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Traditionally, two different policies to access the radio spectrum have coexisted: licensed regulation, whereby the rights to use specific spectral bands are granted in exclusivity to an individual operator; or unlicensed regulation, according to which certain spectral bands are declared open for free use by any operator or individual following specific rules. While these paradigms have allowed the wireless communications sector to blossom in the past, in recent years they have evidenced shortcomings and given signs of exhaustion. For instance, it is quite usual to encounter fully overloaded mobile communication systems coexisting with unused contiguous spectral bands. This clearly advocates for a more flexible and dynamic allocation of the spectrum resources which can only be achieved with the advent of the so-called cognitive radios and networks. This whitepaper provides an accurate description of priority research activities and open challenges related to the different functionalities of cognitive radios and networks. First, we outline the main open problems related to the theoretical characterization of cognitive radios, spectrum sensing techniques as well as the optimization of physical layer functionalities in these networks. Second, we provide a description of the main research challenges that arise from a system point of view: MAC protocol optimization, traffic modelling, RRM strategies, routing paradigms or security issues. Next, we point out other problems related to the practical hardware implementation of cognitive radios, giving especial emphasis to sensing capabilities, reconfigurability and cognitive control and management. Finally, we succinctly report on a number of current activities related to the standardization of cognitive radio systems., Comment: AEI eMOV White Paper, published 04/11/2011, In Spanish

This paper forms part of an investigation about how the philosophy of John Dewey (1859-1952) can illuminate the practice of the teaching of English as a foreign language. The paper seeks to interpret and synthesize John Dewey's philosophical works to construct a "Deweyian lens" with which to analyze and evaluate the field of the teaching of English as a foreign language. During his 60 years of professional life, Dewey wrote, without being systematic, more than 50 books, 750 articles, and innumerable speeches, reviews, and encyclopedic articles. The paper is limited to an examination of his books which deal explicitly with education. The paper discusses the fundamental affirmations of Dewey's philosophy, his philosophical anthropology, and his political philosophy. Then, it examines how these disciplines translate into an educational philosophy. The paper begins with a brief biography of John Dewey. (Contains 7 notes and 65 references, both in English and Spanish.) (BT)

This paper describes the development of Turkish Children and Mothers, a project designed to help 5-year-old preschoolers in the Ruhr Valley of Germany develop linguistic, motor, cognitive, and social abilities. The paper also describes various aspects of the project, including those that relate to maternal involvement, educational facilities, the needs of project participants, and cultural factors that should be considered when serving the ethnic Turkish minority that is adapting to German culture. Focusing on issues that arise from learning in a multicultural context, this paper provides numerous brief anecdotes to illustrate how cultural obstacles can be overcome. Contains 49 marginal notes citing one or more references. (HTH)

Higher education is undergoing a complex process of transformation at the international level. This transformation is based especially in the fields of policies and governance of higher education institutions. In Latin America this trend has been growing since the 1980s, and higher education is undergoing a strong modification in its processes and structures. The first part of this essay offers a conceptual framework about the policies and governance of higher education from a comparative perspective. The second part examines the changing trends in Latin America and examines the cases of six higher education systems. The final portion of the essay addresses perspectives and future trends. (Contains 38 references.) (Author/RH)

In Latin America and the Caribbean, 240 million people, or 50 percent of the population, live in poverty. This report, written in Spanish, summarizes research by the Proyecto Costa Atlantica into the effects of such widespread poverty on the cognitive and social development of children. After an introduction on the general responses of the population and various governments to the oppressive economic conditions in these regions, the report discusses its approach to the two main themes underlying the research: quality of life and child development. Emphasis is placed on understanding how the individual constructs reality within his or her immediate, concrete environment, rather than on universal, biologically-dictated developmental trajectories. The report then describes various studies in areas such as: (1) the conceptions children from disadvantaged environments have about their world and life; (2) comprehension of emotions, leading to development of prosocial behaviors; (3) self-concept; and (4) the role of family and community in mitigating the effects of poverty. The report concludes with a discussion of issues left unresolved by the research. Includes a list summarizing the eight studies used in the report. Contains 36 references. (EV)

