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This paper deals with the historical evolution of the causative and inchoative periphrases with poner in Spanish. In these constructions, poner functions as an auxiliary verb, combining with a subordinate infinitive to which it adds a causative (poner a alguien a trabajar) or an inchoative aspectual meaning (ponerse a trabajar). The aim of this paper is twofold. It aims (i) to determine when and how both periphrases developed out of the basic locative construction of poner, and (ii) to shed light on their degree of grammaticalization. Therefore, this article exposes the results of a formal and semantic analysis of the causative and inchoative periphrases with poner between the thirteenth and twenty-first century. It is shown that both constructions developed in a parallel way, but at a different pace. The inchoative periphrasis seems to be more grammaticalized than the causative periphrasis, presenting a much higher frequency of use and a higher degree of syntactic incorporation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines disjunctive and copulative initial coordination in Spanish (o1... o2 'either... or' and ni1... ni2 'neither... nor') with a view to demonstrating that, in contrast to conventional analyses, the former element does not pass the proofs of the coordinating conjunctions. To do so, we will base our proposal on the grammatical patterns observed in a compilation of examples from the "Corpus del Español del Siglo XXI" (in particular, from written texts in European Spanish). These patterns allow us to suggest that o1 and ni1 are not coordinators, but focal particles whose scope or dominion is the first conjunct coordinated by o2 or ni2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the first "Prosodic Map of Chile", a long-term project aimed at documenting and describing (both phonetically and phonologically) the suprasegmental features of Chilean Spanish. In order to better appreciate the map's reach, a review of currently implemented similar prosodic maps is provided, including AMPER, ATLES and some others. This review considers what particular parameters are studied in each map, closely inspecting what are the foundations, directions and the overall reach of each one of them. The closing section provides a consideration of some freely available software tools designed to build maps, particularly OpenStreetMap, focusing on its potential for future international collaborative efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent literature, it is widely assumed that adjectival passives are stative, while verbal passives are eventive. Regarding Spanish, it is also mostly assumed that adjectival passives only come with estar (El edificio está bien construido, «The building is well built»), while verbal passives only come with ser (El edificio ya ha sido construido, «The building has already been built»). However, there is at least a group of verbs, that of subject experiencer psych verbs (SPEVs), which poses a serious problem to these generalizations, given that passives of SEPVs, although being unquestionably stative, are constructed with ser: Pedro es temido, «Pedro is feared». In this paper it is argued, that SEPV passives are not verbal, but adjectival, and that they take ser because they denote individual-level states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a Spanish-language adaptation of the Self-Concealment Scale (SCS) by Larson and Chastain (1990) and its validation in a Chilean convenience sample. The participants were 193 adults (100 men and 93 women) with a mean age of 28.39 years (SD = 8.75), grouped in 3 subsamples from the Metropolitan Region: 53 college students, 64 students from a technical institute, and 76 professionals and community leaders of a non-profit organization. In order to examine the validity of the Spanish-language version of the SCS, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted. Results suggest that the Spanish-language version of the SCS has satisfactory psychometric properties, showing high internal consistency (a = 0.85) and acceptable stability over time (r = 0.74). Like the original scale, the validated Spanish-language version proved to be unidimensional and its scores correlated directly with anxious and depressive symptomatology as measured with the Outcome Questionnaire 30.2 (OQ 30.2). These findings support the use of this version of the SCS with Spanish-speaking population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In every aspect of life, 19th century Spain was not peaceful. Despite tumultuous times, members of the Real Academia Española (Royal Spanish Academy) managed to publish a new edition of the Diccionario de la lengua castellana (drae 1817). A notable achievement, they published one of the best editions of the academic dictionary ever. In this paper, I analyze the introduction of words and their meaning from the region of Andalusia. The diatopic labels corresponding to this Spanish region are used widely. I explain the existence of this dialectal lexicon in drae (1817) by connecting it to historical events around 1812. This was the same year when liberal politicians and intellectuals established the Spanish Constitution of 1812 (Constitución política de la monarquía española) in the Andalusian city of Cádiz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent theoretical and methodological postulates in the field of foreign language teaching point to language mediation as a "fifth skill". It is, therefore, an integrated skill that must be developed in students as well as reception and production skills, if we are to create not only linguistically competent speakers, but also social agents who know how to deal with in various intercultural contexts. In this paper, we intend to address the pedagogical effectiveness of linguistic mediation in the teaching of Spanish as a foreign language (ELE), making a contribution to the evaluation process of a task of oral linguistic mediation between related languages (Spanish-Italian) in the field of secondary and university