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This paper aims to understand the geo-economic dynamics of industry in Ampére and the main characteristics and determining factors of this process, understanding it not as an isolated fact, but connected to the regional and national context. The Socio-Spatial Formation (SSF) category of analysis was considered, along with a bibliographical and documentary review and fieldwork. The SEF of the southwest of Paraná, the mesoregion of the study area, was developed based on small-scale commercial production and Ampére has a significant manufacturing sector, standing out in two sectors of the transformation industry (clothing and furniture production). In the southwest of Paraná, it is the main hub for these sectors; in the state of Paraná, it is among the 10 main hubs and in Brazil, it is the 65th largest employer in the clothing sector and the 43rd in the furniture industry. This position of industrial importance is the result of a combination of private initiatives based on small-scale commercial production, municipal public support, as well as federal policies and programs that boosted the domestic market during the 2000s

The industrialization models of ECLAC, developed during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, and those of Ecuador, implemented by the 21st-century socialist government, are similar in their attempt to industrialize through the substitution of imports and government expenditure. In both cases, the economic policies focused on a closed economy, with high tariff barriers, and a strong role of the state as the main actor in the economy. The article uses a comparative method of analysis which emphasizes the outcomes of both of the periods studied. The results show that the models applied brought the same problems; imbalance in external trade and rising public debt. An alternative premise is suggested, that the models applied are the main causes of the debt crisis in the 1980s and the increasing public debt in the government of Rafael Correa.

This article examines Friedrich List’s critique of the Methuen Treaty. The Methuen Treaty removed all restrictions on English wool entering Portugal and reaffirmed England’s commitment to import Portuguese wines at two-thirds the tariffs of French wines. Friedrich List argues that the agreement hurt Portugal’s textile industry and slowed Portugal’s economic growth. List’s critique of the Methuen Treaty is a strong representation of his resistance to Adam Smith and Jean-Baptiste Say, but it is isolated from his robust theoretical framework. One possible explanation for the discontinuity is that the knowledge problem undermines List’s theory. The lack of local data makes it difficult to conduct an accurate and straightforward policy analysis of the Methuen Treaty, making the analysis vulnerable to normative interpretations. Specifically, List’s disagreement with Adam Smith’s cosmopolitanism pushed him further away from a straightforward application of his theory.

Simultaneously with the demographic and territorial expansion of urban areas, the role of big cities is becoming more important, as a result of the services they offer, following the trends of changes in the sphere of the economic sector. In the sphere of first-order administrativeterritorial units which have supported the change of the level of urban morphology, the Municipality of Constanța is considered one of them, being witness to a fluctuating development and strongly influencing the functioning processes of the space, including the dynamics of the urban process, which, in most cases, follow the trends of the changes that appeared as a result of the territorial administration policies. This study aims to analyze the functional character of Constanța Municipality, from the perspective of the main sectors of activity that certainly contribute to maintaining a constant balance, and the ways in which these aspects are reflected in the territory. This paper represents the product of bibliographic research activities as well as methods of graphical and statistical analysis in order to expose. The results of the study capture the evolution of the functional character of the main sectors of activity and how this process manifests itself in the territorial context of Constanța, following the stability of solutions for optimization that feasibly support the socio-economic balance of the area.

The paper deals with the issue of the efforts undertaken by the bodies of party and state administration to fulfill plans and accelerated accumulation of reserves on the eve of the Great Patriotic War. The study is novel in that the analysis of attempts to work out a mobilization strategy for the socio-economic development of the USSR on the eve of the war was carried out based on a wide range of previously unpublished documents on file. The article delves into the loss of opportunities, and ignoration of several most appropriate value propositions to have proven their effectiveness but was introduced into practice only during the war years. The relevance of the research is due to the need to learn lessons from the historical experience of elaborating strategic plans for the country’s development, involving leading scientists in this work concerning scientifically grounded, objective data.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Brazil, started in the 19th century, a transition period between the Empire and the beginning of the Republic (1860-1913), when fdi theories had not yet been formulated. The British were the main investors worldwide, also in Brazil, responsible for developing essential sectors. In addition to the Europeans, the Americans also saw opportunities in the country, contributing later to the industries’ installation. To better understand foreign investments in Brazil, as well as the installation of multinationals in the transition from the Empire to the Republic, we highlight the foreign investment process and the country’s industrialization. The main contribution of this work is research pointing out the historical landmark of foreign investment in Brazil in the analyzed period, allowing to understand the country’s urban and social development.