The Bernard van Leer Foundation sponsors nontraditional, nonschool programs designed to improve the chances that preschoolers will enroll in school. In these programs and other informal education efforts, the community facilitator plays an important role. Typically, the facilitator is a member of the community who works without remuneration as a nonprofessional human resource. Facilitators serve as intermediaries between the institution sponsoring the educational program and the community in which it is based. This booklet on the role of community facilitators draws from discussions that took place at a workshop for program organizers held in February, 1990 in Caracas, Venezuela. Chapter 1 focuses on the place of the community and the facilitator in the educational strategies of Latin America. This chapter provides background on the foundation's role in promoting informal education, the role of facilitators, issues of community development and popular education, and the foundation's Latin American experiences. Chapter 2 offers a look at the work of facilitators as education agents. In Chapter 3, the selection and training of facilitators is described. A case study of El Programa No Escolarizado de Educacion Inicial (PRONEI), a nonschool program for young children in Peru, is presented, as is information on training strategies, the need for systematization, and relationships between educational professionals and facilitators. Chapter 4 compares models that use volunteer and paid facilitators and raises questions about the institutionalization and continued funding of programs that use paid staff. Finally, conclusions and recommendations are presented in the fifth and last chapter. A list of workshop participants and additional information on the PRONEI program are appended. (AC)

This paper examines the current status of programs for preschool children in Chile. Section 1 of the paper provides an overview of the situation of preschool children in Chile. The country's population includes more than 1.6 million children between the ages of 0 and 5 years 11 months, and in urban areas, 18.4 percent of children between the ages of 0 and 6 years live in extreme poverty. Figures on child mortality; incidence of malnutrition; norms for sensory, psychomotor, and intellectual development; and participation rates in preschool programs are presented. These presentations particularly focus on poor children. Section 2 discusses the objectives of and differences between infant care programs, which focus on ensuring the healthy development of all children, and preschool education programs, which emphasize cultural, psychomotor, affective, and social development. Sections 3 and 4 describe the major public, private, and community-based young child welfare programs currently existing in the country. These programs include those which focus on nutrition, parent and family involvement, cultural development, and intellectual growth. The final section offers recommendations regarding the expansion of school readiness programs; the incorporation of popular culture into the content of programs; the clarification of the responsibilities of different government agencies; the expansion of access to care programs to children in urban areas; the implementation of parent education programs in rural areas; the development of community programs; the development of compensatory, remedial, and cultural programs; and ways to meet other needs. (Contains 26 endnotes.) (AC)

In this paper Puerto Rico's history as one of colonial oppression and a struggle for national self-definition is described. The divergent conceptions of patriotism, national liberation, and human freedom as voiced by leaders of the national elite and of the Puerto Rican working class are discussed in terms of traditional themes in the culture. Attention is then turned to the related opposition of these two classes' understanding of migration and its impact on national cohesion and identity. Finally, the cultural expression of Puerto Ricans in the United States is interpreted and contrasted with official policies and institutions developed under the Commonwealth to explain and orient the emigrant community. It is concluded that today's Puerto Rican workers, who are "grappling to lend contours to a collective identity that has been battered and twisted by colonialism," have many lessons to learn from their working class forebears in the United States and Puerto Rico. (Author/WI)