education. Thus, after providing a theoretical and methodological framework regarding the development of the mediation activity, we will elaborate a suitable pattern to evaluate the student's performance [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a morphosyntactic analysis of the colonial Chilean chronicle La restauración de La Imperial y conversión de las almas infieles (c. 1693), written by the Mercedarian friar Juan de Barrenechea y Albis. Most features in the corpus could be explained by two interrelated motives. On the one hand, the examined characteristics are present in Chilean Spanish and in some areas of Latin America during the 17th century. On the other hand, the author's high sociocultural level is responsible for the creation of this especially highbrow text among colonial Chilean chronicles, that includes linguistic phenomena of Medieval Spanish and the Spanish Golden Age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to justify the building of a glossary or annotated inventory of all the Hispanicisms used in a corpus of English popular romance fiction novels compiled for research project FFI2014-53962-P. An examination of these texts, which are totally or partially set in a Spanish-speaking area, the Canary Islands, proves their tendency to include Spanish words, phrases and even sentences. In this preliminary work, we will describe the guidelines we are using for the compilation and classification of the Hispanicisms found in 30 novels, published between 1955 and 2004, and will also list the entries to be included in the glossary. The work is conceived as a contribution to the studies on the role of Spanish as a loan-giver language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyze El español en Paraguay by Manuel Alvar. We untangle from the Atlas those Americanisms that Spanish speakers do not know, and we compare them with the ones collected in both the Diccionario of the Royal Academy of Spanish Language, and the Diccionario de Americanismos from the same institution. In addition, we have compared those words with the ones collected in current Paraguayan dictionaries. The result is that unknown voices in Spain - or terms whose location is hard to define in lexicographical works - come to light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper studies issues related to the history of Spanish attested in a translation of David’s psalms by a Jamaican rabbi, completed in the late 17th century and with a London publication in collaboration with a group of influential and highly cultured Sephardim. The versification of the corpus makes it possible to establish with complete certainty the cultural value of the fee form, and of graphically similar elements (vee, see), in relation to the fashion of writing and the weight of the forensic tradition. The rhyme in proparoxytone verses also gives diachronic firmness to several hypercorrect proparoxytones found in Daniel Israel’s work, of problems concerning both European and American Spanish, and the analysis also points to the need for revision of the etymologies of the entries vaguido, with its inclusion of váguido, and vahído in the Academy’s dictionary, in conjunction with documentation and phonetic evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the attitudes and beliefs of students of Spanish as a foreign language, who undertook their secondary education in the bilingual sections of Slovakia, Czech Republic and Poland, towards the educated varieties of Spanish. To achieve our goal, we relied on the PRECAVES-XXI project, which allowed us to establish how the surveyed students valued the varieties in both direct (evaluating an audio recording) and indirect (evaluating the speaker, the region and the culture) ways. It was found that, in the case of direct evaluation, the variety that obtained the best results was the Castilian, followed by the Mexican, the Rioplatense and, finally, the Andalusian variety. Almost identical results were obtained in the indirect evaluation by the region and the culture. However, this was not the case in the evaluation by the speaker, in which the order of the varieties, best to worst, was as follows: Castilian, Andalusian, Rioplatense and Mexican. Finally, the possible causes of such results are discussed, as well as their application in the field of teaching Spanish as a foreign language, and in Hispanic language policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet has become part of our forms of daily communication, and it helps us, among many other uses, to search for information, consult it, or share it, both in the private sphere and in the academic-professional field. This second context is the one that will be the object of this paper. Without losing sight of the most relevant concepts of Cyberpragmatics (Yus 2010), the objective of this study is to reflect on the polite and impolite uses of discourse in one of the various types of asynchronous communication: the forum, specifically the discussion forums of Spanish language. Also, we will see how the certain anonymity that this type of discourse entails can influence the violation of the rules indicated by the netiquette. The examples come from the Spanish forum of the Cervantes Virtual Center and WordReference ("Only Spanish"). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The word creativity has a very recent history in the Spanish lexicon -1983 in the Manual Dictionary of theRAE. Although the word is attested since the early years of the twentieth century, the occurrences will be very low until the seventies. On the other hand, the definition refers to the verb create, which presents a complex etymology in Spanish.The aim of this paper is to examine the linguistic and social genealogy of the concept of creativity in Spanish. Special attention will be paid to the origins, the changes in the definitions and the current combinatorial of the word. It will be seen then that, in order for the word to emerge, society had to detach itself from numerous inertias, so the trajectory of the term serves as an example of the process of humanization and secularization of society and science since the 19th century. It shows, in short, the link between language and society through the analysis of a concept that has become a hallmark of 21st century society. In order to carry out the work, the corpus of the Academy, CORDE, CREA, CORPES XXI and the New Lexicographical Treasure of the Spanish language have been used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the main results of the allophonic variation of the consonantal group /tr/ in a variety of Chilean Spanish -that of speakers that have not completed secondary education- obtained from eight cities (Iquique, La Serena, Valparaíso, Santiago, Concepción, Temuco, Coyhaique and Punta Arenas), using two elicitation tasks -semi-spontaneous interview and reading-aloud- completed by male and female speakers. The results showed that the sequence of plosive followed by a tap, that is /tr/, was more frequent. In addition, the independent variables geographic origin, elicitation task and gender were shown to have a statistically significant effect on the phonetic realizations of /tr/. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the diatopic variation of the periphrasis andar + ger, comparing its use in Mexican and Peninsular Spanish. To this end, the relative frequency of the construction is analyzed in several corpora, as well as its most distinctive semantic and syntactic features. Our quantitative analysis shows, on the one hand, the high frequency of andar + ger in Mexican Spanish as compared to Peninsular Spanish. On the other hand, it reveals that the periphrasis occurs, above all, in informal language modalities. Semantically, the present study corroborates that, in periphrases with a gerund, the verb andar ('to walk'), has progressively lost its lexical meaning of physical movement and has come to transmit pragmatic values, particularly of determination and insistence. In addition, unlike Peninsular Spanish, in Mexican Spanish the periphrasis is less subject to selectional restrictions with respect to the gerund, a relatively recent change that points to a strong grammaticalization. Syntactically, the grammaticalization process is reflected in the adjacency of the auxiliary and the gerund, the fixed internal order of the two components of the periphrasis, clitic climbing and a drop in the frequency of coordinated gerunds. The case of andar + ger demonstrates that grammaticalization of the same construction can take place in different ways depending on the specific dialectal environment. Likewise, and at a more general level, it stresses the importance of a diatopic approach in studies on verbal periphrases and grammaticalization processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a broad overview, seen from the perspective of Diachronic Construction Grammar, of the readings and values developed in Latin by the construction so/eo+iNF. The evidence provided and the analysis of the various factors involved in the interpretation of this periphrasis show that its original and basic value is not the expression of habitual aspect, as traditional models maintain, but a typifying meaning that should be considered in the framework of the continuous aspect. On the other hand, the structural possibilities and the behavior of so/eo+iNF in Latin allow to set an interesting reference framework to explain some particular uses of so/er+ INF in the earliest stages of the Spanish language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the description of the verb soleo, the Latin cognate of the Spanish auxiliary soler, with the aim of contributing to the explanation of the Spanish lexical periphrasis soler + INF, when considering it from a diachronic perspective. Soleo is an especial verb whose singularity is manifested in its etymology and its grammatical particularities. Concerning its etymology, two hypotheses have been considered which start from two different Aktionsart stems: one makes it derive from a Proto-Indo-European iterative stem, the other from a stative one. From this second etymological hypothesis, soleo could be included among Latin denominative stative *e-presents with the basic meaning of 'to be of oneself, to have as one's own, to be normal, to be custom'. Regarding its morphosyntactic features, the semi-deponent soleo has a morphologically passive perfect stem, solitus sum, whose use with aoristic value comes into contradiction with the morphological restriction of the Spanish auxiliary soler and with the aspectual categorization of habitual auxiliary attributed to it. Together with the function as an auxiliary verb constituting a periphrasis with an infinitive, it also presents a use as a full lexical verb in which the prototypical semantic value of its etymology emerges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a diachronic study of the inchoative periphrases comenzar a and empezar a + infinitive drawing upon grammaticalization theory, in an attempt to contribute to the history of Spanish and, particularly, to the studies focused on verbal periphrases. Based on the results of an analysis of a large number of documented occurrences between the 11th and 21st centuries, we propose that the lexical meaning of words to be relevant in the construction of grammatical pieces; therefore synonymy seems to play an important role in shaping the grammar of a language. As we will see, alternation of the studied forms shows that both coexist nowadays, and that their use is conditioned both by contextual and chronological factors, because both express the same semantic values. Since the use of empezar a + infinitive increases around the 19th century, we reflect on other change processes linked to verbal periphrases during this period, and on their importance in the syntactic periodization of Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has two intertwined objectives that are consistent with the overall goal of using an interface grammar to describe different contrasts among languages. The first one is to describe the internal structure of the English resultative construction or KR, to