The state promotion of Argentine architectural and infrastructure works in the "long 1960s" was linked to recognizable demands that emerge from territorial and economic planning. The deepening of the industrialization process implied an energy self-sufficiency country, fluent communication between production centers and the newly created provincial states, as well as the construction industrialization. These aspects had an impact on the creation and development of various construction programs. However, this article reviews the literature around three specific programs: industry, energy and territorial connections, for considering them fundamental and synergistic within the industrialization process in its second phase. In the disciplinary gaze on the object of study, politics and economics agree quite a bit on the conceptualization of the period, planning incorporates the notion of imbalance characterizing the Argentine territory, and from architecture the works have been approached only in terms of search for national identity and modern style questions. This work allows us to point out that the theoretical construction revolves around the notions of: developmentalism as a theoretical model, territory as geographical space and place of power, planning as a priority discipline at the time and architecture for progress as a concept under construction.

The central subject of this article is the historical study of the relationship established, in the 1940s and 1970s, between the city of São Paulo that was becoming metropolitan and for that purpose it was back to the construction of its industrial park and the consequences of this process in the life of its population, as well as the cooling of diseases. In this context, it is intended to point out how transformations of this scale, such as air pollution emitted by automobiles, but, above all, by factories, inside and outside their work spaces, impacted the health of the working population.

Abstract Hispalyt focuses its work into improving ceramic construction systems, in order to offer high-quality, precision-engineered, efficient and sustainable walling systems. Bringing forward industrialization of ceramic partitions with high acoustic performance, Hispalyt has devel-oped SILENSIS-CERAPY solutions: brick walls with a plasterboard coating glued to the partition by using adhesive paste. The combination of the brick structure and the plasterboard cladding, results into robust solutions with high acoustic performance. The system brings together the main advantages of ceramics (such as thermal inertia, fire resistance, robustness and security against robbery), with those of plasterboard, which leads to the improvement of the wall finishing and a fast track installation. SILENSIS-CERAPY solutions are suitable to both new constructions and rehabilitation works, where an attempt should always be made to improve the acoustic conditions of the original building. This article presents the tests and studies carried out for the characterization of SILENSIS-CERAPY solutions, as well as a summary of its technical performance, detail design and installation guidance. Resumen Hispalyt continúa con su labor de mejora de los sistemas constructivos cerámicos, con el fin de ofrecer al mercado soluciones de elevada calidad, eficientes, sostenibles y cada vez más tecnificadas. En este sentido, avanzando en la industrialización de la tabiquería cerámica de altas prestaciones acústicas, SILENSIS, ha desarrollado las soluciones CERAPY: paredes de ladrillo con revestimiento de placa de yeso adherida al tabique mediante pasta de agarre. Al aunar en una solución SILENSIS-CERAPY la estructura de ladrillo y el revestimiento de la placa de yeso, se obtienen soluciones robus-tas, de altas prestaciones acústicas, que mantienen las características inherentes a los productos cerámicos, relativas a la inercia térmica, comportamiento frente al fuego, resistencia a cargas suspendidas y seguridad frente al intrusismo, al tiempo que se les suman las venta-jas constructivas de la tabiquería seca de las placas de yeso, mejorándose los rendimientos en obra y los acabados finales en obra. Las soluciones SILENSIS-CERAPY se pueden aplicar tanto a obra nueva, como a obras de rehabilitación arquitectónica, en las cuales, en la medida que sea posible, siempre se debe tratar de mejorar las condiciones acústicas del edificio original. En este artículo se presentan los ensayos y estudios realizados para la caracterización de las soluciones SILENSIS-CERAPY, así como un resumen de sus prestaciones técnicas, disposiciones constructivas y proceso de ejecución