The HIV/AIDS pandemic is a global issue that has unequally affected several countries. Due to the complexity of this condition and the human drama it represents to those most affected by it, several fields have contributed to solving or at least alleviating this situation, and the information systems (IS) field has not been absent from these efforts. With the importance of antiretroviral therapy (ART) as a starting point, several initiatives in the IS field have focused on ways to improve the adherence and effectiveness of this therapy: mobile phone reminders (for pill intake and appointments), and mobile interfaces between patients and health workers are popular contributions. However, many of these solutions have been difficult to implement or deploy in some countries in the Global South, which are among the most affected by this pandemic. This paper presents one such case. Using a case-study approach with an extreme-case selection technique, the paper studies an m-health system for HIV patients in the Kalangala region of Uganda. Using Heeks' design-reality gap model for data analysis, the paper shows that the rich interaction between social context and technology should be considered a central concern when designing or deploying such systems., Comment: 30 pages, in Spanish

The bibliographic review is a fundamental phase in a research project, and it must guarantee that the most relevant information in the field of study is obtained. Our main objective was to know the works related to the Internet of medical things, from now on (IoMT). We analyzed a total of 535 articles searched in association for Computing Machinery in Adelante ACM, Web of Science and Scopus the search domain was IoMT, we established 3 parameters, (problematic, artifact and artifact evaluation), this according to the Research of Design Science in Adelante DSR, is a research approach for the construction of artifacts to provide a useful solution to a problem in each domain. The equation (Internet of things AND mesh) resulted in 535, (Internet of things AND medicine) a total of 417 and finally (Internet of medical things AND mesh) with 8, this means that there is a lot to investigate in this research domain. The advantages identified in this type of topology is to carry messages from one node to another by different paths, there can be absolutely no interruption in communications, each server has its own communications with all other servers. Health and IT issues have been drastically influenced by the large data from IoMT devices. In this paper, we conducted a review of the scientific literature and mapped research trends on the IoMT paradigm in the health domain. Finally, this paper expands on the literature, and the findings of this study can serve as a basis for future studies., Comment: in Spanish language

The aim of this paper is to provide a classification of multilingual and plurilingual electronic lexicographic resources which would enable, one the one hand, the implementation of quantitative and qualitative criteria to produce a typological taxonomy of lexicographical tools, such as dictionaries, as opposed to platforms and websites and, on the other, the distinction of multilingual and plurilingual resources in terms of their larger or lesser prototyping degree. In addition to offering a thorough description of the different resources, this paper also puts forward some parameters and typological proposals to define and demarcate a number of electronic resources, particularly multilingual dictionaries and portals, while also outlining, and even questioning, the object of study of multilingual and plurilingual lexicography., Comment: 25 pages, in Spanish language

Liquid crystals are the prototype of the so-called soft condensed matter. In simple terms they are "structured liquids" that historically have received a lot of interest because they help to generate new concepts and knowledge in Physics, and possess important electro--optical applications, e. g., in displays of mobile computers and telephones. More recently, it has been discovered that liquid crystals could be applied in fabrication of metamaterials and in biomedicine where they are potentially useful for tissue identification, controlled drug delivery and detection of bacteria and viruses. However, in Mexico, liquid crystals courses are included only in a few undergraduate programs on Physics being elective in most of the cases. Therefore, literature for teaching about liquid crystals in Spanish is scarce. In this paper we will discuss about elementary Physics of liquid crystals and the mathematical tools that permit to analyze them. We will explain, mainly, how to analytically characterize the symmetry and order of static uniaxial nematic liquid crystals, the most simple of all liquid crystal phases. We will conduct this explanation in basic terms, suitable for science and engineering students at intermediate undergraduate level, with knowledge about linear algebra and vector calculus, willing to approach for the first time to this subject. Our goal is to support the Latin American scientific community in preparing human resources in this field. The article is written in Spanish to contribute to the establishment and communication of concepts that only exist in other languages in the specialized literature., Comment: In Spanish, 13 figures

This paper studies the problem of Zero-Knowledge Protocol (ZKP) and elliptic curve cryptographic implementation in a computationally limited environment, such as, the smart cards, using Java Card. Besides that, it is explained how the zero-knowledge protocol was selected to implement it on a smart card and how the benchmarking was conducted to select this protocol. The paper also shows a theoretical development to implement the ZKP protocol using elliptic curve cryptography. Keywords: Authentication; Zero-knowledge; Cryptography; Elliptic Curve; Java card; Smart cards, Comment: 16 pages, in Spanish