characterize a representative sample of the KR subtypes and to render explicit the syntax-semantics interface conditions that make it possible. KR is a Macroevent that fuses two Events--an Activity and an Event proper--in the temporal sequence of a 'causal course of Events' so that this Event is the Result of the Activity. In order to reach this characterization, it is necessary to subsume Manner under Activity, Result under Change and CAUSE under 'causal course of Events'. The second objective is to expose the features that license the presence of KR in English while permitting a scarce presence of it in Spanish. KR is the Macroevent that complements the prototypical English Event, which opposes to Spanish in so far as it projects an Activity as main verb while the Spanish Event projects an Event proper. Thus, KR is not a complementary structure for the Spanish Event. Furthermore, KR reflects the typical 'open' combinatory English style, which is quite different from the Spanish 'close' one. This means that English allows for an open set of semantic relations between two words under the same structure while Spanish prefers to reduce them to (likely) one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we have analyzed the acoustic cues of Spanish stress (duration, amplitude, fundamental frequency) in the possessive mi in order to discover dialect differences between the North and the South of Peninsular Spanish. For this purpose, we have compared the possessives of three towns in the North and three in the South of Spain, using the recordings of the corpus COSER. Results empirically show that the values of duration, amplitude, and F0 in the possessives of both zones are similar, contradicting the literature on the topic. However, in Asturias the possessives have an accent linked to the left periphery and conditioned by the information structure of the sentence. This fact would explain the stressed values in the literature: the possessives in Asturias hold an accent (not stress) in specific positions different to other varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have dealt in this paper, with a non-normative writing for Spanish words which implies exogenous conventions, and we have distinguished it from an intervention which can be considered similar, because it also generates alternating forms separated from the corresponding norm by using non-Spanish conventions, but for writing of words that the speakers recognize as importations from other languages. On data from the commercial domain, obtained in the Buenos Aires dialectal area of Argentine Spanish, we have compared the origin of the resources used in the foreign writing for Spanish words and in the hyperforeign configurations, verifying a disparity that ratifies the characterization that we have tried out for both types of intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explored the relationship between a set of variables, such as reading comprehension and logical-mathematical intelligence, along with two sets of cognitive and learning variables, in respect to overall school performance and school performance in the subject of Spanish Language in a population of socially vulnerable secondary school students (N=688). The main objective of this study was to examine the differences and quantify the effect of the addition of the above-mentioned variables to an explanatory model for academic performance. For this purpose, comparative analysis, bivariate correlation and stepwise multiple regression models were used. The results showed that 34.9% of the variance of students' grade point average in the subject of Spanish Language could be explained by the variables that were added to the model. The positive effect of reading comprehension, achievement attributed to effort, and the self-regulation strategy of revision stood out in this model. At the same time, a negative effect was found for older age and attributing achievement to external causes. In addition, the explanatory model introduced in this article showed greater predictive power for the female group; notably the variable critical comprehension also had a positive effect for the female group. Finally, the main educational implications for these findings are analyzed and discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a terminological system to name major voseo types in Spanish. Two are the main contributions intended with this proposal. On the one hand, the parametric system will clearly set the limits to the variation space when describing any variety of voseo. On the other hand, the parametric analysis will provide the bases for a transparent, efficient, consistent and memory-friendly terminology. The parametric system here presented is meant to have scope over all types of variation on the grammatical plane, leaving aside all sociolinguistic and ecoglottic considerations. It contains some revisions of previous terms, a slightly refined taxonomy of voseo allomorphy, as well as an alternative approach to the functional aspects that shape the distribution of verbal voseo within the conjugation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the syntactic and semantic properties of the periphrasis . From a semantic point of view, it is usually assumed that this construction denotes imminent future. We offer arguments against this characterization. These arguments are based on several asymmetries between and the periphrasis , which expresses imminent future. Therefore, we defend that does not denote imminent future and, in particular, that it expresses certain preconditions linked with the realization of the event denoted by the infinitive. From a syntactic point of view, we show that is not derived from , through the ellipsis of the adjective listo, although, according to our proposal, the denotation of both constructions are similar. The reason is that when refers to the previous conditions associated with an event, it does not show the behavior of a copulative construction, contrary to what happens with and with a purpose meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the main results of the allophonic variation of the consonantal group /...