The article examines the educational analysis of school regimes and education equity of the city of Magnitogorsk during 1930s that was formed in the new industrial center during forced industrialization. At present, the history of school regimes and education equity as a scientific trend is becoming extremely popular in world-historical science. However, research is mainly based on extensive material in the "educational aspect" from chronology and territorial framework. The authors offers a specific example of the emotional community study on local material and believes that the thoughts and feelings of the townspeople sought to unify within the framework of a “new city” development concept and imposed a specific set of normative emotions and official practices on the Magnitogorsk people, as well as the emotions expressing them, which acted as a support for the existing political regime.

Industrial grain production occupies most of Iowa's farmland. Around the edges of corn and soybean monocultures, however, small-scale, diversified farmers establish alternative agricultural operations and sell to local markets. One narrative, "we feed the world", stretches across these two spheres; its roots lie in post-World War II geopolitics, and its contemporary iterations reflect the actions of private agricultural interest groups. As a rhetorical strategy, asserting "we feed the world" invokes neo-Malthusian fears to reposition differences in agricultural production systems within a moral framework where yield primarily determines agricultural legitimacy. This article ethnographically analyzes how this narrative intersects the lives and livelihoods of conventional and alternative farmers alike. Today, the narrative serves three functions: defending industrial agricultural systems against criticisms,justifying the pursuit of ever-higher yields on moral grounds, and gatekeeping agricultural legitimacy. Examining this discursive mechanism yields insight into the diversity of strategies through which actors within the industrial agricultural system reproduce particular land use practices in service of their own interests.

The article reflects on the phenomenon of modern architecture from the periphery of those territories that, paradoxically, development and modernization have fragmented. Taking as a case study the city of Tampico, Tamaulipas. The process of modernization of the city is described from a bibliographic, newspaper and archive review in order to contribute to the discussion about the effects of the modernization processes in port cities associated with railways and oil. early twentieth century. It shows how modernization processes are based on a model that promotes urban fragmentation. To conclude that in the case of Tampico the logic of modernity perpetuated the fragmentation of the urban environment exacerbating social inequality. / El artículo reflexiona sobre el fenómeno de la arquitectura moderna desde la periferia de aquellos territorios que paradójicamente el desarrollo y la modernización han fragmentado. Tomando como caso de estudio la ciudad de Tampico, Tamaulipas. El documento describe el proceso de modernización de la ciudad a partir de una revisión bibliográfica, hemerográfica y de archivo con el fin de contribuir a la discusión en torno a los impactos que los procesos de modernización tuvieron en las ciudades-puerto asociados al ferrocarril y el petróleo a inicios del siglo XX. Se muestra cómo los procesos de modernización se sustentan en un modelo que promueve la fragmentación urbana y se concluye que en el caso de Tampico las lógicas de modernidad perpetuaron la fragmentación del ámbito urbano exacerbando la desigualdad social.

This brief article seeks to introduce the reader to this special number on industrialization in contemporary Latin America. It does so considering three issues. First, the importance of industrialization in sustaining high rates of economic growth leading to high levels of income per capita. Second, the long-standing debate in global historiography regarding the successes and failures of industrial policy: markets vs. states. Lastly, Latin America´s industrial trajectory through the lenses of four historiographical tendencies, and the ways in which each of the four original papers relate to the extant literature, and contribute to enhancing our understanding of one of the most important economic transformations in the history of the region.

This paper discusses the relationship between regional integration and industrialization in Latin America over the past seventy years. To this end, it shows how ECLAC’s structuralist thought and integrationist dynamics have influenced each other in practice. It outlines the positions on regional industrialization found in old regionalism, open regionalism and in 21st century regionalisms, and how such positions were shaped by conflicts between social groups. Specifically, it introduces the Andean Pact, MERCOSUR and ALBA as examples. This paper’s contribution consists in reflecting critically on Latin American experiences of drafting and implementing common industrial policy in diverse contexts.

