque canon in the Americas, and its rewritings, will be traced in terms of the so-calledNeobaroque.We begin with a definition of the labyrinth as a fold and bifurcation, linked to the principle of anamorphosis as a curious and disoriented perspective that emerges during the Renaissance. As Ariadne's thread we will use the Baroque Spanish poetics of Juan Caramuel and Juan Diaz Rengifo, along with the theoretical contributions of Gilles Deleuze and Jorge Luis Borges, to explore the folds and bifurcations of one narrative labyrinth, one graphic and one sculptural. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Borges’ relationship with Latin, and in particular with the work of Virgil was almost lifelong, and helps to explain Borges’ poetics. This paper will trace and explore this relationship, from the very early works such asFervor de Buenos AiresandLuna de enfrente, to his late work, in particularLos conjurados. Two key elements are essential in this analysis: a number of verses from Virgil’s first Eclogue, and the city of Geneva, a place of origins and endings. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In 1580 Inés Álvarez de Gibraleón, widow of the ex-governor of the Philippines, Guido de Labezaris, was accused of witchcraft and sorcery in Manila together with her ‘daughter’ Ana de Monterrey. The origin of the accusation was an extraordinary event that happened while Doña Ana was carrying out her daily domestic chores. Two trials ensued. As there was no Inquisition personnel in the young colony at that stage, an ecclesiastical investigation was carried out into the potential heresy implied by the accusation. A record of this trial survives in the Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico City. At the same time, the new governor, Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa, presided over a civil trial of Ana and her husband Captain Juan de Morón. The papers concerning this civil trial disappeared in suspicious circumstances. However, the records from Mexico when examined in combination with documents preserved in several Spanish archives reveal how alleged cases of witchcraft could be exploited by the powerful for their own ends. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The holdings of the Archivo de la Real Chancillería de Granada, the Castilian Crown’s most important repository of legal documents in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula, have been too little studied to date by historians of Spain. Drawing upon the slander trials whose documents are preserved in that archive, this article aims to establish their validity as sources for historical research. Although the trials have been examined from a variety of perspectives, their usefulness has scarcely been appreciated by those interested in the study of everyday life in sixteenth-century Spain. The personal squabbles to be found documented in the papers concerning these trials allow us to discover how individuals had recourse, consciously or unconsciously, to symbolic constructs (customs, norms and models of behaviour) created by the social groups to which they belonged, in order to differentiate themselves from others or to denigrate others in the eyes of their communities. Their recourse to these social norms and constructs reveals that the conduct of men and women at the time ranged and varied widely between the social norms they chose to obey and those they preferred to disregard. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Spanish Journal of Finance & Accounting / Revista Espanola de Financiacion y Contabilidad is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hispanic Research Journal is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Spanish Journal of Finance & Accounting / Revista Espanola de Financiacion y Contabilidad is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Spanish Journal of Finance & Accounting / Revista Espanola de Financiacion y Contabilidad is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Spanish Journal of Finance & Accounting / Revista Espanola de Financiacion y Contabilidad is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This essay reproduces part of the entire handwritten papers of the writer Juan Pablo Forner which were in the possession of the scholar María Jiménez Salas. Within this collection the existence of a little-known manuscript concerning Observaciones sobre la Historia Universal Sacro-Profana de Tomás Borrego written by Forner justifies my study of this version of the Extremaduran author’s notes which were later incorporated into the complete manuscript which has survived.. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, we examine twenty-four editions of chapbooks which are products of the Valencian press of Joan Navarro in the period 1560 to 1563. All of these chapbooks make up one volume preserved in the Biblioteca Comunale Augusta, Perugia, catalogued under the shelfmark [I L 1402]. Of these twenty-four editions, we study specifically seven chapbooks in which are to be found the texts of thirty-four Spanish ballads ('romances'). We go on to confirm the widespread influence these poems enjoyed from 1547 to 1573, highlighting some of the points of contact between the versions found in the Perugia volume and those included in other chapbooks, songbooks or ballad collections printed in the sixteenth century. Among the most noteworthy precedents of these seven chapbooks are anthologies of ballads published in Antwerp, the silvas printed in Zaragoza by Esteban G. de Nájera and the Cancionero llamado flor de enamorados compiled by Joan Timoneda, whose first edition, now lost, is thought to have been printed in Valencia between 1556 and 1557. These seven chapbooks are, in their turn, important precedents to the Rosas de romances compiled by Joan Timoneda and printed by Joan Navarro in 1573. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Spanish Journal of Finance & Accounting / Revista Espanola de Financiacion y Contabilidad is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Literary texts which do not conform to a realist and mimetic practice have been generally disregarded by critics in the context of Mexican literature, even though a significant number of texts following this tendency have been published since the nineteenth century. This paper focuses on science fiction, one of the categories of ‘the unusual’ in Mexican literary productions, and more specifically on the subgenre of the dystopia. Many examples of this tendency can be found in different literary and filmic expressions, particularly since the end of the twentieth century. Through the analysis of four novels by recognized contemporary authors (Fuentes, Aridjis, Boullosa and Sheridan), this article explores the main themes present in this tendency and proposes a distinct typology for this subgenre in contemporary Mexican fiction, which addresses the extra-textual connections between the texts and the tragic events witnessed by the country in the last decades. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper attempts to understand the position of Vicente Blasco Ibáñez in both international and Spanish literary historiography from the point of view of the concept ofarrière-garde. In Spanish literary historiography, with the exception of his naturalistic works, Blasco Ibáñez's novels have either been dismissed or relegated to a peripheral position in contrast to the canon of the Generation of 1898, on the one hand, and Modernism, on the other. This situation is explored in relation to the way Blasco Ibáñez himself understood his career, as explained in his ‘Carta’ to Julio Cejador y Frauca, who included it in hisHistoria. Furthermore, the role played by translations is also taken into consideration with regard to the circulation of works by Blasco Ibáñez, a factor which does not apply in the case of either the Generation of 1898 or Modernist writers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Bernardo Atxaga in Obabakoak (1988), as elsewhere, develops deep metaliterary discussions about Euskara, the Basque language. This paper puts Atxaga's metaliterature into the context of Boccaccio and Cervantes linguistic fights, romantic philosophy, and today's linguistic politics. The Euskara language has a negligible literary tradition according to a number of Basque authors, such as B. Atxaga and Iban Zaldua, among others. Anything written before the 1980s would be of little value by international standards, but Obabakoak changed the landscape. Atxaga offers a combination of wit, literary tradition and theory, and good story telling at the service of literature written in Euskara. But, building a literary tradition in Euskara is also a political stance, and Atxaga's own linguistic politics are based on an artful discussion of plagiarism, originality, language status, and literary tradition. Yet, in Obabakoak, the debate on how to create an international tradition for Basque literature ends in the mumbling of a wilful narrator neutralized by a lizard that eats his brain and words away. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Religious freedom has always been considered to be a central issue in liberal and enlightened thought. Thus, attention has often been drawn to the shortage of observations on tolerance in the works of Spanish enlightened reformers, as also to the uncompromising prohibition of non-Catholic religions contained in the Cadiz Constitution of 1812. In recent years, some scholars have argued that, because of the absence of religious minorities in Spain, the dominating influence on Spanish society of the Catholic Church and Spain's insufficient openness to European culture, Spanish liberals did not really begin to appreciate and discuss religious freedom as an ideal until the periods of exile following from 1814 and 1823. This paper aims to show, however, through analysis of one of the most relevant Spanish journals of the eighteenth century, that the matter of freedom of religious belief was indeed debated in Spain during the reigns of Carlos III and Carlos IV and that, in spite of the threat of censorship, some Spaniards did dare to write and publish work in favour of religious tolerance during that period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Spanish Journal of Finance & Accounting / Revista Espanola de Financiacion y Contabilidad is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyses the theatrical genre of the loa as it evolved in Spain in the second half of the seventeenth century. After reviewing some of the main studies which discuss this genre and outlining