ɾ/ in a variety of Chilean Spanish -that of speakers that have not completed secondary education- obtained from eight cities (Iquique, La Serena, Valparaíso, Santiago, Concepción, Temuco, Coyhaique and Punta Arenas), using two elicitation tasks -semi-spontaneous interview and reading-aloud- completed by male and female speakers. The results showed that the sequence of plosive followed by a tap, that is /...ɾ/, was more frequent. In addition, the independent variables geographic origin, elicitation task and gender were shown to have a statistically significant effect on the phonetic realizations of /...ɾ/. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the diatopic variation of the periphrasis andar + GER, comparing its use in Mexican and Peninsular Spanish. To this end, the relative frequency of the construction is analyzed in several corpora, as well as its most distinctive semantic and syntactic features. Our quantitative analysis shows, on the one hand, the high frequency of andar + GER in Mexican Spanish as compared to Peninsular Spanish. On the other hand, it reveals that the periphrasis occurs, above all, in informal language modalities. Semantically, the present study corroborates that, in periphrases with a gerund, the verb andar ('to walk'), has progressively lost its lexical meaning of physical movement and has come to transmit pragmatic values, particularly of determination and insistence. In addition, unlike Peninsular Spanish, in Mexican Spanish the periphrasis is less subject to selectional restrictions with respect to the gerund, a relatively recent change that points to a strong grammaticalization. Syntactically, the grammaticalization process is reflected in the adjacency of the auxiliary and the gerund, the fixed internal order of the two components of the periphrasis, clitic climbing and a drop in the frequency of coordinated gerunds. The case of andar + GER demonstrates that grammaticalization of the same construction can take place in different ways depending on the specific dialectal environment. Likewise, and at a more general level, it stresses the importance of a diatopic approach in studies on verbal periphrases and grammaticalization processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a diachronic study of the inchoative periphrases comenzar a and empezar a + INFINITIVE drawing upon grammaticalization theory, in an attempt to contribute to the history of Spanish and, particularly, to the studies focused on verbal periphrases. Based on the results of an analysis of a large number of documented occurrences between the 11th and 21st centuries, we propose that the lexical meaning of words to be relevant in the construction of grammatical pieces; therefore synonymy seems to play an important role in shaping the grammar of a language. As we will see, alternation of the studied forms shows that both coexist nowadays, and that their use is conditioned both by contextual and chronological factors, because both express the same semantic values. Since the use of empezar a + INFINITIVE increases around the 19th century, we reflect on other change processes linked to verbal periphrases during this period, and on their importance in the syntactic periodization of Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the description of the verb soleo, the Latin cognate of the Spanish auxiliary soler, with the aim of contributing to the explanation of the Spanish lexical periphrasis soler + INF, when considering it from a diachronic perspective. Soleo is an especial verb whose singularity is manifested in its etymology and its grammatical particularities. Concerning its etymology, two hypotheses have been considered which start from two different Aktionsart stems: one makes it derive from a Proto-Indo-European iterative stem, the other from a stative one. From this second etymological hypothesis, soleo could be included among Latin denominative stative *ē-presents with the basic meaning of 'to be of oneself, to have as one's own, to be normal, to be custom'. Regarding its morphosyntactic features, the semi-deponent soleo has a morphologically passive perfect stem, solitus sum, whose use with aoristic value comes into contradiction with the morphological restriction of the Spanish auxiliary soler and with the aspectual categorization of habitual auxiliary attributed to it. Together with the function as an auxiliary verb constituting a periphrasis with an infinitive, it also presents a use as a full lexical verb in which the prototypical semantic value of its etymology emerges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a broad overview, seen from the perspective of Diachronic Construction Grammar, of the readings and values developed in Latin by the construction soleo+INF. The evidence provided and the analysis of the various factors involved in the interpretation of this periphrasis show that its original and basic value is not the expression of habitual aspect, as traditional models maintain, but a typifying meaning that should be considered in the framework of the continuous aspect. On the other hand, the structural possibilities and the behavior of soleo+INF in Latin allow to set an interesting reference framework to explain some particular uses of soler+INF in the earliest stages of the Spanish language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyze attitudes towards spoken and written Spanish Language of the United States. The study is based on a questionnaire submitted to native Spanish speakers from different countries of the Hispanic world through an online collection instrument called Survey Monkey. 