Estas notas son las memorias del cursillo dictado en el XXII Congreso Colombiano de Matem\'aticas en la Universidad del Cauca en Popay\'an - Colombia. El objetivo de este escrito es brindar un acercamiento a la teor\'ia de m\'odulos sobre el anillo de operadores diferenciales de una variedad algebraica suave. These are the lecture notes of a short course given at the XXII Colombian Congress of Mathematics held at Universidad del Cauca in Popay\'an - Colombia. The aim of this paper is to provide an introduction to the theory of modules over rings of differential operators over a smooth algebraic variety., Comment: Paper in Spanish language

This paper presents the design of an artificial vision system prototype for automatic inspection and monitoring of objects over a conveyor belt and using a Smart camera 2D BOA-INS. The prototype consists of a conveyor belt and an embedded system based on an Arduino Mega card for system control, and it has as main peripherals the smart camera, a direct current motor, a photoelectric sensor, LED illumination and LEDs indicating the status (good or defect) of each evaluated object. The application of the prototype is for educational purposes, so that undergraduate, master and diploma students can simulate a continuous production line, controlled by an embedded system, and perform quality control by monitoring through a visual system and a personal computer. This allows implementing the topics of embedded systems, artificial vision, artificial intelligence, pattern recognition, automatic control, as well as automation of real processes., Comment: 8 pages, 16 figures, in Spanish language

The objective of this work is to analyze the usefulness to transform the information to measure sports performance. This analysis is carried out within the field of basketball due to the existing tradition in this sport in data collection, although it is easily adaptable to any other sport. As a result, a modification of the Performance Index Rating (PIR) is proposed to measure sports performance. The results obtained are illustrated from the statistics of Larry Bird, Earvin Johnson, Michael Jordan and Kobe Bryant throughout their careers and can serve to optimize the process of player renewal/firing/hiring in the design of a roster or to aid decision-making in awarding individual awards as best player of a season., Comment: 16 pages, working paper (in spanish)

This paper describes how the field of Combinatorial Semantics has contributed to the design of three prototypes for the automatic generation of argument patterns in nominal phrases in Spanish, French and German (Xera, Combinatoria and CombiContext). It also shows the importance of knowing about the argument syntactic-semantic interface in a production situation in the context of foreign languages. After a descriptive section on the design, typologie and information levels of the resources, there follows an explanation of the central role of the combinatorial meaning (roles and ontological features). The study deals with different semantic f ilters applied in the selection, organization and expansion of the lexicon, being these key pieces for the generation of grammatically correct and semantically acceptable mono- and biargumental nominal phrases., Comment: 18 pages, in Spanish language. C\'irculo de ling\"u\'istica aplicada a la comunicaci\'on, 2022

In this paper, the deductive system for double propositional logic DL and gamma DL existential graphs are presented. It rigorously proves the consistency of the DL and that the DL theorems correspond exactly to the valid existential graphs of gamma DL. When the language of DL is restricted to the language of classical propositional logic, the restriction associated with gamma DL coincides with the valid existential graphs of Charles Sanders Peirce's alpha system. It turns out that intuitionistic propositional logic theorems are DL theorems; furthermore, when the language of DL is restricted to the language of IL, the restriction associated with gamma DL coincides with the valid existential graphs of Arnold Oostra's intuitionistic alpha system. As a consequence, it is inferred that gamma LD has as particular cases, the alpha existential graphs of LC and LI. Finally, in DL, the Aristotelian definitions of truth and falsity are derived, with which the ability of DL to solve a version of the liar paradox, where LC and LI fail, is illustrated., Comment: in Spanish language. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2310.02035