La primera industrialización de la Ría de Bilbao constituyó un proceso transformador de gran envergadura que afectó, de una manera u otra, a los territorios más próximos, como la provincia de Álava. Las características y consecuencias de la industrialización en la Ría han sido bien estudiadas por la historiografía pero, ¿qué ocurrió en aquellas comarcas próximas que aún no se industrializaron? ¿En qué medida y de qué manera se vieron infuenciadas por el desarrollo de la Ría? Bilboko itsasadarraren lehenengo industrializazioa hedadura handiko prozesu eraldatzailea izan zen, eta modu batera edo bestera hartu zituen eraginpean hurbileneko lurraldeak, hala nola Arabako probintzia. Historiografak ondo aztertu ditu industrializazio horren ezaugarri eta ondorioak Itsasadarrean, baina zer gertatu zen oraindik industrializatu ez ziren hurbileko eskualdeetan? Zenbateraino eta nola hartu zituen eraginpean Itsasadarraren garapenak? The earliest industrialisation of the river in Bilbao was a transformative process of great scope which affected, one way or another, the closest territories, such as the province of Álava. The characteristics and consequences of the industrialisation of the river have been studied by historiography, but what happened to those nearby areas which did not undergo industrialisation? To what extent and in what way were they influenced by the development of the river?

The paper seeks to understand the macroeconomic context of the Brazilian Agroindustrial Complex’s constitution process and the incorporation of the Central-West region into the national economic space between 1965 and 1980 in order to analyze the regional class structure engendered by this process. This analysis is done through the bibliographical and documentary survey of sectoral, economic and regional public policies that led to the acceleration of the industrialization process in the country during the military governments. This is articulated with the analysis of data from the population, agricultural and industrial censuses of the 1965-1980 period. From this survey, the article makes a theoretical reflection on the framework of the Latin American Dependency Theory regarding the class structure originated from the incorporation of the Center-West region into the national economic space. The results of the study demonstrate that the incorporation of the Central West region into Brazilian capitalism took place by means of a joint action between State, landowners and agroindustrial capitals, and that it was a relevant step toward the change in Brazil’s position in the international division of labor and toward its differentiation regarding other peripheral countries. This incorporation, whose rhythm of expansion and development patterns were derived from the new agricultural technologies and from the domain of capitalist land ownership, generated a regional class pact whose discussion and reflection must take into account its similarity with the social tripod described by the Theory of Latin American Dependence, considering it typical of a dependent industrialization on an essentially agricultural region, yet indicating the industrial character of modern capitalist farming.

When the need for industrialization surfaced in the 19th century, Ottoman Empire aimed to establish state-led, profit-oriented enterprises after the Imperial Edict of 1839, which is also known as Tanzimat. Experienced accountants of the state tried to do the investment calculations of an iron factory in the 1840s (Istanbul) by benefiting from the merdiban accounting method, which was initially developed to record the revenues and expenditures of the state. This study contributes to the relevant literature by analyzing the adequacy of this statist-centralist accounting method within a profit-oriented environment and its role in this failed attempt towards industrialization. Merdiban allows the separation of investments as actual construction, still projected and shows the payment status of investments in details. As one of the first profit oriented investment project in the history of the Ottoman Empire, accountants mislead critical pieces of information like plans for procurement of raw materials, projected sales, payback time, capacity and depreciation. Findings indicate that neither accountants nor the method were ready to operate in a for-profit organization, eventually resulting diminish of this old accounting method in 1879. Cuando en el siglo XIX surgió la necesidad de la industrialización, el Imperio Otomano se propuso establecer empresas dirigidas por el estado y con fines de lucro después del Edicto Imperial de 1839, también conocido como Tanzimat. Contadores experimentados del estado intentaron hacer los cálculos de inversión de una fábrica de hierro en la década de 1840 (Estambul) al beneficiarse del método de contabilidad merdiban, que se desarrolló inicialmente para registrar los ingresos y los gastos del estado. Este estudio contribuye a la literatura relevante mediante el análisis de la adecuación de este método de contabilidad estatista-centralista dentro de un entorno orientado a los beneficios y su papel en este intento fallido de industrialización. Merdiban permite la separación de las inversiones como construcción real, aún se proyecta y muestra el estado de pago de las inversiones en detalles. Como uno de los primeros proyectos de inversión con fines de lucro en la historia del Imperio Otomano, los contadores confunden datos críticos como los planes para la adquisición de materias primas, las ventas proyectadas, el tiempo de retorno, la capacidad y la depreciación. Los resultados indican que ni los contadores ni el método estaban listos para operar en una organización con fines de lucro, lo que finalmente disminuyó el uso de este viejo método de contabilidad en 1879. * I am pleased to acknowledge the financial support for this research provided by the Scientific Research Projects Division (TÜBAP) of the Trakya University, Republic of Turkey. I am also grateful to the participants at the 13th World Congress of Accounting Historians, Newcastle, U.K., and the two anonymous referees for helpful comments on earlier drafts.