110 Spanish speakers from Spain, Colombia, Peru, Argentina, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guatemala, México and Chile participated. The results show both the knowledge and attitudes that these speakers have about Spanish language in the United States, as well as some signs of vitalization and development of Spanish in that country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents various aspects of a research on teaching Spanish as a foreign language (ELE, by its acronym in Spanish). The project focused on the use of Colombian popular culture to teach Spanish to a group of foreigners at Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, using different narrative and popular texts: the myth, the legend, the proverb and the omen. The purpose of this project was to design and apply a primer, which included some narrative texts with exercises and activities. In relation to the methodology, the research's focus was qualitative, insofar as both the collection and analysis of information and the units' design took into account the information provided by the piloting, which allowed the conception of the didactic proposal. As a result, the book Teaching Spanish for foreigners through popular culture was produced, which compiles twelve units that were developed entirely by foreign students. It was concluded that the use of narrative texts (the myth, the legend, the proverb and the omen) allowed the learners to improve their levels of comprehension and expression while expanding their knowledge of Colombian culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerning to a group of words included in Diccionario de la lengua española, whose definition is headed by expression "En Marruecos...". The historical context in which this incorporation occurs is analyzed here and reveals the causes of its inclusion, promoters and sources. Evolution of this group of words is studied since their admission to the Suplemento 14th edition of Diccionario de la lengua castellana (1914) until the 23th edition of Diccionario de la lengua española (2014). This analysis demonstrates that presence of these words in the dictionary is related to Spanish policy in Morocco in the early twentieth century, whose responsible person for the inclusion of these words was Julian Ribera y Tarragó, academic, arabist, and deeply involved in the management of cultural and educational aspects of Spanish Protectorate in Morocco. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to revalue the importance of González de Mendoza's bilingual dictionary (1761-1763) in the history of Spanish-French lexicography. Through its analysis and comparison with other similar dictionaries of his century, we show that its claimed defect of composition -the great disproportion between the Spanish-French part and the French-Spanish part- is precisely its best asset. This disparity stems from the adaptation of the author to two objectives: firstly, to provide a dictionary responding to the real needs of the majority of its potential readers; secondly, to ensure the sale of his work thanks to a moderate price. We conclude that the dictionary of González de Mendoza is a very original proposal for its time, mainly because of its Spanish-French part, forerunner of the manual dictionaries that will succeed since the early nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the information about the paraverbal communication provided by Spanish manuals of forensic eloquence published in the 19th century. Specifically, the works analyzed are: Sainz de Andino (1847[1828]), Enciso Castrillón (1840), Corradi (1843), Saurí y Lleopart (1847), Pérez de Anaya (1848), López (2013[1849]) and León y Olarrieta (1862). In conclusion, the first published manual is the one that contains more information on paraverbal communication, followed by Enciso Castrillón (1840) and Corradi (1843). In the same way, it should be emphasized that in many of the works studied the pauses have a prominent role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we attempt to examine the way the dictionary, as a discursive instrument, historical and ideological (Lauria, 2010,2011) has intervened in the construction of the sense of the discursive object inmigrante. Thus, this work consists in reveal and analyse diachronically the different lexicographic meanings that the entry inmigrante, the semantically close lexemes (eniigrante, migrante, etc.) and the linked verbs (emigrar, inmigrar, migrar) had in the Spanish language dictionaries edited in Spain and Argentina between 1726 and 1910. We will consider, firstly, the way in which the production conditions, either immediately or broadly speaking (Orlandi, 2015), have largely determined the historical changes that the semantic field of immigration experienced in the Spanish lexicography during the XIX century. Secondly, we will reflect on the way that the local production has re-signified the immigrant at the beginning of the XX century, key historic moment when the "mass immigration" phenomenon and the commemoration of the Centenary of the Revolution of May come together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a non-normative phenomenon almost unknown in Spanish, the "pluralization" of adverbs in -mente (lugares realmentes sorprendentes 'places really surprising'), which is not found in the main grammars of this language. From the data of Corpus del español we propose to make known this phenomenon, to show in which countries it is documented and with what frequency. Later, we analyze which adverbs in -mente show this final -s in current Spanish and in what syntactic contexts are given. In particular, we show that the kind of adverbs that are involved in this phenomenon are degree, modality, and focusing adverbs, mainly when they modify adjectives or sentences. Finally, we propose an explanation of the presence of this final -s based on two different processes that the Spanish language undergoes in the grammatical category of adverbs: adverbial agreement, which so far has been described for quantifier adverbs, and adverb "false" pluralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