the main stages in its development, this article considers the generic type of the loa entremesada from two perspectives: discussing, on the one hand, the growing professionalism that affected all theatrical manifestations, including the loa; and, on the other, considering the aspirations entertained by those who composed works of this kind to attract noble and royal patronage. For it is necessary to take account of such influential factors when evaluating the products of the Spanish stage in that period. The context within which the loa entremesada evolved is that in which the commercial and court theatre operated and interacted, and in which both benefited by sharing playwrights, companies and the repertory of plays, despite the different demands made by their different stage-facilities and -techniques. Whatever the type of theatre in which it is performed, whether palace-theatre or corral, the loa always functions on two levels: on the restricted level of its own content, and on the other level where it illuminates the more extensive dramatic work which it both precedes and serves to introduce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The entry into Barcelona of the Nationalist troops in January 1939 and the taking over of official information in the city by the Director of the Servicio Nacional de Propaganda, the poet Dionisio Ridruejo , meant the end of the style of information dissemination established by the democratic government. Ridruejo replaced the journalist Jaume Miravitlles, who throughout the war headed the Comissariat de Propaganda, the official organ of the autonomous government of Catalonia. This paper attempts to reconstruct and analyse the final efforts of official republican propaganda in Catalonia, and contrasts them with the propaganda of occupied Barcelona, which, in nationalist terminology, had just been ‘liberated’. We will analyse how the end of the Civil War represents the replacement of propaganda carried out by professionals in persuasion by an alternative supervised, and, often dictated, by the military. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

After the death of the dictator, Spanish cinema began to offer a series of films committed to portraying the Civil War. These narratives often selected characters from the Republican side—civilians or combatants—underscoring their suffering and the violence that characterized this era. Yet, it could be asked whether these productions genuinely attempt to rehabilitate the Republicans, who previously had been so vilified. In contrast to the films made during the dictatorship, which were based on simplified and mythical representations, do these new stories succeed in creating new myths? This paper sets out to examine what has changed and what has not in representations of the Civil War in film productions from the transition to democracy onwards. In this way, we can analyse how aspects of the Francoist myth-making persist in certain films which retain obvious links to the cinema of the dictatorship. It also explores how the representation of the war evolves in five films dealing with two Republican myths: the siege of Madrid and the defence of Barcelona. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyse the relationship between the Spanish poet Jorge Guillén and the English Hispanist John Brande Trend through the correspondence they exchanged in the time period between the 1930s and the 1950s. It is not a full catalogue and comprises only sixteen letters. The exile is a topic that comes up frequently in them, one of the main reasons that triggered this correspondence, and is present in many of the letters: first during the war when Guillén asked Trend, then a university Professor of Spanish in Cambridge, for his support to be appointed reader in Cambridge, which would allow him to leave Spain; and in the following decades, when nostalgic memories of the Spain of the Twenties surface in their words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the evolution of Spanish women from the last two decades of the nineteenth century until the 1980s as presented in La enredadera (1984) by Josefina R. Aldecoa, with a focus on the diachrony of socio-cultural discourses and the analysis of the female protagonists' emotions. Far from the traditional association of emotion with weakness and irrationality, and following theorists such as Arlie Russell Hochschild, June Crawford, Michel Foucault and Anthony Giddens, emotions are regarded here as systems of representation: they have a capacity for agency, can be modified depending on the individual's recognition of her inner experience, and influence how we understand the world and who we are. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Neotropical Biodiversity is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Neotropical Biodiversity is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An annotated list of the Cicadellinae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae) of Ecuador is presented. The collection in the Museum of Zoology Invertebrates Section of the Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador (QCAZ) is comprised of 3763 specimens of Cicadellidae of which 2806 were in the subfamily Cicadellinae. These specimens were identified as belonging to 87 species. The collection contains an additional 28 species that appear to represent undescribed species. The specimens were distributed among all provinces of Ecuador except the new, small province of Santa Elena on the coast. The specimens were from every broad geographic region of Ecuador: Coast, Western Cloud Forest, Highlands, Eastern Cloud Forest and Amazonia. Many species were collected in multiple geographic regions. There are 18 new country records in this collection. The literature was searched for additional species of Cicadellinae and an additional 166 species were identified as part of the Ecuadorian fauna for a total of 253 species. Twentyfour species have host records that indicate they have the potential to be pests of cultivated and orchard crops. Twenty-four species of Cicadellidae in 16 genera are listed for the Galápagos Islands and many are considered endemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hispanic Research Journal is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Review of Sociology (Series 1) 1954-1985 is the property of Carfax Publishing Company and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dental care is unusual within the UK's National Health Service (NHS) since few other services carry a money cost to consumers at the point of consumption. Despite the importance and well-established nature of dental charges, evidence about their effects on patients' and dentists' behaviour is limited, and has been the subject of much controversy.[1] In this paper their effects on dental care demand and utilization in Scotland are examined using time-series data for 1962-81. v
These maximum charges remained essentially the same until the late 1960s, but have frequently been raised since. The charging system, too, continued without substantial modifications until 1985.' Two temporary changes did, however, occur. From April 1971 to January 1976 the system was changed from one in which non-exempt patients paid the full cost of care subject to separate maximum charges for routine and specialist treatment, to one in which they paid half of the cost of care subject to one overall maximum charge. From October 1974 to January 1976 charges for all treatment items were frozen, resulting in a drop in the real average cost to patients of care.
At present, some patients are exempt from all charges: those under the age of 16, or under 19 and in full-time education, expectant and nursing mothers, and those on low incomes. Sixteen to eighteen year olds not in full-time education are exempt from all but the cost of dentures. Some services are free to all: six-monthly examinations (four-monthly for those under the age of 21 and expectant and nursing mothers), denture repairs and arrest of post-extraction bleeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a theoretical basis for three issues that are important in the quantification and management of uncertainty in activity duration networks. Firstly, the uncertainty in activity durations is quantified. Secondly, the quantification of uncertainty in project duration is developed. Thirdly, how these quantifications can be used for allocation and management of contingency in activity durations is demonstrated. A published numerical example is used to illustrate the application of this development to a construction project. While this idea challenges the popular longest path (PERT) approach, it provides a robust theoretical foundation and introduces a logical framework to the quantification and management of uncertainty in activity duration networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several approximations to the binomial distribution were compared in 1956 by Raft [9], including the normal, arcsine, normal Gram-Charlier, Camp-Paulson, Poisson, and Poisson Gram-Charlier approximations. The closeness of these approximations is judged by the maximal error which can arise in evaluating any sum of consecutive binomial terms. Borges [3] investigated a general class of approximations (which includes some of the above) and showed that a certain beta-transformation of a binomially distributed variable is the unique member of this class which is approximately normal with error 0(l/n). In 1963, Bol'shev [2] gave two new Poisson-type approximations. In this paper, some of Raft's tables are extended and tables for the error of these newer approximations are added. As a consequence of the numerical results obtained, the Poisson Gram-Charlier approximation is recommended for small values of p while the Camp-Paulson and Borges' approximations should generally be preferred for large p. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data editing by a computer program can be regarded as a form of statistical quality control. In that perspective, costs and benefits of alternative programs can be compared to one another and, of course, to no control plan at all. This paper outlines one approach to cost-benefit comparison and utilizes a realistic example to suggest that computerized data editing is generally superior to clerical editing. It also warns against edit programs which provide for record rejections and off-line review. Most importantly, it urges that a systematic comparison of costs can assist significantly in edit planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]