Brazil renewed its fleet with modern warships in the first decade of the 20th Century. However, the country failed to modernize the precarious facilities of the ancient Navy Yard, whose workshops were squeezed in the central area of Rio de Janeiro and also dispersed in caos throughout Baía de Guanabara (Guanabara Bay). The Navy was divided between the advocates of new facilities to be built on Ilha das Cobras (Cobras Island), near the main workshops of the old Yard, and the supporters of a big industrial and military structure to be erected at Baía da Ilha Grande (Ilha Grande Bay), far from the Federal Capital. This article addresses their dispute, decisions, actions and conter-actions, before, during and after the First World War. It’s main subject is the last attempt from the advocates of Baía da Ilha Grande, made after the war, which came closer to succeed before failing at the end of 1922.

This article analyses the values and priorities of the Biscay workers in the late xix century through a documentary source made up of letters written by labourers between 1895 and 1898, while / when they were fighting in Cuba and Philipines. These letters show the social concepts used by them and their mentality towards different social spheres, as well as the presence of patriotism, religion and solidarity-based principles.It also studies the main stereotypes spread about the working-class, basically the socialist stereotype, the Christian and the collaborator with the trade association.The contrast between these stereotypes and the workers’ mentality is very sharp, as we can deduce from the primary source. Regarding their beliefs, the absence of religious or social-related values must be emphasized, as well as the priority of the family, which define the social sphere where they feel to belong.

The present article seeks to illustrate the change of economic model in Latin America from the crisis of 1929 and the transition from the model focused “outwards” to the “internal market”, using mainly the case of Mexico. It will also explain the effects of the Second World War on the major Latin American economies and the emergence of explicit industrialization policies in these countries. Based on the analysis of primary and secondary sources, the so-called Chapultepec Conference (1945) will be examined, with an emphasis on the structure of debate and contrast in the positions of Latin American countries, interested in maintaining and expanding economic nationalism and its processes of industrialization, which managed to moderate the free-trade economic proposals promoted by the United States

In the heritage field, the demand for fast and efficient 3D digitization technologies for historic remains is increasing. Besides, 3D digitization has proved to be a promising approach to enable precise reconstructions of objects. Yet, unlike the digital acquisition of cultural goods in 2D widely used today, 3D digitization often still requires a significant investment of time and money. To make it more widely available to heritage institutions, the Competence Center for Cultural Heritage Digitization at the Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD has developed CultLab3D, the world’s first 3D mass digitization facility for collections of three-dimensional objects. CultLab3D is specifically designed to automate the entire 3D digitization process thus allowing to scan and archive objects on a large-scale. Moreover, scanning and lighting technologies are combined to capture the exact geometry, texture, and optical material properties of artefacts to produce highly accurate photo-realistic representations. The unique setup allows to shorten the time needed for digitization to several minutes per artefact instead of hours, as required by conventional 3D scanning methods.