this paper analyzes the significance of the expression "argentino neutro" [neutral Argentinian], used from 2009 to 2015 in official documents on the education portal Educ.ar and on the Ministry of Education's various TV channels ("Encuentro," "Pakapaka" and "DeporTV"). By examining style manuals in detail from Encuentro and Pakapaka, corresponding to the years 2012-2015, we will attempt to show that these documents construct a linguistic model alternate to the various attempts at Spanish language unification, in particular "Panhispanism" or so-called "neutral Spanish." Moreover, this alternative linguistic model was consistently reflected in the Ministry of Education's television programming, which exhibited a much more diverse linguistic representation in Argentinian media than usual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the results of a contrastive analysis of the instances of attenuation occurring in a set of Argentine and Spanish colloquial conversations. Attenuation -understood as a pragmatic phenomenon reducing the illocutionary force of communicative acts, which involves face and the speakers' responsibilities for their messages (Caffi 1999, 2007; Thaler; Albelda 2016)- has been studied to a significant extent in the Spanish language, beginning in the 1990s, from the perspective of politeness studies (Haverkate; Briz 1995, 2007), pragmatics (Schneider) and sociolinguistics (Samper Hernández; Cestero). However, studies concentrating on the comparison between its diatopic varieties are scarce (Briz 2007; Albelda 2008). This study quantitatively and qualitatively analyses the attenuation resources utilized in colloquial conversations between speakers aged 20-34 at the higher and middle social strata in the cities of Tucumán (Argentina) and Valencia (Spain). The analysis was based on a methodological data sheet (Albelda/ others) with the aim of finding the main similarities and differences between both diatopic varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large part of the bibliography on evidential markers in Spanish points to mitigation of commitment (or responsibility) for what has been said as one of their defining features. However, the notion of mitigation and that of speaker commitment have both been used in different senses in different studies. In this paper, the meanings assigned to these terms are reviewed and, following Cornillie/Delbecque, the notions of speaker commitment and speaker involvement are distinguished. These operate in opposite directions in some evidential uses: (i) from reportative evidences to conjectural inferentials, there is a scale of lesser to greater speaker involvement; (ii) among the inferentials, a scale of greater to lesser speaker commitment ranging from circumstantials to conjecturals can be observed. This proposal is then applied to the evidentials por lo visto and se ve (que). The corpus shows that compared to por lo visto, se ve (que) indicates more mitigation of speaker commitment but greater speaker involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even if Lenormand's works are barely read or played in actual days, he was one of the avant-garde authors that generated more attention in the early twentieth century. The French author was enthusiastically welcomed by Spanish public. His works were frequently translated and played in Spanish theaters and intense debates were hold in literary reviews about how to interpret his characters. However, Lenormand's psychological conception of human being divided Spanish criticism in two groups: those who were in favour of his freudian proposals and those conservative critics who rejected Lenormand's novelties because they did not fit in the theatrical trends prevailing in early twentieth century Spain. Another controversial aspect in the Spanish reception of Lenormand's works was the alleged innovative nature of his theater: was he really an avant-garde author or did he merely relocate the great dramas of classical theater into the twentieth century? The aim of this paper is to study the diverse reactions stimulated by Lenormand's works among Spanish criticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spread of Spanish as a foreign language in North America during the 19th century prompted the publishing house Henry Holt and Frederick Leypoldt to edit in 1868 an anonymous handbook of pronunciation, lexicon, phrases, verbs and dialogues to teach Spanish in a short, easy and practical way. ¿Habla Vm. español? or Do you Speak English? collects the rudiments to perform in Spanish, especially through oral language, for those who wished to make a stay in Spain or in Latin America. Although the text is unoriginal in its content and formal presentation, it is part of linguistic historiography and the corpus of Spanish as a Foreign Language materials. This paper focuses on the analysis of ¿Habla Vm. español? or Do you Speak English?, the context in which it was written and the methodology used by Holt and Leypoldt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to determine and analyse the engagement markers used in the comments on the news published in the online papers El País (Spain) and Emol (Chile). The comments were selected from two different contexts: politics and sports. In this study we consider engagement markers as part of interactional metadiscourse, that is, the elements that involve readers to call their attention or to include them as participants of discourse (Hyland, 2005a). In this research, a corpus of 2,400 comments were compiled and tagged manually and with UAM Corpus Tool. The purpose of the analysis was to identify the metadiscoursal strategies used as engagement markers. The results showed that the writers that comment news in Emol and in El País used a similar amount of engagement markers; on the other hand, significative variation was not identified in the use of engagement markers in comments on politics and sports, although these markers were more frequently found in political comments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Words meanings and their use in the language are not fixed in time. This is the case of the word humor, whose current meaning is new in Spanish, as it is attested in dictionaries. Lexicographic discourse can reveal enough data about the history of words. Therefore, the aim of this research is to find out the concept of humor that appears from the first papers in the Spanish lexicography, from the late fifteenth