This survey paper, written in spanish, is an extended version of lecture notes for a mini-course taught at the 2022 Summer School in Geometric Group Theory, which took place in the Centro de Ciencias Matem\'aticas in Morelia, Mexico in July 2022. Its main aim is to give an introduction to the study of non-positively curved cube complexes, and through these, to introduce the reader to geometric group theory., Comment: 38 pages, in Spanish language, lots of figures, accepted for publication at Memorias de la Sociedad Matem\'atica Mexicana

Mendel performed his experiments from 1856 and 1863, presented his results in two meetings of the Natural Science Society in Brunn in February and March of 1865, and finally published them in the iconical paper of 1866, Versuche uber Plflanzenhybriden. Two main translations to Spanish are available: the one done by Prevosti in 1977, and a more recent one by Gomez-Graciani in 2014. Both were translated from the English version of Druery and Bateson. Here, we present the first direct translation from German to Spanish of this paper. This new version corrects some errors detected in the previous versions, uses a more agile style and includes the Darwinized terms pointed out by Abbot and Faribanks in a recent paper (Genetics, 204(2):401-405, 2016; doi: 10.1534/genetics.116.194613)., Comment: in Spanish language

We study the Jesuit mission churches in America, which for almost two centuries were the most representative constructions in the process of Christian evangelisation on the continent until the expulsion of the Order in 1767. The main objective is to discern possible orientation patterns in the structures studied and to evaluate whether these orientations are related to the rising of the sun or other celestial bodies on the local horizon, as suggested by the texts of early Christian writers, which could provide important and novel information about their history and construction. Archaeoastronomical fieldwork has been carried out in the past in two large regions of South America: the historic provinces of Paraquaria and Chiquitan\'ia (eastern present-day Bolivia). These data must now be interpreted within a broader cultural and geographical context. Thus, in order to obtain a more complete picture of religious architecture on the continent, it is necessary to analyse and compare the results with the orientation of Jesuit churches built in the 17th and 18th centuries in North America (viceroyalty of New Spain). We approached this project through the historical and cultural analysis of the former mission sites and by means of satellite imagery. In this paper we present some preliminary results we have reached., Comment: Article in Spanish. Paper presented at The 63rd meeting of the Argentine Astronomical Society, held in C\'ordoba, Argentina, 25-29 October 2021

Many natural phenomena are intrinsically causal. The discovery of the cause-effect relationships implicit in these processes can help us to understand and describe them more effectively, which boils down to causal discovery about the data and variables that describe them. However, causal discovery is not an easy task. Current methods for this are extremely complex and costly, and their usefulness is strongly compromised in contexts with large amounts of data or where the nature of the variables involved is unknown. As an alternative, this paper presents an original methodology for causal discovery, built on essential aspects of the main theories of causality, in particular probabilistic causality, with many meeting points with the inferential approach of regularity theories and others. Based on this methodology, a non-parametric algorithm is developed for the discovery of causal relationships between binary variables associated to data sets, and the modeling in graphs of the causal networks they describe. This algorithm is applied to gene expression data sets in normal and cancerous prostate tissues, with the aim of discovering cause-effect relationships between gene dysregulations leading to carcinogenesis. The gene characterizations constructed from the causal relationships discovered are compared with another study based on principal component analysis (PCA) on the same data, with satisfactory results., Comment: Diploma Thesis in Computer Science. In spanish. Supervised by Drs Gabriel Gil and Augusto Gonzalez. 74 pages, 11 figures, 12 tables

In the first decade of the 20th century, the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, founded in 1905, created a modern and well-equipped Physics Institute. In this paper we study the impact that this initiative had on the modernisation of physics teaching at secondary and university level in Argentina. We focus on two of the most representative graduates of the Institute in those years, Ramon G. Loyarte and Enrique Loedel Palumbo, and analyse their most important pedagogical works and the public reception they received. These works are a sample of the contribution of the Institute of Physics to the raising of the level of national education in the field of physical sciences in the first half of the 20th century., Comment: Article in Spanish, PDF document. Other related documents available at https://www.universoeinstein.com.ar/einsteinargentina.htm