Abstract The techniques of production and in particular of construction tend to be technified, improving its precision, optimizing costs and times of production. This is the strategy to follows for those companies who need to increase its competitiveness. This is the way how modular or prefabrication systems have been introduced in the new construction processes. The modular construction no longer only applies to the structure of a building, but has also specialized in other parts, such as wet rooms; bathrooms and kitchens. Being those stays of the house more reproducible. Modular bathrooms are more common in buildings where houses have the same dimensions and /or distributions, and where therefore their construction is repetitive. The basis of this work is the development of a series production system of modular bathrooms that can be customized, maintaining the specifications and the lines indicated in the project. Also the development of a lifting and assembly tool that allows to minimize the transfer of the modules and facilitate the speed of its installation in its definitive location. The result is an industrialized bath module of high quality, with traceability of the materials and components used, tested and guaranteed, in a assembly line of fast manufacture. The bathroom is delivered completely finished and installed, minimizing the construction deadlines and improving its quality and safety. Resumen Las técnicas de producción y en particular de construcción tienden a tecnificarse, mejorando su precisión, optimizando costes y tiempos de producción. La construcción modular ya no solo se aplica a la estructura de una edificación, sino que también se ha especializado en otras estancias de la casa menos personales y con una composición de elementos más reproducible y por tanto industrializable. Los baños modulares cada vez son más comunes en aquellas edificaciones donde las viviendas tienen las mismas dimensiones y/o distribuciones, y donde por tanto su construcción es repetitiva. La base de este trabajo es el desarrollo de un sistema de fabricación en serie de baños modulares que puedan ser personalizables, manteniendo las especificaciones y prestaciones indicadas en el proyecto. La necesidad de poder introducir sistemas de baja temperatura, como suelos radiantes, para completar las estrategias energéticas del conjunto edificatorio, así como el desarrollo para la introducción en los módulos de una red de saneamiento que incluya cierres hidráulicos de conjunto (bote sifónico) se ve desarrollada de manera que el producto final pueda proporcionar los estándares solicitados por el cliente. Igualmente el desarrollo de un útil de elevación y montaje que permita minimizar el trasiego de los módulos y facilitar la rapidez de su instalación en su ubicación definitiva. El resultado es un módulo de baño industrializado de alta calidad, con trazabilidad de los materiales y componentes utilizados, probado y garantizado, en una cadena de montaje de rápida fabricación y que incluye todas las prescripciones técnicas del proyectista. El baño se entrega totalmente terminado e instalado, minimizando los plazos de obra y mejorando su calidad y seguridad...

RESUMEN Jean Prouvé y Konrad Wachsmann pertenecieron a una época convulsa en la que los ideales de la arquitectura se vieron modificados y nuevas variables entraron en juego. La dimensión técnico-constructiva recuperó protagonismo a su vez que la industrialización comenzó a influenciar en las construcciones del momento caracterizadas por su expresión tectónica. Maquetas a escala, así como prototipos de tamaño real, fueron utilizadas por Prouvé y Wachsmann como una herramienta fundamental en el proceso creativo. El presente artículo analiza las diferencias en el empleo de la maqueta y las estrategias de proyecto utilizadas por ambos arquitectos a través del análisis de dos obras, el Aeroclub de Roland Garros (1935) de Jean Prouvé y el Mobilar Structure (1939) de Konrad Wachsmann. SUMMARY Jean Prouvé and Konrad Wachsmann belonged to a convulsive period in which the ideals of architecture were modified and new variables came into play. The technique-constructive dimension regained prominence at a time when industrialization began to influence the constructions of that time, characterised by their tectonic expression. Together with real-size prototypes, Prouvé and Wachsmann employed scale models as fundamental tools in their creative process. This article explores the differences in the use of the model and projecting strategies through the analysis of two works: the Roland Garros flying club (1935) by Jean Prouvé and Mobilar Structure (1939) by Konrad Wachsmann.

Since 2001 the manufacturing sector of Mexico has experienced a reduced growth rate. This study estimates the impact of U.S. and Chinese industrial activity on the demand for labor in the manufacturing sector of Mexico. With data on industrial activity, Chinese exports, wages and the peso-dollar exchange rate, a time series cointegration model is developed. The results show that exports from China to the USA and manufacturing wages have affected labor demand negatively, while factors such as the U.S. industrial production and the exchange rate tend to encourage manufacturing activity.