century to the early eighteenth century. Taking Covarrubias's dictionary (1611) as a turning point, a corpus of dictionaries has been compiled to do research on how the subject of humor was treated by the selection of voices related to it. The results are sufficiently clear in respect to the prudence with which this subject was conceived, as well as to its pragmatically marked use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of social media in the academic community has become very popular in recent years, especially among undergraduate students (Espuny et al., 2011; Gómez-Aguilar et al., 2012; Cancelo Sanmartín & Almansa Martínez, 2013). Besides, Spanish speaking undergraduates usually make use of English when communicating among them in higher education scenarios. Consequently, in this paper we try to detect code-switching cases by undergraduate students in academic scenarios through social media. The methodology used heavily relies on corpus. In a Spanish monolingual corpus composed of samples of communication through social media among undergraduate students enrolled in the Degree of Translation and Interpreting (Uni-versity of Valladolid, Spain) we detect code-switching cases and analyze them. Results might provide us with data to be aware of the deviations from the Spanish rules. In addition, they might allow us to adopt corrective measures through the creation of new tools to improve academic communication through social media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, linguistic research has been focusing more on the analysis of language usage from various sperspectives. Among those approaches, the socio pragmatic one regards language usage as a real, immediate ephenomenon affected by social context in a given situation. The sestudiesincludethoseon verbal politeness, and also on it so ther face, i.e., impoliteness, violence and aggressiveness, which in creasing levels have fortunately been accompanied by more research on them. A vast number of researchers of the Spanish language have conducted studies on the characteristics of such utterances and the variations in their use through out different regions of the Hispanic world. This paper aims to analyze, from the conversation al analysis perspective, the use of violent forms of address by speakers of the borough of Distrito José Martí Sur A and B; thus, contributing to the study of language usage in the Eastern region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In PRECAVES XXI context, this paper we report the results of a research on the perceptions of young Chilean university students, both to different Spanish and to their own variety. The aim of this study is to analyze the linguistic attitudes of 100 of these subjects, in terms of which varieties they consider to be better and more prestigious and what perceptions they have of their own variety of Spanish, attending to direct evaluations (cognitive and affective) and indirect. A survey was conducted combining direct and indirect methods of data collection using the matches guise technique. The main findings of this study indicate that, for most of the subjects in the sample, there is not one variety of Spanish better than another, and among those who prefer one, the Andean and Chilean varieties have more prestige. Likewise, there are direct and indirect attitudes very positive towards the Chilean variety. Finally, in general, informants value positively and negatively phonetic aspects of other varieties of Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the initial results concerning the beliefs and attitudes of Sevillian university students towards the normative varieties of Spanish, mainly towards their own variety. The design methodology that we followed is based on the PRECAVES XXI Project. All subjects completed graduate or postgraduate studies related to the field of linguistics or Spanish language. Specifically, two groups were contrasted: students without specialized knowledge about the geolectal and social varieties of Spanish and those who have acquired it in their academic career. The data obtained help us to know which variety is considered most prestigious and how the participants judge their own accent and other dialects of the Hispanic world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the first results on the PRECAVES XXI project on linguistic attitudes in Medellín, Colombia. In this phase of the project the interview was carried out with two groups of undergraduate students from the first and last semesters of University of Antioquia's Hispanic Philology and Teaching of Spanish Programs. The results are focused on three main topics: the most prestigious variety, the perception of their own variety, and the identification and valuation of other Spanish varieties. This analysis concluded that, for this population from Antioquia, the Colombian way of speaking is the most prestigious, and specifically, the diatopic variety; they value and recognize their own speech from cognitive aspects, considering it as urban and clear, which shows a positive attitude, linguistic pride and sense of belonging towards their variety, as a result of local identity. Finally, the survival of a normative linguistic tradition and a limited general knowledge of Hispanic diversity were evinced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we attempt to draw an overview on the evolution of the lexicon of bastionated Fortification from its origins, in the 16th century, until its apogee, during the 18th. To do this, we start from an intermediate point, the second half of the 17th, when the Epítome de la fortificación moderna (1669), written by Zepeda, was published. In that way, we select the specialized vocabulary which is defined in chapter II of the second part of its "Preludios geométricos" with the purpose of comparing and analysing this vocabulary with the lexicon contained in the first treatises of the Fortification in Spanish language, from the final years of the 16th, until the Tratado de fortificación (1772) of Lucuze. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]