In this article I will explore some uses of the concept of Boltzmann brains in comics (Marvel's The Incredible Hercules), an animated sitcom (Futurama) and a film (Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2). Previous similar uses of the concept (before Boltzmann brains were named as such) will be traced, and potential influences on these artistic outlets will be analysed. I will also explain how the concept was used in a novel published in 2018 by Ediciones Ayarmanot in Buenos Aires (La inevitable resurrecci\'on de los cerebros de Bolzmann, to be published in English as "Iridio Ennui vs. the Boltzmann brains"). After briefly reviewing the second law of thermodynamics and the concept of Boltzmann brains, the paper analyses the four artistic instances in which has been used, answering two key questions: a) How entities who (in theory) appear in the foam of interstellar space and suddenly disappear are presented in the fictional scenario? b) How the plot justifies that Boltzmann brains could exist for a time long enough to allow them to become viable fictional characters?, Comment: In Spanish, 26 pages, 14 figures, 1 table. This is a slightly extended version of a paper to be published in the proceedings of the Science Fiction Convention Portico, Universidad Tecnologica Nacional, Sede Regional Cordoba, Argentina

One of the main difficulties that students have in learning astronomy topics is that they fail to relate theoretical information with what they experience in the world around them. The construction by students of a conceptual framework in accordance with the astronomical scientific model demands changes in the current teaching approach. Within this framework, Cultural Astronomy (CA) is a discipline that we can use to rethink new didactic strategies. This paper presents two contextualized proposals from CA. In the first one, the teaching of space and time concepts is approached through traditional examples of orientation by the stars and the use of the calendar, using the case of historical ocean navigation without advanced instruments already highlighted in ethnoastronomical studies. In the second, these concepts are worked on from a case study, this time archaeoastronomical: the monumental horizon calendar of the Chankillo archaeological site, and then continue with the local identification of horizon markers that allow students to build their own calendars. The aim is to illustrate ways of introducing CA elements in didactic units that have as one of their main objectives that the students manage to establish correspondences between constructions of the micro to the mega-space that surrounds them., Comment: Article in Spanish. Published version available at http://astronomiaargentina.fcaglp.unlp.edu.ar/

The aim of this paper is to numerically study the performance of a method of regularization. This technique was developed to solve the illposed problem of estimating a source-dimensional Poisson equation for two dimensions from measurements taken over a line inside the domain. The proposed method consists in adding a regularization term to the equation that depends on a parameter, which is called regularization parameter. In this paper we show the results for different values of this parameter as well as for different levels of noise in the data used for estimation. After analyzing the results some considerations on its effective implementation are discussed., Comment: 15 P\'aginas, in Spanish language, 5 figuras

In this paper we consider Montevideo's liberal progressive atmosphere towards the end of the nineteenth century and, within it, the trajectory of young science student Enrique Loedel Palumbo. We discuss some of his activities in Argentina, where he moved to study Physics at a new and well-equipped Physics Institute at the National University of La Plata, where he would later become a leading figure. Initially Loedel Palumbo worked on the structure of complex molecules based on their magnetic, electric and optical properties. Later, when Einstein visited Argentina in 1925, he had chance to exchange ideas, which led to the publication of the first of a series of papers on the Theory of Relativity in some of Germany's leading scientific journals. Loedel Palumbo integrated fully with the intellectual life of his adopted country, becoming one of Argentina's top physicists and philosophers of science of his day. He is a valuable example of the deep intertwining of the intellectual life of Uruguay and Argentina in the first-half of the twentieth century. Like his Argentine colleagues, he also experienced the consequences of living through a complex historical period., Comment: Article in Spanish, PDF document. Other related documents available at http://www.universoeinstein.com.ar/einsteinargentina.htm. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1909.02558