Something happened to chickens during the 20th century, something so massive that they clearly became another kind of animal: broilers today get twice as big in half the time and with half the feeding they needed at the start of the century. This transformation of the broiler is the result of a process of industrialization that happened in most Western countries, but started in the United States and expanded there like nowhere else. This paper presents the major technical innovations that made the industrialization of the broiler possible in the first place and on the specific context of its expansion in the United States during the 20th century.

RESUMO As representações presentes nos livros didáticos são um dos elementos que informam a consciência histórica produzida em uma sociedade moderna. O objetivo desta pesquisa é entender as representações de industrialização e como elas estão associadas à ideia de progresso nos livros didáticos de história do Brasil voltados para o Ensino Médio e publicados entre 1972 e 2012. Da análise de 88 livros, depreende-se, inicialmente, que a história da representação de progresso pode ser apresentada como a “redenção nacional”. Posteriormente, o discurso de progresso é deslocado para a desigualdade social e, apenas no século XXI, a desigualdade ambiental começa a ser problematizada. Todavia, a persistência de uma representação da industrialização como progresso continua a fazer parte da narrativa escolar da história do Brasil.

This article answers the question that assails the administrator: What unites the activities of the management practice of the XXI century with those of groups considered “primitive”?: Similarities build teamwork and asymmetries similar behaviors and other behaviors by differences in production methods. Objectives: (1) Rescue work group of “primitive” Gouro community solidarity, mutual support and flawless coordination of economic practices, which in turn are required in the implementation of strategies for breaking into organizations threatened by competition saturated markets and internal management based on individualism and personal fulfillment. (2) Shows the relevance of interdisciplinarity as an input to senior management in identifying problems and possible answers. Environmental threats in the environment force them to undertake interdisciplinary studies prospectively to redefine trends by area requiring resolved from the practice of management. Categories: space/ time, social division of labor; leadership, teamwork and values. The synthesis methodology. Keywords: Agriculture; Industrialization; Cybereconomy; Technical division of labor; Teamwork.

Developmental State conceptualization emerged during second half of the XX century as an explanative hypothesis for the fast growing economies in the Asian northeast. Institutional economic views attributed to state intervention the responsibility for successful industrial transformation in the region and highlighted the contribution of specific institutional public patterns as: bureaucratic quality and autonomy, public support for industrial conglomerates conditioned to competitiveness and productivity performance based incentives. In the other hand, historical views warned against exporting institutional successful models as they rest on space and time dimensions with a high degree of historic determinism

Historians have long recognized Colombia¿s artisans of the second half of the nineteenth century as a dynamic group who played an active role in the country¿s political movements. However, it was not only their political activism what made this group important during the 1800s. The establishment of technical education centers for the institutionalization and specialization of artisanal occupations caused signi!cant reactions from this social sector. This article analyzes the Arts and Crafts School of Medellin as an institution devoted to the technical and moral education of artisans. Finally, it approaches artisans¿ reactions to the professionalization of their trades and the changes they faced with the arrival of industrialization.

Thearticle showsa policy aimedatsocial control inAntioquiathrough thecreation of policeby theirDepartmentalAssemblyin the period1912-1927Refers toaspectsof social constitutionalism(little studied by historians) as a result ofthree processeslinked, population growth, urban expansion of the city andindustrial advancement. Substantiveinformationwas collected from theDepartment of AntioquiaAssemblyFund, existingAntiochHistorical Archive. This policyis partof the changesadvisementwith industrialization.Thepolicewere structured torespond tothe emergingneeds ofindustrial society, and thenrespondtosocialconstitutionalism.

Recently the manufacturing sector of Mexico has experienced a reduced rate of growth. This study estimates the impact of the industrial activity of the U.S. and China on the demand for labor in the manufacturing sector of the northern border states of Mexico. With data on industrial activity, Chinese exports, wages and the peso-dollar exchange rate, a time series co-integration model is developed. The results show that exports from China to the Usa and manufacturing wages have affected labor demand negatively, while factors such as, the U.S. industrial production and the exchange rate tend to encourage manufacturing activity.