In this work, we analyze the behavior of the multivariate symmetric uncertainty (MSU) measure through the use of statistical simulation techniques under various mixes of informative and non-informative randomly generated features. Experiments show how the number of attributes, their cardinalities, and the sample size affect the MSU. In this thesis, through observation of results, it is proposed an heuristic condition that preserves good quality in the MSU under different combinations of these three factors, providing a new useful criterion to help drive the process of dimension reduction. -- En el presente trabajo hemos analizado el comportamiento de una versi\'on multivariada de la incertidumbre sim\'etrica a trav\'es de t\'ecnicas de simulaci\'on estad\'isticas sobre varias combinaciones de atributos informativos y no-informativos generados de forma aleatoria. Los experimentos muestran como el n\'umero de atributos, sus cardinalidades y el tama\~no muestral afectan al MSU como medida. En esta tesis, mediante la observaci\'on de resultados hemos propuesto una condici\'on que preserva una buena calidad en el MSU bajo diferentes combinaciones de los tres factores mencionados, lo cual provee un nuevo y valioso criterio para llevar a cabo el proceso de reducci\'on de dimensionalidad., Comment: 52 pages, in Spanish. Advisors: Miguel Garc\'ia-Torres, Santiago G\'omez-Guerrero, Christian E. Schaerer Serra

The inverse spin Hall effect used for detection of spin currents was observed by voltage measurements in bilayers of normal metal (NM)/ferromagnetic metal (FM), using Nb, Mo and Bi as normal metal and Permalloy (Py, Ni$_{81}$Fe$_{19}$) as ferromagnetic metal. The spin current was generated by the spin pumping effect with ferromagnetic resonance. The samples were deposited by dc magnetron sputtering at room temperature on Si (001) substrates. The three bilayers of Nb/Py, Mo/Py and Bi/Py had a spin-orbit coupling large enough to observe the voltage generation by spin Hall effect, Comment: in Spanish language

This document describes the development of a video game prototype designed to encourage physical activity among children and older adults. The prototype consists of a laptop, a camera with 3D sensors, and optionally requires an LCD screen or a projector. The programming component of this prototype was developed in Scratch, a programming language geared towards children, which greatly facilitates the creation of a game tailored to the users' preferences. The idea to create such a prototype originated from the desire to offer an option that promotes physical activity among children and adults, given that a lack of physical exercise is a predominant factor in the development of chronic degenerative diseases such as diabetes and hypertension, to name the most common. As a result of this initiative, an active video game prototype was successfully developed, based on a ping-pong game, which allows both children and adults to interact in a fun way while encouraging the performance of physical activities that can positively impact the users' health., Comment: 13 pages, in Spanish language, 11 figures

3D sensors, also known as RGB-D sensors, utilize depth images where each pixel measures the distance from the camera to objects, using principles like structured light or time-of-flight. Advances in artificial vision have led to affordable 3D cameras capable of real-time object detection without object movement, surpassing 2D cameras in information depth. These cameras can identify objects of varying colors and reflectivities and are less affected by lighting changes. The described prototype uses RGB-D sensors for bidirectional people counting in venues, aiding security and surveillance in spaces like stadiums or airports. It determines real-time occupancy and checks against maximum capacity, crucial during emergencies. The system includes a RealSense D415 depth camera and a mini-computer running object detection algorithms to count people and a 2D camera for identity verification. The system supports statistical analysis and uses C++, Python, and PHP with OpenCV for image processing, demonstrating a comprehensive approach to monitoring venue occupancy., Comment: 8 pages, in Spanish language, 8 figures

The theory behind the Lights Out game has been developed by several authors. The aim of this work is to present some results related to this game using Linear Algebra. We establish a criterion for the solubility of this game in the case of an $m$ by $n$ grid, which depends on the invertibility of a matrix, and we present the conditions for this to occur, easily verifiable from $m$ and $n$. Furthermore, we explicitly determine the value of the determinant for a particular case., Comment: in Spanish language